REPORT ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 2009–2010 - … · his.Ph..D..as .“doctor.of ......

REPORT ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 2009–2010

The henryk niewodniczański insTiTuTe of nuclear Physics

Polish academy of sciences

kraków, Poland

Report on researchactivities 2009–2010

Report on research activities 2009–2010

Radzikowskiego 15231–342 Kraków, Polandhttp://www.ifj.edu.pl

Phone: +48-12-6628200Fax: +48-12-6628458

e-mail: [email protected]

The Henryk Niewodniczanski

Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences

´

September 2011

Edited by

W. Broniowski, M. Budzanowski, B. Brzezicka, S. Jadach, M. Jeżabek, M. Kot, M. Kowalski, S. Kwieciński, M. Lekka, T. Lesiak, A. Maj,

M. Marszałek, M. Massalska-Arodź, J. Mosurek, P. Olko, M. Skrzypek, M. Stodulski, H. Szymańska, J. Turnau, T. Wasiutyński, B. Wosiek,

O. Woźnicka, U. Woźnicka, P. Zielinski

Language editing

B. Murzyn

Typesetting and front cover artwork

A. Kendziak

Preface............................................................................................................................................................ . v

Research HighlightsI.. Division.of.Particle.Physics.and.Astrophysics.................................................................................. . 3

II.. Division.of.Nuclear.Physics.and.Strong.Interactions...................................................................... . 17

III.. Division.of.Condensed.Matter.Physics.............................................................................................. . 37

IV.. Division.of.Theoretical.Physics............................................................................................................ . 59

V.. Division.of.Applied.Physics.and.Interdisciplinary.Research..................................................................... . 75

VI.. Division.of.Scientific.Equipment.and.Infrastructure.Construction.(DAI)............................. . 93

VII.. Accredited.Laboratories......................................................................................................................... . 101

AnnexesA.. Structure.of.the.Institute........................................................................................................................ . III

A.1. Directorate.......................................................................................................................................... . IIIA.2. Scientific.Council............................................................................................................................... . IVA.3. Scientific.Divisions............................................................................................................................. . VIIA.4. Centers.of.Excellence.and.Centers.of.Advanced.Technology........................................................ . IXA.5. Awards................................................................................................................................................. . XA.6. Conferences......................................................................................................................................... . XIA.7. UE.Programs,.Consortia,.National.Networks............................................................................... . XV

B.. Research.Infrastructures......................................................................................................................... . XIX

C.. International.PhD.Studies.at.IFJ.PAN.............................................................................................. . XXIII

D.. Education.and.Popularization.............................................................................................................. . XXIV

contents

Preface v

the.“Report.on.Research.Activities.2009-2010”.reviews.the.major.topics.studied.and.activities.performed.over.the.last.two.years.at.the.Henryk.Niewodniczański.

Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics,.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences.(IFJ.PAN).IFJ.PAN.is.the. largest.research. institute.of. the.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences..The.

broad.range.of.studies.and.activities.of.IFJ.PAN.includes.basic.and.applied.research,.ranging.from.particle.physics.and.astrophysics,. through.hadron.physics,.high-,.medi-um-,. and. low-energy. nuclear. physics,. condensed. matter. physics. (including. materials.engineering),.to.various.applications.of.methods.of.nuclear.physics.in.interdisciplinary.research,.covering.chemistry,.biology.and.other.related.disciplines..Experimental.stud-ies.concerning.basic.research,.supported.by.specialized.teams.of.theoretical.physicists,.are.carried.out.at.the.Division.of.Particle.Physics.and.Astrophysics,.Division.of.Nu-clear.Physics.and.Strong.Interactions.and.Division.of.Condensed.Matter.Physics..The.Division.of.Applications.of.Physics.and. Interdisciplinary.Research.performs.applied.research,.while.the.work.of.the.Division.of.Theoretical.Physics,.whose.area.of.interest.covers.not.only.basic.research. in.nuclear.physics.but.also.applications.of.methods.of.theoretical.physics.in.complex.systems.such.as.the.human.brain.or.financial.institutions,.also.plays.a.very.important.role.in.the.Institute..

