Report Power Factor Controller

8/11/2019 Report Power Factor Controller

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Acknowledgement

We take immense pleasure in thanking Lect.Mrs.Manjeet Sandhu

and Dr.H.S.Sagar, our beloved Director for having permitted us to

carry out this project ork.

We ish to e!press our deep sense of gratitude to our "nternal

guide, Ms.#ajneesh $aur for her able guidance and useful

suggestions, hich helped us in completing the project ork, in time.

Words are inade%uate in offering our thanks to the &roject 'rainees

and &roject (ssistants, S))S"*' for their encouragement and

cooperation in carrying out the project ork.

+inally, yet importantly, e ould like to e!press our heartfelt thanks

our beloved parents or their blessings, our friends classmates for

their help and ishes for the successful completion of this project.

-arun Dadal/ -Sumit $umar/ -Saminder Singh/


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Certificate

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

'his is to certify that &roject entitled 0Power Factor Controller is

submitted in partial fulfillment for the aard of degree )1'*2H

-*lectronics and 2ommunication *ngineering/ of &unjab 'echnical

3niversity has been successfully completed by Mr.arun Dadal

having #oll 4o. 567898:;;uide &roject 2oordinator H?D 1 *2*


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Certificate

'his is to certify that &roject entitled 0Power Factor Controller is

submitted in partial fulfillment for the aard of degree )1'*2H

-*lectronics and 2ommunication *ngineering/ of &unjab 'echnical

3niversity has been successfully completed by Mr.Saminder Singh

having #oll 4o. 567898:;:7.

He has done as good job under my guidance=supervision.

-Mrs.Manjeet Sandhu/ -Ms.#ajneesh $aur/ -Dr.&arampal Singh/

&roject >uide &roject 2oordinator H?D 1 *2*


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'able of 2ontents

@. "ntroduction to the &roject.

A. )lock Diagram


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! Introd"ction#

'he poer factor of an (2 electrical poer system is defined as the ratio of the

real poer floing to the load, to the apparent poer in the circuit, and is a

dimensionless number beteen 1@ and @. #eal poer is the capacity of the

circuit for performing ork in a particular time. (pparent poer is the product of

the current and voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and

returned to the source, or due to a non1linear load that distorts the ave shape

of the current dran from the source, the apparent poer ill be greater than

the real poer. ( negative poer factor occurs hen the device hich is

normally the load generates poer hich then flos back toards the device

hich is normally considered the generator.

"n an electric poer system, a load ith a lo poer factor dras more current

than a load ith a high poer factor for the same amount of useful poer

transferred. 'he higher currents increase the energy lost in the distribution

system, and re%uire larger ires and other e%uipment. )ecause of the costs of

larger e%uipment and asted energy, electrical utilities ill usually charge a

higher cost to industrial or commercial customers here there is a lo poer

factor.

Linear loads ith lo poer factor -such as induction motors/ can be corrected

ith a passive netork of capacitors or inductors. 4on1linear loads, such as

rectifiers, distort the current dran from the system. "n such cases, active or

passive poer factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and

raise the poer factor. 'he devices for correction of the poer factor may be at

a central substation, spread out over a distribution system, or built into poer1

consuming e%uipment.


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$! %lock &iagram#'

&oerSupply

"ncrementSitch

687@

#elay

L*D

DecrementSitch

L2D


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(! Circ"it &iagram ) Main Circ"it#'


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*! +i,t of Com-onent,#'

.!No! Com-onent /t0!

@ "26;287@, @

A 2rystal B @A MHC @

< 2ap B


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1!Working#'

"n our project e have to sitches through hich e can change the value of

poer factor -one for increment and other for decrement/ and to observe the

output e have a relay circuit, if the value of poer factor increases then at a

certain level relay ill sitch into on state automatically hich ill further sitch

on the L*D hich shos that the capacitive load is added. Here @5!A L2D ill

be used to display &oer +actor value.


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2! Microcontroller 34516#'

WE+COME TO THE WOR+& OF THE

MICROCONTRO++ER.!

Look around. 4otice the smart 0intelligentE systemsF )e it the '., ashing

machines, video games, telephones, automobiles, aero planes, poer systems,

or any application having a L*D or a L2D as a user interface, the control is

likely to be in the hands of a micro controllerG

Measure and control, thats here the micro controller is at its best.

