REPORT PREPARED BY PHILIP MORRIS OUTSIDE LITIGATION COUNSEL

8/14/2019 REPORT PREPARED BY PHILIP MORRIS OUTSIDE LITIGATION COUNSEL

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HUMANSMOKI NG0 BEHAVI OR


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HUMAN SMOKING BEHAVIOR

0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREASDESCRPTON CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

AREA C)03285559 000000 C Idea for regulation study Determine whether physical parameters such asdilution or nicotine regulation affect puffvolume.)03285564/5567 000000 C WLD handwritten introduction of a proposal to Smokers are resistant to changes in theirstudy how much tar reduction the smoker will consumption patterns . Although smokers maysustain. modify their smoking behavior to reducepersonal conflict between their smoking andtheir health concerns, fewwll quitentirely. Swtching to a lowdeliverycigarette is the option which wll cause thmost durable change; "although probably moreillusory than real in effective intak

reduction, since he will likely compensatewith larger and more frequent puffs and/ormore cigarettes, it is more likely to effectlong term change. "000334095/4124 560224 C Dupuis presentation to Amer . Chem. Soc . We have found by studying human smokers thatSymposium on Tobacco, "The Tobacco Industry - no two people smoke in the same way.Background & Current Research . "003288327/8328 660930 C C WLD Monthly Report . Study whether smokers adapt puffing patternacross cigarettes in search of constantintake ..003295418/5426 661118 C Dunn Annual Report, "Consumer Psychology." Smokers did not adapt to varying TPMdelivered as expected. No conclusions couldbe drawn from differences between cigarettetypes .003286561/6590 661118 C Dunn Annual Report, 651100-661100 . Investigate variation in puffing patterns_ among smokers, across types of cigarettes,(Dup . 1003288415/84301 and fromthe front end to the butt end of thcigarette

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,972403G=General, P=Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S=Smulation

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS)03295500/5502 670728 C C WLD memo to RBS, "Study of the Effect of Lip Two explanations of mainstream volume4 Occlusion of Air Holes on Mainstream Delivery constancy have been put forth: (1) smokersin Air Diluted Cigarettes ." adjust puff intake in order to maintain TPand/or nicotine constancy, (2) occlusion ofair holes does not linearly reduce airdilution; thus blocking of holes wll resultin increased compensating flow through theremaining unblocked holes .X00307721/7724 670810 C C WLD memo to HRRWand RBS, "Study of the Results are "further evidence that smokersEffect of Air Hole Blockage on Gross Puff adjust puff intake in order to maintainVolume in Air Diluted Cigarettes." constant smoke intake. "

[Dup . 1001892505 1000322554/2555 670811 C C HRRWmemo to Paul Smith, "Plastic Dilution "In smoking a dilution filter cigarette, theS Tipped Parliament." smoker adjusts his puff to receive about the

same amount of "undiluted" smoke." Smoking[Dup. 1000307719/7720] machine data are apparently erroneous andmisleading003288337/8338 670825 C C WLDMonthly Report . "further support to the postulate thatsmokers adjust puff intake in order tomaintain constant smoke intake . "003288300 670908 C C WLD Bi-Monthly Progress Report . This is interpreted to be further evidence ofthe tendency of smokers to adjust smokeintake . "003288316 671027 C WLD Bimonthly Report . Failed to support preliminary findings thatindicated smokers left longer butts whensmoking 100 mm cigarettes ..003293536 680507 C WLD memo, "TPM Intake by Smokers ." "Since there is evidence that the smokeadapts his puff, it is reasonable toanticipate that he adapts to maintain afairly constant daily dosage." Dunn believesthe critical measure wll be found frodynamic inhalation measures on the smoker ,not fromthe cigarette

Areas: C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,724030=General, P=Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S=Smulation

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0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS03287880/7890 690000 C C Ryan/WLD Third draft of Board Presentation . A smoker will tend to seek a constant intakelevel regardless of cigarette. "It alsomeans we are being unfairly criticized forproducing a high delivery cigarette as B&H. "

People begin smoking for psychosocial reasonsbut "after adolescent preoccupation withself-image has subsided, the cigarette wlleven preempt food in times of scarcity on thesmoker's priority list. "03287621/7630 690303 C Proposal for Phase II of the study of the Determine the effect of switching from 85 mmcigarette smokers Daily Smoke Intake (SEX to 100mmcigarettes (or vice versa) on dailyII) . intake .X03288257/8258 690404 C WLD Quarterly Report . Determine if smoke intake level is a functionof smoker or cigarette or both.101880505/0508 690408 C WLD memo "Modified Design of Sex-2 ." "'To what extent is daily smoke intake afunction of the cigarette smoked?" "Ifdaily smoke intake is altered by changes inthe performance characteristics of thecigarette, does change in daily smoke intakeoccur as a function of change in the numberof cigarettes smoked, or as a function ofchange in intake froma single cigarette.")03289890/9892 690925 C WLDmemo to HRRWre Hausermann paper on Consumption rate is determined by the smoker,cigarette consumption. and not by the brand smoked, and that thesmoker's brand choice is determined by howmuch smoke he wants . ")03287583/7586 691015 C [WLD] notes, Sex-II preliminary analysis. Smokers whose TPM delivery increased 5 mgincreased their daily intake 37%of thepredicted increase . Those who decreased

their intake decreased by 49%of thepredicted decrease .

Areas: C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,24030=Gnera, P=BnefsSmker Psychoogy S=Smaon- 3-


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS 770273741/3771 691126 C C HRRWpresentation to Board of Directors, "Why do 70 million Americans and-countles s

P "Smokers Psychology Research ." millions outside of the United States smokedespite parental admonition, doctors '[Dup . 1000273741/3771] warnings, governmental taxes, and healthagency propaganda? What benefits do smokerswittingly or unwittingly find in smoking thatoutweigh the real or imaginary risks that thesame smokers feel? "Learn more about the psychology of smoking"hopefully to discover ways to exploit thebenefits of smoking to the advantage andprofitability of our maior company business. "" . . We are of the conviction, in view ofthe foregoing, that the ultimate explanationfor the perpetuated cigarette habit residesin the pharmacological effect of smoke uponthe body of the smoker, the effect being mostrewarding to the individual under stress ""The smoker's report of how many cigarettteshe smokes per day is a poor measure of hisactual smoke intake. "Asmoker's intakelevel is determined by the smoker himself ,not by the manufacturer of the cigrettes . "

003288243/8245 700515 C WLD Annual Report . Results do not support hypothesis thatsmokers adjust smoking pattern to maintainconstant intake .003285464/5477 701105 C Schori proposal, "Tar, Nicotine, and Smoking Determine effect of Non consumption when TBehavior." is constant, and effect of Twhen Nisconstant. Consumption was not found to be afunction of N. "[P]erhaps the smoker does

develop a quota for nicotine" butrelationship may have been obscured byunpleasant taste .

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,724030=General, P=Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S=Simulation

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0 0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS03285484 701117 C Schori memo to Long, "An Experimental Determine how cigarette consumption in

Evaluation of the Effect of Tar and Nicotine influenced by T&NContent on Cigarette Consumption, Project1600, Study No . TNT-1 . "00306916/6197 701228 C Johnston memo to Udow, "Switchers and Data show that switchers to "health "Quantity per Day." cigarettes do not increase their dailyconsumption nor do switchers from "health "cigarettes to regular cigarettes (both groupdecreased consumption) . People who smokedthe same type both years did increase theirconsumption. "This suggests otherinteresting hypotheses . "03285444/5445 710118 C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking on LowDelivery Study TNT-2. Determne whether cigarettesCigarettes." low in T but relatively higher in N might beacceptable alternatives to normal cigs .103288441/8442 710128 C WLDMonthly Report . Determine whether smoker's have daily intakequotas for T or N103288507/8508 710406 C WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking and stress studies in progress: 1P smoking rate as a function of state ofanxiety; 2) smoke consumption as a functionof film-induced stress ; 3) effectiveness osmoking in increasing efficiency of taskperformance; 4) effect of smoke deprivatio non mood

Smokers discriminate small increments ofnicotine from 1 .2 mg to 3 .0 mg and prefer thelowest level .)03285449/5462 710813 C Schori report to WLD, "Nicotine and Cigarette Acceptability of cigarettes wth differingAcceptability." nicotine deliveries is largely determned by

what smokers are used to.