The.extremely.wide.range.of.research.conducted.in.IFJ.PAN.would.not.be.possible.without.intensive.international.co-operation..Participation.in.large.scale.experiments,.conducted.by.global.research.collaborations. is. the.pride.of.the.Institute..In.the.years.2009-2010.the.most.important.event.in.international.research.was.the.re-start.of.the.Large.Hadron.Collider.at.CERN.near.Geneva..Physicists.from.IFJ.PAN.participate.in.the.three.major.experiments.at.the.LHC..Together.with.the.global.community.of.scien-tists.we.are.eagerly.awaiting.the.scientific.breakthroughs.and.discoveries.which.will.un-doubtedly.follow.from.the.operation.of.the.LHC.-.the.largest.accelerator.in.the.world.

The.second.major.achievement.of.the.Institute.over.the.years.2009-2010.was.to.de-velop.a.method.of.radiotherapy.of.eye.melanoma.using.the.proton.beam.of.its.AIC-144.cyclotron..In.early.spring.of.2011.the.first.nine.patients.were.treated.using.this.method..Further.development.of.hadron.radiotherapy.and.construction.at.IFJ.PAN.of.the.first.dedicated.centre.of.proton.radiotherapy.in.Poland.will.remain.among.the.most.impor-tant.goals.of.IFJ.PAN..

Our.Institute. is.actively. involved. in.developing.the.future.design.of.scientific. infra-structure.in.Europe.and.globally..Activity.in.this.area.is.very.important.as.it.enables.the.Institute’s.research.teams.as.well.as.those.of.other.Polish.research.centres.to.gain.access.to.unique.research.equipment.and.to.work.in.world’s.best.research.centres.and.laboratories..

Many.methods.developed.within.basic.research.activities.have.found.applications.in.scientific.services.offered.by.several.accredited.laboratories.which.operate.at.IFJ.PAN..

PRefAce

vi Preface

This.report.is.dedicated.to.the.memory.of.Professor.Andrzej.Budzanowski,.past-Director. of. the. Institute,. a. prominent. Polish. physicist,. teacher. and. mentor. of. sev-eral. generations. of. physicists. in. Poland.. Continuing. the. work. of. Professor. Henryk.Niewodniczański,.the.founder.and.patron.of.IFJ.PAN,.Professor.Andrzej.Budzanowski.became.one.of.the.most.important.figures.in.the.Institute’s.over.50-year.history..Were.it.not.for.his.vision,.perseverance.and.unique.scientific.ability,.the.Institute.would.have.never.reached.its.present.national.and.international.status..

MarekJeżabekDirectorGeneral

Preface vii

Professor. Andrzej. Budza.nowski.was.born.on.March.13,.1933.in.

Lviv. (presently.Ukraine),.where.he.also.received.his.primary.education..In.1945,.at.the.end.of.World.War.II,.as.a 12-year-old.boy,.he.moved.to.Cracow.to.continue.his.education.

In. the. trying. years. of. 1950-1955.he. studied. Physics. at. the. Jagiellonian.University,.where.he.obtained.his.Mas-ter.of.Science.degree.in.1955..From.the.very.beginning.of.his.scientific.career.he.had.collaborated.with.Professor.Henryk.Niewodniczański.. In. 1961. he. received.his. Ph.. D.. as. “doctor. of. mathematical.and. physical. sciences”.. In. 1966,. at. the.age.of.33,.he.completed.his.habilitation.

thesis.entitled.“Inelastic.scattering.of.alpha.particles.on.nuclei”,.which.was.very.early,.even.considering.present.standards.

In.1978,.for.his.achievements.in.nuclear.physics,.he.was.nominated.Professor.of.Physics..He.held.the.position.of.Professor.of.Physics.at.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics.until.the.end.of.his.life..Up.to.1998,.he.was.also.Professor.of.Physics.at.the.Jagiellonian.University..For.many.years.he.headed.the.Department.of.Nuclear.Reactions.at.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics..Over.a.period.of.fourteen.years.(1990-2004).he.was.Director.General.of.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics..It.was.thanks.to.his.efforts.that.the.Institute.of.Nu-clear.Physics.finally.joined.the.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences.in.2004..He.also.promoted.the.development.of.a.fast.neutron.radiotherapy.facility.at.the.Institute,.based.on.the.U-120.cyclotron.and.later.encouraged.the.development.of.proton.radiotherapy.there,.using.the.AIC-144.cyclotron.