Micro controllers are here to stay. >oing by the current trend, it is obvious that

micro controllers ill be playing bigger and bigger roles in the different activities

of our lives.

'hese embedded chips are very small, but are designed to replace components

much bigger and bulky in siCe. 'hey process information very intelligently and

efficiently. 'hey sense the environment around them. 'he signals they gather

are tuned into digital data that streams through tributaries of circuit lines at the

speed of light. "nside the microprocessor collates and calculators. 'he softare

has middling intelligence. 'hen in a split second, the processed streams are

shoved out.


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A note on ROM#

'he early 687@, namely the 68


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&ifferent microcontroller, in market!

&"2 K

?ne of the famous microcontrollers used in the industries. "t is based on#"S2 (rchitecture hich makes the microcontroller process faster than other

microcontroller.

"4'*LK

'hese are the first to manufacture microcontrollers. 'hese are not as

sophisticated other microcontrollers but still the easiest one to learn.

('M*LK

(tmels (# microcontrollers are one of the most poerful in the embedded

industry. 'his is the only microcontroller having @kb of ram even the entry

stage. )ut it is unfortunate that in "ndia e are unable to find this kind of

microcontroller.

Intel 451

"ntel 687@ is 2"S2 architecture hich is easy to program in assembly language

and also has a good support for High level languages.

'he memory of the microcontroller can be e!tended up to 59k.

'his microcontroller is one of the easiest microcontrollers to learn.

'he 687@ microcontroller is in the field for more than A8 years. 'here are lots of

books and study materials are readily available for 687@.


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&eri9ati9e,'he best thing done by "ntel is to give the designs of the 687@ microcontroller to

everyone. So it is not the fact that "ntel is the only manufacture for the 687@

there more than A8 manufactures, ith each of minimum A8 models. Literally

there are hundreds of models of 687@ microcontroller available in market to

choose. Some of the major manufactures of 687@ are

(tmel

&hilips

P7ili-,

'he &hilipss 687@ derivatives has more number of features than in any

microcontroller. 'he costs of the &hilips microcontrollers are higher than the

(tmels hich makes us to choose (tmel more often than &hilips.

&alla,#

allas has made many revolutions in the semiconductor market. Dallass 687@

derivative is the fastest one in the market. "t orks < times as fast as a 687@ can

process. )ut e are unable to get more in "ndia.

Atmel#

'hese people ere the one to master the flash devices. 'hey are the

cheapest microcontroller available in the market. (tmels even introduced a

A8pin variant of 687@ named A87@. 'he (tmels 687@ derivatives can be got in

"ndia less than :8 rupees. 'here are lots of cheap programmers available in

"ndia for (tmel. So it is alays good for students to stick ith 687@ hen you

learn a ne microcontroller.


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1!$ Arc7itect"re(rchitecture is must to learn because before learning ne machine it is

necessary to learn the capabilities of the machine. 'his is some thing like before

learning about the car you cannot become a good driver. 'he architecture of the

687@ is given belo.

'he 687@ doesnt have any special feature than other microcontroller. 'he only

feature is that it is easy to learn. (rchitecture makes us to kno about the

hardare features of the microcontroller. 'he features of the 687@ are

9$ )ytes of +lash Memory

@A6 ! 61)it "nternal #(M

+ully Static ?perationK @ MHC to A9 MHC


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'his is an assembly language instruction. "t means e are instructing the

microcontroller to put a value of Cero in bit Cero of port one. 'his instruction is

e%uivalent to telling the microcontroller to sitch on the bulb. 'he instruction

then to instruct the microcontroller to sitch off the bulb is,

.et -!5

'his instructs the microcontroller to put a value of one in bit Cero of port one.

Dont orry about hat bit Cero and port one means. We shall learn it in more

detail as e proceed.

'here are a set of ell defined instructions, hich are used hile

communicating ith the microcontroller. *ach of these instructions re%uires a

standard number of cycles to e!ecute. 'he cycle could be one or more in

number.

Ho is this time then calculatedF

'he speed ith hich a microcontroller e!ecutes instructions is determined by

hat is knon as the crystal speed. ( crystal is a component connected

e!ternally to the microcontroller. 'he crystal has different values, and some of

the used values are 5MHN, @8MHN, and @@.87; MHC etc.