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,2403G=Gnera, P=BnefsSmker Psychoogy S=Smaon- 5-1 .089Z1002Z


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s 0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS00719351/9353 710819 C Schori memo to FER, "Tar, Nicotine, and Lowest Ndelivery was most acceptable at all

Smoking Behavior; Report on Preliminary T levels . Number of cigarettes smoked perFindings." day was consistent with acceptability .(Dup. 1003285446/5448 ]

103285443 710910 C Martin memo to Special Smoking Panel, "Tar, Asks whether the number of cigarettes smokedP Nicotine and Smoking Behavior ." varied becuase of nicotine level or becauseof acceptability. Aso asks if anyparticular personality factor (fromthepersonality test) is related to the kind ofcigarette preferred)03288445/8446 710916/ C WLDMonthly Report . "[D]ifferent types of people have different711015 tar and nicotine intakes ")00350158/0188 711100 C C Schori Special Report, "Tar, Nicotine, and [TNT-1] Change in consumption greater withSmoking Behavior ." change of T than with change of N. Smokers

have daily intake quota for T and/or N andthey titrate. Recommendation: Tof bestselling cigarettes be slightly reducedleaving Nthe same without decreasing cigacceptabilityD03285439/5440 711101 C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking and Low Determine whether cigs with low T and high NDelivery Cigarettes." might be acceptable alternatives to normalcigarettes003285403/5416 720100 C C Schori draft paper, "Tar, Nicotine and As nicotine increased, cigarette consumptionCigarette Consumption." rate decreased. Supports idea of a smoker' sdaily nicotine intake quota which suggestedthat smokers modify their consumption rate inorder to maintain their normal quota. Nsupport was found for the analogous notio nfor daily tar intake quota. Thus, while datado support hypothesis of a nicotine intakequota, they also provide support for theacceptability hypothesis .003285436/5437 720113 C Schori memo to Long, "Smoking and Low Determine T&Ndeliveries for optimallyDelivery Cigarettes (Part 2) - TNT-3 ." acceptable low delivery cigarette .

72403Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 6 -


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0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTSD0351570/1595 720623 C C Schori Technical Report, "Smoking and Low "A low delivery cigarette with medium tar,

Delivery Cigarettes." medium nicotine (proportionate reduction intar and nicotine) would be best for optimalcigarette acceptability "03288479/8480 721101/ C WLDMonthly Report . Determine effect of changing T&Non smoking721130 behavior when cigarette nicotine values gobelow smoker's accustomed level .00353355/3410 730300 C C WLD/Schori Special Report, "Smoking Behavior : Sex-III . "these findings suggest . . . thatReal World observations ." a tar and/or nicotine quota mechanism may beoperative. That is, they may be smoking more(more cigarettes and more rod) to compensatefor the decreases in tar and nicotinedelivery of their cigarettes." Those smokingcigarettes delivering less tar than beforesmoke more cigarettes while those smokingcigarettes delivering more tar than before

now smoke fewer cigarettes . This is not truefor nicotine delivery)03288190 730318 C WLD Quarterly Report . Evidence that smoker calibrates puffingbehavior to his needs. The smoker isinsensitive to rather large changes in smokecomposition (21-15 mg tar) .)03288191/8196 730318 C WLDMonthly Report . Data indicate that C .I. report underestimatesactual smoker intake, "often severely. ")03295120/5121 730416 C Ryan memo to Keritsis re "Commander-Marlboro Prelimnary analysis of data indicate thatTest ." four Commander smokers took more puffs andlower puff volumes than four Marlborosmokers. Puff durations and interpuffintervals were similar for the two groups .Observed differences only approached

significance or were nonsignificant .

72403Areas: C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 7-

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S00353473/3507 730600 C Ryan report, "Puff Two : Dfferences in Masure puff characteristics in relation onlyStudent Smoking Behavior with Six Cigarette to cigarette differences, not smokerBrands and Two Little Cigars." personality. Smokers compensated for aweaker smoke mixture; data suggest a muchhigher nicotine delivery in brands testedthan FTC values show. Lowdeliverycigarettes may be unsatisfying because other-than-normal puff durations must be taken to"take in any significant amount of tar ornicotine . "03295359/5362 730802 C Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Progress inPuffing Studies . "0354257/4277 730900 C Ryan, et al ., report, "Puffing Behavior on Determine whether smokers smoke cigarettesHigh and Low Delivery Cigarettes ." differing in delivery differently in terms ofpuff interval, volume and flow rate . Smokerspuffed these two cigarettes in a simlarfashion. Fowrate differed slightly but wasfound not to affect delivery03288167/8168 730917 C WLDMonthly Report . Smoking does not affect attentional capacity .P Smokers smoked 3 levels of N at 3 levels of

T . 14 mg T and .75 mg. Nmost acceptable .In-house smokers smoked 14 .6 and 20 .7 mg tarcigarettes in a simlar manner.

100354581/4604 731000 C Schori, et al., report, "Smoking and Low Deviations in either direction from the T&NDelivery Cigarettes-II (TNT-3) ." ratio of natural state tobacco ( .07)adversely affect cigarette acceptability

!103Areas: C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 8 -

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r iDOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS03288176/8177 731008 C WLD Quarterly Report . Subject's puff volume appeared to be

determined by rod length, not by number ofprior puffs taken, nor cumulative amount oftar and nicotine previously taken into thebody.Observed decrease in cigarette consumptionwas not due to the increase in nicotine perse but rather to the decreased acceptabilityassociated with the increased nicotine .These results do not support a nicotine quotahypothesis. "

)03295354/5358 731106 C Hancock and Ryan memo to WLD, "Puff Four : Changing interpuff interval from 60 to 30Puffing Behavior at 30 and 60 Second seconds did not significantly affect puffInterpuff Intervals." volume, duration and flow rates.)03288164/8166 731113 C WLDMonthly Report . Puffing Behavior (Ryan) .)03288139/8140 740000 C C [WLD] notes for 740000 5-year-plan re Develop evidence that the smoker regulatescompensation studies . his intake other than by his choice ofcigarettes, specifically, by inhalationpatterns. Expects "that there wll continueto be pressure brought to bear upon theindustry to reduce available tar andnicotine . "D03294955/4968 740000 C Presentation re study of smoke inhalation "Behind all this interest is our belief thatpatterns smokers regulate their dosage to suit theirpersonal need. "[Dup. 1003294969/4971; 1003294972/4976]003288465/8468 740102 C TSO memo to FER, "Year End Report from only small differences in puffing behaviorResearch." were found using a human smoking recorderwith popular cigarettes. Lowdelivery

cigarettes were smoked at higher puff volumesand flow rates .

12403Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,9 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 9-

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS103293267/3273 740115 C WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives ." Hypothesis: 1) puffing patterns vary as a

function of changes in delivery; 2) dose[Dup . 1003293183/31853 control continues even after the puff ofsmoke is drawn into the mouth .103293476/3493 740301 C C Smoking and Health Presentation to N.Y . Smoker responses to cigarettes with differentPersonnel, "Some Unexpected observations on filter systems were different in terms ofTar and Nicotine and Smoke Behavior ." flow, volume, count . Subjects smokingvarious brands of cigarettes wth a puffrecorder showed that smoke volume and tarintake differed from FTC values. "Smokersare taking in more than FTC ratings . "

"The FTC standardized test should beretained: (1) it gives lownumbers; (2) itpermits comparisons between brands . ""People smoke to get nicotine ; more nicotinewll compensate for less tar . "

)03294977/4982 740724 C WLD memo, "Experimental Design for the First Premise: " . . that the smoking habit isStudy of Patterns of Smoke Inhalation maintained by the reinforcing effects of the(designated Inhalation I) ." pharmacologically active components of smoke .Acorollary to this premse is that thesmoker will regulate his smoke intake so asto achieve his habitual quota of thepharmacological action . "000356550/6576 740800 C Schori Special Report, "Does the Smoker No evidence of regulatory behavior i.e . ,ensate for Changes in Delivery in orderom smokers failed to compensate for decreasingp ulate Intake (TNT-4) . "to Re availability of T + N by changing the numberg of cigs smoked or the amount of rod consumed.States that the intake constancy hypothesismust be viewed with skepticism. Intake quotamechanism is not operative for short-termchanges in cigarette delivery levels.

