Report - lintasebtke.com · Report Pre-feasibility study to determine possibility of supporting...

Report

Pre-feasibility study to determine

possibility of supporting sustainable electricity

from renewable sources in the

Karimunjawa Islands

Jl. Benda Raya no. 46E

Kemang – Jakarta Selatan 12560

Tel.: 021 – 719 5271

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REPORT

PT. CONTAINED ENERGY INDONESIA

Jl. Benda Raya no. 46E

Kemang – Jakarta Selatan 12560

Tel.: 021 – 719 5271

Year 2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I PREFACE .................................................................................................................. 8

1 Conditions of Existing Natural and Human Resources ................................... 10

Parang Island ......................................................................................................................................... 10

1.1.1 Natural Resources ............................................................................................................................................. 12

1.1.2 Human Resources.............................................................................................................................................. 14

1.1.3 Economy ................................................................................................................................................................ 15

1.1.4 Facilities and Infrastructures ...................................................................................................................... 17

1.1.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Parang Island ........................................................ 19

Nyamuk Island ....................................................................................................................................... 25

1.1.6 Natural Resources ............................................................................................................................................. 26

1.1.7 Human Resources.............................................................................................................................................. 27

1.1.8 Economy ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

1.1.9 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Nyamuk Island ..................................................... 30

Genting Island......................................................................................................................................... 32

CHAPTER II ELECTRICITY GENERATION ............................................................................37

2.1. Government Policy in Electric Energy Development in Small Islands Region in

Central Java ............................................................................................................................................ 37

2. 2. The Load Profile of Nyamuk Island, Parang Island, and Genting Island Based on

Field Measurement Data .................................................................................................................. 40

2.3. General Overview of Electronic Appliances Efficiency ....................................................... 52

2.4. Evaluation of Electrical Distribution System Quality ......................................................... 52

2.5. Identification of Renewable Energy Resources Potential in Parang Island,

Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. ............................................................................................ 61

CHAPTER III Electricity Supply Management in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and

Genting Island ......................................................................................................66

3.1. Power Plant Management ............................................................................................................... 66

3.2. Government Regulation on Fuel Use ........................................................................................... 68

3.3. Review of the Operations and Maintenance of Existing Systems .................................. 70

3.4. Current Electricity Tariff Payment Mechanism ..................................................................... 75

CHAPTER IV VARIOUS SCENARIOS OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS IN

PARANG ISLAND, NYAMUK ISLAND, AND GENTING ISLAND ...............76

1. Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 76

2. Data Input and Assumption ............................................................................................................ 78

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3. Cash Flow Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 80

4. System Sizing and Electricity Recommendation ................................................................... 81

5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 90

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................92

CHAPTER VI PROJECT ACTION PLAN (POA) .......................................................................99

ANNEX A ...............................................................................................................................104

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I-1 – Karimunjawa Islands Landscape ....................................................................................... 8

Figure I-2 – Administrative region and facilities map of Parang Island ................................. 11

Figure I-3 – Parang Island as Shown in the Karimunjawa National Park Zoning Map ..... 11

Figure I-4 – Paved Road in Parang Island ............................................................................................ 12

Figure I-5 – Coconuts and cashews as the main commodities of Parang Island ................. 13

Figure I-6 – Livestock in Parang Island ................................................................................................ 14

Figure I-7– Harvested Sargassum (Seaweed Substitute) .............................................................. 15

Figure I-8 Produces from Parang Island home industries: cashews (left), smoking pipes

and swim goggles (right) ................................................................................................................. 17

Figure I-9 – Bore well in Parang Island (left), household water reservoir (right) ............. 18

Figure I-10 – Pick-up truck transporting goods and people in Parang Island ..................... 19

Figure I-11 – Potential tourism spots in Parang Island ................................................................. 22

Figure I-12 – Map of potential tourism spots in Parang Island .................................................. 22

Figure I-13 – Nyamuk Island as shown in the Karimunjawa National Park Zoning Map 25

Figure I-14 – Clockwise: banana, coconut, cassava and mangroves in Nyamuk Island ... 26

Figure I-15 – Chicken and Goat in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................... 27

Figure I-16 – Woven thatch roofing (left) and sapu lidi (right) .................................................. 29

Figure I-17 – Extracts from the quarries ............................................................................................. 30

Figure I-18 – Coral reefs at potential diving spots around Nyamuk Island ........................... 30

Figure I-19 – Cave mouths in Nyamuk Island .................................................................................... 31

Figure I-20 – The wells (left, centre) and the sacred grave ......................................................... 31

Figure I-21 – Nyamuk Island Tourism Potential Map .................................................................... 32

Figure I-22 – Map of Genting Island ....................................................................................................... 33

Figure I-23 – Genting Island landscape ................................................................................................ 33

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Figure I-24 – Ordinary household AC water pump in Genting Island ..................................... 35

Figure I-25 – Centralised fresh water supply in Genting Island................................................. 35

Figure II-1 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Nyamuk Island . 40

Figure II-2 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Parang Island .... 41

Figure II-3 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Genting Island ... 41

Figure II-4– Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Nyamuk Island 42

Figure II-5 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Parang Island .... 43

Figure II-6 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Genting Island ... 43

Figure II-7 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Parang Island ..................................................... 46

Figure II-8 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Nyamuk Island .................................................... 49

Figure II-9 Name plate of the diesel generator – Nyamuk Island .............................................. 54

Figure II-10 kWh meter (left) and energy limiter (right) in Nyamuk Island ........................ 54

Figure II-11 Distribution line in Nyamuk Island based on GPS tracking ................................ 55

Figure II-12 Name plate of diesel genset in Genting Island ......................................................... 55

Figure II-13 GPS tracking for distribution dine – Genting Island .............................................. 56

Figure II-14 Distribution of the connected load to the genset, Parang Island...................... 57

Figure II-15 Name Plate of the diesel generator – Parang Island .............................................. 58

Figure II-16 Ampere meter showing a swinging load during peak hours – Parang .......... 58

Figure II-17 Distribution line without a proper pole (left) and farthest connected house

(right) in Parang Island .................................................................................................................... 58

Figure II-18 Cable upgrade plan for the main distribution line – Parang Island ................ 60

Figure II-19 Coconut husk in Genting Island and Nyamuk Island ............................................. 63

Figure II-20 Logs and sawdust on the sawmill .................................................................................. 63

Figure III-1 Scheme of current management unit ............................................................................ 67

Figure III-2 Scheme of proposed power plant Management ....................................................... 68

Figure III-3 – Weather-related damages on the wind turbine blades in Nyamuk Island 71

Figure III-4 Solar PV modules and inverters in the 25kWp system in Nyamuk Island .... 71

Figure III-5 PV system batteries in Genting Island ......................................................................... 72

Figure III-6 PV system in Genting Island ............................................................................................. 73

Figure III-7 Water leakage in PV modules in Genting Island ....................................................... 73

Figure III-8 Wind turbine in Genting Island ....................................................................................... 74

Figure IV-1 Flowchart of method used to determine the minimum electricity tariff ....... 77

Figure VI-1 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in Parang

Island ...................................................................................................................................................... 100

Figure VI-2 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in Nyamuk

Island ...................................................................................................................................................... 101

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Figure VI-3 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in Genting

Island ...................................................................................................................................................... 102

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 – Plantation Commodities in Parang Island ....................................................................... 12

Table 2 – Livestock found in Parang Island ........................................................................................ 13

Table 3 – Education level of Parang Island inhabitants ................................................................. 14

Table 4 – Income generating activities in Parang Island ............................................................... 16

Table 5 – List of Flora Found in Nyamuk Island ............................................................................... 26

Table 6 - Livestock in Nyamuk Island ................................................................................................... 27

Table 7 – Tribes in Nyamuk Island ......................................................................................................... 27

Table 8 – Age Group in Nyamuk Island ................................................................................................ 27

Table 9 – Nyamuk Island Residents’ Occupation List ..................................................................... 28

Table 10 – Income generating activities in Nyamuk Island ......................................................... 29

Table 11 – Electronic appliances in Parang Island .......................................................................... 44

Table 12 – Hourly load profile in Parang Island (extrapolated for 24 hours supply

period) ..................................................................................................................................................... 44

Table 13 – 6 hours load profile in Parang Island based on the field measurement ........... 45

Table 14 – Load profile 6 hours in Parang Island with expected 10% cable loss ............... 45

Table 15 – 12 hours load profile in Parang Island ........................................................................... 45

Table 16 – 24 hours load profile load profile in Parang Island .................................................. 46

Table 17 – Electronic appliances in Nyamuk Island ....................................................................... 47

Table 18 – Hourly load profile in Nyamuk Island (extrapolated for 24 hours supply

period) ..................................................................................................................................................... 47

Table 19 – 6 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................... 48

Table 20 – 12 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................ 48

Table 21 – 24 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island ........................................................................ 49

Table 22 – Electronic appliances in Genting Island ......................................................................... 50

Table 23 – Hourly load profile in Genting Island (extrapolated for 24 hours supply

period) ..................................................................................................................................................... 50

Table 24 – 6 hours load profile in Genting Island ............................................................................ 51

Table 25 – 2 hours load profile in Genting Island ............................................................................ 51

Table 26 – 24 hours load profile in Genting Island .......................................................................... 51

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Table 27 – Advantages and disadvantages of installing transformer, distributed power

generation, and cable upgrade ...................................................................................................... 59

Table 28. Wind speeds in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Island ................................................. 62

Table 29 – Rated speed of vertical axis wind turbine ..................................................................... 62

Table 30 – Average monthly insolation in Parang, Nyamuk, and Genting Island ............... 65

Table 31 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Parang Island diesel power plant ......... 69

Table 32 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Nyamuk Island diesel power plant ...... 70

Table 33 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Genting Island diesel power plant ....... 70

Table 34 brand and model of main component installed in PV system in Parang Island 78

Table 35 Brand and model of main component installed in PV system of Nyamuk Island

..................................................................................................................................................................... 79

Table 36 Brand and Model of main component installed in pv system of Genting Island

..................................................................................................................................................................... 79

Table 37 – Total customer in Parang Island, Genting Island and Nyamuk Island .............. 79

Table 38 – Assumptions in cash flow analysis ................................................................................... 80

Table 39 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang

Island, for 6 hours of operation. .................................................................................................... 81


Island, for 12 hours of operation. ................................................................................................. 82



Table 42 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk






Table 45 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting






Table 48 Advantages of PV system compared with biomass powerplant ............................. 95

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CHAPTER I

PREFACE

Indonesia is an archipelago, spanning from Sabang to Merauke, consisting of

thousands of islands with various sizes connected by straits and seas. Currently there

are 13 446 islands registered with coordinates on the map. Indonesian territory

encompasses the area from latitudes 6°08′ N to 11°15′ S, and longitudes 94°45′ E and

141°05′ E, geographically strategic, being the hub of two oceans, the Indian Ocean

and Pacific Ocean and two continents, Asia and Australia. As an archipelago,

Indonesia is faced with both advantages and challenges. One of the advantages is

being a gateway for international traffic, both by sea and air.

Figure I-1 – Karimunjawa Islands Landscape

At the moment, the Indonesian Government is focused on developing remote

islands, with small islands being the majority. Inhabitants of the islands desperately

need external support to fulfil their basic needs from the government ranging from

inter-island transport/accessibility, electricity supply, clean, drinking water supply to

telecommunication network expansion. Fulfilment of their primary needs directly

affect the economy, social, cultural, and the level of knowledge and education of the

islands’ communities. They have the desire to reach out and not be isolated.

Therefore, their living conditions are highly dependent on their means of fulfilling

their basic needs.

The area of Central Java Province includes cluster of small islands similar to the

ones in Karimunjawa, Jepara and in Rembang. Currently, the former attracts more

attention of tourists both local and international. The island’s main attraction comes

from the highly guarded and protected marine ecosystem and other supporting tourist

facilities in the area.

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Karimunjawa Islands lie between latitudes 05°40’S to 05°57’S and longitudes

110°04’E to 110°40’E, with territorial area of 107 225 hectares, governed by the

Regency of Jepara. Most of the area consist of seawater (107 225 ha) with total land

area of 7 120 ha from 27 islands combined. The largest island, Karimunjawa Island (4

302.5 ha) is the centre of activity and government with the most inhabitants. Other

inhabited islands are Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. The other

surrounding smaller islands belong to the community, but mostly inhabited and

developed as coconut plantations and tourist destination.

The islands inhabitants are indigenous or immigrants who have stayed

permanently there for a very long period. Inhabited islands include Karimunjawa

Island where the seat of the government is located, Parang Island, Nyamuk Island,

and Genting Island. Those 4 (four) islands are divided into 3 (three) village zones,

which are Karimunjawa Village, Parang Village, and Nyamuk Village, which recently

became an officially separated territory in 2012. Prior to that, Nyamuk Village is

under the governance of Parang Village.

Karimunjawa Islands is endowed with high potential and variety of natural

resources. On land, one can find various protected flora and fauna, migrating animals,

as well as indigenous vegetations inland and on the coasts. Most of the islands are

surrounded by fringe and barrier reefs. Karimunjawa Islands surely possess high

potentials both natural and human, to be developed as an eco-tourism area with its

strategic location only 45 nautical miles from the regency capital. Eco-tourism

activities in the area could be nicely packaged into eco-friendly scenic trips while still

keeping the reefs intact.

As a National Park, various vulnerable, critically endangered, and protected

marine organisms such as colourful reef fish, corals, and other coral reef species can

be found in Karimunjawa Islands. The National Park status helps preserve the

ecosystems in the area thus making it a prime destination for international tourists as

well as researchers. Based on the study conducted by researchers from Diponegoro

University Semarang in 2004, the coral reef condition and cover is considered to be

very well intact. However, significant changes have happened since the study was

concluded. Increased activity in the area is not adequately supported by the locals’

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and tourists’ awareness of cleanliness. Piles of garbage are often found drifting along

with the tides on the waters surrounding the islands.

The national decree to protect the clusters of small islands in Karimunjawa as

a Marine National Park proves to be highly beneficial to the preservation of various

natural ecosystems, biological resources, and germ plasm, and hence can be used to

develop science and technology, to be used as food, even developed as alternative

medicines in the future. The protection could also be used to preserve the natural

balance while developing marine tourism in the area. Looking further, the

development effort should be directed to elevate the community’s living standard,

especially the local island inhabitants.

1 Conditions of Existing Natural and Human Resources

Parang Island

Parang Island is one of the 27 islands found in Karimunjawa Islands. Parang

Island falls under the governance of Karimunjawa Sub-district as Parang Village,

located on latitudes 5°40’S to 5°57’S and longitudes 110°04’N to 110°40’N. The

village consists of three islands, which are Kumbang Island, Kembar Island, and

Parang Island (the only inhabited island).

Parang Village (690 ha) is administratively separated into 2 hamlets (dukuh), 3

communities, and 9 neighbourhoods. The distance between Parang Island and the sub-

district capital Karimunjawa is approximately 11 nautical miles, or 2 hours of travel

by fishermen boat heading east.

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Figure I-2 – Administrative region and facilities map of Parang Island

According to the Zoning Map of the Karimunjawa National Park in the Decree

issued by the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation No.

79/IV/Set-3/2005 dated 30 June 2005, Parang Island is one of the biggest islands in

Karimunjawa Islands included in the residential zone.

Figure I-3 – Parang Island as Shown in the Karimunjawa National Park Zoning

Map

In total, only 3 kilometres of roads in Parang Island are paved (with concrete

blocks). The lack of paved roads is the main accessibility problem faced by the people

who ride motorbikes daily to reach their destinations. Only one speedboat (KM.