'hus a @8MHN crystal ould pulse at the rate of @8,888,888 times per second.

'he time is calculated using the formula.

4o of cycles per second J 2rystal fre%uency in HN = @A.

+or a @8MHN crystal the number of cycles ould be,

@8,888,888=@AJ6


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'his means that in one second, the microcontroller ould e!ecute

6


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'hus an 61bit notation ould indicate that the ma!imum value that can be input

into these registers is @@@@@@@@. &uCCledF

'he value is not decimal @@@, @@,@@@G "t represents a binary number, having an

e%uivalent value of ++ in He!adecimal and a value of A77 in decimal.

We shall read in more detail on the different numbering systems namely the

)inary and He!adecimal system in our ne!t module.

$! *> on'c7i- ROM

?nce you have ritten out the instructions for the microcontroller, here do you

put these instructionsF

?bviously you ould like these instructions to be safe, and not get deleted or

changed during e!ecution. Hence you ould load it into the #?M

'he siCe of the program you rite is bound to vary depending on the application,

and the number of lines. 'he 687@ microcontroller gives you space to load up to

9$ of program siCe into the internal #?M.

9$, thats allF Well just ait. Pou ould be surprised at the amount of stuff you

can load in this 9$ of space.

?f course you could alays e!tend the space by connecting to 59$ of e!ternal

#?M if re%uired.

(! $4 80te, on'c7i- RAM

'his is the space provided for e!ecuting the program in terms of moving data,

storing data etc.


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*! ($ I?O line,! 3Fo"r' 4 8it -ort,@ la8eled P5@ P@ P$@ P(6

"n our bulb e!ample, e used the notation [email protected]. 'his means bit Cero of port one.

?ne bit controls one bulb.

'hus-ort oneould have 6 bits. 'here are a total of four ports named p8, p@,

pA, p


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! 1' interr"-t ,o"rce, wit7 two -riorit0 le9el, 3Two e:ternal and t7ree

internal6

During the discussion on the timers, e had indicated that the timers can trigger

a branch in the main program. Hoever, hat ould e do in case e ould

like the microcontroller to take the branch, and then return back to the main

program, ithout having to constantly check hether the re%uired time = count

has been reachedF

'his is here the interrupts come into play. 'hese can be set to either the

timers, or to some e!ternal events. Whenever the background program has

reached the re%uired criteria in terms of time or count or an e!ternal event, the

branch is taken, and on completion of the branch, the control returns to the main

program.

&riority levels indicate hich interrupt is more important, and needs to be

e!ecuted first in case to interrupts occur at the same time.

4! On'c7i- clock o,cillator!

'his represents the oscillator circuits ithin the microcontroller. 'hus thehardare is reduced to just simply connecting an e!ternal crystal, to achieve there%uired pulsing rate.


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1!( PIN &e,cri-tion OF IC 4BC1!

."--l0 pin of this ic is pin no 98. 4ormally e apply a 7 volt

regulated dc poer supply to this pin. +or this purpose either e use

step don transformer poer supply or e use ; volt battery ith

:687 regulator.

$ ro"ndpin of this ic is pin no A8. &in no A8 is normally connected to

the ground pin -4ormally negative point of the poer supply.

( DTA+ is connected to the pin no @6 and pin no @; of this ic. 'he

%uartC crystal oscillator connected to Q'(L@ and Q'(LA &"4. 'hese

pins also needs to capacitors of


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2! PORT. (LL the ports in microcontroller are 6 bit ide -in no to -in

no 4because it is a 6 bit controller. (ll the main register and sfr all is

mainly 6 bit ide. &ort @ is also occupies a 6 pins. )ut there is no need

of pull up resistor in this port. 3pon reset port @ act as a input port. 3pon

reset all the ports act as a input port

:. ORT$!&ort A also have a 6 pins. "t can be used as a input or output.

'here is no need of any pull up resistor to this pin!

6. PORT (. &ort< occupies a total 6 pins from pin no @8 to pin no @:. "t can

be used as input or output. &ort < does not re%uire any pull up resistor.

'he same as port @ and portA. &ort < is configured as an output port

on reset. &ort < has the additional function of providing some

important signals such as interrupts. &ort < also use for serial

communication.