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,P2403G=General, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-10-

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS103288114/8116 740814 C WLD Monthly Report . Identifying the agent responsible for smoke

E impact will enable manipulation of impact andaid in development of full-flavored low-delivery cigaretteSmoke inhalation does not appear to influencesubject's control of alpha activity)03294036/4037 740900/ C Quarterly Report . "The pharmacological effects of nicotine, or741200 better of smoke, together with the psycho-physiological state of the smoker, form ashort-term regulated system in which thequantity of nicotine involved, is settled bythe smoker at each puff, more or les sindependently of the available quantity, asexpressed by the standard yield . "D03288110/8113 740916 C WLD Quarterly Report . Smokers deprived performed better thanP smokers or non-smokers . Smokers exhibitedfewer mood changes ."No change was observed in rod 'consumed ornumber of cigarettes smoked as tar deliveryvaried. Unless some other mechanism forregulating intake can be uncovered, theintake consistency hypothesis must be viewedwith skepticism. "Puff Six (Ryan) . "Obviousy a compensationis taking place "000258064 741126 C C HRRWletter to Hausermann. "It is true that a particular individualappears to have some kind of a consistent

(Dup. 1001812881] puff profile, but it is also true thatindividuals change the duration and volume ofthier puffs when they make radical changes inthe type of cigarettes being smoked." PMisnot ready to release these data

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 11 -= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation72403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS03293177/3182 741127 C WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Study the effects of smoking on a subject' s

E 1975." ability to concentrate as measured byP maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance; 2to study "the influence of smoking uponcontrol of aggressivity "Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesisthat smokers regulate the amount of nicotineretained in the body and how they regulateit

)03295335/5338 750103 C Goodman memo to Meyer, "Marlboro-Marlboro As a group regular Marlboro smokers did notLights Study." significantly change smoking behavior whenswitched to Marlboro Lights.)03721133/1148 750205 C Clafllin memo to RBS, "Effect of Flow Rate on Major changes in delivery are not observedSmoke Component Deliveries ." for the range of flow rates at which mostpeople smoke . "A smoker's change in volumeor puff count has a more direct relationshipto his smoke intake. ")00024914/4920 750514 C C WLD memo to RBS, "Observations on the Smokers are insensitive to major deliveryRelationship of Nicotine Change and Sales level changes (i.e., 24-18 mg) . This appearsChange in the Marlboro ." contrary to contention that seasoned smokerssmoke for nicotine. "Both the literature andthe internal PM . R&D findings to date arenot fully supportive of the postulateSuggestive, yes, but there has been no studywhich revealed the smoker to be titrating tothe degree necessary to maintain constancy inhis nicotine supply when he is faced with avariation in delivery levels of the cigarettesmoked, or when he is preloaded orpredeprived." "what the smoker gets in the

way of smoke is independent of smokeconcentration levels as delivered within therange of commercially available cigarettes. "

72403Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 12-

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0OCUMENT I DOCUMENT-ID- DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S

03287978/7980 750625 C C WLD Quarterly Report . Effect of Smoking on Rsk Taking in aP Simulated Auto Passing Situation. Manuscriptapproved for publication .After deprivation smokers (1) increased theirno . of puffs by 371; (2) increased no. ocigs consumed by 28%. Lighter smokers showedthe greatest percent increase in no. of cigssmoked and no. of puffs taken

X03200909/0916 750717 C HRRWQuarterly Progess Report . Smoke deprivation study completed during thisperiod suggests that smokers increase theirnumber of cigarettes smoked and number o fpuffs per cigarette in the two hour periodfollowing a two hour "no-smoking" period, andthat light smokers (under 2cigarettes perhour) showed the greatest increase.)00359382/9403 751000 C C WLD/Meyer Special Report, "Low Delivery Provides evidence that optimum nicotine toCigarettes and Increased Nicotine/Tar Ratios, tar ratio for a 10mg tar cigarette a highera Replication." ( .09) than that occurring in smoke fromnatural state tobacco (.07) . Supportsfindings that increasing NTratios increasessubjective strength and acceptability of lodelivery cigarettes. Cautions that NTratioshould not be increased to extent thatacceptability is lost .

Areas: C = Compensation, 8= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 13 -= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation72403

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0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS

003294212/4217 751030 C C Dafts of presentation to a Swss group re "Identify the behavioral options available tosmoker regulation. the smoker for regulating rate of uptakedetermine the degree to which he exercises[Dup . 1003294218/4226; 1003294227/4233] these options." "That smokers do alterbehavior in the direction of intake constancyby a) varying number smoked b) varyingintake/cigarette." "Viewing the body ofinformation collectively, were optimsticthat we can convincingly document theposition that the smoker gets what he wants,such that the imposition of tar limts by FTfiat or by lawwll have little influence onthe smoker's uptake . ".003288087/8091 751106 C C WLD Monthly Report . Objective: "to find evidence which supportsthe notion that smokers regulate the amountsof physiologically active substances theyreceive fromcigarettes by altering theirinhalation pattern "L003293172/3176 751121 C C WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Measure changes in smoke inhalation as tar1976." and nicotine deliveries vary. "To furtherarticulate the role of nicotine in thereinforcement of smoking behavior ." "Weassume that some smokers regulate the amount sof physiologically active substances thatthey obtain from smoking cigarettes." "Weexpect to see changes in their smokingbehavior which will compensate for thediffering deliveries, resulting in a constantintake of nicotine and tar "1003293191/3195 760000 C Plans and Objectives . "To determne if quitting success is aM function of delivery levels of cigarettessmoked prior to quitting." Suggests that

reducing delivery levels may provide astepping stone to quitting, thus posingarisk to the industry

e72403Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 14 -

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0DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS03288079/8084 760210 C C WLDMonthly Report . People accepting a low tar cig with added Nare people who smoke, at least in part, for

N.00362772/2795 760709 C C Behavioral Research Annual Report, approved Smokers did not change their puff volume orby WLD . inhalation volumes when smoking markedlydifferent cigarettes[Dup . 1003293201/3205] No significant differences in puff volumes orinhalation volumes when subjects smokedcigarettes with different T&N deliveries .

Regulators took more puffs on the lowdelivery cigarette under non-deprived smokingconditions. "Al subjects tended to takelarger puffs on the lowdelivery cigarette ")00744611/4616 760916 C Ryan memo to Daniel, "Consumption Changes Smokers either do not change number o fFollowing Reduction in Delivery Changes ." cigarettes consumed when delivery is loweredor change by very trivial amounts. Itappears when a person switches from a full-flavored to a low-delivery cigarette, hreduces his T&Nintake almostproportionately .303288042/8043 760924 C Levy and Ryan memo to TSO re Smoker "Because we are having trouble findingPsychology Program. regulators we are considering modifying ourtheories." Habitual smokers may not showcompensation when nicotine is decreased.

Areas: C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,72403G=General, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-15-t T99ZTOOG Z


17/67


003293209/3214 770000 C C Ryan Report, "5-year Plan Discussion." Why people smoke based on how people smoke.Ryan assumes that smokers need to maintain acertain level of nicotine in their systemWhen nicotine falls belowthis level, thesmoker smokes a "need" cigarette . Acigarette smoked when nicotine is above theoptimal level is a "habit" cigaretteassociated with certain external cues . "Mostcigarettes are smoked in the same way 'regardless of delivery or other cues," . . . however, "more puffs will be taken ona need-cigarette than on a habit-cigaretteparticularly when the need is high . "

003295450/5451 770224 C Goodman memo to Garwin, "Effect of Filter and An overtipped cigarette is smoked withRod Length on Smoking Profiles ." slightly smaller puff volumes and fewer puffsthan a regular cigarette. Oherwse, lengthof tipping paper or total length of thecigarette do not change smoking parameters.

000369089/9121 770613 C C Behavioral Research Annual Report . Regulator Identification Program (Levy) .. P "regulators obtained more nicotine from thehigh delivery cigarette when they weredeprived than when they were non-deprived .Regulators and Non-regulators responddifferently to smoke deprivation . "Smokers, nonsmokers and smokers deprivedperformed equally well under the no stressconditions . Under stressful conditions,nonsmokers worsened performance, deprivedsmokers remained the same and smokersimproved performance.Smoking can help people better handledisruptive effects of stressful situations

L003295039/5043 770913 C Dunn presentation to Goldsmith, Proposes a study to monitor delivery level"Acceptability of Varying Tar Deliveries." preferences over the next six years. . . .Also asks, "so how far down should we go?"Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,172403d=General, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-16-

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1001521417/1418 771111 C C WLDMonthly Report . Investigate whether people smoke for nicotineor something else. "[Many of his cigarettes[Dup . 1003287995/79961 will be smoked out of habit . . . rather thanout of any nicotine need. . ." Two-partstudy planned-- (1) distinguish those smokeswho smoke many cigarettes from habit and fewfrom need, from their opposites; (2) swtchto groups fromhigh (or low nicotine to low(or high) nicotine . Smokers who smoke mainlyfrom habit should show little compensation ,others who smoke from need should show

compensation.1003293160/3165 771123 C C WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives-1978 ." Pans: 1) to repeat a modified SEXII study2) to predict how delivery changes modifyconsumption. For people who smoke primarilyfor nicotine "we would expect changes innicotine delivery to produce compensatory

changes in in the number of cigarettesconsumed." Relatively fewchanges areexpected for smokers whose motives are otherthan nicotine. 3) to investigate upper andlower nicotine thresholds. Ryan wll developa theory that "smoking is a multideterminedact, which in the long time smoker is basedon a nicotine need . which smoking hasbecome a almost unconditioned response) . "1003293384 780123 C C WLD memo re whether switchers to low tar Although switchers to low tar cigarettescigarettes smoke more to compensate . probably smoke more cigarettes and might takelonger, deeper and longer puffs, their actualtar intake is less because compensationcannot totally make up for the deliverydifference.