His.studies.on.heavy.ion.collisions.are.well.known.all.over.the.world..Professor.Budzanowski.was.one.of.the.first.to.observe.and.interpret.back-angle.enhancement.of.the.cross.section.in.light-ion.collisions,.the.so-called.“glory.effect”..He.was.also.the.first.to.observe.break-up.of.the.strongly.bound.alpha.particle..He.was.actively.involved.in.studies.of.multifragmentation.of.nuclei.and.nuclear.phase.transitions,.including.the.transition.to.quark-gluon.plasma..Over.the.recent.years.he.worked.on.close-to-threshold.production.of.mesons.in.elementary.hadron-hadron,.and.on.proton-nucleus.collisions..He.was.a.teacher.and.master.of.two.generations.of.Polish.nuclear.physicists.and.authored.some.300.scientific.publications..Many.of.his.former.pupils.and.collaborators.are.now.distinguished.scientists.and.professors.of.physics.

Professor.Budzanowski.was.a.Full.Member.of.the.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences.and.of.the.Polish.Academy.of.Arts.and.Sciences,.Member.of.the.Warsaw.Scientific.Society,.of.the.European.Academy.of.Arts,.Sciences.and.Humanities,.of.the.American.Physical.Society,.and.member.of.many.other.scientific.societies.and.committees..He.was.Chairman.of.the.Program.Committee.of.Nuclear.Physics.at.JINR.Dubna.and.vice-Chairman.of.the.Physics.Committee.of.the.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences..In.2004.he.re-ceived.the.title.of.Honorary.Doctor.from.the.JINR.at.Dubna,.Russia..The.Polish.authorities.recognized.his.achievements.by.awarding.him.several.national.prizes.and.decorations.

Professor.Budzanowski.was.not.only.a.renowned.physicist,.but.also.a.remarkable.individual.and.a true.moral.authority..He.was.an.expert.mountain.and.underground.grotto.climber.with.several.accom-plishments.in.the.Tatra.mountains..He.was.also.a.connoisseur.of.classical.music..Whenever.possible,.he.spent.time.in.his.summer.house.in.the.mountains.with.his.beloved.wife.and.two.sons..He.passed.away.in.Krakow.on.May.27th,.2011..

We.will.all.miss.his.wonderful.personality,.his.objectivity.and.keen.sense.of.humour..He.will.be.truly.missed.by.the.whole.physics.community.in.Krakow,.in.Poland.and.all.over.the.world.

PRofessoR AndRzej BudzAnowski 1933–2011

R e s e A R c H H i G H L i G H t s

2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 0

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ResearchHighlights2009–2010 3

the.main.goal.of.the.research.pursued.by.the.teams.from.the.Division.of.Particle.Physics.and.Astrophysics.is.to.study.the.subatomic.constituents.of.matter.and.