;. A+E (L* is an output pin and is active high. When connecting an 68


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1!* .PECIA+ F;NCTION REI.TER 3 .FR6 A&&RE..E.!

(22 (223M3L('?# 8*8H

) ) #*>"S'*# 8+8H

&SW ?>#(M S'('3S W?#D 8D8H

S& S'(2$ &?"4'*# 6@H

D&'# D('( &?"4'*# A )P'*S

D&L L?W )P'* ?+ D&'# 6AH

D&H H">H )P'* ?+ D&'# 6H )P'* 62H

'L? '"M*# 8 L?W )P'* 6(H


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'H@ '"M*# @ H">H )P'* 6DH

'L@ '"M*# @ L?W )P'* 6)H

S2?4S*#"(L 2?4'#?L ;6H

S)3+ S*#"(L D('( )3++*# ;;H

&2?4&?W*# 2?4'#?L 6:H


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1!1 In,tr"ction,#'

.ingle %it In,tr"ction,#'

.ET% %IT S*' 'H* )"' J@

C+R %IT 2L*(# 'H* )"' J8

CP+ %IT 2?M&L"M*4' 'H* )"' 8 J@, @J8

% %IT@ TARET O3M& '? '(#>*' "+ )"' J@

N% %IT@ TARET O3M& '? '(#>*' "+ )"' J8

%C %IT@ TARET O3M& '? '(#>*' "+ )"' J@ 'H*4 2L*(# 'H*)"'

MO IN.TR;CTION.

M? instruction simply copy the data from one location to another location

MO &@ .

2opy the data from-S/ source to D-destination/

MO R5@A R 2opy contents of ( into #egister #8

MO R@A R 2opy contents of ( into register #@

MO A@R( R 2opy contents of #egister #< into (ccumulator.


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D"#*2' L?(D"4> 'H#?3>H M?

MO A@G$(H R Direct load the value of A


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ACA++ is a limit for the A k byte program counter, but for upto 59k byte e useL2(LL instructions.. 4ote that L2(LL is a < byteinstructions. (2(LL is a to byte instructions.

AMP TARET A&&RE...

'his is for absolute jump

AMP stand for absolute jump. "t transfers program e!ecution to the target

address unconditionally. 'he target address for this

instruction must be ithin A k byte of program memory.

+MP is also for absolute jump. "t transfers program e!ecution to the target

address unconditionally. 'his is a < byte instructions LOM&

jump to any address ithin 59 k byte location.

IN.TR;CTION. RE+ATE& TO THE CARRY

C TARET

O3M& '? 'H* '(#>*' "+ 2P +L(> J@

NC TARET

O3M& '? 'H* '(#>*' (DD#*SS "+ 2P +L(> "S J 8

IN.TR;CTION. RE+A.TE& TO ;MP WITH ACC;M;+ATOR

TARET

O3M& '? '(#>*' "+ ( J 8


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N TARET

O3M& "+ (223M3L('?# "S 4?' N*#?

'his instruction jumps if register ( has a value other than Cero

IN.TR;CTION. RE+ATE& TO THE ROTATE

#L (

#?'('* L*+' 'H* (223M3L('?#

)P 'his instruction e rotate the bits of ( left. 'he bits rotated out of ( are

rotated back into ( at the opposite end

## (

)y this instruction e rotate the contents of the accumulator from right to left

from LS) to MS)

##2 (

'his is same as ## ( but difference is that the bit rotated out of register first

enter in to carry and then enter into MS)

R+C A

#otate Left through carry.

Same as above but shift the data from MS) to carry and carry to LS)


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RET

'his is return from subroutine. 'his instruction is used to return from a

subroutine previously entered by instructions L2(LL and (2(LL.

RET

'his is used at the end of an interrupt service routine. We use this instruction

after interrupt routine,

P;.H!

'his copies the indicated byte onto the stack and increments S& by one. 'his

instruction supports only direct addressing mode.

POP!

&?& +#?M S'(2$.

'his copies the byte pointed to be S& to the location hose direct address is

indicated, and decrements S& by @. 4otice that this instruction supports only

direct addressing mode.