Pulau

Parang

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Kemujan) serves the inter-island route used to transport people, food and other goods,

but only in limited amounts. It is not uncommon that the boat refuses to serve the

route since only very few passengers show up and it thus becomes uneconomical to

run the boat. With no dependable means of transportation, it is difficult to develop the

islands’ tourism sector. Locals choose to depend on their own (smaller) boats to do

inter-island travels. However, not everyone owns a boat, posing a major obstacle in

running daily errands. Travelling to the main island of Karimunjawa actually costs

more when done using private/own boats compared to boarding the speedboat.

Figure I-4 – Paved Road in Parang Island

1.1.1 Natural Resources

1.1.1.1 Plantations

Based on the data obtained from surveys conducted in the area, plantation

variety present in Parang Island include:

Table 1 – Plantation Commodities in Parang Island

Plants Area (ha) Produce (tonne/ha)

Coconuts 48 61 Cashews 47 50

Source: Parang Village Potential Data 2011

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Figure I-5 – Coconuts and cashews as the main commodities of Parang Island

The scale of the plantations in Parang Island at the moment is not big enough

to be depended upon as the main source of income, and thus still considered a

seasonal one, when the high waves during monsoon prohibits fishermen to go out to

the sea. The lands of Parang Island possess potential biomass resources to be

exploited as feedstock for electricity generation. Unfortunately, the biomass stockpile

in the form of coconut shells and midribs (pelepah) are only available in limited

amounts and the continuity of supply is threatened by resort development plans in the

plantation area.

1.1.1.2 Livestock

Based on the data obtained from surveys conducted in the area, livestock

variety present in Parang Island include:

Table 2 – Livestock found in Parang Island

Animal Number

Cow 105 Goat 499

Chicken 6 107 Duck 750

Source: Parang Village Potential Data 2011

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Figure I-6 – Livestock in Parang Island

Livestock sales are not the main income source in Parang Island, but more of a

side activity for the island’s inhabitants. The animals are herded to feeding grounds,

not kept in stables/pens, which makes accounting of the manure that can potentially

be used for fertiliser relatively difficult.

1.1.2 Human Resources

1.1.2.1 Population

According to Numerical Statistical Data 2013 Karimunjawa Sub-district,

Parang Island/Village is inhabited by 1 079 people, consisting of 537 males and 542

females, with a total of 385 households. With an area of 690 ha (6.9 km2), the

population density of Parang Island is 148 people per square kilometres.

Residents of Parang Island originally hailed from Jepara then settled

permanently on the island. It is still unknown historically, when was the first

inhabitant settled on the island. Currently, a number of tribes reside on Parang Island.

Level of education is still relatively low based on data from the village survey

in 2011, which states:

Table 3 – Education level of Parang Island inhabitants

Education Number of People

University/Tertiary Education 16 High School/equivalent 38

Junior High School/equivalent 65 Primary School 442

Primary School Drop-out 596 No Education 187

Source: Numerical Statistical Data 2013 Karimunjawa Sub-district

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Most of the population mainly works as fishermen except during monsoon

season when they take up construction works, plantation works, herd livestock's, or

leave the island for jobs in big cities. There are several community organisations, both

legal/formal and informal. Legal organisations include village community resilience

group (LKMD – Lembaga Ketahanan Masyarakat Desa), family welfare

development (PKK – Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga), Karang Taruna,

Professional Organisation, Women’s Organisation and Youth Organisation. Informal

organisations (no legal binding pact) include self-supporting community groups

(KSM – Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat), village forestry advisory centre (SPKP –

Sentra Penyuluhan Kehutanan Pedesaan), settled agricultural efforts (UPM – Usaha

Pertanian Menetap), fishermen’s group, farmers’ group, tambourine group, etc.

1.1.3 Economy

Majority of the income of Parang Island’s inhabitants is from sales of produce

from farms, plantations, livestock, fisheries, other industries and trade. As has been

described in the previous section on potential resources, farm and plantation produces

in Parang Island include corn, peanuts, cassava, cashews, mango, jackfruit, coconuts,

kedondong, etc. Are mostly used for own-consumption, with the surplus sold to the

neighbours and even outside the island. The most sought after produce at the moment

is cassava.

Figure I-7– Harvested Sargassum (Seaweed Substitute)

Beside farm and plantation produces, home industry is another linchpin to the

island’s economy. Various types of artworks made from wood such as carvings,

ornaments and tasbih are produced by the local artist and sold to Karimunjawa and

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Jepara. Processed food industry also exist, produce include pohung blosok, samiler

crackers, bengking, balado (spicy) crackers, gempol, coconut oil, balung kuwuk

crackers and godog crackers. Cassava is the main ingredient of these delicacies sold

in Karimunjawa, Jepara, and even Jakarta.

Sales of catch from the sea largely support the economy in Parang Island.

Fishermen use conventional tools such as fishing rods, (gill) nets, and traditional fish

traps called bubu. Various fish ranging from red snappers, groupers, mackerel tunas,

Spanish mackerels, needlefish, fusiliers, squids, and other reef fish. During peak

season, fishermen can haul ashore up to 200 kg daily with mackerel tunas priced at

Rp 10 000 per kilogram.

Listed below are the data obtained from field surveys and interview with the

island’s residents about the area’s economy.

Table 4 – Income generating activities in Parang Island

Craft Production Rate Price (Rp)

Fishermen Mackerel tuna 200 kg/day (peak season) 10 000/kg Red snapper 300 kg/day (peak season) 30 000 – 33 000/kg Needlefish 100 kg/day (peak season) 5 000/kg Seaweed 2 tonnes/harvest 1 700/kg (wet)

8 000/kg (dried) Cashews 10 kg/harvest 3 000/kg (whole)

50 000/kg (peeled) Home Industry

Samiler crackers 180 sheets/day 300/sheet Balado (spicy) crackers 10 kg/day 20 000/kg

Bengking 5 kg/day 3 500/kg Coconut oil 5 kg/day 13 000/kg

Pohung blosok 20 kg/batch 3 500/kg Tasbih (small) 10 pieces/shipment 10 000/piece Tasbih (large) 10 pieces/shipment 25 000/piece

Smoking pipe (once) 1 piece/2 days 20 000/piece Swim goggles 1 pair/day 20 000/pair

Source: Field Survey Data 2011

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Figure I-8 Produces from Parang Island home industries: cashews (left), smoking

pipes and swim goggles (right)

According to the data collected from field survey, payment of electricity bills

has never been an issue in the community (i.e. they can afford it). With the current

arrangement where the retail price is Rp 2 500/kWh with a monthly metering fee of

Rp 20 000, the people have never brought forward any grievances. Electricity bills on

the island range from Rp 35 000 to Rp 300 000 per month.

1.1.4 Facilities and Infrastructures

1.1.4.1 Clean Water

Most of the houses in Parang Island owns bore wells with depth ranging from

3 to 10 meters, to access clean ground water. Research shows that the quality of the

groundwater is relatively good. The water is tasteless, showing that the freshwater

aquifers have not been breached by saltwater intrusion. Data from a 2010 survey

conducted on Parang Village listed 395 bore wells shared between 427 households.

Mineral water bought from Jepara or Karimunjawa also supplement the bore wells in

providing water for drinking and cooking. Because the people on the Parang island

already using water from bore well, they rejected the centralization of clean water

then in this area is not possible for centralization clean water.

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Figure I-9 – Bore well in Parang Island (left), household water reservoir (right)

1.1.4.2 Schools

Educational facilities found in Parang Island (based on 2010 Karimunjawa

Sub-district Statistical Data) include: 2 (two) pre-schools, 3 (three) primary schools, 1

(one) junior high school, 3 (three) Islamic institutions (madrasah), and 1 Aliyah

(Islamic high school equivalent).

1.1.4.3 Lighting

Electric lights in Parang Island are solely dependent on the diesel power plant

which only supplies electricity from 17:30 WIB to 23:30 WIB (6 hours). The power

plant was commissioned in 2003, equipped with a 100 kVA diesel generating sets,

operated by 3 people. Diesel fuel is purchased from the main island of Karimunjawa

monthly. Limited supply of electricity has been a major impediment in the residents’

electricity-dependent daily life. They sternly stated that electricity and transportation

are two very vital and essential needs, and therefore desire external support in

rectifying the situation.

1.1.4.4 Transportation

Within the island itself, people use bicycles, motorcycles, and pick-up trucks

to get between places. A speedboat KM. Kemujan, provided by the Regency of Jepara

Government serves the inter-island route between Karimun – Parang – Nyamuk. The

only speedboat often overflows with passenger and goods, or does not run at all due

to lack of passengers, forcing people to shift dependence onto their own (smaller)

boats for transportation from Karimunjawa or Jepara.

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Figure I-10 – Pick-up truck transporting goods and people in Parang Island

1.1.4.5 Piers/Docks

Docking facilities in Parang Island can be considered adequate despite its

unstrategic location in shallow waters with coral reefs, preventing the boat with 45 m

or more LOA bigger boat from accessing the docks. Boats have to circle Parang and

Kumbang Islands to reach the docks located on the west side of Parang Island,

making the journey even longer and inefficient.

Residents of Parang desire construction of another docking facility in the

eastern side of the island to cut short the distance from Karimunjawa. The authorities

have been informed of this concern, but any construction plan is rendered impossible

by fear of damaging the protected reef ecosystem found in the area. An in-depth study

needs to be done to further understand the potential impact of dock construction in the

area.

1.1.5 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Parang Island

1.1.5.1 Development Opportunities

Parang Island possesses the potential to be developed into a marine and agro-

tourism spot. Surveys and focus-group discussions done with local residents reveal a

number of potential development opportunities.

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1. Development of Natural Tourism

Management of the natural beauty of the island of Parang focused on the

development of marine tourism potential such as reef exploration, diving and

snorkelling, fishing and tourism. In addition to the development of marine tourism

sector, the nature development in the land also needs to be done is like, mangrove

forest tour, caving tour (Sarang cave), and shore excursions (Kunci beach, Batu Hitam

beach and Batu Merah beach.

2. Development of Local Culture and Art

Aside from the development of tourist village of natural scenery aspects, the

local people also projecting the village development in local culture and art aspects.

Development of local cultural arts can also be used as a means of cultural

preservation, which hsvr almost been forgotten today. Some local arts and culture that

can be used as a tourist attraction, among others, Keramat Kunci, Wali Katon, Sumur

Wali, Keris Batu Terpendam, Makam Datuk Batu Merah which can be develop as

religion tourist destination. There are also traditional culture such as Reog Barongan,

Pencak Silat, Sedekah Bumi Laut, and also Hadrah.

3. Community Economic Development

Community economic development opportunities in Parang Island can be

pursued by encouraging ecotourism, souvenirs craft industries, and aquaculture.

These agro-tourism should be developed by looking at the potential of the

environment. Parang Island is a relatively lush island and the potential for the

development of agriculture and plantation sector have favourable projections if the

arrangement of the sector can be implemented properly. Other artworks with

commercial values are souvenir machete beads, bracelets, necklaces, and traditional

hand-made swimming goggles. Food productions such as tempeh, crackers, pohong

blosok can also be optimised as supporting tourism activities as well as efforts to

improve the welfare of the community.

A lot of the home industries in Parang Island have the potential to be

developed into a bigger scale as many of the products have been successfully

exported into bigger cities. Limited electricity supply still proves to be a hindrance in

expanding the businesses. Extended hours of electricity supply would enable growth,

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allowing for example construction/purchase of cold storages for fishermen to store

and keep their catch fresh, thus fetching a higher selling price. External support, be it

from the government or private means, would help bring in the much needed help.

4. Development of Public Facilities

Development of public facilities is a step to overcome the limitations of

facilities and infrastructure on the island of Parang. Fundamental development that

must be done is to construct new roads, ports, and educational facilities. Road and

port is the main public access used by both locals and tourists. Their construction

would be in line with the development priorities of the island, which is to prepare the

island as a tourist destination. This development can be done if there is sufficient

electricity supply in the island.

In addition to physical infrastructure development, the development of non-

physical aspects is also important. Non-physical aspects development that have

become the fundamental needs of society, among others:

a) Environment Sector

Develop of public awareness about the environment, increase capacity of

plantation and agriculture, increase supervision and support for security patrols both

land and marine, replace the use of current fishing gear with more environmentally

friendly fishing gears. This will be very beneficial to the community if the

environment quality remains preserved, providing such comfortable atmosphere that

attracts newcomers or tourists.

b) Village Economics

In improving the community's economy, policies favourable to the community

such as the development in the field of tourism, agriculture and plantations, trade,

livestock, and fisheries are very much required. Community empowerment program

should also be developed as an effort to raise their income and improve the village

budget.

c) Social Capacity Building

The fields of education, healthcare, public services, and local culture require

serious attention as far as social capacity building is concerned. The increase in

education can be done by increasing the number of teachers and intensifying

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communication with the parents to participate more in their children’s education at

home. The healthcare sector also requires more medical personnel, preferably natives.

While in terms of public services, policy issues regarding the limited availability of

electricity that can be used is the focus in the development or improvement of public

services.

Figure I-11 – Potential tourism spots in Parang Island

Figure I-12 – Map of potential tourism spots in Parang Island

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1.1.5.2 Challenges in Development

It is inevitable and to be expected that many things are going to clash from the

planning stage up to the application stage of development. Some of the issues are:

1. Limited Electricity Supply

Development is always synonymous with electricity. Adequate and

reliable supply of electricity is essential in developing the area into a

tourism and fishery hotspot. The growing number of incoming tourist

means increased load of electricity. Therefore, it is important that sufficient

amount of energy is supplied to meet the demands of both locals and

tourists. The expanding fishery sector will also demand upgrades in order to

facilitate its growth.

2. Poor Quality and Coverage of Telecommunication Network

Mobile network reception is relatively poor and spotty, only covering

parts of the island. Telecommunication provider companies are also

reluctant to invest on building towers in the area due to lack of network

users.

3. Transportation – rising need of more paved roads to increase mobility.

4. Concerns that tourists will bring negative influence to the local

communities.

5. Concerns of potential environmental damage – the pristine natural

condition around the island is considered to be a huge asset.

6. Lack of funding/budgetary constraints in developing and constructing the

necessary facilities to prepare the area as a proper tourist destination.

c) Electricity Development Direction of Parang Island

Electrical energy supply shortage is a major problem for Parang Island; and as a

barrier to development of the island, it is a problem that currently desires a solution.

Development power generation from renewable energy sources or alternative energy

sources Parang Island are needed for the development of village / island in various

sectors. Current supply of electricity comes only from the PLD (Diesel genset power

plant). It’s only able to supply power for 6 hours, whereas the activities going on up

to 24 hours within community are highly dependent on the availability of electricity;

such as:

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1. Marine and Fisheries Sector

Parang Island’s population is dominated by fishermen who are in dire need of

ice to preserve (keep fresh) their catch. Refrigeration (cooling) or even cold storage is

in high demand. This is of course related to the power source available. There were

531 fishermen in Parang Island in 2007. Thus, the need for ice every day to meet the

demands of the fishermen is very large. The already available refrigerator should be

able to supply the ice if they are to be operating for 24 hours. This is one example of

the importance of improving existing electricity supply capacity in Parang Island.

Development of solar power plants may be the best solution given the very abundant

energy source to be used as electricity energy, which will be beneficial for the

community in Parang Island.