their.interactions..To.achieve.this,.our.groups.participate.in.leading.high-energy.projects.carried.out.by.large.international.collaborations.at.world-class.experimental.facilities..The.projects.include:.the.ATLAS.and.LHCb.experiments.at.the.CERN.Large.Hadron.Collider. (LHC);. the. Belle. experiment. at. the. KEKB. (Tsukuba,. Japan);. the. H1. and.ZEUS.experiments.at.the.HERA.collider.(DESY);.the.Pierre.Auger.Project;.neutrino.physics.experiments.ICARUS.and.WARP.at.Gran.Sasso.(Italy).and.the.T2K.experi-ment.at.the.Japan.Proton.Accelerator.Complex;.the.PHOBOS.experiment.at.the.BNL.Relativistic.Heavy.Ion.Collider;.the.planned.Belle-II.experiment.at.the.SuperKEKB,.as.well.as.the.future.International.Linear.Collider.(ILC).and.the.European.LAGUNA.projects..A.typical.time-scale.of.high-energy.experiments.is.of.the.order.of.twenty.years,.from.the.initial.conceptual.proposal.to.the.final.completion.and.closure.of.the.project..The.experiments.in.which.we.participate.are.at.different.stages.of.their.progress..AT-LAS,.LHCb,.Pierre.Auger,.ICARUS.and.T2K.are.the.currently.running,.data-taking.experiments..Data-taking.has.already.come.to.a.close.for.the.Belle,.H1.and.ZEUS.ex-periments,.although.data.analyses.are.still.being.continued..As.for.the.PHOBOS.ex-periment,. data. analysis. is. also. coming. to. an. end,. and. the. involvement. of. our. group.is.now.directed.towards.the.analysis.of.heavy-ion.collisions.from.the.LHC..Yet,.over.the.last.two.years.the.PHOBOS.collaboration.has.published.many.interesting.results.(see.for.example.[1-3])..These.include.systematic.studies.of.particle.production.in.nu-clear.collisions.and.the.analysis.of.particle.correlations.and.fluctuations,.all.of.which.are.of.great.importance.at.the.dawn.of.the.LHC.heavy-ion.physics..In.parallel,.there.are.ongoing.activities.related.to.the.future.experiments..R&D.as.well.as.design.studies.are.being.continued.for.the.International.Linear.e+e–.Collider,.the.LAGUNA.(Large.Apparatus.studying.Grand.Unification.and.Neutrino.Astrophysics).project.and.on.the.commissioning.of.the.full-scale.WARP.detector..There.is.also.ongoing.involvement.in.the.upgrades.of.the.existing.detectors.for.the.Belle-II.experiment.to.be.performed.at.the.SuperKEKB,.and.the.ATLAS.and.LHCb.experiments.for.the.Super.LHC.

Successful. completion.of. the.high-energy.experiments.depends.on. large.comput-ing.resources.to.store.and.analyze.a.huge.amount.of.experimental.data..Therefore,.our.researchers.are.also.heavily.involved.in.the.global.collaboration.linking.grid.infrastruc-ture.and.computer.centers.within.WLCG.(Worldwide.LHC.Computing.Grid),.and.in.particular. in.the.development.of.Polish.Tier.2.at.the.Academic.Computer.Centre.CYFRONET.AGH.and.the.local.Tier.3.facility.in.our.Institute..In.addition,.develop-ments.of.a.novel.global.computing.network,.based.on.elastic.computing.technology,.are.pursued.within.the.project.co-funded.by.the.European.Union.(CC1–Cracow.Cloud.1)..

i. diVision of PARticLe PHYsics And AstRoPHYsics

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4 ResearchHighlights2009–2010

The.physicists.from.our.division.are.actively.engaged.in.education.of.students..They.are.responsible.for.the.specialization.in.the.experimental.high-energy.physics.for.stu-dents.from.the.Faculty.of.Physics,.Astronomy.and.Applied.Computer.Science.at.the.Jagiellonian.University..Their.efforts.include.lecturing.and.supervising.students’.diplo-ma. theses. and. research. work. pursued. within. our. collaborative. projects.. In. addition,.over.the.last.two.years.the.physicists.from.our.division.supervised.a.number.of.graduate.students,.out.of.which.five.were.promoted.to.the.Ph.D..degree.in.physics..Also.worth.mentioning. is.our.engagement. in. the.promotion.of.our.Institute.and.of.high-energy.physics.in.general.by.organizing.and.participating.in.different.outreach.activities.

2010.was.a.remarkable.year.for.the.LHC..The.LHC.machine.succeeded.in.accelerat-ing.proton.beams.up.to.the.energy.of.7.TeV.in.the.proton-proton.center.of.mass.system..At.the.end.of.2010,.heavy.ion.beams.were.accelerated,.providing.lead-lead.collisions.at.the.energy.exceeding.by.more.than.an.order.of.magnitude.the.energy.of.the.Relativistic.Heavy.Ion.Collider.at.BNL..The.luminosity.for.running.with.proton.beams.reached.the.assumed.ambitious.objective.of.1032.per.square.centimeter.per.second..The.lead.ion.run.went.exceptionally.smoothly.and.delivered.the.amount.of.data.about.three.times.larger.than.that.originally.foreseen..The.ATLAS.and.LHCb.experiments.measured.and.pub-lished.many.interesting.results,.including.new.physics.results,.over.the.period.of.only.about.eight.months.of.data-taking..Furthermore,.after.less.than.three.weeks.of.heavy.ion.running,.the.three.experiments.studying.lead.ion.collisions.published.results.in.this.new.energy.regime,. including.the.first.observation.of.the. jet.quenching.phenomenon.reported.by.the.ATLAS.collaboration..The.achievements.of.2010.give.very.promising.prospects.for.the.LHC.experiments.for.2011.and.beyond.