&PTR In,tr"ction,#

MO &PTR@G2 %IT A+;E

L?(D D('( &?"4'*#


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D*2 )P'*

'his instruction subtracts @ from the byte operand. 4ote that 2P is unchanged

D*2 (

D*2 #n

D*2 D"#*2'

Arit7metic In,tr"ction,#

(4L test1byte, source1byte

'his perform a logical (4D operation

'his performs a logical (4D on the operands, bit by bit, storing the result in the

destination. 4otice that both the source and destination values are byte BsiCe

only

D" ()

'his instruction divides a byte accumulator by the byte in register ). "t isassumed that both register ( and ) contain an unsigned byte. (fter the divisionthe %uotient ill be in register ( and the remainder in register ).

'M?D -'"M*# M?D*/ #*>"S'*#

)oth timers is the 6;c7@ share one register 'M?D. 9 LS) bit for the timer 8 and

9 MS) for the timer @.


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"n each case loer A bits set the mode of the timer

3pper to bits set the operations.

ATE# >ating control hen set. 'imer=counter is enabled only hile the "4'Q

pin is high and the '#! control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled

henever the '#! control bit is set

C?T#'imer or counter selected cleared for timer operation - input from internal

system clock/

M@ Mode bit @

M8 Mode bit 8

M M5 MO&E OPERATIN MO&E

8 8 8 @< )"' '"M*#=M?D*

8 @ @ @5 )"' '"M*# M?D*

@ 8 A 6 )"' (3'? #*L?(D

@ @ < S&L"' '"M*# M?D*

&SW - ?>#(M S'('3S W?#D/


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PCON REI.ATER 3 NON %IT A&&RE..A%+E6

"f the SM?D J 8 - D*+(3L' ?4 #*S*'/

'H@ J 2#PS'(L +#*T3*42P

A751111 UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU


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&2?4 register is an 6 bit register. ?f the 6 bits, some are unused, and some are

used for the poer control capability of the 687@. 'he bit hich is used for the

serial communication is D:, the SM?D bit. When the 687@ is poered up, D:

- SM?D )"'/ ?+ &2?4 register is Cero. We can set it to high by softare and

thereby double the baud rate

)aud #ate 2omparison for SM?D J 8 (4D SM?D J@

TH 3 &ECIMA+6 HED .MO& 5 .MO&

1< +D ;588 @;A8815 +( 9688 ;5881@A +9 A988 96881A9 *6 @A88 A988

DTA+ !51B$ MH

"* -"4'*##3&' *4()L* #*>"S'?#/

*( "*.: Disable all interrupts if *( J 8, no interrupts is acknoledged

"f *( is @, each interrupt source is individually enabled or disabled

)y sending or clearing its enable bit.


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"*.5 4?' implemented

*'A "*.7 enables or disables timer A overflag in 6;c7A only

*S "*.9 *nables or disables all serial interrupt

*'@ "*.< *nables or Disables timer @ overflo interrupt

*Q@ "*.A *nables or disables e!ternal interrupt

*'8 "*.@ *nables or Disables timer 8 interrupt.

*Q8 "*.8 *nables or Disables e!ternal interrupt 8


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"4'*##3&' "?#"'P #*>"S'*#

"f the bit is 8, the corresponding interrupt has a loer priority and if the bit is @

the corresponding interrupt has a higher priority

"&.: 4ot "mplemented, #eserved +or +uture 3se.

"&.5 4ot "mplemented, #eserved +or +uture 3se

&'A "&.7 Define the 'imer A "nterrupt &riority Level

&S "&.9 Defines the Serial &ort "nterrupt &riority Level

&'@ "&.< Defines the 'imer @ "nterrupt &riority Level

&Q@ "&.A Defines *!ternal "nterrupt @ &riority Level

&'8 "&.@ Defines the 'imer 8 "nterrupt &riority Level

&Q8 "&.8 Defines the *!ternal "nterrupt 8 &riority Level

S2?4K S*#"(L &?#' 2?4'#?L #*>"S'*# , )"' (DD#*SS()L*


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S2?4

SM8 K S2?4.: Serial &ort mode specifier

SM@ K S2?4.5 Serial &ort mode specifier

SMA K S2?4.7

#*4 K S2?4.9 Set=cleared by the softare to *nable=disable reception

')6 K S2?4.< the ;thbit that ill be transmitted in modes A and


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Modes. Must be cleared by softare

#@ S2?4.8 #eceive interrupt flag. Set by hardare at the end of the

6thbit

'ime in mode 8, or halfay through the stop bit time in the

other

Modes. Must be cleared by the softare.