2. Tourism Sector

Progress in the tourism sectors of small islands has always been supported by

various supporting facilities that complete the whole touring experience. One of them

is the availability of adequate power source for the tourists. Physical development

such as lodging/resort, telecommunications facilities and so forth are always require

electricity in their operations. Moreover, most of the tourists would also be in constant

search for electrical plugs to charge their gadgets. To that end, the development and

construction of new electricity energy sources is essential to support the existing

resources, which are also still limited in use.

3. Household Industrial Sector

Parang Island domestic industry has quite promising potential, ranging from

processing of crackers, pohong blosok (traditional food made from cassava), coconut

oil, cashews, to craft souvenirs. Various efforts in the processing always use electrical

appliances such as blenders, mixers, drilling tools, electric saws, and so forth. With

the increase/additions and construction of new sources electricity energy, the

businesses would able to add electrical equipment with the aim to increase

productivity, which hopefully will improve the level of welfare of the people on the

island of Parang.

4. Education and Health Sector

Performance of these sectors is very clearly influenced by the availability of

sufficient electricity. Currently, for example for the students are required to develop

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their potential through self-learning system. To that end, hours of study available at

the school also need to be optimised. With the increased supply of electricity, schools

are expected to be able to provide more learning tools such as computers, and various

props in supporting the learning process. In the healthcare sector, the procurement of

additional medical equipment can also be executed if the condition of electricity on

Parang is adequate. This will have an impact on first-aid treatment in patients at

health centres in the island, which for example would be equipped with a defibrillator

that can save the lives of patients suffering from heart attacks, who would otherwise

not survive the trip to the nearest hospital located 6 hours away.

Nyamuk Island

Based on the data on Karimunjawa Sub-district released by the Central Statistic

Bureau of Central Java Province, also supported by data from village survey, the

whole Nyamuk Island falls under the administration of Nyamuk Village, spanning

from longitudes 110°10'44"E to 110°11'50"E and latitudes 5°48'39"S to 5°49'17"S.

The island has a total area of 139 ha, with fertile soil and good freshwater supply to

fulfil the local demands. Nyamuk Village was officially founded on 8 August 2011 by

the Jepara Regent, and divided into 4 neighbourhoods and 2 communities. It was

previously part of Parang Village.

Figure I-13 – Nyamuk Island as shown in the Karimunjawa National Park

Zoning Map

Pulau Nyamuk

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Nyamuk Island is located inside the protected Karimunjawa National Park and

is only accessible by sea. It is approximately 16.4 nautical miles (28.6 kilometers)

from Karimunjawa Island, which can be travelled around 2.5 hours by boat in calm

conditions. KM. Kemujan, which was also mentioned in the previous sections, is the

dependable mode of inter-island transportation.

Within the island itself, there is a cement concrete road (3 km) and a concrete

block paved road (4 km), which are the main thoroughfare used by the locals. The rest

of the routes heading towards the woods, plantations or the beach are still dirt roads.

1.1.6 Natural Resources

1.1.6.1 Plantation/Farms

Plants with economical value found on Nyamuk Island are listed below:

Table 5 – List of Flora Found in Nyamuk Island

Cultivated Plants Wild Vegetation

Banana Mangrove Coconut Bush

Jambu air (Syzygium samarangense)

Breadfruit (sukun) Mahogany

Teak Peanut Cassava Papaya

Source: Nyamuk Village Mid-term Development Plan, 2012

Figure I-14 – Clockwise: banana, coconut, cassava and mangroves in Nyamuk

Island

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1.1.6.2 Livestock

Data from field survey regarding livestock found on Nyamuk Island is listed

below:

Table 6 - Livestock in Nyamuk Island

Animal Number

Cow 3 Goat 21

Chicken 450 Duck 185


Figure I-15 – Chicken and Goat in Nyamuk Island

1.1.7 Human Resources

1.1.7.1 Population

Nyamuk Village survey data listed 578 total residents on the island with 305

males and 273 females. A number of tribe resides on the island. Listed below is the

data retrieved from the Mid-term Development Plan of Nyamuk Village in 2012:

Table 7 – Tribes in Nyamuk Island

Tribe Population

Java 554 Madura 12 Buton 5 Bugis 2

Sumatra 1


Below is the list of age group of the population in Nyamuk Village:

Table 8 – Age Group in Nyamuk Island

Age Male Female Total

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Age Male Female Total

0-4 28 23 51 5-9 42 32 74

10-14 27 22 49 15-19 24 24 48 20-24 23 23 46 25-29 22 32 54 30-34 33 22 55 35-39 26 21 47 40-44 31 23 54 45-49 14 18 32 50-54 12 13 25 55-59 9 7 16 60-64 5 5 10 65-69 4 6 10 70-74 2 1 3 >75 3 1 4

Total 305 273 578


The number of people belonging to the productive age group between 20 to 50

years old comprises more than half of the total population. Meaning that the island’s

population posses a high potential prime for optimisation and development. The

majority of the population work as fishermen. They go out to sea every day except on

Friday, since it is considered the day off when Moslems observe the weekly Friday

prayer.

Table 9 – Nyamuk Island Residents’ Occupation List

Occupation Number of People

Fisherman 179 Construction Worker 3

Businessman 2 Craftsman/home industry 3

Farmer 4 Vendor 13

Civil servant/army 7 Porter 2


1.1.8 Economy

The sea is the lifeblood for almost everyone in Nyamuk Island who mostly

works as fishermen. Their tools of the trade include fishing rods, (gill) nets, and

traditional fish traps called bubu, catching from red snappers, groupers, needlefish,

fusiliers, Spanish mackerels, mackerel tunas, squids, and other coral reef fish.

29|

Although most of the income originates from sales of fish (and other catch),

locals also exploit other natural resources in order to make a living. Produces from

plantations, farms, livestock, home industries, as well as quarries are sold within and

outside the island itself. Coconut, banana, cassava, teak and other kinds of plantations

can be found around the island. Small industries use coconut fronds to make sapu lidi

(brooms) from the stiff midribs and woven thatch roofing from the leaves. There also

exist quarries where sand and stones have been extracted.

The following list describes the occupations of Nyamuk Island’s residents:

Table 10 – Income generating activities in Nyamuk Island

Craft Production Rate Price (Rp)

Fishermen Mackerel tuna 200 kg/day 10 000 /kg Red snapper 300 kg/day 30 000 /kg Needlefish 100 kg/day 5 000 /kg

Home Industry Sapu lidi 2 brooms/day 5 000 /broom

Woven thatch roofing 1 sheet/day 5 000 /sheet Quarry extracts

Sand 4.5 m3/day 2 000 /m3

Stone 0.6 m3/day 25 000 /m3

Figure I-16 – Woven thatch roofing (left) and sapu lidi (right)

30|

Figure I-17 – Extracts from the quarries

Currently, the electricity retail rate is at Rp 2 500/kWh with a monthly

subscription fee of Rp 20 000. Customers’ bills range from Rp 35 000/month to Rp

300 000/month. So far, payments of the bills have never been an issue within the

customers in Nyamuk Island.

1.1.9 Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Nyamuk Island

1.1.9.1 Development Opportunities

Area development is always synonymous with increasing electricity demands.

Especially when developing tourism spots with constructions of hotel, housing, shops

and other supporting facilities, which obviously require electrical energy.

1. Marine Tourism

Coral reefs surrounding the island are in relatively pristine conditions

and continue to be well maintained. The beauty of the well-preserved

underwater ecosystem with white-sand beaches together makes an attractive

marine tourism package. With the right kind of management, this is a potential

worth developing that can very well benefit communities in Nyamuk Island.

Figure I-18 – Coral reefs at potential diving spots around Nyamuk Island

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2. Cave Tours

Inland, there are caves located on the south-eastern side of the island.

The contours of the caves were the result of natural abrasions, with cliffs

ranging from 5 to 10 meters high. There are 3 (three) caves, Kemasan, Pandai

and Panjang. Adjacent Kemasan and Pandai caves are located on the southern

part of the island.

Figure I-19 – Cave mouths in Nyamuk Island

3. Religious Tourism/Pilgrimage

A well considered sacred by locals, known as sumur wali1, is located

only 100 meters from the coast but uniquely produces fresh, not brackish,

water. Another well, located 15 meters from the coast only a meter deep is

also known to produce fresh water.

Figure I-20 – The wells (left, centre) and the sacred grave

A grave topped with an ancient mosque dome is also considered to be

related to Wali Songo and thus sacred by the locals. These claims have not

1 Refers to Wali Songo, the revered nine saints historically responsible for spreading Islam in

Indonesia, especially in Java.

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actually been verified as they are passed on between generations through folk

tales.

Figure I-21 – Nyamuk Island Tourism Potential Map

1.1.9.2 Challenges in Development

Here is a shortlist of concerns that came up during focus group discussions in

Nyamuk Island regarding the community and nature preservation:

1. The new docks in Nyamuk Island do not meet the requirements of the people

in Nyamuk Island, while the old one is currently damaged.

2. Arising needs for 24-hours of continuous electricity supply to support growths

of home industries.

3. Limited (public) transportation options with only one boat operating twice a

week.

4. Telecommunication coverage for the whole island. Currently, only parts of the

island are covered.

Genting Island

Genting Island is put under the administration of Karimunjawa Village although it

is located approximately 1.5 hours away by boat from the main island of

Karimunjawa. To date, information about Genting Island is still fairly limited and it is

S

pot Dive

1

S

pot Dive

2

P

antai

P

asir Putih 1 P

antai

P

asir Putih 2

Arca

& Sumur Wali G

oa

33|

far less popular to outsiders compared to Karimunjawa Island where the seat of

Karimunjawa Village government is located.

Figure I-22 – Map of Genting Island

Figure I-23 – Genting Island landscape

On the map, Genting Island is located at coordinates 5° 51’ 07” S and 110° 36’

10” E with a total area of 137 ha. The island is inhabited by 369 people, divided into

105 households with the majority of the population working as fishermen. Just like

the previously discussed Parang and Nyamuk islands, Genting Island also has the

potential to be developed as a marine tourism area.

Within the island, various plantations exist including coconuts, tropical almonds

(ketapang), Casuarina equisetifolia, cashews, etc. with coconuts being the biggest

34|

commodity of Genting Island. Produces from the plantations are exported to

Karimunjawa and Jepara. Animals that can be found inland are cows, goats and

chicken. Coral reefs, molluscs, crustaceans, coral reef fish, and seagrass thrive in the

water surrounding the island.

Obstacles and Opportunities for the development of the island

Opportunities for the island development

A common trait shared between islands in Karimunjawa is their potential to be

developed as marine tourism areas, boasting pristine and abundant underwater marine

life highly suitable as diving spots. In addition to tourism, fish and seaweed farming

could also be tapped as income generating commodities. Fish hatcheries/farms

already exist in neighbouring Sambangan Island (located west of Genting Island, see

Figure I-22) cultivating economically valuable fish species such as humpback

groupers and brown-marbled groupers, which are exported to China. Waters

surrounding Genting Island possess similar conditions and hence should be as suitable

to host fish farms.

Obstacle for the island development

The classic problem of electricity supply shortage also occurs in Genting Island,

which hampers development efforts. Increased supply of electricity will allow

fishermen to purchase and install cold storages and produce ice to ensure the

freshness of their catch. Another common remote island issue is the poor

telecommunication network coverage where mobile reception is only available in

parts of the island.

Fresh Water Supply in Genting Island

In contrast to the other islands, access to clean water in Genting Island is limited

to certain areas, because based on the recognition of residents in some places the

water is brackish. At Genting Island there are now centralised submersible water

pumps powered by direct current (DC) electricity from solar panels. Construction of

this facility was done after receiving a sum of relief fund from the municipal water

company (PDAM – Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum) in Semarang. In addition to

using submersible pumps, ordinary household alternating current (AC) water pump

with electricity supplied by diesel generator. The maximum flow rate of this water

pump is 60 litres/minute, with the input power 650 watt and output power 250 watt.

35|

During daytime, water reservoirs with capacity of 4 × 1550 litres (6 200 litres)

are filled using submersible pumps, with the ordinary household AC water pump

taking over at night, since they can only operate when the generator is on.

Figure I-24 – Ordinary household AC water pump in Genting Island

Centralised water pump has so far been able to meet the demands in Genting

Island. However, at this time a number of houses at the far end of the distribution line

often experience supply issues because the water flowing from the central reservoirs

are already diverted to residents located close to the shelter using, resulting in very

weak and little flow for customers further on the line. The water shortage problem can

be solved if the water pumps (not the submersible pump) have more power supplied

to them (increased hours of operation). Gajah Mada University is currently in

collaboration with USAID to provide centralised water pumps for public facilities on

the island.

Figure I-25 – Centralised fresh water supply in Genting Island

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The direction of development of the power source on the island of Genting is to

provide replacement of components or redevelopment of solar PV and wind power

plants because both systems have been damaged and require immediate repair. Some

of the components can still be salvaged and used in the refurbished power plant.

Electricity supply from solar PV and wind turbines are preferable to diesel generators

due to the soaring cost of diesel fuel.

Based on the results of the survey and interviews, the majority of the population

Genting Island works as fishermen. To meet their demand for ice, currently fishermen

on the islands of Karimunjawa Island and Genting bought the ice from Jepara. A

small part of society who owns refrigerators and freezers has only been able to

produce ice in small amounts due to the limited supply of electricity on the island for

6 hours (17:30 to 23:30). Fishermen usually set out to sea around 3 am. With the

current supply period, some of the ice would have already melted by the time the

fishermen need it.

There is also a small shipbuilding industry in Genting that requires a lot of

power tools such as wood planer, drill, wood cutting tools, and others. Electricity

needs for shipbuilding today comes from private generators that use diesel fuel or

gasoline.

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CHAPTER II ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Sufficient electricity supply is the most vital need in small islands. Currently

electricity is still supplied by the diesel power plants, where there is insufficient

generated power to meet the demands on the islands. Here is an overview of the

condition of existing power resource managements in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting

Islands.

2.1. Government Policy in Electric Energy Development in Small Islands

Region in Central Java

There are several government policies that became the basis for the

development of energy resources, particularly electrical energy, which is the primary

requirement for a society that also directly affect the lives of the people in the district

of Jepara, among others:

1. Law No. 30 of 2009 on Electricity, in article 6, paragraph 2 states that the

utilisation of energy resources should be implemented with emphasis on new and

renewable energy sources. In practice, in accordance with article 7, paragraph 3

states that the general plan of the area of electricity is based on the general plan of

the national electricity and established by the Local Government after consultation

with the Regional Representatives Council.

2. The development of the tourism sector in Karimunjawa considering the key

limiting issues among others, is still the lack of power source availability. To that

end, the construction of power plants should be the main focus in the construction

and development of Karimunjawa Islands.

3. Regulation of Jepara Regency No. 2 of 2011 on Spatial Planning of Jepara, Year

2011-2031: in article 6, it is stated that the strategy of improving the quality and

range of services of energy infrastructure networks, telecommunications, water

resources, and the environment that can support the growth and equity of

community service, and environmental protection include: increasing the

availability of electrical energy (letter a). In the fourth part of the Plan for Energy

Network Systems and Electrical article 14, paragraph 3, letter b it is mentioned that

plans include the development of power generation plants and renewable energy in

the district of Jepara.

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4. Management of diesel and/or solar power plants in Karimunjawa Islands Region

has been regulated in Regent’s Decree No.: 671.2 / 874 of 1999 on the

Establishment of Electricity District of Publications Unit Business, Jepara. This

management unit consists of the Sub-district Head (Camat) of Karimunjawa as the

supervisor. Manager of the head unit is currently in charge of the operator on the

island of Parang, Nyamuk and Genting. The management unit is directly

responsible to the Regent of Jepara. Current technical advisors are Agency of

Roadworks and Irrigation (DBMP) and Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

(ESDM) of Jepara regency.