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the AtLAs experiment.started.data-taking.at.the.end.of.2009..First.proton-proton.collisions.data.at.the.center-of-mass.energy.of.0.9.TeV.were.collected..Soon,.the.collision.energy.was.in-

creased.to.the.highest.energy.ever.obtained.in.the.laboratory,.reaching.2.36.TeV.in.2009.and.then.7 TeV.in.April.2010..Altogether,.during.a.full.year.of.data-taking.the.ATLAS.detector.systems.were.fully.op-erational,.working.with.overall.efficiency.better.than.95%..This.excellent.performance.of.the.complex.AT-LAS.apparatus.could.not.have.been.achieved.without.important.contributions.from.the.Cracow.ATLAS.group,.which.over.the.last.two.years.performed.continuous.maintenance.and.monitoring.of.operations.of.the.TRT.(Transition.Radiation.Tracker).and.SCT.(Silicon.Central.Tracker).subsystems.

First.results.based.on.an.accumulated.data.sample.were.published.in.more.than.12.referred.papers..In.particular,.the.global.properties.of.charged.particles.production.for.the.minimum.bias.sample.of.events.were.measured.[4],.followed.by.analyses.of.specific.processes..The.IFJ.PAN.team.was.actively.involved.in.the.studies.of.the.W.boson.production.[5]..First.measurements.of.the.W.and.Z.production.cross-sections.in.the.p-p.collisions.at.7.TeV.were.performed.for.leptonic.channels.(electrons.and.muons,.Fig..1)..The.production.cross.sections.of.these.bosons.are.in.agreement.with.theoretical.predictions.based.on.the.next-to-leading.order.QCD.calculations..The.methods.for.analyzing.decay.modes.with.t.leptons,.which.have.been.developed.in.Cracow,.will.be.employed.when.the.integrated.luminosity.reaches.100.pb–1.[6]..First.measurements.of.the.top-pair,.W+jets.and.direct.photon.cross-sections.were.also.published..In.total,.about.45.pb–1.of.the.integrated.luminosity.was.collected.with.the.p-p.run.at.7.TeV,.and.the.results.based.on.the.full.data.sample.will.be.presented.at.high-energy.conferences.in.2011..These.initial.results,.which.aim.to.provide.a.good.understanding.of.the.detector.response.as.well.as.tuning.Monte.Carlo.models,.are.indis-pensable.for.high-statistics.studies.of.physics.beyond.the.Standard.Model.and.future.potential.discoveries.

In.November.2010,.the.LHC.started.to.deliver.heavy.ion.collisions.(Pb+Pb.at.the.center-of-mass.energy.of.2.76.TeV/nucleon).and.within.one.month.the.ATLAS.experiment.collected.over.100.million.of.good.collision.events..The.IFJ.PAN.group.actively.participated.in.the.first.analyses.of.Pb+Pb.data..Just.after.a.few.days.of.measurements,.in.the.study.of.high.energy.jets.a.strong.dijet.asymmetry.was.discovered.–.the.effect.which.was.not.observed.in.proton-proton.collisions.[7].

fig. 1ThemeasuredW,W+andW-productioncross-sectionsinp-pcollisionsat7TeVforleptonicchannels(electronsandmuons).ComparisonwiththetheoreticalpredictionsbasedonNNLOQCDcalculationsandwithresultsobtainedatlowerenergiesisalsoshown[2].(ReprintedfromJHEP12[2010]060,Fig.13).