CON TIMER CO;NTER CONTRO+ REI.TER

'his is a bit addressable

'+@ '2?4.: 'imer @ overflo flag. Set by hardare hen the

'imer=2ounter @

?verflos. 2leared by hardare as processor

'#@ '2?4.5 'imer @ run control bit. Set=cleared by softare to turn 'imer

2ounter @ ?n=off

'+8 '2?4.7 'imer 8 overflo flag. Set by hardare hen the

timer=counter 8

?verflos. 2leared by hardare as processor

'#8 '2?4.9 'imer 8 run control bit. Set=cleared by softare to turn timer

2ounter 8 on=off.

"*@ '2?4.< *!ternal interrupt @ edge flag

"'" '2?4.A "nterrupt @ type control bit

"*8 '2?4.@ *!ternal interrupt 8 edge

"'8 '2?4.8 "nterrupt 8 type control bit.


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"42 #n "ncrement register. @ @

"42 direct "ncrement direct byte. A @

"42 #i "ncrement indirect #(M. @ @

D*2 ( Decrement (22. @ @

D*2 #n Decrement register. @ @

D*2 direct Decrement direct byte. A @

D*2 #i Decrement indirect #(M. @ @

"42 D&'# "ncrement data pointer. @ A

M3L () Multiply ( and ) #esultK ( 1 lo byte, ) 1 high byte. @ 9

D" () Divide ( by ) #esultK ( 1 hole part, ) 1 remainder. @ 9

D( ( Decimal adjust (22. @ @

+ogical O-eration,

Mnemonic Description SiCe 2ycles

(4L (,#n (4D #egister to (22. @ @


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(4L (,direct (4D direct byte to (22. A @

(4L (,#i (4D indirect #(M to (22. @ @

(4L (,Vdata (4D immediate data to (22. A @

(4L direct,( (4D (22 to direct byte. A @

(4L direct,Vdata (4D immediate data to direct byte. < A

?#L (,#n ?# #egister to (22. @ @

?#L (,direct ?# direct byte to (22. A @

?#L (,#i ?# indirect #(M to (22. @ @

?#L (,Vdata ?# immediate data to (22. A @

?#L direct,( ?# (22 to direct byte. A @

?#L direct,Vdata ?# immediate data to direct byte. < A

Q#L (,#n *!clusive ?# #egister to (22. @ @

Q#L (,direct *!clusive ?# direct byte to (22. A @

Q#L (,#i *!clusive ?# indirect #(M to (22. @ @

Q#L (,Vdata *!clusive ?# immediate data to (22. A @

Q#L direct,( *!clusive ?# (22 to direct byte. A @


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Q#L direct,Vdata Q?# immediate data to direct byte. < A

2L# ( 2lear (22 -set all bits to Cero/. @ @

2&L ( 2ompliment (22. @ @

#L ( #otate (22 left. @ @

#L2 ( #otate (22 left through carry. @ @

## ( #otate (22 right. @ @

##2 ( #otate (22 right through carry. @ @

SW(& ( Sap nibbles ithin (22. @ @

&ata Tran,fer


M? (,#n Move register to (22. @ @

M? (,direct Move direct byte to (22. A @


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M? (,#i Move indirect #(M to (22. @ @

M? (,Vdata Move immediate data to (22. A @

M? #n,( Move (22 to register. @ @

M? #n,direct Move direct byte to register. A A

M? #n,Vdata Move immediate data to register. A @

M? direct,( Move (22 to direct byte. A @

M? direct,#n Move register to direct byte. A A

M? direct,direct Move direct byte to direct byte. < A

M? direct,#i Move indirect #(M to direct byte. A A

M? direct,Vdata Move immediate data to direct byte. < A

M? #i,( Move (22 to indirect #(M. @ @

M? #i,direct Move direct byte to indirect #(M. A A

M? #i,Vdata Move immediate data to indirect #(M. A @

M? D&'#,Vdata@5 Move immediate @5 bit data to data pointer register.

< A

M?2 (,(D&'# Move code byte relative to D&'# to (22 -@5 bit address/.