Based on the above regulation, it is possible for the provision of new and

renewable sources of energy in this case solar power, wind power, biomass to the

populated islands within the Karimunjawa Islands. To follow up on this, the

coordination of the relevant stakeholders such as local government agencies is

necessary for the activity/ development of new and renewable energy sources to be

implemented properly.

Operational plan steam power plant (combined cycle power plant) that uses

compressed natural gas (CNG) with approximately 1 MW capacity (of the total 3 MW

electricity demand in the Karimunjawa) in 2015 is expected to put an end to

electricity crisis in the region. This combined cycle power plant (PLTGU –

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas dan Uap) was built with an investment of 12 billion

rupiahs. Development of electricity in the region is plagued by pending disburse of

budget and because of constrained land acquisition. As a result, the target of the

operation was moved from 2014 to 2015. However, this has been resolved and the

current stage of the process is the development and procurement of generating

machine that will be used in the power plant. With this PLTGU, electricity tariffs in

Karimunjawa and Kemujan is estimated to be around Rp. 1 400 per kilowatt-hour.

So far, the electricity crisis in Karimunjawa limits supply to 12.5 hours a day

from 17:30 to 06:00 for Karimunjawa and Kemujan, while in Parang Island, Nyamuk

Island and Genting Island the supply is limited to only 6 hours. Electricity in

Karimunjawa is still supplied by the diesel generators and hereinafter will be replaced

by PLTGU. However, the plan of PLTGU development is only limited in

Karimunjawa (the main island) and Kemujan alone, whereas for Nyamuk Island,

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Parang Island, and Island Genting will not covered by this project. In this project

there are no plans to install undersea cabling to connect the electricity from

Karimunjawa to the three islands. In addition, plans to increase the capacity of

electricity in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island is still limited to a

biomass study conducted by Balitbang (Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan) in

collaboration with the UNS (Universitas Sebelas Maret, Solo) and the results of these

studies have not been released for public consumption. Limited funds from the

Regency prove to be a further constraint in meeting the demand for electricity in

Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Island.

Based on information from the Karimunjawa diesel power plant management,

subsidies for diesel fuel in 2014 for Karimunjawa sub-district amounted to

approximately 1 billion rupiahs, earmarked from Jepara district budget and the deficit

is covered by CSR (corporate social responsibility) funds amounting approximately 3

billion rupiahs sourced from PLTU Tanjung Jati B Jepara, Bank Jateng, BRI, Bank

Mandiri, Bank Muamalat, BNI, BTN, Perhutani, PT. Trans Marga Jateng, Bank

Bukopin, as well as SKK Migas, Perusahaan Gas Negara dan PT Sarana

Pembangunan Jawa Tengah and 0.5 billion rupiah from Central Java Province Budget

(APBD – Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah).

Looking at the Central Java Provincial Regulation No. 4 In 2014 Zoning Plan of

Coastal Areas and Small Islands (RZWP3K), in the direction of local regulations for

regional development of small islands in the Karimunjawa Islands included in the

tourism zone, the regulation shall be enforced by improving nautical tourism

activities, cultural and other local interests in a sustainable manner. Strategies for the

development of tourism zones, especially in Karimunjawa includes developing

infrastructure for tourism activities in an appropriate and adequate manner, while still

maintaining the natural integrity of the environment within the conservation area that

is also used for tourism activities. Therefore, in designing the future electricity

infrastructures in this island, the supply should not be designed to only meet the needs

of the local residents’ demands, but to also anticipate the growth as a result of

development of the tourism sector in this island.

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2. 2. The Load Profile of Nyamuk Island, Parang Island, and Genting Island

Based on Field Measurement Data

Average usage of electricity generated by the diesel generator is still relatively

low. One of the factors that caused this condition is unbalanced load distribution

between genset phases. When the three-phases are not in balance with each other, the

energy produced by the generator is not fully utilised. Referring to the generator

capacity, high load (amperes) in one phase will limit the diesel generators from

generating greater amounts of energy. On the other hand, at low load on one phase,

the energy will be wasted. Management to balance the load distribution is the key to

improving energy efficiency. Even during the peak demand period (18:00 to 20:00)

there is considerable scope to increase the percentage of use of the generator for free.

In other words, because there is still untapped energy, the customer will still therefore

be able to add electrical load or increase the number of electronic households

appliances.

Figure II-1 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Nyamuk

Island

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30

am

pe

re

Time

R

S

T

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Figure II-2 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Parang

Island

Figure II-3 AC current sample measurement in each phase (R, S, T) in Genting

Island

To balance the load of generator, operators need to make an effort to monitor

the load connected to each phase. The load monitoring can identify large loads and

then divide the load to another phase so that the load on each phase will be balanced.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30

am

pe

re

Time

R

S

T

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

17.30 18.30 19.30 20.30 21.30 22.30

am

pe

re

Time

R

S

T

42|

Deviation of 5 to 10 per cents is still acceptable for the type of load, which are

household appliances with a variety of usage period.

The graphs below show the use of the generator (bottom of graph, blue curves)

as compared to capacity. The data used refer to the size of the generator (nameplate)

and record energy usage (kWh) in each island. Assumptions made ignore the

distribution loss factor and genset efficiency (the genset is approximately 10 years

old). Cumulative generator load is still below the production capacity of the generator

itself, though with added 50% of the energy that is lost in the network, the amount of

energy used is now less than the energy produced by the generator, resulting in the

loss of the use of these generators. In fact, there is a lot of energy that is not utilised

while fuel consumption of the generator is fixed and the fuel price is quite expensive.

Figure II-4– Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Nyamuk

Island

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

kW

h

Month

kWh usage

Energy Generation

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Figure II-5 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Parang

Island

Figure II-6 Graph of energy generation and kWh used by customer in Genting

Island

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

kW

h

Month

kWh usage

Energy Generation

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

kW

h

Month

kWh usage

Energy Generation

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Load profile on each island is different based on the use of electricity appliances

and the number of customers. Load profile data for 6 hours supply period were

obtained from field survey, while the load profiles 12 and 24 hours were made by

extrapolation based on the data of electrical appliance to be used by the customer

when the power is on for 12 and 24 hours. This data is obtained from questionnaire

and interview with local residents.

Table 11 – Electronic appliances in Parang Island

Appliances Code Units Watt/unit

Street lights PJU 117 10 Lampu rumah LED 1107 10

Kipas angin FAN 350 27 Kulkas REF 6 20 Freezer FRE 60 30 Setrika IRO 30 350

Rice cooker RCO 222 180 Pompa air PMP 226 125 Mesin cuci WSH 3 450

TV TV 253 100 Power tools TOL 7 1100 Computer COM 5 250

Table 12 – Hourly load profile in Parang Island (extrapolated for 24 hours

supply period)

Time PJU LED FAN REF FRE IRO RCO PMP WSH TV TOL COM

Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt 1:00 1170 2200 945 40 270 0 540 1375 0 2000 0 0 2:00 1170 2150 999 20 300 0 1080 1500 0 1500 0 0 3:00 1170 2300 1080 40 330 0 1260 1375 0 1300 0 0 4:00 1170 2400 1134 40 330 0 1800 1375 0 1000 0 0 5:00 1170 2200 1053 20 270 1050 1440 1500 0 1200 0 0 6:00 580 2000 675 40 300 1750 1800 2000 450 1000 0 0 7:00 0 1800 810 40 330 2450 2700 2375 450 1500 0 0 8:00 0 1500 1080 20 300 3500 3240 2750 900 2200 0 0 9:00 0 1300 945 40 360 2800 6120 3250 900 2500 0 0

10:00 0 1100 1080 60 330 2450 6840 3500 1350 3200 1100 500 11:00 0 1000 1215 80 330 2100 7200 3750 1350 3700 2200 500 12:00 0 1000 1269 60 360 1400 8100 3875 900 4000 3300 750 13:00 0 920 1080 60 330 1050 7380 3625 900 4500 1100 250 14:00 0 900 1080 60 360 350 8100 3750 900 4700 3300 1000 15:00 0 900 1215 80 390 700 7200 4125 900 5000 3300 500 16:00 0 920 1296 80 360 350 6660 3625 450 5500 3300 500 17:00 0 1000 1134 60 360 350 5940 3125 450 5700 2200 250 18:00 0 1750 945 40 300 0 5580 2500 0 6200 0 250 19:00 1170 2200 864 40 300 0 5940 2375 0 6800 0 250 20:00 1170 2400 945 40 270 350 6480 2500 0 8000 0 250

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21:00 1170 2500 1161 40 270 350 5580 2125 0 8500 0 250 22:00 1170 2250 972 40 270 350 4320 1750 0 6700 0 0 23:00 1170 2200 891 20 270 0 2340 1375 0 5000 0 0 0:00 1170 2050 864 40 270 0 540 1000 0 3700 0 0

Note: Description of abbreviations in row 1 can be found in Table 11.

Table 13 – 6 hours load profile in Parang Island based on the field measurement

Time Power [W]

1700-1800 55,481 1800-1900 53,714 1900-2000 48,691 2000-2100 46,650 2100-2200 43,552 2200-2300 40,080 2300-2400 20,040

From Table 13, we calculate the load with 10 % expected cable loss in Parang

Island. The load profile is shown in Table 14 below.

Table 14 – Load profile 6 hours in Parang Island with expected 10% cable loss

Time Power [W]

17:00 24,000 18:00 25,000 19:00 28,000 20:00 27,700 21:00 24,300 22:00 21,000 23:00 11,500 Total 161,500

Table 15 – 12 hours load profile in Parang Island

Time Power [W]

11:00 18,000 12:00 20,000 13:00 19,500 14:00 19,000 15:00 19,200 16:00 21,000 17:00 22,000 18:00 24,300 19:00 25,000 20:00 21,000 21:00 15,400

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22:00 13,000 23:00 11,000 Total 248,400

Table 16 – 24 hours load profile load profile in Parang Island

Time Load [W]

0:00 8,540 1:00 8,719 2:00 8,855 3:00 9,249 4:00 9,903 5:00 10,595 6:00 12,455 7:00 15,490 8:00 18,215 9:00 21,510

10:00 23,425 11:00 25,014 12:00 21,195 13:00 24,500 14:00 24,310 15:00 23,041 16:00 20,569 17:00 17,565 18:00 19,939 19:00 22,405 20:00 21,946 21:00 17,822 22:00 13,266 23:00 9,634 Total 408.162

Figure II-7 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Parang Island

-

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Po

we

r [W

]

Time

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Table 17 – Electronic appliances in Nyamuk Island






Table 18 – Hourly load profile in Nyamuk Island (extrapolated for 24 hours

supply period)


Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt 1:00 320 2300 1080 780 360 0 720 1375 0 1275 0 0 2:00 320 2250 1080 720 400 0 900 1250 0 1445 0 0 3:00 320 2400 1107 780 400 0 900 1250 0 1190 0 0 4:00 320 2500 1134 780 360 0 900 1125 0 1445 0 0 5:00 320 2300 1080 720 360 1050 1260 1000 0 1785 0 0 6:00 160 2100 972 780 400 1400 1260 1000 900 1955 0 0 7:00 0 1900 999 780 400 1750 1260 1750 1350 1870 0 0 8:00 0 1600 1107 720 360 2100 2160 1875 1350 1955 0 0 9:00 0 1400 1404 840 440 2100 2340 2375 1350 1785 0 0

10:00 0 1200 1350 840 400 2100 1440 2625 900 2550 3300 750 11:00 0 1100 1404 900 400 1750 2700 3500 450 2975 4400 750 12:00 0 1100 1620 900 480 1400 2160 2625 450 2720 4400 1000 13:00 0 1020 1755 900 400 1050 2340 3125 450 2720 2200 500 14:00 0 1000 1944 1080 600 1750 3600 3750 450 2975 5500 1000 15:00 0 1000 2106 960 360 1050 2700 3125 450 2550 5500 1000 16:00 0 1020 1755 900 400 1050 1800 2875 450 2550 4400 750 17:00 0 1100 1485 840 400 1050 1440 2500 450 2380 3300 750 18:00 0 2400 1350 780 360 0 1620 2000 450 2550 0 500 19:00 320 3000 1215 780 360 0 1440 1875 900 3400 0 750 20:00 320 4200 1053 780 360 0 1620 2000 450 4250 0 1000 21:00 320 4000 1134 960 360 0 1260 2000 450 5100 0 750 22:00 320 3500 1053 780 360 0 1080 2250 0 4420 0 0 23:00 320 3000 1026 780 360 0 900 2250 0 3400 0 0 0:00 320 2500 729 780 360 0 540 1500 0 2550 0 0

Note: Description of abbreviations in row 1 can be found in Table 17 –

Electronic appliances in Nyamuk Island

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Table 19 – 6 hours load profile in Nyamuk Island

Time Power [W]

17:00 10,100 18:00 18,000 19:00 25,500 20:00 25,100 21:00 23,100 22:00 18,300 23:00 15,000 Total 135,100

The same extrapolation method used in Parang is also used constructing the

load profile in Nyamuk Island.


Time Power [W]

11:00 16,500 12:00 16,400 13:00 14,600 14:00 14,100 15:00 13,700 16:00 14,700 17:00 16,000 18:00 17,100 19:00 18,200 20:00 17,700 21:00 17,500 22:00 16,500 23:00 15,100

Total kWh 208,100

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Time Power [W]

0:00 8,210 1:00 8,365 2:00 8,347 3:00 8,564 4:00 9,875 5:00 10,927 6:00 12,059 7:00 13,227 8:00 14,034 9:00 17,455

10:00 20,329 11:00 18,855 12:00 16,460 13:00 23,649 14:00 20,801 15:00 17,950 16:00 15,695 17:00 12,010 18:00 14,040 19:00 16,033 20:00 16,334 21:00 13,763 22:00 12,036 23:00 9,279 Total 338,297

Figure II-8 Graph of 24 hours Load Profile in Nyamuk Island

-

5,000.00

10,000.00

15,000.00

20,000.00

25,000.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Po

we

r [W

]

Time

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Table 22 – Electronic appliances in Genting Island






Table 23 – Hourly load profile in Genting Island (extrapolated for 24 hours

supply period)


Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt Σ

Watt

1:00 200 220 189 20 30 0 0 125 0 900 0 0 2:00 200 240 270 0 30 0 0 125 0 800 0 0 3:00 200 320 297 20 30 0 0 250 0 600 0 0 4:00 200 320 324 20 30 0 180 375 0 500 0 0 5:00 200 470 189 0 30 350 180 125 0 800 0 0 6:00 100 520 108 20 60 700 360 250 450 700 0 0 7:00 0 570 135 20 60 1050 360 375 450 1200 0 0 8:00 0 470 189 0 60 700 360 375 900 1900 0 0 9:00 0 450 216 20 60 1400 540 250 900 1800 0 0

10:00 0 350 162 40 60 350 540 250 1350 2000 1100 500 11:00 0 230 216 40 60 350 540 250 900 2100 2200 250 12:00 0 270 243 40 60 350 540 375 900 1900 2200 750 13:00 0 290 189 40 60 350 360 375 450 2700 1100 250 14:00 0 230 189 20 60 350 360 500 450 1300 3300 500 15:00 0 310 270 40 60 350 540 375 450 1500 3300 250 16:00 0 300 243 40 60 350 360 375 0 1700 3300 500 17:00 0 400 189 20 60 350 540 375 0 2000 2200 500 18:00 0 440 162 40 60 350 540 250 0 3600 0 500 19:00 200 420 162 20 60 0 540 250 0 2500 0 250 20:00 200 540 189 20 60 0 360 250 0 3300 0 500 21:00 200 510 216 40 60 0 540 250 0 3300 0 250 22:00 200 550 189 20 60 0 540 125 0 2000 0 0 23:00 200 440 162 20 60 0 180 125 0 1100 0 0 0:00 200 340 189 20 60 0 0 125 0 500 0 0

Note: Description of abbreviations in row 1 can be found in

Table 23 –

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Table 24 – 6 hours load profile in Genting Island

Time Power [W]

17:00 3,506.1 18:00 7,969.0 19:00 8,736.0 20:00 8,180.9 21:00 7,009.6 22:00 6,750.9 23:00 3,432.0 Total 45,584.5


Time Power [W]

11:00 6,300 12:00 6,000 13:00 5,500 14:00 5,100 15:00 5,000 16:00 5,240 17:00 5,600 18:00 6,400 19:00 6,600 20:00 5,900 21:00 5,100 22:00 4,500 23:00 2,400 Total 69,640


Time Power [W]

0:00 1,684 1:00 1,665 2:00 1,717 3:00 1,949 4:00 2,344 5:00 3,268 6:00 4,220 7:00 4,954 8:00 5,636 9:00 6,702

10:00 7,136 11:00 7,628 12:00 6,164 13:00 7,259 14:00 7,445 15:00 7,228 16:00 6,634

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Time Power [W]

17:00 5,942 18:00 4,402 19:00 5,419 20:00 5,366 21:00 3,684 22:00 2,287 23:00 1,434 Total 112,167

2.3. General Overview of Electronic Appliances Efficiency

Electrical tools used by the islander are common types of electronic appliance,

similar to those used in other parts of Indonesia, such as rice cookers, water pumps,

fans, TVs, electric irons, and refrigerators. Most of the lights used are fluorescent

lamps with electronic ballasts that have good energy efficiency. Some house use LED

lights with better energy efficiency. However, public awareness of energy efficiency

is still low, which can be seen by instances where people still turn on the television

even though they are not watching it.