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In. the. events. with. a.trigger. jet. with. ET>100.GeV,. the. transverse. ener-gies. of. dijets. in. the. op-posite. hemispheres. were.systematically. becoming.more. unbalanced. with. the.increasing. centrality. of. the.heavy. ion.collision.(Fig. 2)..This. observation. has. a.natural. interpretation. in.terms.of.strong.energy.loss.of.the.second.jet.due.to.the.presence. of. a. hot,. dense.medium.created.in.Pb+Pb.collisions.. A. similar. effect.of. suppression. of. high-ET.particles. was. observed. at.a. lower. collision.energy. in.the.experiments.performed.at.RHIC..However,.it.was.only.in.the.ATLAS.experi-ment. that. direct. evidence.of. the. attenuation. of. jets.was.observed..The.studies.of. J/ψ. pairs. [8]. allowed.for. measuring. the. J/ψ.production.yields,.for.which.a.significant.decrease.from.peripheral.to.central.collisions.was.observed,.qualitatively. similar. to. the. trends.observed.at.previous,. lower.energy.experiments..Also. in. the. same.channel.38.candidates.of.the.Z.boson.decay.were.found.for.the.first.time.ever.in.nucleus-nucleus.col-lisions,.thus.providing.a.new.tool,.a.weakly-interacting.probe,.for.studying.physics.of.ultra-relativistic.heavy.ion.collisions.[8].

The.aim.of.the.LHcb experiment.is.to.study.the.CP.symmetry.breaking.phenomena.and.to.search.for.“New.Physics”.in.heavy.flavors.rare.decays..

The.Cracow.group.at.IFJ.PAN.joined.the.LHCb.Collaboration.in.1998.and.actively.contributed.in.many.areas,.including.detector.prototyping.and.construction.(Outer.Tracker),.simulation.of.the.detec-tor.response.and.optimization.of.its.subsystems,.development.of.trigger.algorithms.and.physics.analysis.tools..Once.the.data.taking.started,.the.focus.shifted.from.simulation.studies,.hardware.construction.and.detector.commissioning.to.the.activities.typical.for.an.early.stage.of.experiment.running,.like.the.adaptation.of.trigger.and.reconstruction.algorithms.to.realistic.conditions.during.the.data.collection.and.the.subsequent.physics.analysis.of.the.collected.data..

The.specific.beam.conditions.at.the.LHCb.crossing.point.were.far.worse.in.2010.than.the.nominal.ones.to.which.the.detector.was.optimized..The.average.number.of.interactions.per.crossing.was.five.times.higher.than.the.designed.value..This.made.the.study.of.the.B.meson.decays.more.difficult.as.it.is.based.on.the.obser-vation.of.the.primary.interaction.vertex.where.the.B.mesons.are.produced.and.the.secondary.vertex.of.the.B.decay..The.worse.beam.conditions.together.with.realistic.detector.geometry.led.to.non.negligible.distortions,.for.example.in.fast.primary.vertex.reconstruction.algorithms.which.were.optimized.for.speed.using.a.simpli-fied.geometry..All.affected.algorithms.were.revised.on.time.and.used.successfully.for.the.data.taking.

Thanks.to.the.common.LHCb.Collaboration.effort,.the.high.data.samples.of.the.quality.compara-ble.with.that.expected.from.the.simulation.have.been.collected.and.are.now.being.analyzed.intensively.by.various.analysis.groups..The.recorded.data.corresponds.to.about.38.pb–1.integrated.luminosity.with.the.efficiency.exceeding.90%.with.respect.to.the.delivered.luminosity..The.clean.signals.of.the.B.and.Bs.decays.shown.in.Fig..3.and.4.are.just.two.examples.of.many.high.quality.results..Some.standard.measurements.have.been.already.published.[9,10]..Many.new.results.are.on.the.way.

fig. 2EventdisplayofahighlyasymmetricdijetPb+Pbcollisionat2.76TeV/nucleon,withonehigh-energyjetwithET>100GeVandnoevidentrecoilingjet.Thebalancingrecoil iswidelydispersedoverazimuth[4]. (Reprinted fromPRL105,252303[2010],Fig.1).