10872403Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 17 -


19/67

1 1

DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS100369449/9495 780630 C C Behavior Research Annual Review - Part I . "subjects reduced the number of low nicotine

cigarettes they smoked per hour over the ten-day period of the study.' Asimlar reductionfor the high nicotine cigarettes was notobserved." "[T]he intercigarette intervalwas shorter for the lownicotine cigarettesthan for the high nicotine cigarettes. "1000370391/0403 780726 C C Levy/Lieser Completion Report, "Regulator "It has been our contention for some timeIndentification Program." that many people smoke for nicotine, and thatthese people wll alter their smokingbehavior in response to changes in nicotineavailability in an attempt to regulate theirnicotine intake." "these findings allprovide support for our contention that somepeople smoke for nicotine and some do not. "1003293151/3159 781206 C Dunn memo, "Plans and Objectives-1979 ." "To understand the psychological reward the

P smoker gets from smoking, to understand thepsychophysiology underlying this reward, andto relate his reward to the constituents insmoke ." This knowledge will strengthen R&Dcapability in developing new products."The low nicotine delivery will ensure thattotal nicotine in the systemremains at ornear the nicotine need threshold, thumaximizing the proportion of the day'scigarette consumption which is smoked out ofneed and minimizing the nicotine augmentationfrom those cigarettes which are smoked out ofhabit." "our working hypothesis remains thatthe smoker does alter inhalation in responseto cues of smoke composition . . "

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 18 -= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation1oe72403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293314/3321 781213 C Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD, "We were unable to conclude that low-delivery

M "Accomplishments, 1978 ." cigarettes wean smokers away from theaccustomed nicotine intakes thus making iteasier to quit". Assume there is adisproportionate number of low deliverysmokers who are health conscious which leadsto higher quit ratios"Beginning with the assumption that at leastsome people have a developed need fornicotine, we suggested a theoreticalexplanation for their smoking frequency basedupon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amountof nicotine in the system suprathreshold. ""The nicotine intake from the habitcigarettes serves to postpone withdrawalsymptoms associated with need . "

1003293218/3224 790200 C C WLD presentation program review "Until recently we have entertained atitration hypothesis - we have postulatedthat the habituated smoker is seekig tomaintain some optional (optimal?] level ofnicotine in his bloodstream. As a corollarywe would expect to see the smoker attuneintake to blood level. Given a more dilutedsmoke, he would smoke more, with morecigarettes or bigger puffs, or deeperinhalations. "Understand the psychological reward thesmoker gets from smoking; understand thepsychophysiology underlying this reward;relate this reward to the constituents insmoke .

Areas: C = Compensation, S = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting10872403a=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-19-St89z1O


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1003295088/5093 790816 C C Ryan memo to Dunn, "Puffing Behavior "These observations strongly support the doseFollowing Long and Short Inter-cigarette hypothesis." "The data of this experimentIntervals-PUFFSIX" suggest that smokers wll compensate forperiods of enforced deprivation bysubsequently taking in more smoke on theirnext cigarette "1003293065/3066 791012 C C WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." "Just as we have postulated that a smokerneeds to maintain a certain minimal amount ofnicotine in the body, we suspect that over-smoking may create a nicotine excess which isunpleasant ." Investigate possible ceilingeffects .1003285395/5401 800428 C C Johnston memo to Daniel, "The Relationship The best predictor of consumption is race ,Between Average Daily Cigarette Consumption but when data are corrected for race and sex,and Tar, Nicotine and Puff Count." nicotine shows high correlation with averagedaily consumption. "[n]icotine delivery isthe strongest of the three variables inpredicting cigarette consumption. "1003293058/3060 800512 C WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology" Some smokers show deep inhalation andimmediate exhalation, whereas other s inhaleless but retain the smoke longer .1000395482/5522 800801 C WLD Behavior Research Annual Report Part II Determine if inhalation patterns vary as afunction of the tar delivery level of thcigarette smoked .

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 2d -10872403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293130/3137 801126 C C WLD memo, "Plans and objectives - 1981 ." Exploratory study on psychosocial

E determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year-P old, white, college-educated upper-middleclass women on social, personality,attitudinal and situational factors relatedto smoking.

Gullotta & Schultz believe "that thereinforcing properties of cigarette smokingare directly relatable to the effects thatsmoking has on electrical chemical eventswithin the central nervous system. "spectral analysis of EEG from variouselectrode locations under smoking anddeprivation conditions; study effects ofsmoking on visual information processing;pattern reversal evoked potentials in a fullscale investigation to determine if smokingfacilitates concentration; using brainsteauditory evoked potentials "to ascertainsites and modes of action for centrallyactive smoke constituents. ""Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintaincertain levels of nicotine in the bloodChanges in level may be more important thanabsolute levels -- that the input of nicotineforma cigarette creates a 'spike which isthe summation of the discrete puff-inducedspikes . "Determine how smokers alters inhalationpatterns in response to changes in chemicalcomposition of cigarette smoke.

100389969/0047 810227 C Mrtin, et al., Physical Research Annual Smokers occlude the dilution channels withReport re project GROW their lips to derive its large subjectiveimpact, thus reducing dilution and receivingsix times the tar predicted by FTC testing.Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 21 -= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation10872403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S1003289223/9228 810310 C WLDMonthly Report . Inspiratory volume across cigarettes within aday and across days remains constant althoughvariability wthin a given cigarette is high1003289199/9201 811209 C WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." [S]moking high nicotine delivery (0 .9 mgcigarettes decreases P100 latency whether ornot smoke deprived. However, the latencyendured longer when subjects werenondeprived. Alowdelivery (03 mgNicotine) cigarette decreased P100 latencyonly under smoke deprivation conditions .1003179058/9107 820705 C Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological smokers can get CNS effects with ultra-lowE Studies -- 1982 Annual Report ." delivery cigarettes comparable to thoseobtained with high delivery cigarettes ; "thdata indicate the possibility that smokersmight modify their smoking behavior in orderto obtain some optimal CNS levels ofnicotine. "1003179058/9107 820705 C Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological "Finally, our data indicate that the PREP mayE Studies -- 1982 Annual Report . be an extremely sensitive alternative methodfor assessing the actual nicotine deliveriesof current and new brands, and fordetermining how smokers modify their smokingbehavior in response to different cigarettesand brand modifications . "1003179010/9056 820719 C Jones, "Behavior Research Laboratory Annual Data suggest titration. Evidence thatReport - Part II." cigarette acceptability or "impact" mayinfluence smoke inhalation .

Puff volume seems to be the critical variablein determning nicotine delivery to thesmoker .

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,108724030=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-22-8t89Zx00SZ


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003285503/5514 830000 C Draft of WLD paper, "The Effect of Finger Investigate Koslowski's suggestion thatCoverage of Cigarette Ventilation Holes Upon smokers cover dilution holes with fingers and

Smoke Delivery." receive more tar than FTC smoking proceduresimply. No evidence that lowand ultralow[Dup. 1003285517/5544] delivery smokers compensate for reduced tarby covering dilution holes or by takinglonger duration puffs . Coverage was found tobe random during puff and grasping ofcigarette between puffs .

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,10872403a=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-2~-6189Z1OO Sz


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTIONCONCLUSIONS/COMMENTSAREA E

1000344589/4596 690610 E Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Determine measures discriminating smokers andP [no author] . nonsmokers, deprived and nondeprived smokers ,such as heart rate and nervousness, . . .determine role of smoking upon behavioralconsequences of stress .Determine if smoking affects brain waves viaarousal system.

1003288197/8200 730209 E WLDMonthly Report . Determine the influence of smoking upon therate of acquisition of alpha wave control .1003288114/8116 740814 E WLDMonthly Report . Identifying the agent responsible for smokeC impact will enable manipulation of impact andaid in development of full-flavored low-delivery cigaretteSmoke inhalation does not appear to influencesubject's control of alpha activity1003293177/3182 741127 E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives for Study the effects of smoking on a subject' sC 1975 ." ability to concentrate as measured byP maintenance of alpha brain wave dominance; 2to study "the influence of smoking uponcontrol of aggressivity "

Conduct studies to investigate the hypothesisthat smokers regulate the amount of nicotineretained in the body and how they regulateit.

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 24-10872403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293344/3348 741212 E WLD memo, "2600 Accomplishments, 1974 ." Smokers manifest no change in their abilityP to maintain a dominant alpha brain wavepattern as a function of interval betweensmoking and observation .

Smokers-deprived performed significantlybetter than other two groups. No differencebetween performance of smokers andnonsmokers . Smokers exhibited fewer moodchanges than other groups .