High efficiency power tools are rarely used, in addition to the price being much

higher availability at electronics stores in Jepara regency is also limited. A

recommended workaround to the efficiency issue of these tools is to manage the time

of use. With the use of time management, energy generated by diesel engines will be

better utilised at no extra cost. Time of use management in this case can also be

applied to water pumps in Parang and Nyamuk Island that should be used in rotation,

not simultaneously, therefore reducing the maximum demand and thus electricity

cost. Currently water pumps powered by the generator run until 21.00 pm. Another

example is when the generator starts up, the freezer also kicks in, at the same time

there is relatively high electrical load. Time of use management intends to distribute

the load evenly in a wide window of time.

2.4. Evaluation of Electrical Distribution System Quality

Electrical distribution networks in Nyamuk and Genting Island are considered

adequate for this time being. Considering the load (ampere), distance (meter) and

genset size (kVA), no significant voltage drop was found in Nyamuk and Genting

Island. Different situation was found in Parang Island, the biggest island with the

longest distribution system from the generator station. In Parang Island, combination

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of the load, distance and the genset size combined resulted in a significant voltage

drop at the end of the distribution line.

1) Nyamuk Island

Currently, the electricity supply arrangement in Nyamuk Island becomes the

model for the other two islands (Parang and Genting). The electricity supply from

diesel generators (PLD) is a pay-per-use service with reference to the energy

consumption meter installed at the houses. Until the end of the distribution line, the

voltage drop is still within the acceptable standard 10%). No issue was reported or

found during the site visit.

The distribution line at Nyamuk Island is also a model for Parang Island.

Distribution of electricity from the 25kWp PV system and from diesel power plant

(30 kVA) is divided into two lines. The PV system installed in Nyamuk Island is still

in Nyamuk Island is operating for 24 hours, but with its current capacity it has not

been able to meet the electricity demand alone. The total daily average load amounted

to around 338.297 kWh. With the separation of the distribution line and installation of

energy limiters in every customer house, all customers now obtain equal amount of

energy. Prior to the existence of the PV system, there were only 136 houses that were

connected to the diesel power plant, whereas the remaining 48 houses (out of a total

of 184 units including public facilities) were not powered. With the existence of this

PV system, 170 homes and 14 public facilities are now able to enjoy electricity. Each

house received an allocation of 450Wh free electricity per day (24 hours) and when

the usage of an individual customer has exceeded the given limits, then the electricity

supply in said customer’s house will be cut-off automatically and will not affect

another customer.

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Figure II-9 Name plate of the diesel generator – Nyamuk Island

Figure II-10 kWh meter (left) and energy limiter (right) in Nyamuk Island

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Figure II-11 Distribution line in Nyamuk Island based on GPS tracking

2) Genting Island

Genting Island is the smallest island compared to Parang and Nyamuk Island. Size

of distribution cables used in this island is 35 mm2 in diameter. Total length of the

distribution line is about 1.4 km with the Genset/PV located at the centre of the

distribution line. This condition is ideal, hence no issue with voltage drop.

Figure II-12 Name plate of diesel genset in Genting Island

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PV system in Genting Island is not in good condition. The PV system was built

about 6 years ago. Solar panels are showing a sign of water leakage inside the glass

cover, where the battery capacity also showed indication of reduction.

In Genting Island, both Diesel and PV electricity are “available”, but the

distribution line is only one. This distribution line is used by both Diesel and PV

electricity. Usage of the electricity is counted by an energy meter (kWh Meter). This

kWh meter counting electricity usage from both Diesel and PV.

Figure II-13 GPS tracking for distribution dine – Genting Island

3) Parang Island

In Parang Island, currently there is a 100kVA diesel genset and 75kWp PV

system. The PV system has its own distribution line. This distribution lines use 3×35

mm2 size overhead cables from the point of connection of PV with the grid until the

customer at the end of the distribution line (the farthest point) on this island which is

in the land of the National Park. Based on the information from staff of Agency of

Roadworks and Irrigations (DBMP), and Energy and Mineral Resources Department

(ESDM) of Jepara regency, the construction of this 75kWp off-grid PV system

required funds of approximately 10 billion rupiahs. In each house has also been

installed a limiter so that power consumption can be evenly distributed to all

connected customers. Currently from a total of 369 homes, only 273 homes are PLD

(diesel genset) customers, the rest were electrified after the 75kWp PV sytem started

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operating on the island. Each house gets rationed electricity of 260Wh daily, limited

by an energy limiter.

Distance from the genset to load is quite far (longest distance is about 1 600 m),

Currently utilised equipment are 35mm2 distribution cables, 100kVA genset (80%

continuous rating), with peak current of about 120A. This condition caused a drop of

voltage at the end of the load connection. At the genset power house the voltage was

measured to be 380 volts (line-to-line 3-phase) and dropping to 176 volts at the end of

connection, 1 600 m away.

Figure II-14 Distribution of the connected load to the genset, Parang Island

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Figure II-15 Name Plate of the diesel generator – Parang Island

Figure II-16 Ampere meter showing a swinging load during peak hours – Parang

Figure II-17 Distribution line without a proper pole (left) and farthest connected

house (right) in Parang Island

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Regarding to the voltage drop problem in Parang Island, some alternative

solutions are: installation of step-up transformers, separation of the power plants and

upgrading the size of the distribution cable. Installation a step up transformer at the

output side of the transformer and then stepping it down before distributed to the

customer will distribute the electricity through some step down transformer nearby

the customer. As the distance from the step down transformer is reduced, as will the

voltage drop. This option will involve quite a big sum of investment on the new

medium voltage system, compared to the distribution area that is not really big.

Another solution is by installing the power generator (genset, PV, biomass, etc.)

at the other end of the Parang Island distribution line. By having a distributed

generation system, losses on the cables, transformers (if installed) and cable

termination can be avoided. This system will only supply the load on the safe distance

where the voltage drop would still be less than 20%. But, this option also will involve

a sizeable investment and permits to open the new area in the island.

Proposed solution is to upgrade the existing distribution cable, which is

consisting of many size (35, 25, 10 mm2) to be replaced with a 70mm2 cable. If the

cost is an issue, the cable replacement also can be done only for the main line where

most of customers are connected to. The initial survey also shown that the voltage

drop only happened on a very far distance from the genset with a small number of

customers with also small amount of electricity usage. The simplified map below

shows the proposal for replacement of the distribution cable to be upgraded to a

70mm2 cable.

Table 27 – Advantages and disadvantages of installing transformer, distributed

power generation, and cable upgrade

No Parameter Advantage/Disadvantage

Option

Upgrade Cable Install transformer Separation Power generator

1 Voltage Drop OK OK OK

2 Purchase and Installation cost High High Very High

3 Maintenance cost Low High High

4 Safety Risk Low High Low

5 Complication on Installation Low High Low

6 Additional maintenance personnel

No No Yes

7 Requirement for New area No No Yes

8 Delivery time Fast Fast Slow

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Figure II-18 Cable upgrade plan for the main distribution line – Parang Island

Recommendations for distribution line:

1. For future development, the use of a single distribution line for both PV and

the genset are recommended, with advantages outlined below:

a. Minimised maintenance of distribution line.

b. Simplified electrical measurement apparatus, kWh meter only.

c. Education for the villagers on using the electricity wisely.

d. Supports government on using ‘green’ and renewable energy instead of

diesel (diesel as emergency supply).

2. For Genting Island, the existing distribution line is still in decent shape. Its

size and distance are still feasible for current load. The PV system needs to be

repaired as the existing solar panels, batteries and the wiring have already

shown indications degradations.

3. For Nyamuk Island, the distribution line that should be used is the one

currently used by the PV system. To improve electricity supply and increase

availability some additional PV capacity is required.

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4. For Parang Island, recommendation to solve the voltage drop issue is by

upgrading of the distribution line, namely by replacing the cable with a 70

mm2 cable. The investment for upgrading this cable approximately

$10,966.67.

2.5. Identification of Renewable Energy Resources Potential in Parang

Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island.

Renewable energy is energy that can be replenished naturally. Renewable

energy comes from natural elements available on Earth in large quantities e.g. sun,

wind, rivers, plants, etc. There are many types of renewable energies but not all of

them are applicable in remote and rural areas. Currently, development of renewable

energy is regulated by Presidential Decree No.5/2006, regarding the national energy

policy. Chapter I, article 1 point 2 explained that the energy source is partially natural

resources which include oil and gas, coal, water, geothermal, peat, biomass and so,

either directly or indirectly used as energy. In Chapter I, article 1 point 5 explained

that renewable energy is the energy source that is produced where natural energy

resources will not be depleted and can be sustainable if properly managed, including:

geothermal (inland), biofuel, the flow of river water, solar thermal, wind, biomass,

biogas, ocean waves, and the temperature of the ocean depths. And in the Chapter II

article 2 point 2 b (6) about the goals of the national energy policy is realisation of

energy (primary) optimal mix by 2025, that is the role of each type of energy to the

national energy consumption: new energy and other renewable energy, particularly

biomass, nuclear, hydroelectric, solar, and wind power to supply more than 5% (five

per cents).

a. Wind Energy

When the wind blows, it contains kinetic energy that can do work. The energy

from wind can also be captured by wind turbine that will generate mechanical energy

or electricity. Wind turbines are most commonly classified by their rated power at a

certain wind speed. The rated power is usually defined as the maximum power output

and the rated wind speed is the wind speed at which the turbine reaches its rated

power output. Average wind speed in the three island based on EMD Indonesia data

which given by ESP3 is shown in the Table 28. Wind speeds in Parang, Nyamuk and

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Genting Island. The average wind speed based on the location and altitude in the site

(24 m above the mean sea level) is 4.74 m/s.

Table 28. Wind speeds in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Island

Month V[m/s] Energy [Wh] Energy [kWh]

January 6.152603 676551.0253 676.5510253 February 5.167121 405602.0332 405.6020332

March 4.155004 309997.2899 309.9972899 April 3.276061 198730.7461 198.7307461 May 4.394716 338442.3397 338.4423397 June 5.513371 498512.5912 498.5125912 July 6.152603 676551.0253 676.5510253

August 6.179237 684536.9208 684.5369208 September 4.607793 353534.3166 353.5343166

October 3.409234 222296.2093 222.2962093 November 3.009715 163966.9477 163.9669477 December 4.847505 398391.0592 398.3910592

Data Source : EMD Indonesia

For the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), the rated wind speed is 10 m/s.

Using the wind speed potential data, then the wind turbine power can only generate

47% of power from the rated capacity. This condition placed wind as an inappropriate

renewable energy resource in the Parang, Nyamuk and Genting. Moreover, during the

monsoon season the wind speed is too high and has the potential to damage the wind

turbine itself, which already happened in Nyamuk Island.

Table 29 – Rated speed of vertical axis wind turbine

Start-up Wind Speed 1.5 m/s (3.4 mph)

Rated Wind Speed 10 m/s (22.3 mph) Survival Wind Speed 50 m/s (111.5 mph)

Source: Aeolos VAWT Datasheet

2. Biomass

Biomass is the one of the oldest sources of energy utilised by mankind. Biomass

is all organic matter e.g. wood, crops, animal and human waste and can be use as

energy source for electricity generation. It is a renewable energy source because it has

a closed carbon loop. CO2 that was released by burning the biomass is then recaptured

and stored by plants, and so forth. As an energy source, biomass can either be used

directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel (bioethanol, bio-

briquette, wood pellet etc.). The biomass matter available in the island or the closest

island is solid organic or biodegradable waste. Trees can be used as biomass material,

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but again the sustainability cannot be guaranteed because to a significant amount of

time is required to obtain a fully-grown tree. The biomass readily available in this

island is from coconut husk. This material can be obtained free of charge.

Figure II-19 Coconut husk in Genting Island and Nyamuk Island

Although currently the biomass matter is available, it will not be sustainable in

the long term due to its dependence \on the coconut harvest season (every 3 months).

Also in relation with the village development plant as a tourism area, the coconut

plantations area will be decreased and repurposed for that development. Another

suggestion is to bring the biomass feedstock from outside the islands. The suggested

material is sawdust, which will be shipped from Jepara or Kendal Regency. Jepara

Regency has a lot of furniture manufacturing industries that produce the sawdust as

waste. This material can be obtained free of charge, and the only cost is the for labour

and transportation.

Figure II-20 Logs and sawdust on the sawmill

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Sawdust, acquired as waste from furniture workshops in Jepara and or from

sawmill in Kendal Regency, will be used as feedstock for the biomass power plants.

The sawdust production reaches more than 5 tonnes per day. Although the price of

electricity generated by biomass power plants can be cheaper than other sources, but

concerns about the sustainability of feedstock material remains to be considered for

this material is very dependent on the furniture industry and sawmills, and it takes a

lot of resources to bring the raw material up on to the third island. Besides that, the

biomass power plant with small capacity (less than 200 kW) also needs a pellet-ing

machine. The sawdust has to be compacted into briquettes or pellets. This increases

the price become need doubles operational cost (for the biomass power plant and for

the pellet machine). Moreover, during the monsoon season, the wave is too high for

ships to operate, causing a logistics problem to bring the feedstock to the islands.