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the Belle experiment.at.the.KEKB.asymmetric.e+e−.collider.(Tsukuba,.Japan),.after.a.decade.of.operation,.stopped.data-taking.in.June.2010..The.collider.reached.the.world.record.instan-

taneous.luminosity.of.2.2.×1034.cm–2s–1,.thus.exceeding.more.than.twice.the.design.luminosity..The.unprecedented.total.data.sample.of.more.than.1ab–1,.provided.a.wide.spectrum.of.heavy-flavor.phys-ics.results..After.the.spectacular.confirmation.of.the.Kobayashi-Maskawa.mechanism.of.CP.violation.and.the.Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa.structure.of.the.quark.mixing.sector,.the.main.focus.of.research.shifted.to.searches.for.effects.beyond.the.standard.model.(SM).in.rare.decays.of.B.mesons..Among.the.most.important.results.one.should.mention:

� A.possible.hint.of.a.new.physics.in.the.forward-backward.asymmetry.measurements.in.B→K*l+l−.decays.that.display.a.trend.towards.values.exceeding.the.SM.prediction.[11]..

�. New.measurements.of.B+.→D.(*)0t+νt.decays.with.the.first.evidence.of.B+.→D.0.t+ νt.mode.[12].

The.latter.result.was.obtained.using.a.method.of.inclusive.reconstruction.of.the.accompanying.B.meson,.developed.by.the.Cracow.group..Semi-tauonic.B.decays.are.of.special.interest.in.the.context.of.a.tension.observed.in.B+→t+νt.decays,.where.the.measured.branching.ratio.is.more.than.2.standard.deviations.higher.than.the.SM.expectation..Combined.analysis.of.the.B+→+νt.and.B+.→D(*)0t+νt results,.together.with.the.measurements.of.other.observables.in.B.decays,.suggests.theB0-B0.mixing.as.the.source.of.the.above-mentioned.tension.(Fig..5).

fig. 3Exampleofhighstatisticsandcleanselection of B+→D0π+ decays. (Source:Conference note, LHCb Collaboration,CERN-LHCb-CONF-2011-013).

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The.program.of.searching.for.new.phenomena.in.precise.measurements.of.flavor.observables.will.be.continued.by.Belle-II,.a.new.generation.experiment.at.the.upgraded.SuperKEKB.collider..An.impor-tant.highlight.of.the.year.2010.was.the.approval.of.the.project.by.the.Japanese.Government.

After.its.successful.operation,.the.HeRA accelerator.was.closed.in.June.2007..Since.then,.the.H1 and zeus collaborations.have.been.analyzing.their.final.data.sets..In.order.to.achieve.the.best.preci-sion.of.the.results,.the.physicists.from.these.two.experiments. have. started. to. combine. their. data..Successful. cooperation. of. both. experiments. re-sulted. in. the. publication. of. the. first. three. com-mon.papers.[13]-[15]

In.the.paper.[13].entitled.‘’Combined.measure-ment.and.QCD.analysis.of.the.inclusive.e±p.scat-tering. cross. sections. at. HERA’’,. the. combination.of. the. two. data. sets. resulted. in. much. improved.accuracy. due. to. the. reduction. of. systematic. un-certainties.at. low.Q2.and.statistical.errors.at.high.Q2.. These. combined. data. were. used. as. an. input.to. NLO. QCD. analysis. which. has. determined.the.new,.and.at.present.most.precise,.set.of.parton.distributions,.HERAPDF1.0..As.an.example,.the.parton. distribution. functions. for. the. gluons,. sea.and.valence.quarks.are.shown.in.Fig..6..

Both.experiments.are.also.continuing.final.sepa-rate. analyses.. The. Cracow. groups. concentrate. on.studies.of.the.hadronic.final.state.in.e±p.scattering.

fig. 5ReconstructedB-mesonmass(Mtag)distributionforB+→D(*)0t+νt decayinthedata(pointswitherrorbars).ThehistogramrepresentstheMC-predictedbackground.Thebluecurvesrepresentthefittedbackground.Thelong-dot-dashedandtheshort-dot-dashedredlinesrepresentthesignalcontributionsfromB+→D*0t+νtandB+→D0+νtrespectively.(ReprintedfromPhys.RevD82072005[2010]Fig.1c,©2010byTheAmericanPhysicsSociety).

fig. 6ThepartondistributionfunctionsfromHERAPDF1.0atQ2=10GeV2.Thegluon(xg)andsea(xS)distributionsare scaled by factor 20. The experimental, model andparametrization uncertainties are shown separately.(ReprintedfromJHEP05[2010]1,page23,Fig.9).