1003285984/5985 761101 E Martin memo to WLD, "Alpha Habituation to an "[T]est whether there is a difference inAuditory Stimulus : A Proposal ." alpha habituation to an auditory stimulusbetween smokers and nonsmokers as well asbetween placebo and own cigarette smoking . "1003293331/3335 761215 E WLDmemo, "Accomplishments-1976 ." Smokers showed less performance impairmentP under anger-inducing situations.

[I]nitiated a study to confirmpreviousfindings that smoking caused differences inability to maintain a dominant alpha brainwave pattern under anger-inducingconditions . "1003293160/3165 771123 C E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives-1978 ." [M]onitor brain wave frequency patterns,early and late components of the visualevoked response, auditory evoked response andcontingent negative variation in response tochanges in nicotine content of cigarettes.1001521440/1441 790110 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." Determine what happens to EEG of brain aftersmoking cessation.1003293218/3224 790200 E WLD ProgramReview presentation. Gullotta joined PM about 770800 and set upEEGlab.1003293116/3119 790622 E WLD Quarterly Report . Purpose. [A]ssess whether VER from otherbrain loci vary in response to cigarettesmoking.

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,10872403G=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-25-Z Z 9 9 Z 1 O O 3


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1000377036/7104 790810 C E WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part "modifications in the evoked response wouldM H . be result of the effects of nicotine upon th

CN S . VER was modified following cigarette[Dup . 1003720335/0340] smoking of high delivery cig only .2 . Long-term smoke deprivation and brainelectrical activity (Gullotta). Examineeffects of smoking cessation on visual evokedresponse; mood scale interview showedexceptional tiredness, irritabilitysleeplessness. Taken as a whole, brain VERdoes not change following cigarette smokingcessation. "These data further suggest thatthe 'withdrawal' phenomenon often reportedfollowing the cessation of cigarette smokingmay be more behavioral than physiological.Dsturbances of sleep increases inirritability, substitution (i .e., snacking onsweets, potato chips, etc.) suggests theinterruption of well-learned habit ratherthan physiological withdrawal.

1003293067/3068 790912 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." [F]ind out why smoking affected VER amplitudewhen subjects were one hour deprived, but notovernight deprived.1003293112/3115 790920 E WLD Quarterly Report . [D]etermine how generalizable VER results areto other brain systems .1003293061/3062 791213 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." [S]moking seems to depress amplitude of someAEP components. Depression is greatest afterovernight smoke deprivation .

[S]moking after no deprivation does not seemto affect visual evoked response. Smokingmay depress VER after overnight deprivation.

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,108724030=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-26-


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293138/3144 800107 E WLDmemo, "Pans and objectives - 1980" Electrophysiological Program. [0]f smokeinhalation "to determne 1) if the effect is

discernible in any of the various monitorableEEG patterns and if so 2) whether furtherknowledge of the nature of the effect can beinferred from its EEG manifestation. "1000046445/6448 800215 E Gullotta report to WLD, "The Effects of It appears that "smoking exerts selectiveCigarette Smoking on the Auditory Evoked influences on the CNS. Therefore, in termResponse." of the brain, smoking does not act as ageneralized stimulant . "1003293109/3111 800320 E Dunn Quarterly Report . [C]igarette smoking has more selective thangeneral effects on the CNS.1003060644/0645 800424 E DeNoble memo to WLD re Nicotine Program. In collaboration wth Gullotta, DeNoble wllbegin a series of electrophysiologicalstudies to locate sites of action in thebrain.1000017375 800602 C E WLD memo to Osdene . Dunn expects "to find changes in inhalationin response to changes in smoke composition. "

EEG changes are consistent with the idea thatsmoking has a salutory effect upon thearousal system1000019244/9245 800618 E WLD memo to TSO re restructuring of "identify the effects of smoking upon theP behavioral research lab. social psychology of the smokers . "

Experimental Psychology (Ryan) ."(1) to identify and quantify the motoricbehavior associated with the consumption of acigarette; (2) to evaluate the contributionof smoke constituents to cigaretteacceptability ""identify the unique pharmacological actionsof smoke constituents as manifested inneuroelectrical phenomena. "

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,108124030=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-27-

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293054/3056 800710 E WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." [H]abituation of AEP occurred after overnightsmoke deprivation, but not under short-term

deprivation conditions.1000385482/5522 800801 C E EEG Program Smoking had specific rather than generalizedI I effects on CNS.

Areaes C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, N = Motivation/Quitting,G=Gnera, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuaion-28 -10872403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293130/3137 801126 C E WLD memo, "Plans and objectives - 1981 ." Exploratory study on psychosocialP determinants of smoking behavior of 45 year-- C old, white, college-educated upper-middleclass women on social, personality,attitudinal and situational factors relatedto smoking

Gullotta &Schultz believe "that threinforcing properties of cigarette smokingare directly relatable to the effects thatsmoking has on electrical chemical eventswithin the central nervous system. "spectral analysis of EEG from variouselectrode locations under smoking anddeprivation conditions; study effects ofsmoking on visual information processing;pattern reversal evoked potentials in a fullscale investigation to determine if smokingfacilitates concentration; using brainsteauditory evoked potentials "to ascertainsites and modes of action for centrallyactive smoke constituents . ""Smokers modify smoking behavior to maintaincertain levels of nicotine in the bloodChanges in level may be more important thanabsolute levels -- that the input of nicotineforma cigarette creates a 'spike which isthe summation of the discrete puff-inducedspikes . "Determine how smokers alters inhalationpatterns in response to changes in chemicalcomposition of cigarette smoke.

1003293284/3293 801223 C E WLD memo to TSO, "The Effects of Cigarette "that cigarette smoking produced differentialSmoking on the Electroencephalogram." effects on EEG power spectra, which dependupon degree of deprivation, nicotine deliveryand electrode location . "

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,10872403d=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-29-9399ZTOOGZ


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003289220/9222 810511 E WLD Monthly Report . Habituation and Pattern Evoked Potentials(Gullotta) .1000040519/0522 810528 E Gullotta/Shultz report to WLD, "Sustained Investigate neural correlates of sustainedStimulation and Pattern-Reversed Evoked attention and effect of cigarette smoking onPotentials: Smoking Effects ." these mechanisms.1003289369/9370 810623 E WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking does not affect decrease but seems tocause increase in amplitude of primary

component of PREP .[S]ystematic nicotine administration altersEAEP amplitude in experimental animals .Determine if cigarette smoking causes similarchanges.

100329367/9368 810924 E WLD Quarterly Report . Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials(Gullotta, Shultz) . [S]ystemic injection o fnicotine in animals does not correspond witheffects of smoking in humans .2 . Perception and Pattern Reversal EvokedPotential: Smoking Effects (Gullotta ,Shultz) . interaction of perceptual andpharmacological factors .

Areas: C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 3U-= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation10972403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003289027/9035 811105 C E WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives - [E]xamine electroneural signals on premise

P 1982 ." that CNSevents reinforce the smoking act .M Study cigarette preference . . . studyprimary and secondary determinants of smokingbehavior.

Focus on why people smoke, "the mostfundamental unanswered question for thecigarette industry today. "Smoking iscomplex behavior requiring any one acombination of neuropharmacological and/orpsycho-social explanations. We now believethat not only do smokers vary amongstthemselves as to their motives for smoking,but a given smoker's motives will vary withpsychological state and circumstance. "1003289202/9204 811111 E WLDMonthly Report . Smokers report that time seems to pass moreP quickly when smoking. Suggests that smokingis reinforcing not only because it relievesanxiety, but because it lowers perceivedduration of anxious condition.

[B]rains response reflects bothpharmacological and perceptual factors.1003475443/5445 819014 E Gullotta/Shultz report to WLD, "The Effects BAEP is not an effective means of assessingof Cigarette Smoking on Brainstem auditory smoke induced signs of brainstem involvement .Evoked Potential . "1003289190/9192 820310 E Dunn Monthly report, "Smoker Psychology." [E]ffects of cigarette smoking on PREPS latencies reflect nicotine delivery

Nicotine gum does not produce CNS effects .Examine the relationship between smokingparameters and nicotine recovered on acambridge pad by comparing smoking machineand human smoking data .