3. Sun

Sun is one of renewable energy sources that is free and powerful. It is available

in the form of heat and light. The seasonal position of the sun in the sky exactly above

the equator is called the "equinoxes" and during that periods, time between sunrise

and sunset is exactly 12 hours. The rate at which solar energy reaches a unit area at

the earth is called the solar irradiance or insolation. The units of measurement for

irradiance are watts per square meter (W/m2). The solar irradiance value is used in

system design to determine the peak rate of energy input into a solar system. It is

important to know the variation of solar irradiance over time in order to optimise the

system design, especially in off grid system. The term peak sun hours refers to the

solar insolation, which a particular location would receive if the sun were shining at

its maximum value for a certain number of hours daily. The number of peak sun hours

for the day is the number of hours for which energy at the rate of 1 kW/m2 would give

an equivalent amount of energy to the total energy for that day. Based on the solar

data from www.gaisma.com, which the solar energy and surface meteorology data

source from NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center, the

peak sun hour in the site is:

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Table 30 – Average monthly insolation in Parang, Nyamuk, and Genting Island

Month Insolation [kWh/m²/day]

January 4.18 February 4.54

March 5.42 April 5.56 May 5.50 June 5.29 July 5.73

August 6.37 September 6.84

October 6.39 November 5.35 December 4.61

Based on the data, the sun is going to be the most reliable renewable energy

source in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island, and Genting Island because it is totally

clean, independent and sustainable.

4. Diesel Generator

Diesel genset prevails as the main electricity generator in Karimunjawa, despite

the existing photovoltaic plants. The majority of the islands still use diesel genset

because of the low investment cost, availability and uniformity of diesel genset units

in the market, and simplicity in operation. In relation to the renewable energy based

power plants, the coupling with diesel genset may lower the overall investment cost

because it can cover the peak loads and aid in battery charging.

However, it requires high operational cost due to costly diesel fuel in the islands

(Rp 14 000 per litre). It is then less economical in the long run, especially because the

government plans to reduce the fossil fuel subsidy. Burning fossil fuel, diesel genset

emits carbon and thus harms the local air quality and also the global climate

condition. Furthermore, the diesel fuel cost depends heavily on international oil price

and exchange currency. Using diesel genset as main electricity generator therefore

also pose as a further financial risk.

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CHAPTER III

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY MANAGEMENT IN PARANG ISLAND, NYAMUK ISLAND AND

GENTING ISLAND

3.1. Power Plant Management

Management of the diesel/solar power plants in Karimunjawa Islands is

described in Keputusan Bupati (Regent’s Decree) No. 671.2/874 dated 1999,

regarding the Establishment of Electricity Management Units in Karimunjawa Sub-

district (Kecamatan) Karimunjawa, Jepara. The management unit comprises of the

sub-district head (camat) as supervisor; manager as the head of the unit supervises

operators in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island, and Genting Island. This unit reports

directly to the Regent of Jepara. Currently, the Agency of Roadworks and Irrigation

(DBMP – Dinas Bina Marga dan Pengairan) and the Energy and Mineral Resources

Department (ESDM – Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral) of Jepara Regency serve as

technical advisors to the unit.

In total there are 3 operators in Parang Island who are 2 civil servants and 1

local government contract employee. As for Nyamuk Island, the management unit is

assisted by 2 operators, both civil servants. Genting Island management unit is

assisted by 2 operators with the status of contract employees appointed by the

manager of the diesel power plant where both are residents of the island of Genting.

To appreciate their work (Genting operators), the manager of the power plant

provides a salary of Rp 750 000 per month. Other income for the operators outside the

base salary is in the form of a bonus in recording kWh and cleanliness, which are

worth between Rp 250 000 to Rp 300 000 per month. There is also a religious holiday

stipend amounting from Rp 250 000 to Rp 300.000.

Management of renewable energy systems in Nyamuk and Genting Island

previously were constrained by limited funds, and asset ownership issues with

transferring of assets taking quite a long time. Based on information from the Agency

of Roadworks and Irrigation (DBMP – Dinas Bina Marga dan Pengairan) and the

Energy and Mineral Resources Department, the process of transferring assets from

Central Government to the Regional usually is lengthy, for example, in Genting

Island, handover of PV power plant assets in Genting lasted from 2009 until 2013.

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Supervisor

[Karimunjawa Sub-District]

Chairman

[Diesel Powerplant Manager]

Operator[Parang Island]

Operator [Nyamuk Island]

Operator [Genting Island]

Figure III-1 Scheme of current management unit

Considering that the lifetime of some spare part is shorter than others, if the

assets transfers take a long time it will affect the management and stipulation of

electricity based tariff. Another example occurred in Nyamuk Island, the process of

transferring assets with a capacity of 25kWp solar takes more than a year, so before

the assets are handed over, then the manager who just entrusted these assets can not

determine treatment measures and the determination of tariffs on electricity generated

by the solar power plants. This resulted in the formation of public opinion in other

island that also want electricity generated by solar PV to be free as well. Socialisation

to the public about the importance of payment of electricity is very necessary because

the funds will be used for the maintenance and replacement of spare parts. Therefore,

when electricity is a paid service, then there will be resistance from the public about

the policy. In addition to this, other constraints such as lack of experts who

understand the renewable energy power generation system installed on the island is

also an obstacle in the proper treatment of these assets.

Considering and weighing several factors that constrain the sustainability of

power generation facility at Nyamuk Island and Genting, then before the addition of a

new power plant it should have been made clear how the management is going to be

and basic electricity tariff of the plant should also been already determined. To

overcome the problem of shortage of funds, electricity tariffs proposed in this

proposal already includes the overall operational costs of the system during the active

period of the system, so that future income from the sale of electricity generated by

Technical Advisor

[Agency of Roadwork's and Irrigation and the Energy and Mineral Resources Department of Jepara Regency]

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these plants are able to meet the cost of maintenance and replacement of spare parts

and operating costs during the lifetime of the power plant.

In terms of the power plant management, the presence of a renewable energy

expert is important. Renewable energy engineering expert can perform system

maintenance of renewable energy power plants well. Renewable energy engineer

expert can only one person, but the authorities on the maintenance of renewable

energy power plants oversee the three islands (Nyamuk Island, Parang Island and

Genting Island).

The following power plants management scheme that we propose is:

Figure III-2 Scheme of proposed power plant Management

3.2. Government Regulation on Fuel Use

Stakeholders, especially the ones in Jepara Regency and Central Java Province

have to resolve the issue of diesel fuel supply for the power plant. Starting mid-

February to March 2014, all three islands (Parang, Nyamuk, Genting) could only

enjoy 3 (three) hours of electricity – from 18:00 WIB to 21:00 WIB – as the

consequence of the Energy and Mineral Resources Minister’s Regulation No. 6 in

20142 which excludes power plants from the list of consumers permitted to purchase

2 Energy and Mineral Resources Minister’s Regulation No.6/2014 amends the Minister’s

Regulation No. 18/2013 regarding the Retail Price of Certain Types of Fuel Oil for Certain End Users.

Supervisor

[Karimunjawa Sub-District]

Chairman

[Diesel Powerplant Manager]

Operator[Parang Island]

Operator [Nyamuk Island]

Operator [Genting Island]

RE Engineer

Technical Advisor

[Agency of Roadwork's and Irrigation and the Energy and Mineral Resources Department of Jepara Regency]

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subsidised fuel. As the regulation takes effect, the diesel power plant would be forced

to purchase unsubsidised fuel at the cost of Rp 14 000 per litre.

As an effort to alleviate the problem, the Central Java Governor persuaded a

number of private companies to allocate their CSR (corporate social responsibility)

funds to subsidise the power plant’s diesel fuel budget. However, the agreed subsidy

period would be terminated by the end of December 2014, leaving the continuity of

diesel fuel supply for 2015 in jeopardy. Monthly diesel fuel usage for all three islands

combined amounts at approximately 5990 litre; thus requiring a sizeable amount of

money to purchase them. The fuel purchase budget continues to face persistent

shortage despite the high electricity retail price at Rp 2 500 per kilowatt-hour3.

Management of the diesel power plant, the Roadworks and Irrigation Agency,

and the Energy and Mineral Resources department of Jepara Regency have together

appealed to (central) Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources to provide monetary

support in upgrading the electricity supply network in the three islands.

Table 31, Table 32, and Table 33 describe the diesel fuel usage and electricity

sale in all three islands (Parang, Nyamuk, Genting).

Table 31 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Parang Island diesel power

plant

Month Fuel Usage (L)

Fuel Cost (Rp)

Electricity Usage (kWh)

Income (Rp) Deficit (Rp)

January 3 060 42 840 000 4 222 16 015 000 26 825 000 February 1 240 17 360 000 2 794 12 445 000 4 915 000

March 1 610 22 540 000 2 615 11 997 500 10 542 500 April 2 990 41 860 000 3 716 14 750 000 27 110 000 May 2 760 38 640 000 4 014 15 495 000 23 145 000 June 2 990 41 860 000 3 962 15 365 000 26 495 000 July 2 990 41 860 000 3 934 15 295 000 26 565 000

August 2 990 41 860 000 3 954 15 345 000 26 515 000 September 2 990 41 860 000 3 962 15 365 000 26 495 000

October 2 990 41 860 000 3 981 15 412 500 26 447 500 Total 225 055 000

3 Compared to the most updated standard PLN rate at Rp 1 496.33 per kWh (PLN, December

2014)

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Table 32 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Nyamuk Island diesel power

plant


Fuel Cost (Rp) Electricity Usage (kWh)


January 1 500 21 000 000 2 463 88 775 00 12 122 500 February No record - 1 838 7 315 000 -

March No record - 611 4 2475 00 - April 1 500 21 000 000 1 856 7 360 000 13 640 000 May 1 500 21 000 000 2 521 9 022 500 11 977 500 June 1 500 21 000 000 2 366 8 635 000 12 365 000 July 1 500 21 000 000 2 665 9 382 500 11 617 500


October 1 500 21 000 000 2 564 9 130 000 11 870 000 Total 96 740 000

Table 33 – Diesel fuel usage and electricity sale, Genting Island diesel power

plant


Fuel Cost (Rp) Electricity Usage (kWh)


January 1 500 21 000 000 1 136 5 560 000 15 440 000 February No record - 1 052 5 350 000 -

March No record - 1 070 5 395 000 - April 1 500 21 000 000 1 349 6 092 500 14 907 500 May 1 500 21 000 000 1 509 6 492 500 14 507 500 June 1 500 21 000 000 1 327 6 037 500 14 962 500 July 1 500 21 000 000 1 491 6 447 500 14 552 500


October 1 500 21 000 000 1 399 6 217 500 14 782 500 Total 119 085 000

3.3. Review of the Operations and Maintenance of Existing Systems

Development of electricity generation from renewable sources has been done

in Karimunjawa Islands, specifically in Parang, Nyamuk and Genting Islands,

supported by the National government via the Ministry of Energy and Mineral

Resources who constructed solar PV and wind power plants. Data from field survey

shows that there are in total 5 (five) developments of renewable energy power plants

in the three aforementioned islands combined, in the form of solar PV and wind

power plants. In Nyamuk Island, there exist 2 (two) power plants, one solar PV, and

the other wind turbines. However, the wind turbines are currently non-operational

since suffering weather-related damages. Relatively strong winds during monsoon

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season cracked open tips of the turbine blades and separated them altogether from the

generators. There have also been found weather-related damages on the tails of the

blades.

Weather as the natural inhibiting factor is the main culprit for the damages

found in the existing system. So far, no repairs have been done due to budget

constraints. The existing solar 25kWp PV power plant in Nyamuk Island is currently

under the custody of the island’s diesel power plant management unit and the

electricity bill is free. This power plant is running for 24 hours. Based on information

from the Roadwork's and Irrigation Agency, and the Energy and Mineral Resources

department of Jepara Regency, the process of transferring assets from the Central

Government to the Regional usually takes quite a long time, as seen in the handover

of PV power plant assets in Genting that took a long time from 2009 until 2013.

Figure III-3 – Weather-related damages on the wind turbine blades in Nyamuk

Island

Figure III-4 Solar PV modules and inverters in the 25kWp system in Nyamuk

Island

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There are 2 (two) renewable energy systems in Genting Island, a 10kWp PV

system and wind turbines. Conditions of both power plants are non-operational due to

damages that have yet to be repaired. As for the wind turbines, the blade tails suffer

most of the damage. Horizontal axis wind turbines emit loud, disruptive noises in

periods of strong winds, which is one of the main reasons of rejection by the

community, culminating with residents around the turbines tying the blades to the

towers to stall them.

In Genting Island where the PV and wind turbine power plants are not

optimally functioning due to damages, the diesel power plant is only able to supply 6

(six) hour of electricity from 17:30 WIB to 23:30 WIB, which is considered

insufficient to meet the community’s household electricity demands. The damages are

mainly found in the installed PV modules and batteries. The batteries’ capacities have

been degraded and require replacement to ensure smooth operations. Currently, the

model of the installed batteries is PowerSafe OPzV 600 with 50% depth-of-discharge

(DOD), with 25°C operating temperature, and 5 years expected lifetime. It has been 6

(six) years since the commissioning of the power plant, and therefore the batteries are

due for replacement.

Figure III-5 PV system batteries in Genting Island

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Figure III-6 PV system in Genting Island

Figure III-7 Water leakage in PV modules in Genting Island

Lack of theoretical knowledge and operator expertise in maintenance is still

the most present issue. Despite efforts by the technical advisors (DBMP and ESDM

Jepara), the operators are still relatively unprepared to handle catastrophic failures and

repairs of solar PV and wind power plants. Shortage of funds is also a constraint of

improving the facility. In Genting Island, the PV and wind power plants operated

smoothly at first, but currently is not operating optimally to generate enough to meet

the energy demands of the island’s occupants. Therefore, the community hopes that

in the future the existing system can be repaired or new systems can be built.

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Figure III-8 Wind turbine in Genting Island

As for the island of Parang, currently the 75kWp solar been completed and in

demonstration stage, but the handover of these assets still in the process and the

management unit responsible for the PV system is yet to be determined but at the

moment the system management is under the PLD (diesel power plant) management.

Both of diesel power plant management and Village Government have expressed

desire to manage the system. The village wants the PV system to be managed by

village-owned enterprises (BUMDes), which is a business entity under the village

government. With this management, the village government expected that there is an

increase in village revenue and will support their desire to become an energy self-

sufficient village.

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3.4. Current Electricity Tariff Payment Mechanism

Based on the data collected in the surveys, members of the community do not

seem to have a problem to (i.e. are able to) afford payment of electricity generated by

diesel/solar PV/wind power plants, as with the current situation of electricity tariff of

Rp 2 500/kWh plus subscription fee of Rp 20 000/month (Genting and Nyamuk

Islands) for 6 hour electricity operating hour. This can be seen from the people’s

ability to afford paying Rp 35 000 to Rp 300 000 monthly for electricity.

The existing payment mechanism is currently going well, with a power plant

officer taking entries of the consumers’ usage in a dedicated payment ledger.

Payments are done in the power plant office in Parang Island, with power plant

officers directly handling payments in the other two islands.

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CHAPTER IV

VARIOUS SCENARIOS OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS

IN PARANG ISLAND, NYAMUK ISLAND, AND GENTING ISLAND

In this section will be calculated minimum electricity tariff to be paid by the

customers. Several types of configuration/scenarios of various types of (hybrid)

power plants become the foundation of calculation. These scenarios include:

1. 50% photovoltaics, 50% diesel generators

2. 50% photovoltaics, 25% wind turbine, 25% diesel generators

3. 50% photovoltaics, 25% wind turbine, 25% biomass

4. 50% biomass, 25% wind turbine, 25% photovoltaics

5. 100% wind turbine, with diesel generators as backup

6. 50% photovoltaics, 50%, wind turbine, with diesel generators as backup

7. 100% photovoltaics, with diesel generators as backup

8. 100% biomass

1. Method

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Figure IV-1 Flowchart of method used to determine the minimum electricity

tariff

The purpose of this chapter is to compare the minimum electricity tariff in each

energy generation scenarios. The method used in outline shown in Figure IV-1. These

scenario were calculated to meet the needs of the customer load (Section 2.2).