@ A

M?2 (,(&2 Move code byte relative to &2 to (22 -@5 bit address/.


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2L# bit clear direct bit. A @

S*') 2 Set carry flag. @ @

S*') bitSet direct bit A @

2&L 2 2ompliment carry flag. @ @

2&L bit 2ompliment direct bit. A @

(4L 2,bit (4D direct bit to carry flag. A A

(4L 2,=bit (4D compliment of direct bit to carry. A A

?#L 2,bit ?# direct bit to carry flag. A A

?#L 2,=bit ?# compliment of direct bit to carry. A A

M? 2,bit Move direct bit to carry flag. A @

M? bit,2 Move carry to direct bit. A A

O2 rel Oump if carry is set. A A

O42 rel Oump if carry is not set. A A

O) bit,rel Oump if direct bit is set. < A

O4) bit,rel Oump if direct bit is not set. < A

O)2 bit,rel Oump if direct bit is set clear bit. < A


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Program %ranc7ing


(2(LL addr@@ (bsolute subroutine call. A A

L2(LL addr@5 Long subroutine call. < A

#*' #eturn from subroutine. @ A

#*'" #eturn from interrupt. @ A

(OM& addr@@ (bsolute jump. A A

LOM& addr@5 Long jump. < A

SOM& rel Short jump -relative address/. A A

OM& (D&'# Oump indirect relative to the D&'# @ A

ON rel Oump relative if (22 is Cero. A A

O4N rel Oump relative if (22 is not Cero. A A

2O4* (,direct,rel 2ompare direct byte to (22 and jump if not e%ual.

< A

2O4* (,Vdata,rel 2ompare immediate byte to (22 and jump if not e%ual.

< A


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2O4* #n,Vdata,rel 2ompare immediate byte to register and jump if not e%ual.

< A

2O4* #i,Vdata,rel 2ompare immediate byte to indirect and jump if not e%ual.

< A

DO4N #n,rel Decrement register and jump if not Cero. A A

DO4N direct,rel Decrement direct byte and jump if not Cero. < A

?ther "nstructions


4?& 4o operation. @ @

2 Power ."--l0 Circ"it#'

Tran,former#'


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'ransformer orks on the principle of mutual inductance. We kno that if to

coils or indings are placed on the core of iron, and if e pass alternating

current in one inding, back emf or induced voltage is produced in the second

inding. We kno that alternating current alays changes ith the time. So if

e apply (2 voltage across one inding, a voltage ill be induced in the other

inding. 'ransformer orks on this same principle. "t is made of to indings

ound around the same core of iron. 'he inding to hich (2 voltage is applied

is called primary inding. 'he other inding is called as secondary inding.

oltage and current relationshipK

Let @volts be input alternating voltage applied to primary inding. " @(mp is

input alternating current through primary inding. Avolt is output alternating

voltage produced in the secondary. "A amp be the current floing through the

secondary.

'hen relationship beteen input and output voltages is given by

@=AJ 4@=4A

#elationship beteen input and output currents is

"@="AJ 4A=4@

-Where 4@ is no. of turns of coil in primary and 4A is number of turns in

secondary /

We kno that &oer J 2urrent Q oltage. "t is to be noted that input poer is

e%ual to output poer. &oer is not changed. "f Ais greater than @, then "Aill

be less than "@. 'his type of transformer is called as step up transformer. "f @is

greater than A, then "@ill be less than "A. 'his type of transformer is called as

step don transformer.


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+or step up transformer, 4AX4@, i.e., number of turns of secondary inding is

more than those in primary.

+or step don transformer, 4@X4A, i.e., numbers of turns of primary inding is

more than those in secondary.

#*S"S'?#S

'he flo of charge -or current/ through any material, encounters an opposing

force similar in many respect to mechanical friction. 'his opposing force is called

resistance of the material. "t is measured in ohms. "n some electric circuits

resistance is deliberately introduced in the form of the resistor.

#esistors are of folloing typesK

@. Wire ound resistors.

A. 2arbon resistors.


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?range

Pello

>reen

)lue

iolet

>rey

White

>old

Silver

H level or to the output

of another "2.

!%i8iliogra-70

@. *D2 by Sanjeev >upta.

A. 687@ Microcontroller by $ennith (yala


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Report Power Factor Controller

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