Areas: C = Compensation, B = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,10972403O=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-31-8Z$9ZTOOSZ


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003179058/9107 820705 E Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological smokers can get CNS effects with ultra-lowC Studies -- 1982 Annual Report." delivery cigarettes comparable to those

obtained with high delivery cigarettes; "thedata indicate the possibility that smokersmight modify their smoking behavior in orderto obtain some optimal CNS levels ofnicotine. "1003179058/9107 820705 E Gullotta and Shultz, "Electrophysiological "Finally, our data indicate that the PREP mayC Studies -- 1982 Annual Report . be an extremely sensitive alternative methodfor assessing the actual nicotine deliveriesof current and new brands, and fordetermining how smokers modify their smokingbehavior in response to different cigarettesand brand modifications . "1003186535/6538 830000 E Gullotta NY Presentation Outline . [I]dentify and document the physiological(especially brain) response to smoking" inorder to "improve our products . "1003186659/6717 830626 E Gullotta, et al., Annual Report, [T]o further understand theElectrophysiological Studies for 820700- electrophysiological consequences of smoking,

830700 especially in regard to nicotine; to developand use new techniques in order to quantifyphysiological responses to smoke constituentsand tobacco flavorants .1003186743/6746 830825 E Gullotta and Hayes memo to Owens re Brain Current work indicates that human CNSResponses to Ammonia-treated Cigarettes . responses cannot be explained in terms ofnicotine delivery as the cigarette wth thelowest produced the largest latencydecreases .

10072403Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,a = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 32 -

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTIONCONCLUSIONS/COMMENTSAREA (3

1001909348/9349 580121 G Haynes memo to Harrow, "'Lick and Spit Test' No nicotine is transferred fromtip of flushfor determning contact transfer of tar and filters to tongues of smokersnicotine. "1003192061/2063 720221 G Charles memo to WLD, "Nicotine retention by Determine whether nicotine in exhaled smokethe smoker." could be measured and to what degree itsretention is a function of depth ofinhalation. N in exhaled smoke can bedetermined only in a "no inhalation" smokingsituation. "[Nicotine is retainedquantitatively with even moderateinhalation. "1000360604/0659 760217 G Special report approved by Meyer, Classification of 167 R&D smokers compiled"Classification of the R&D Smoking Population for general data collectionby Average Puff Volume . "1003285430/5431 760701 G WLD memo to RBS re Goodman memo on nicotine Sex III nicotine residual index is useful.residue in cigarette butts.1003293166/3171 761201 G WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and objectives - "[I]dentify a quantifiable behavioral or1977 ." physiological phenomenon" which is altered bysmoke inhalation and involved in "thereinforcement of the smoking act. "1000376320/6355 790622 G Levy and WLD Behavioral Research Annual Develop method of noninterfering measurementReport Part I . of the smoking act .

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,10872403G=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-33-0S89ZT00SZ 9J

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTSAREA M

1003700128/0133 640305 M WLD memo to the Task Group Surrogate . Summary of strategies involved in theP development of a new product which meetsconsumer needs and does not have propertiesalleged to have an adverse effect uponsmokers' health. Smokers' needs are defined,as found in literature, under four headings :pharmacological, organoleptic, psychomotor ,and psychosocial. Regarding pharmacologicalneed, smokers seek the subjective state thatresults fromthe introduction of nicotineinto the bloodstream1003287849/7856 690000 M "Some Methods Notes on Past Research on Describes cigarette smoking as a reinforcedCigarette Smoker Motivation." pattern behavior sequence. Sates pattern is"strongly resistive to extinction "1003287836/7848 690000 C M Draft of Annual Report to PM Board (first "We share the conviction with others that itP draft) by VP for R & D is the pharmacological effect of inhaledsmoke which mediates the smoking habit ." "Wehave, then, as our first premse, that thprimary motivation for smoking is to obtainthe pharmacological effect of nicotine." "Athe force from the psycholosocial symbolismsubsides, the pharmacological effect takesover to sustain the habit, augmented by thesecondary gratifications." "In fact it isour belief that the ultimate explanation forthe prevalence and the refractory nature o fthe cigarette habit wll be found to residein the beneficial effect of inhaled smokupon the psychological arousal state . "Hypothesis of current research program isthat N pharmacologically intervenes to reducemuscle tension, thus providing relief soughtby the smoker .


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003292817/2836 690700 C M Handwritten drafts of a proposal to study the Discusses psychological, pharmacological andmerits of smoking and risks of quitting . survey approaches to studying motivation insmoking, all of which fall short ofexplaining why people continue to smoke . . .. Asserts that the smoker is aware of thehazards of smoking, but has decided the gainsoutweigh the risks and thus, continues tosmoke . . . . Places smoking in a class ofdiversionary behavior which has not beenexplained by theoretical models .1003292806/2811 690729 M WLD memo to HRRWre Risk Study Program Proposal for a research program to study therisks of "penalties" of discontinuingsmoking. Pan to determne the nature of th"penalties" involved and to do a risk/benefitanalysis of quitting1003287898/7901 690729 C M WLD proposal to HRRW "Stating the Risk Study [D]ocument the penalties imposed by theProblem." discontinuation of cigarette smoking. "1003288218/8220 700925 M WLD memo, "Five-year Objectives and Plans for Identify psychological or psychophysiologicalProject 1600 ." effects of smoking. Determine motivationssustaining smoking habit. Forecast trends insmoking behavior and preference .

11000348671/8751 710300 C M Ryan report BIRD-I . Sudy of quitting "Even after eight months (!) many of thoseexperiences, success rate, etc., of smokers who quit successfully reported that they werein Greenfield, Iowa, eight months after "Cold still wggling, jiggling, and twttling moreTurkey" Day. than they were before Cold Turkey Day . "Quitters had significant weight gain. "Thisis not the happy picture painted by theCancer Society's anti-smoking commercialwhich shows an exuberant couple leaping inthe air and kicking their heels wth joybecause they've kicked the habit . A moreappropriate commercial would show a restless ,nervous, constipated husband bickeringviciously wth his bitchy wfe, who isnagging him about his slothful behavior andgrowing waistline . "

Areas : C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,10872403G=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-35-

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003292145/2163 710900 C M Ryan report, "Cold Turkey in Greenfield, Those who are most apt to quit smoking areIowa: A follow-up Study." among the top of the social structure .

Smoking behavior is highly dependent uponpersonality characteristics and demographicvariables .1003292063/2095 710916 C M WLD personal views, "Experimental Methods and Evaluates three experimental designs used toConceptual Models as Applied to the Study of study motivation of the cigarette smoker .Motivation in Cigarette Smoking." . . Proposes a model crossing temporalphases and motives of smoking to comparepsychological and psychopharmacologicalmodels of explaining motivation .1003291964/1981 720000 C M WLD review of St. Martin's Conference, General agreement among conferees that the"Motives and Inventives of Cigarette primary incentive for smoking is theSmoking ." physiological effects of inhaled smoke andthat nicotine is the most important activeconstituent of cigarette smoke. Suggests thereal Product being sold is nicotine, and thecigarette is but "a dispenser for a dose unitof nicotine "

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 36 -= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation1"872403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293355/3361 721114 C M WLD memo, "1600 Objectives for 1973 ." Identify the significant characteristic ofP the smoker and the significant elements ofthe situation which interact to reinforcesmoking

Determine if smoking can affect the abilityto handle stressDetermine if there are differences betweensmokers, non-smokers, and deprived smokers inspare mental capacity.Considering a study to determine whethersmoking affects driving performance .Compare cigarette consumption with socialclass and personality type .Examine differences in smoking behavio rassociated with differences in smokingmaterial .

11003295122/5125 730000 C M Handwritten report, "Puffing Behavior and Smokers who take many puffs at shortP Personality." intervals appear to be more intelligent, moreimmature, submissive, timid, tender-mindedname, excitable and "to show less will powerin general (that's good--means they'reunlikely to quit) . "


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003295309/5310 730201 C M Dunn memo, "Nicotine and Inhalation Impact ." Determine whether the smoker seeks inhalatio nimpact rather than the pharmacological effectof nicotine. "Many of us have argued that itis the pharmacological effect of nicotinewhich the smoker seeks ." However, recentobservations indicate that inhalation impactmay play an important role in theacceptability of a cigarette

Determine whether a cigarette made from de-nicotinized uncased burley has residualimpact which is acceptable to the smoker.1003288120/8121 740403 M WLD Quarterly Report . Publication: "Smoking and Multiple-TaskP Performance." Schori & Jones, VircriniaJournal of Science.

Heart rates increments due to smoking and tophysical exercise are additive, counter topredictions that smokers smoke to decreaseautonomic response to arousal .

1003290519/5031 741023 M Schori/Jones proposal, "Smoking and "For the vast majority of cigarette smokers ,P Aggression." it is very difficult to quit smoking "Determine effects of smoking on aggressionand performance in a simulated driving task.