Percentage of each generation in these scenarios is the percentage of electrical energy

(kWh) produced, not the percentage of generation capacity (W). The size of the

system that has been designed, used to estimate the cost of the investment and

operating costs for each scenario. Tthese operating costs include the provision of

equipment, delivery to Karimunjawa, installation, operation, maintenance and

replacement required during the lifetime of the entire system (considered to be 15

years), except for the replacement of major equipment at the end of life.

Measurement of installed power generation [W]

Load Profile [W]

System size [kW]

Investment and O&M Cost [US$]

Minimum electricity

tariff [Rp/kWh]

Average electricity consumption

[Wh/day]

Customer quantity

Subscription fee

[Rp/customer]

Monthly energy usage [Wh/month]

Scenario (#1-8)

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In the financial year 0, the investment cost assumed to be zero; initial

investment is considered granted by Danida. For the financial year 15, at the end of

the lifetime of the system, there apply two scenarios: with and without the cost of

reimbursement of the investment. Differentiation of investment cost scenario was

conducted to see the value of the electricity tariff to be borne by the people if (1) they

must raise funds for a major system reimbursement after 15 years and (2) if the cost

of procurement of the new system after the system ends these system lifetime is to be

covered by government grants or other funding sources.

Subscription customers and electricity tariffs are set as revenue. Subscription

fee was set as a constant because it is of certain value; while electricity tariffs were

used as a variable. As a variable, the minimum electricity tariff should not financialy

burden the operator, i.e. at the end of the system, the net present value (NPV) is equal

to zero. To calculate these minimum electricity tariff, cash flow analysis was used

taking into account the inflation rate and the annual interest rate.

2. Data Input and Assumption

Load profile is used as the basis for the calculation. The load profile is shown in

(Section 2.2). Determining the size of the system is also based on consideration of the

capacity of the existing system and also take into consideration the types of main

component installed in these system. But after their lifetimes are up, they are to be

replaced with components with better quality that have a long life span, so that it will

reduce the life-cycle costs.

Table 34 brand and model of main component installed in PV system in Parang

Island

Type Brand Model

Existing solar module Isolar SPU-180M 200Wp Monocrystalline Solar Inverter + batteries

inverter Schneider Electric Conext 6.8kW XW+ 8548 E

Charge controller Schneider Electric Conext MPPT 60-150 Existing Batteries Nipress NS-OPzV 2-1000

Replacement Batteries Hoppecke 2V OPzV, 862 Ah Wind Turbine Aeolos 5-kW vertical axis wind turbine

Biomass gasification B-tech BSG30-60

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Table 35 Brand and model of main component installed in PV system of Nyamuk

Island

Type Brand Model

Existing solar module LEN LEN 200 WP-24 V Solar Inverter + batteries

inverter (existing) Leonics Apollo S210p Series

Charge controller (existing)

Leonics -

Existing Batteries Nippres 2V OPzV, 1000 Ah Replacement Batteries Hoppecke 2V OPzV, 862 Ah

Wind Turbine Aeolos 5-kW vertical axis wind turbine Biomass gasification B-tech BSG30-60

Table 36 Brand and Model of main component installed in pv system of Genting

Island

Type Brand Model

Propose solar module Chinaland CHN240-60P Solar Inverter +

batteries inverter SMA Sunny Boy 4000TL

Batteries inverter SMA Sunny Island 6.0H Batteries Hoppecke 2V OPzV, 862 Ah

Wind Turbine Aeolos 5-kW vertical axis wind turbine Biomass Gasification B-tech BSG30-60

The detailed specification (data sheets) can be found in ANNEX A.

Number of subscribers, public facilities, and the number of street lighting each

island are shown in Table 37. Load of public facilities and street lighting were put in

generation needs with public facilities and street lighting electricity costs to be paid

by the people. Each customer connected to electricity is to pay a subscription fee of

Rp 20 000 per month.

Table 37 – Total customer in Parang Island, Genting Island and Nyamuk Island

Location Total Customer) Public facility Street light

Parang 369 13 117 Nyamuk 170 14 32 Genting 74 14a 20b

a, b data is not recorded, estimated data.

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3. Cash Flow Analysis

With the data, projection of cash flow analysis is use as consideration to build

the system sizing and electricity recommendation.

Table 38 – Assumptions in cash flow analysis

Parameter Projection

Period Analysis [year] 15 Inflation [%]4 3.5

Interest rate [%]5 7.55

4 Inflation assumption 2020 based on Economics Trading http://www.tradingeconomics.com/ 5 Interest rate projection 2020 based on Economics Trading http://www.tradingeconomics.com/

4. System Sizing and Electricity Recommendation

Table 39 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Parang Island, for 6 hours of operation.

Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System

Photovoltaic 50% 50% 50% 25% 0% 50% 100% 0% Wind Turbine 0% 25% 25% 25% 100% 50% 0% 0%

Biomass Gassification 0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100% Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%

Size

Photovoltaic (kW) 27.0 27.0 26.5 13.5 0.0 29.0 64.0 0.0 Wind Turbine (kW) 0.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 80.0 45.0 0.0 0.0

Biomass Gasification (kW) 0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 Diesel Generator (kW) 45.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 0.0

Batteries(units) 90 90 90 60 90 120 120 0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year) 24,008 25,814 32,136 30,095 41,248 9,885 20,561 21,338 Investment Cost (USD) 10,036 156,924 279,745 303,145 601,809 344,755 14,257 180,557 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)

Exclude Investment 3,143 3,491 4,647 4,077 6,350 4,821 2,532 2,582 Include Investment 3,079 5,657 7,172 8,999 15,273 9,763 2,532 5,108

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Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



Size



Batteries(units) 60 90 90 60 120 90 120 0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)

32,944.46 38,415.01 35,498.12 35,982.03 56,307.51 39,720.48 24,194.99 26,039.40

Investment Cost (USD) 44,225.43 263,713.27 327,088.67 363,088.67 822,140.67 411,445.43 42,877.48 180,556.67 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)

Exclude Investment 3,097.62 3,770.88 3,410.49 3,464.42 5,949.20 3,938.57 2,066.35 2,244.51

Include Investment 3,030.94 6,233.90 7,227.91 7,281.85 13,925.87 7,860.22 2,348.93 3,886.47

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Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



Size


Biomass Gasification (kW)

0.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0

Diesel Generator (kW) 45.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 0.0 Batteries(units) 30 60 60 60 60 60 120 0

Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)

59,753.35 59,262.10 44,315.22 46,859.83 80,314.46 56,813.52 36,308.15 34,683.15

Investment Cost (USD) 40,004.65 333,780.65 388,654.67 449,854.67 1,336,248.67 664,278.65 212,903.59 180,556.67 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)



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Table 42 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Nyamuk Island, for 6 hours of operation.

Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



Size



Batteries(units) 96.0 168.0 120.0 96.0 120.0 144.0 144.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year) 22142.87 26695.28 26324.30 25292.88 35854.03 12712.45 17745.20 16659.43

Investment Cost (USD) 0.00 110166.00 211466.00 211464.0

8 440661.60 233917.20 80921.43 101300.00

Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)

Exclude Investment 4311.33 5359.88 5231.92 4961.51 7308.82 5742.60 3375.28 2932.21

Include Investment 4311.33 7026.90 7070.90 8800.40 15308.52 11169.30 4844.31 4771.19

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Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System


Biomass Gassification

0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100%

Diesel Generator 50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%

Size



0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0

Diesel Generator (kW)

24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0

Batteries(units) 72.0 96.0 96.0 72.0 120.0 120.0 144.0 0.0 Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost (USD/year)

31086.06 32383.76 31084.14 30479.42 48706.73 35039.11 22599.89 20215.17

Investment Cost (USD) 27324.32 210034.32 311332.40 211465.04 697715.60 356919.92 130082.46 101300.00 Minimum electricity tariff recommendation (Rp/kWh)

Exclude Investment

4046.56 4251.87 4053.54 3930.92 6543.71 4650.77 2925.75 2464.75

Include Investment 4366.29 6709.54 7696.52 7264.70 14707.86 8827.19 4447.88 3650.09

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Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Diesel Generator

50% 25% 0% 0% Backup Backup Backup 0%

Size

Photovoltaic (kW)

57.0 56.0 56.0 28.0 0.0 56.0 111.0 0.0

Wind Turbine (kW)

0.0 40.0 40.0 40.0 150.0 75.0 0.0 0.0

Biomass Gasification

(kW) 0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0


24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 0.0

Batteries(units) 24.0 72.0 72.0 96.0 72.0 48.0 168.0 0.0 Annual Operation and

Maintenance Cost (USD/year) 60598.81 54629.81 38706.04 22355.66 72743.65 50664.53 29030.09 27178.18

Investment Cost (USD) 85572.47 377548.95 478848.95 211465.04 1101658.56 1101658.56 265492.76 101300.00 Minimum

electricity tariff recommendation

(Rp/kWh)

Exclude Investment

5120.22 4605.43 3190.53 3515.75 6159.10 4248.83 2404.74 2142.26

Include Investment

5740.61 7342.58 6662.09 6452.91 14145.90 8849.56 3658.15 2876.67

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Table 45 – The size of the system and electricity rates recommendations on Genting Island, for 6 hours of operation.

Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Size



0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0


24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.0


16,095.03 14,737.38 10,511.87 10,800.23 16,286.08 2,631.72 9,524.48 8,566.30




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Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%


Size

Photovoltaic (kW)

11.5 12.0 11.5 6.0 0.0 12.0 23.0 0.0

Wind Turbine (kW)

0.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 30.0 15.0 0.0 0.0


0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0


24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.0


28,798.66 22,889.61 12,834.00 13,470.74 23,080.66 18,082.27 9,890.13 9,859.88


Exclude Investment

11,656.32 9,114.95 4,724.24 5,037.37 9,220.88 7,033.52 3,472.59 3,601.79

Include Investment

13,860.18 14,422.11 11,205.34 11,148.51 19,141.33 14,116.22 7,654.01 4,882.90

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Scenario 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

System



0% 0% 25% 50% 0% 0% 0% 100%


Size



0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0


24.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.0


58,052.32 47,591.87 15,545.44 16,450.45 40,006.31 35,039.38 9,819.65 12,168.67




5. DISCUSSION

From the calculations, it can be seen that scenario #7 (10% photovoltaic + diesel

genset) and scenario #8 (100% biomass gasification) are the most efficient scenarios

in terms of cost. In general, scenarios that use diesel genset requires high operational

cost due to the usage of diesel. Scenarios with wind turbines have higher capital

investment due to the low wind speed in the area (around 4 m/s), this causes the

required system size to be large to be able to supply all the energy needs in each

village.

Any combinations that involve high fractions for wind turbines and diesel will

reduce the cost efficiency of the systems (this increases the electricity rates that have

to be paid by the population). In order to simplify operation and maintenance, and

reliability, it is more profitable to use one type of renewable energy system. Diesel

Genset of course, is an exception due to the high operational cost, although the

operation and maintenance requirement are minimal.

About photovoltaic, and biomass, the comparison between the two is shown in

the Table IV-15. It can be seen that photovoltaic system has more advantages in the

operation in in regards to simplicity and reliability, whereas biomass has a brief

advantage in regards to the socio-economy aspects.

By considering the peak load, the energy usage demand, the availability of the

energy, the economic improvement of the population, and the long-term system

reliability, Scenario #7 is the best scenario that can be applied in Parang Island.

Table 48 Comparison between photovoltaic system (scenario #7) and biomass

gasification system (scenario #8)

No Item Biomass Powerplant Photovoltaic system

1 Fuel price Cheap Free

Fuel price predictability

Various, dependent on local feedstock supplier

Constant and independent

2 Fuel transportation Transported by land vehicle and boat No transportation

3 Location of fuel purchases

Collected from multiple suppliers Local; sun is available everywhere

4 Fuel Quality Different in each location Constant, especially in Indonesia (near the equator).

5 Fuel/feedstock storage

Requiring well-conditioned storage house (e.g. humidity, temperature, size)

Requiring no feedstock storage

6 Using of fuel/feedstock

Moisture control required

Pelleting or briqueting of Direct

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feedstock required

7 O&M Requiring maintenance for gasifier machine, pallete machine, and drying machine

Requiring little maintenance (especially with OpZV batteries)

8 Operator skill requirement

High (must be operated by specialised person)

Low (can be easily operated by common technician)

9 Manpower

Requiring many roles (a gasifier operator, feedstock operator, pallete machine operator, drying machine operator, material purchasing)

Requiring only common technician to occasionally check the inverter

10 Equipment warranty Short (1 year) Long (25 years for panels; 10-20 years for inverters).

11 Socioeconomic impact

On top of the life improvement of the electricity subscriber, the wood carpenter or feedstock seller will have extra income.

Benefit only for the electricity subscriber.

Regarding the daily operation period, the 24-hour scheme is the most feasible

because the existing photovoltaic system runs for 24 hours. If the operational hours is

reduced, the population will perceive this as a decline.

For scenario #7 with 24-hour operation, the minimum recommended electricity

tariff for the three islands are shown in Table 49. The existing system will reduce the

investment burden of the donor (ESP3) because the required investment is addition to

achieve the total recommended capacity. However the minimum electricity tariff

show comparable magnitude because all the operational and maintenance costs are

included there, including for the existing systems.

Table 49 Summary for recommended photovoltaic system capacity, existing

photovoltaic capacity, corresponding minimum recommended tariff, and upfront

investment.

Location Recommended capacity (kWp)

Existing capacity (kWp)

Minimum recommended electricity tariff

(Rp/kWh)

Upfront investment (thousand

USD) Parang 135 75 2139 212.9

Nyamuk 111 25 2404 265.5 Genting 36 0 a 2137 140.9

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Basically, the problems faced by communities in remote islands are typically

the same; not only in Karimunjawa Islands but also in other remote areas throughout

the Indonesian archipelago, with the main issue of economically feasible electricity

generation to meet the island communities’ demands. A clear example can be seen in

Pulau Parang where the occupants are still very dependent on outside help

(government or private) to develop their electricity supply network. Currently, the

island only receives 6 (six) hours of electricity supply from 18:00 WIB to 24:00 WIB.

A similar condition can also be seen in Genting Island where the electricity supply is

still highly dependent on the diesel power plant that requires a large amount of diesel

fuel to run. Existing solar PV and wind power plants help meet part of the electricity

demand in Nyamuk Island, but limited only to lighting and not enough to run other

home appliances. Another issue is the lack of telecommunication network let alone

access to it. Telecommunication companies are still reluctant to build a BTS (base

transceiver station) tower, as the number of telco users is still too few to warrant a

good investment.

As an area with great potential in the fisheries and tourism sectors, there are a

number of conclusion and suggestion from pre-feasibility study of renewable energy

sources in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island in order to warrant a

sustainable development.

1. Renewable energy resources

a. Development of alternative source of energy to resolve the electricity crisis

in Karimunjawa Islands, especially in Parang, Nyamuk, and Genting

Islands. This development should be tailored to suit the respective islands

potential by utilisations of solar PV, wind, and biomass power plants.

Sawdust, acquired as waste from furniture workshops in Jepara, will be

used as feedstock for the biomass power plants. This saw dust production

reach more than 5 tonnes per day. Although the price of electricity

generated by biomass power plants are cheaper than others, but concerns

remain about the sustainability of feedstock material since availability of

the sawdust is very dependent on the furniture industry and sawmills.