1003295068/5071 750809 M Ryan and Lieser memo to Dunn re additional Dan Horn suggests that smokers who score highcomments on smoking Behavior following Smoke in Tension Reduction and Physical AddictionDeprivation . categories on his "Why do you smoke?" scale"wll have a particularly hard time in goingoff smoking. "1003293191/3195 760000 M Plans and Objectives . "To determne if quitting success is aC function of delivery levels of cigarettes

smoked prior to quitting." Suggests thatreducing delivery levels may provide astepping stone to quitting, thus posingarisk to the industryAreas: C=Compensation, E=Eectrophysiological, MMotivation/Quitting10872403U=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-38-

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003287994 771010 M WLDMonthly Report . There is no brand or category that stands outas last smoked prior to quitting1000368057/8081 780300 C M Ryan Special Report, "Exit-Brand Cigarettes : "We think that most smokers can be consideredA Study of Ex-Smokers ." nicotine seekers, for the pharmacologicaleffect of nicotine is one of the rewards thatcome fromsmoking. When a smoker quits, heforegoes his accustomed nicotine. The changeis very noticeable, he misses the reward, andso he returns to smoking." "If theindustry's introduction of acceptable low-nicotine products does make it easier fo rdedicated smokers to~cuit, then the wisdom ofthe introduction is open to debate "1000370553/0590 780818 C M Ryan and WLD Behavioral Research Annual Smoking is a "multi-determined behavior . "ReviewPart II "It is the argument of our position that mostcigarettes smoked by most people are 'habitcigarettes it is relatively rare for smokersto ever fall into a need state "1003293314/3321 781213 M Gullotta, Levy and Ryan memo to WLD, "We were unable to conclude that low-deliveryC "Accomplishments, 1978 ." cigarettes wean smokers away from theaccustomed nicotine intakes thus making iteasier to quit". Assume there is adisproportionate number of low deliverysmokers who are health conscious which leadsto higher quit ratios

"Beginning with the assumption that at leastsome people have a developed need fornicotine, we suggested a theoreticalexplanation for their smoking frequency basedupon a homeostatic attempt to keep the amountof nicotine in the system suprathreshold . ""The nicotine intake from the habitcigarettes serves to postpone withdrawalsymptoms associated with need . "

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,10872403d=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-39-9E89zT.0093


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1000377036/7104 790810 C M WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part "modifications in the evoked response wouldE II be result of the effects of nicotine upon the

CN S . VER was modified following cigarette[Dup . 1003720335/0340] smoking of high delivery cig only .2 . Long-term smoke deprivation and brainelectrical activity (Gullotta). Examineeffects of smoking cessation on visual evokedresponse; mood scale interview showedexceptional tiredness, irritabilitysleeplessness . Taken as a whole, brain VERdoes not change following cigarette smokingcessation. "These data further suggest thatthe 'withdrawal' phenomenon often reportedfollowing the cessation of cigarette smokingmay be more behavioral than physiological.Dsturbances of sleep increases inirritability, substitution (i.e., snacking onsweets, potato chips, etc.) suggests thinterruption of well-learned habit ratherthan physiological withdrawal.

1003289036/9095 791100 M Five Year Plan 800000-840000 . To clarify the role and motivational aspectsof nicotine in smoking.1003293063/3064 791112 M WLD Monthly Report, "Smoker Psychology." Nicotine in Saliva .

Determne if the nicotine level in the systemis a cue for smoking.

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,108724030=Gneral, P-=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-40-L E e 9ZiaosZ

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S1003295196/5215 800600 C M Draft of proposal to study psychosocial Determine 1) whether smoking hasP factors influencing smokers of ultra-low psychologically reinforcing value independent

delivery brands . of smoke delivery, and 2) whether the rewardfrom smoking ultra-low delivery cigarettesare different fromthose of high deliverycigarettes and sufficient to maintain thesmoking habit . . "It is of considerableimportance to the cigarette industry toobtain information about the psychosocialfactors motivating smoking behavior, sincethe industry's continued growth may depend tolarge extent on a great understanding of thnon-pharmacological towards received fromsmoking. "1000385482/5522 800801 C M WLD Behavioral Research Annual Report Part The pharmacological reward received fromII nicotine takes over as the primary motivatorfor smoking, and social factors act assecondary motivations which determine smokingrate, style, brand, etc. Another positionwhich PM endorses, is that psychosocialfactors act as primary motivations for themaintenance of a smoking habit . . . . "Asnicotine deliveries fall, wth a trend towardultra lowtar cigarettes, it wll becomincreasingly important for us to gain moreinsight into the nonpharmacological rewardsfromsmoking. If these nonpharmacologicalrewards can be maximized, the marketingposition of Philip Morris can be insulatedagainst the effects of continuing reductionsin nicotine levels "

10872403Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,G = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 41 -

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003289027/9035 811105 C M WLD memo to TSO, "Plans and Objectives - [E]xamine electroneural signals on premiseE 1982 ." that CNSevents reinforce the smoking act.Y P

Study cigarette preference . studyprimary and secondary determinants of smokingbehavior.Focus on why people smoke, "the mostfundamental unanswered question for thecigarette industry today. "Smoking iscomplex behavior requiring any one acombination of neuropharmacological and/orpsycho-social explanations. We now believethat not only do smokers vary amongstthemselves as to their motives for smoking,but a given smoker's motives will vary withpsychological state and circumstance . "

1003155178 830316 C M Charles memo to Osdene, "Why People Smoke ." DeNoble's work has shown that no withdrawalsyndrome occurs following termination ofchronic nicotine administration ; PM cannotdefend against tolerance, since "tolerance tonicotine is a well-established fact . "

Areas : C = Compensation, E= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting10872403(=Gnera, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuaion-42-6C89ZIOOSZ

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTSAREA P

1003286081/6082 000000 C P Presentation by unidentified author re Recommends isolating the predispositionalsmokers' psychology . factor and identifying those who have it ,leaving those not possessing the factor "toenjoy their addiction to the weed withoutapprehension . "

Discusses whether there are certainpsychosocial variables in a personal historythat correlate with smoking and determinewhether an individual will become a smoker.Suggests several reasons why cigarettesmoking is associated with stimulus-seekingbehavior, one of which being thepsychopharmacological effect of nicotine."There is a kick to the endocrinologicalsystem similar to that caused by release o fadrenalin into the system "

1003295236/5237 000000 P "Proposal: Sex Differences in Smoking." Identify and document different meanings ofsmoking for mean and women . . . determinewhether these differences are a result ofwomen's changing roles or do women smoke forentirely different reason than men .1003700128/0133 640305 P WLD memo to the Task Group Surrogate . Summary of strategies involved in theM development of a new product which meetsconsumer needs and does not have propertiesalleged to have an adverse effect uponsmokers' health. Smokers' needs are defined,as found in literature, under four headings :pharmacological, organoleptic, psychomotor,and psychosocial. Regarding pharmacologicalneed, smokers seek the subjective state thatresults fromthe introduction of nicotineI -A into the bloodstream

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 43 -


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003288292/8297 681202 P WLD Annual Report . [Measure physiological events 1) precedingsmoking - motivations or anticipatory

components, 2) during smoking - muscleactivity and inspiration characteristics, and3) following smoking - changes in baselinebody tension which "serve as the basis forthe reinforcement or reward effect of smokeintake . "1003287836/7848 690000 C P Draft of Annual Report to PM Board (first "We share the conviction with others that it

M draft) by VP for R & D. is the pharmacological effect of inhaledsmoke which mediates the smoking habit ." "Wehave, then, as our first. premse, that theprimary motivation for smoking is to obtainthe pharmacological effect of nicotine." "Athe force from the psycholosocial symbolismsubsides, the pharmacological effect takesover to sustain the habit, augmented by thesecondary gratifications." "In fact it isour belief that the ultimate explanation forthe prevalence and the refractory nature ofthe cigarette habit wll be found to residein the beneficial effect of inhaled smokupon the psychological arousal state . "Hypothesis of current research program isthat N pharmacologically intervenes to reducemuscle tension, thus providing relief soughtby the smoker .1003287593 690410 P Ryan memo to WLD re Sex-II . Discuss uncontrollable variables such asclimate and air-conditioning, and the smokingand health hearings, which may affectsubject's intake. Employees may interprethearings as implying they should decreaseintake for health reasons, or may shift

upward due to unease over job security orguilt feelings100344589/4596 690610 P Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Collect smoking histories of residents o f[no author] . penal institutions and psychiatric hospitals

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,1o8124o3d=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-44-Jii89ZT OOSZ

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1000344589/4596 690610 P Outline for Consumer Psychology Annual Report Determine measures discriminating smokers andE [no author] . nonsmokers, deprived and nondeprived smokers ,such as heart rate and nervousness, . .determine role of smoking upon behavioralconsequences of stress.

Determine if smoking affects brain waves viaarousal system.11000273741/3771 691126 C P HRRWpresentation to Board of Directors, "Why do 70 million Americans and countlessC "Smokers Psychology Research ." millions outside of the United States smokedespite parental admonition, doctors '[Dup . 1000273741/3771] warnings, governmental taxes, and healthagency propaganda? What benefits do smokerswittingly or unwittingly find in smoking thatoutweigh the real or imaginary risks that thsame smokers feel? "

Learn more about the psychology of smoking,"hopefully to discover ways to exploit thebenefits of smoking to the advantage andprofitability of our major company business. "

. We are of the conviction, in view ofthe foregoing, that the ultimate explanationfor the perpetuated cigarette habit residesin the pharmacological effect of smoke uponthe body of the smoker, the effect being mostrewarding to the individual under stress . ""The smoker's report of how many cigarettteshe smokes per day is a poor measure of hisactual smoke intake. "Asmoker's intaklevel is determined by the smoker himself ,not by the manufacturer of the cigrettes. "1003287893/7897 691223 P Ryan memo to WLD re proposed research Show that smoking is more probable duringproject, Smoking and Anxiety . anxiety producing situations than in non-stress situations

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,108724030=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-45-zt'89zIQOSz


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003288263/8264 700224 P WLDMonthly Report . Sudy the effect of stress and anxiety onsmoking behavior .1003288243/8245 700515 P WLDAnnual Report . Smokers display a higher anxiety level thannon-smokers. "It is the relationship betweenanxiety and smoking that we now consider tobe of greatest significance to us . . . . Wetake as a working hypothesis that the rewardvalue of inhaled cigarette smoke is afunction of the level of anxiety beingexperienced by the smoker . "1003290714/0722 710302 P Schori proposal, "Smoking and Film-Induced Determine whether smokers can reduce theStress ." severity of stress by smoking.1003295136/5137 710312 P Ryan memo to WLD, "Laboratory Produced There was a positive correlation betweenAnxiety and Smoking Behavior Study II: Trait anxiety score and the number of puffs taken.Anxiety Effects . "1003295134/5135 710312 P Ryan memo to WLD, "Lab Produced Anxiety and Repeat Study II using subjects with moderate

Smoking Behavior Study III : Effect of Trial anxiety scores and run only under smokingDuration." conditions .1003288459/8460 710324 P WLDMonthly Report . Determine whether high-anxiety and low-anxiety smokers will differ in puff placementrelative to stressful events1003288507/8508 710406 P WLD Quarterly Report . Smoking and stress studies in progress: 1C smoking rate as a function of state ofanxiety; 2) smoke consumption as a functionof film-induced stress; 3) effectiveness ofsmoking in increasing efficiency of taskperformance; 4) effect of smoke deprivatio non mood.

Smokers discriminate small increments ofnicotine from 1 .2 mg to 3 .0 mg and prefer thelowest level .

Areas C = Compensation, 8 = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting, - 46-= General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, 3 = Simulation10!72403

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293197/3200 710908 P WLD, Johnston, Ryan, Schori memo to Eichorn, Study the relationship between sustained"Plans for 1972 ." performance and smoking through on-the-jobsituations and a driving task . . .

Investigate the relationship betweenemotional state and smoking. . . .investigate the relationship betweensocioeconomic status and smoking behaviorsuch as whether or not the subject smokes aswell as type and quantity smoked.1003285443 710910 P Martin memo to Special Smoking Panel, "Tar, Asks whether the number of cigarettes smokedC Nicotine and Smoking Behavior ." varied becuase of nicotine level or becauseof acceptability. Aso asks if anyparticular personality factor (fromthepersonality test) is related to the kind ofcigarette preferred1003288504 711004 P WLD Quarterly Report . Schori completed a study on the relationshipof stress and smoking and a study onrelationship of tar and nicotine to smoking

behavior.1003288509/8511 711016- P WLDMonthly Report . Hypothesis: extroverts smoke to increase711115 arousal and introverts smoke to reducearousal .

No difference in performance was foundbetween smoking conditions at any level oftask difficulty. Smokers were less subjectto mood change than non-smokers and deprivedsmokers .Subjects took a greater number of puffs understressful conditions

1003288503 720104 P Schori memo to Eichorn re Quarterly Report, Studies completed this quarter are Stress and711000-711200 . Smoking Behavior; Smoking and Task-InducedStress; and Tar, Nicotine and SmokingBehavior .

Areas: C = Compensation, B = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting ,10872403(i =Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-47-tv~qzToosz


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENT S1003288212/8214 721001- p WLDMonthly Report . Smokers had fewer mood shifts (were more721031 emotionally stable) during monotonous tasksituation than non-smokers or deprivedsmokers . There was no differential responseto fatigue1003293355/3361 721114 C P WLD memo, "1600 Objectives for 1973 ." Identify the significant characteristic ofM the smoker and the significant elements o fthe situation which interact to reinforcesmoking

Determine if smoking can affect the abilityto handle stressDetermine if there are differences betweensmokers, non-smokers, and deprived smokers inspare mental capacity.Considering a study to determine whethersmoking affects driving performance .Compare cigarette consumption with socialclass and personality type .Examine differences in smoking behaviorassociated with differences in smokingmaterial.

1003295122/5125 730000 C P Handwritten report, "Puffing Behavior and Smokers who take many puffs at shortM Personality." intervals appear to be more intelligent, moreimmature, submissive, timid, tender-mindedname, excitable and "to show less will powerin general (that's good--means they'reunlikely to quit) . "

1003288201/8202 730105 P WLD Quarterly Report . Determine effects of smoking upon themagnitude of shifts in arousal level, usingheart rate as the index

10872403Areas : C = Compensation, 3'= Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,0 = General, P = Benefits/Smoker Psychology, S = Simulation - 48 -

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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003293349/3352 730121 P WLD memo re accomplishments of Behavioral No differences in attention were found amongResearch Lab - 1973 . smoking conditions . The groups did notdiffer in terms of the size of the work loadsthey could handle .

Higher consumption rates and greaterpercentage of smokers in lower socioeconomicclasses than in higher socioeconomic classes.Menthol and very low delivery cigarettes weresmoked differently from popular brandcigarettes

1003288190 730404 P WLD Quarterly Report . Publication: "Smoking Behavior : Motives andIncentives"1000353827/3853 730600 P Ryan Special Report, "Laboratory Produced Smoking did not affect accuracy but loweredAnxiety in Smoking Behavior : Puff One ." slightly the time spent before make adecision. Contrary to expectation, nochanges in inter-puff interval or in numberof puffs per cigarette under shockor noshock conditions.1000353953/3992 730600 P Schori/Jones Special Report, "Smoking and No differences in performance efficiencySustained Performance . between smoking conditions . . . . Smokers maybe less subject to mood change than(Dup . 1000048733/87681 nonsmokers and smokers-deprived, but only insituations which produce less than optimalarousal. In situations producing more thanoptimal arousal, smokers may be more subjectto mood change than nonsmokers and smokers-deprived.1003290566/0582 730600 P Special report, "Smoking and Sustained [Manuscript for publication 730921, "SmokingPerformance." and Complex Performance. "1003295105/5107 730613 P Ryan and Hancock memo to WLD, "Research Study the effects of smoking on frustrationProposal Effects of Smoking on Task Produced produced by interference with speechFrustration." patterns. Expect to see improvement inperformance following smoking .


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DOCUMENT ID DATE "C" AREAS DESCRIPTION CONCLUSIONS/COMMENTS1003288167/8168 730917 P WLDMonthly Report . Smoking does not affect attentional capacity .

C Smokers smoked 3 levels of N at 3 levels ofT . 14 mg T and .75 mg. Nmost acceptable .In-house smokers smoked 14 .6 and 20 .7 mg tarcigarettes in a simlar manner

1003290624/0637 730924 P Schori/Jones manuscript, "Smoking and No differences were found among smokingInformational Processing Requirements ." conditions in attentional requirements .1003288162/8163 731212 P WLDMonthly Report . Publication: "Rorschach Factors andSomatotype," Schori, J. Clinical Psych.1003293274/3275 740000 C P "The Behavioral Research Program(Project Identify 1) psychological states induced by1600) ." smoking which reinforce the smoking act and2) smoke components which influence the[Dup . 1003288201/82021 reinforcing psychological effects .

Describe the behaviors whereby the smokerregulates his smoke input.

1003293183/3185 740115 P WLD memo to TSO, "1974 Plans and Objectives ." "Cigarette smoking improves efficiency in theperformance of complex psychological tasks . "Sudy 1) the influence of personalitycharacteristics upon changes in smokingbehavior under arousal, and 2) changes inmood under varied levels of mental work.

1003288120/8121 740403 P WLD Quarterly Report . Publication: "Smoking and Multiple-TaskM Performance." Schori &Jones, VrginiaJournal of Science.Heart rates increments due to smoking and tophysical exercise are additive, counter topredictions that smokers smoke to decreaseautonomic response to arousal .

Areas: C = Compensation, E = Electrophysiological, M = Motivation/Quitting,10872403O=Gneral, P=Benefits/SmokerPsychoogy S=Simuation-50-Lti89Zl 0053

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8/14/2019 REPORT PREPARED BY PHILIP MORRIS

REPORT PREPARED BY PHILIP MORRIS OUTSIDE LITIGATION COUNSEL

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