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Transporting the raw material up on the third island also takes a lot of

effort, not to mention the funds, labour and material required to build a

storage shed/silo for the sawdust. The material moisture should also be

controlled before it use as the feedstock. The material moisture should less

than 16-20 %. Sawdust material moisture get from furniture industry and or

the sawmill can be more than 16-20% and the operator should provide

drying machine. On top of that, this biomass power plant with relatively

small capacity (less than 200 kW) cannot be fed directly with sawdust, but

rather a compacted pellet version, which requires an additional pellet-ing

machine. This puts an additional cost on the system, making the price

higher and doubles the operational cost (for the biomass power plant and

for the pellet machine).

b. PV system has advantages over other renewable energy sources, among

which is the free solar energy throughout the year, this system also will not

require heavy construction and settled, so it can be installed anywhere and

moved if necessary. The system is also very environmentally friendly and

will not pose as any disturbance to the natural environment, since it does

not produce harmful emissions unlike diesel generators, PV also will not

emit noise unlike horizontal axis wind turbines, it will also be an

independent system because there will be no need to continuously import

any material from the outer islands such as biomass power plants, and it

requires minimum amount of routine maintenance (aside from the

occasional recommended cleaning of the PV panel from the dust], and can

be operated automatically without operator.

2. Community socialisation

The community must be informed and be familiarised with the

prospective systems prior to installation/construction. This is especially

important for wind power plants where the selection of wind turbine types is

crucial to gain community acceptance. Data from survey conducted on location

with existing wind turbines show that the more common horizontal axis wind

turbines emit more disruptive noises – and thus rejected by the community –

compared to the vertical axis ones. Wind turbine development also requires a

sizeable investment, since vertical axis wind turbine are expensive, considering

the wind speed is unstable every day (no wind at certain hours), so that the

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investment for the installation of this equipment becomes larger because it must

put up wind turbine in large quantities to meet the electricity demands of the

community.

2. Recommended scenarios

a. From the 6, 12 and 24 hours load profile, 24 hours (supply period) system

scenario proved to be the most feasible and reliable scenario that can be

applied in that three island because at the moment, in Parang Island and

Nyamuk Island there are PV systems, which have already been running

continuously for 24 hours. Regarding on this, it will make little sense to

apply the 6 hours and 12 hours in the islands. If forced, it might trigger

uproars in the islands.

b. From the various scenarios made, Scenario #7 for 24 hours load profile is

the best scenario that can be applied to solve the electricity problems in

Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. The advantages of PV

system compared by biomass is shown in Table In Scenario #7, 100% of

electricity is to be generated by the PV system with the implementation of

load management. Load management is done by shifting large electrical

loads to be used at daytime instead of at night, since there is sufficient

electricity generation by PV at daytime. For example, currently water

pumps are turned on at night, but when electricity is readily available

during the day, the water pump should be used at any time when the sun is

up in the sky. Load management can have an impact on the reduction of the

number of batteries used because the energy from the sun can be directly

distributed to the public without having to be stored in the battery.

Decreasing the number of batteries will certainly reduce the investment and

the cost of replacement of spare parts, namely the replacement battery for a

certain period. Load management will also be set by the application of

energy limiter that can narrow down the different limitation between day

and night. The limiter will be arranged so that the electricity quota will be

bigger during the day and will be reduced in the evening.

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Table 50 Advantages of PV system compared with biomass powerplant

No Item Biomass Powerplant PV

1 Fuel price Cheap Free

Fuel price predictability

Various, dependent on local feedstock supplier

Constant and independent

2 Fuel transportation Transported by land vehicle and boat No transportation

3 Location of fuel purchases

Collected from multiple suppliers Local; sun is available everywhere

4 Fuel Quality Different in each location Constant, especially in Indonesia (near the equator).

5 Fuel/feedstock storage

Requiring well-conditioned storage house (e.g. humidity, temperature, size)

Requiring no feedstock storage

6 Using of fuel/feedstock

Moisture control required Direct

Pelleting or briqueting of feedstock required

7 O&M Requiring maintenance for gasifier machine, pallete machine, and drying machine

Requiring little maintenance (especially with OpZV batteries)

8 Operator skill requirement

High (must be operated by specialised person)

Low (can be easily operated by common technician)

9 Manpower

Requiring many roles (a gasifier operator, feedstock operator, pallete machine operator, drying machine operator, material purchasing)

Requiring only common technician to occasionally check the inverter

10 Equipment warranty Short (1 year) Long (25 years for panels; 10-20 years for inverters).

c. Taking into account the amount of electricity load of existing and electricity

needs of society, and the availability of energy sources as well as referring

to the improvement of the public economy, Scenario #7 is the best scenario

to be applied in Parang Island, Nyamuk Island and Genting Island. This

scenario also presents electricity in a relatively affordable and competitive

rate compared to other sources. In each of these islands is required power

plants can operate for 24 hours with the following capacities:

- Parang Island: 135kWp

- Nyamuk Island: 111kWp

- Genting Island: 36kWp

In Parang Island, basic electricity rates without reimbursement of

investment under this scenario is Rp 2,139.6/kWh, Nyamuk Island

Rp 2,404.4 /kWh, and in Genting Island Rp 2,317.56/kWh.

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To ensure the system’s opertional sustainability, the basic electricity

tariffs have already included the cost of maintenance, operation, and spare

part replacements (including replacement of inverter, charge controller, and

battery during the system lifetime). Electricity tariff in Genting Island

became the third most expensive compared to other islands because in this

island we proposed a wholly new system, given the dire need for

replacement of some spare parts on the old system such as the solar panels,

batteries that have been damaged, and the inverter will only be able to

survive a few more years. Moreover, the number of customer is also not as

many as the other two islands. Based on initial investigation, the battery of

the existing system in Parang and Nyamuk Island will require replacement

after 5 years.

3. Management

a. Payment mechanism in all three islands have been functioning

considerably well with an officer tasked with taking entries of the meter

usage and another handling payments. Further upgrades in customer data

documentation is necessary since due to various constraints, currently all

data are recorded into a ledger/book, which is prone to damage, theft, etc.

Data entry into a digital database using computers would be a generally

better option: more secure and organised.

b. Although the management of the existing diesel, solar PV, and wind

power plants are going relatively well, there are still some executive

decisions that need to be reviewed. Investor participation is still largely

required in funding, advisory and supervisory roles. Handling of system

failures are still very slow, requiring external support to provide direct

assistance and training operators to equip them with the necessary skills to

do repairs in the event of failures. Readily available technicians would be

beneficial in minimising possible consumer complaints when the systems

are down for repairs. The decision to grant free electricity to plant

operators needs to be reviewed, even waived, and replaced with a fixed

subsidy. Therefore, plant operators’ electricity usage will be metered just

like everyone else. They would need to pay following the standard rate the

excess amount should their usage exceed the given/subsidised threshold.

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This decision would promote a sense of fairness, and avoid conflicts

aroused by jealousy within the community.

c. Utilisation of a digital metering device with credits similar with the

national electricity provider’s (PLN) program need to be consideration as

well in Nyamuk, Parang and Genting Island to reduce the occurrence of

outstanding payments which is still common in the area. But, to provide

this meter need more investment, because the software price is expensive.

The price is around Rp.150.000.000,-

d. Organisational structure of the power plants’ management units needs to

be strengthened with clear and specific job descriptions. The Regent’s

Decree (Keputusan Bupati) No. 671.2/874 dated 1999 regarding the

Establishment of Electricity Management Units in Karimunjawa Sub-

district (Kecamatan) Karimunjawa, Jepara appoints the diesel power plant

management unit as the area manager of the Karimunjawa and Nyamuk

Islands. Management and division of responsibility of the electricity

network have to be transparent with the presence of PLN grid electricity

in the islands. The management also should be improve with hiring an

renewable energy engineer expert to maintain the pv system.

4. Distribution line improvement

For future development, the use only one Distribution line for both PV

and the Genset are recommended, for Genting Island, the existing distribution

line is still recommended to be used. Its size and distance are still feasible for

current load. For Nyamuk Island, the distribution line recommended to be used

is the one used by the PV system. For Parang Island, recommendation to solve

the voltage drop issue which is explained in section 2.4. Evaluation of

Electrical Distribution System Quality) is by upgrading of the distribution line,

by replacing the cable with a 70 mm2 cable.

5. Telecommunication is one of the most important linchpins of development of

the tourism industry. Therefore, construction of BTS towers capable of

amplifying and expanding telecommunication network signals should be

deemed necessary in order to support locals’, tourists’ and investors’

telecommunication needs. The presence of proper telecommunication

infrastructure would foster further development in the area and hence support

better economy. Although usually telecommunication transmitter can meet the

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needs of its own electricity, but in building a telecommunications transmitter

or commonly referred to as BTS (base transceiver station) is not as easy as

imagined communities as permit the establishment of a new BTS take a long

time, the cost is quite high, and there is a levies retribution control towers as

the implementation of Law No.28 / 2009 on Taxes and Retribution.

6. Priorities of System implementation

Considering the ongoing electricity supply period in Parang, Nyamuk and

Genting Islands, we strongly recommend to prioritise development of

renewable energy system in that three island, which are receives 6 hours of

electricity generated by the diesel generator. The stakeholder meeting which is

conducted in Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of Central Java

Province decided that in the three Island will build a PV system with the

consultant recommended capacity.

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CHAPTER VI

PROJECT ACTION PLAN (POA)

New PV system which will be built will integrate with the existing pv system

except for the Genting Island it will not integrate with the existing system because

currently the existing system was not functionally working. To integrate this system,

the status of existing system should be clear because in the integration should get a

permission of the existing system owner. Without the permission from the assets

owner and management, the integration will triggering a conflict of interest in the

future. The first step to prepare the project is clearing the transfer asset of the existing

system, but it can't be done in the near future, then the Ministry of Energy and

Mineral Resources should be guaranty for the integration of the new pv system with

the existing pv system.

Detail Engineering Design (DED)

Detail Engineering Design (DED) absolutely necessary in any construction

work. DED is a detailed of the building design drawings made detailed and complete

for the construction to be done. The technical plan includes structure drawings,

architectural, mechanical and electrical, and environmental governance. After DED is

made, then the Budget Plan (RAB) is made to determine the cost required for

construction of the pv system which refers to image solar design to be built. RAB is

made for later developed into HPS (Self-Estimated Price). Another thing that is

contained in DED work plan is the work plan which is should include requirements

regarding the quality of building materials, material installation procedures, and other

requirements that must be met by the contractor. This work plan will then be one of

the requirements that must be met by providers that may be included in the

procurement documents. Once the work plan is completed, then all of the documents

included in the final report of the planning phase is used as a reference in the pv

system development. Some of the data needed to perform the preparation of DED

already contained in the report of the pre-feasibility study.

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Land Procurement

Provision of land for the construction of PLTS are customized to the needs of

the land to be used for the construction of the PLTS. To build the new system in

Parang Island its need 530 m2 land area. Land to be used is the land located in the

vicinity of existing powerplant.

Figure VI-1 Locations which may be used for construction of new pv system in

Parang Island

Land ownership was at the scene of pv system is currently owned by the local

residence, and based on the description of the local village land can be purchased for a

new extension of pv system development. Unlike the Parang Island, Nyamuk Island

land availability is sufficient for the new solar expansion. Fields in the solar location

and diesel genset powerplant now is enough to build this facility, so it is not necessary

additional land acquisition. But for now existing facilities there are the pillars

structure former when the wind turbine installation, and if it will be used to develop

the pv system, these structure must be dismantled first. The area need for the pv

system construction is 750 m2.

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Nyamuk Island

In contrast to the other island, this time at Genting Island land used for the pv

system location combined with diesel genset is in the middle of the settlement in

which the solar radiation conditions cannot be obtained optimally due to the

disruption caused by the shadow of buildings and large trees around the site. In

addition, the current status of the land is the land giving people with a particular deal,

so it is better if in Genting Island in the construction of this new pv system be new

land acquisition status is purchased, so that at the future does not triggering to a

conflict of interest between the land owner and the pv system management. Based on

field surveys conducted by a team of consultants Contained Energy, there are

potential sites for development of pv system at Genting Island. Land tenure is

privately owned and based on information from the local people, that the land can be

purchased if it will be use for the public facility development. The area need for the

pv system construction is 320 m2.

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Genting Island

When the DED and the location has been determined, then the solar tendering

process can be carried out. tendering process carried out by ESP3 referring to the

tendering rules set by the European Union. For Parang Island, systems needed to meet

the electrical load of community is 135 kWp, but currently on the Parang island is

mounted at 75 kWp PV system, so that the tendering process undertaken to build solar

off-grid of 60 kWp. To build off-grid solar power generating system is required an

investment of 212,903.59 USD. As for Nyamuk Island, systems needed to meet the

load is 111 kWp, the installed system is currently at 25 kWp, then tendered off-grid

solar power generating system with a capacity of 86 kWp with an investment of $

265,492.76.

For Genting Island, the tender process for a 36 kWp system in order to meet the

electrical load of society and replace longer pv system which is now broken. By 36

kWp system requires an investment of USD 140,872.23. Tendering process should

consider the technical specifications of the tools proposed in the pv system, given the

currently used in solar battery installed only last about 5 years. In the new PV system,

the battery lifetime should be for about 15 years so that the cost of replacement of

spare parts will not be too expensive.

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The tender winner must consider the delivery of the stuff because the tender was

completed at about the end of the year, where weather conditions are often not good

and the ships cannot sail because of extreme wave heights. PLTS development

process was to be the rainy season, so the contractor who won the tendering process

must be contractors who already have a lot of experience in the installation of PV

systems, and the electricity distribution line so that the installation can run well and

according to a predefined schedule.

After solar completed, the system test should be at least 1 month. During the

trial period, the contractor as the work executor should train the local operators to

operate and perform maintenance of off-grid pv system. The contractor also must

implement Standard Operating Procedures and Safety Standards in the operation of

the pv system. After testing the system runs well and operators understand how to

operate and manage the pv system, the contractor handed over the pv system to ESP3.

Then ESP3 give those assets to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the

Republic of Indonesia, for the remainder from the MEMR, the asset is transfer to

Department of Irrigation and Roadwork and Energy and Mineral Resources of Jepara

Regency. Then it managed by the PLD management.

Considering the asset handover process is often prolonged due to the long

bureaucratic process, so to make the management can be optimized and better, then

the asset handover process should be more faster. The prolonged assets transfer will

have an impact on the management of these assets. If all process goes well, then the

solar can be fully operated, both in terms of management and operational in

December 2016.

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ANNEX A

SPREADSHEET OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

1. Battery (Nipress 1000Ah) – Existing Parang

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2. Replacement Battery – Hoppecke 6 OPzV 750 (Parang, Nyamuk,

Genting)

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3. MPPT/Charge Controller Schneider MPPT 60150 – Existing Parang

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4. Inverter/Charger Schneider XW+ 8548E – Existing Parang

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5. Leonics Charge Controller – Existing Nyamuk

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6. Leonics Apollo S-210p Bidirectional Inverter – Existing Nyamuk

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7. SMA Sunny Island Off-Grid Battery Inverters (4.4M, 6.0H & 8.0H) –

Proposed for Genting & Nyamuk

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8. SMA Sunny Boy Solar Inverters (4000TL & 5000TL) – Proposed for

Nyamuk and Genting

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9. SMA Sunny Tripower Three-Phase Inverters (6000TL & 12000TL) –

Proposed for Nyamuk & Genting

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10. Aeolos 5kWp Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)– Proposed for

Nyamuk, Parang, Genting

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11. Chinaland 240Wp Polycrystalline solar panels – Proposed for Nyamuk,

Parang, Genting

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