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in.2010,.the.Cracow.H1.group.obtained.the.preliminary.results.of.the.study.of.azimuthal.e-jet.correlations.(‘’Measurement.of.the.azimuthal.correlation.between.the.scattered.electron.and.the.

most.forward.jet. in.deep-inelastic.scattering.at.HERA’’.–.H1prelim-10-131)..In.order.to.test.QCD.dynamics.in.DIS.at.low.Bjorken-x,.the.data.were.compared.to.QCD.models.based.on.a.different.type.of.parton.evolution.(DGLAP,.BFKL,CCFM)..Models.such.as.BFKL.and.CCFM,.with.parton.emis-sions.non-ordered.in.transverse.momentum,.are.important.and.provide.a.better.description.of.the.data.

Last.year,.the.IFJ.PAN.ZEUS.group.completed.the.investigation.of.the.proton.dissociative,.dif-fractive.photoproduction.of.the.J/ψ.vector.meson.at.large.squared.four-momentum.transfer.|t|.at.the.proton.vertex:.γ.p.→.J/ψ.Y.[16].(Y.represents.the.products.of.proton.dissociation)..In.perturbative.Quantum.Chromodynamics.(pQCD),.this.process.can.be.described.as.mediated.by.the.color.singlet.exchange.(hard.Pomeron)..In.the.leading.logarithmic.approximation.(LL),.this.exchange.is.modeled.as.a.gluon.ladder.that.follows.either.DGLAP.(small.|t|).or.BFKL.dynamics.(large.|t|),.the.latter.predict-ing.a.fast.rise.of.the.cross.section.with.the.energy.W.In.the.analysis.we.found.this.rise,.which.supports.qualitatively.the.onset.of.the.BFKL.mechanism..The.experimental.results.(Fig..7).were.compared.with.the.calculations.of.specific.pQCD.models:.DGLAP-motivated.(GLMN.LL),.BFKL-motivated.(EMP.LL).and.FSZ.parameterization.(relating.energy-dependence.of.the.cross-section.to.the.gluon.density.in.the.proton)..All.models.were.able.to.reproduce.semi-quantitatively.some.experimental.distributions,.but.none.of.them.described.all.aspects.of.the.data.in.a.consistent.way.

fig. 7TheenergyWdependencefortheprocess ψγ /Jp → infourdifferentbinsofthemomentumtransfer t .Thelinesshowthepredictionsofseveralcalculationsreferredtointhetext.(ReprintedfromEPJC67[2010]1Fig.18).

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Part. of. the. work. was. devoted. to. the. analysis. of. the. scaled. momentum. distribution. of. strange.hadrons,. 0

SK .and.Λ. in.Deep.Inelastic.Scattering. (DIS).. In. this.analysis. the. scaled.momentum.of.a.particle,.xp,.was.used.as.an.estimator.of.a.parton.fragmentation.variable,.z..Also.the.dependence.of.the.distributions.on.the.photon.virtuality.variable,.Q2,.was.studied..These.kinds.of.measurements.can.help.to.constrain.fragmentation.functions.(FFs).for. 0

SK .and.Λ.and.may.be.used.as.input.to.global.fits..The.data.showed.that.the.number.of.particles.characterized.by.a.small.value.of.xp.was.increasing.

with.the.increasing.Q2.value,.which.was.a.clear.demonstration.of.scaling.violation..The.experimental.observations.were.compared.to.the.leading-logarithm.parton.shower.Monte.Carlo.models.and.the.next-to-leading.order.(NLO).QCD.calculations..These.calculations.used.fragmentation.functions.extracted.from.either.e+e–.data.or.from.global.analysis.including.e+e–,.ep.and.pp.data..It.was.found.that.the.MC.models.described.the.data.reasonably.in.almost.the.whole.range.of.Q2..The.NLO.calculations.gave.a.more.adequate.description.using.the.FFs.extracted.from.global.analysis..At.present,.the.obtained.results.have.the.status.of.preliminary.data.(ZEUS-prel-10-013).

the.goal.of.the.Pierre Auger Project.is.to.provide.experimental.data.needed.to.explain.the.ori-gin.of.ultra-high.energy.cosmic.rays,.i.e..those.with.energies.exceeding.1019.eV..The.southern-

hemisphere.Pierre.Auger.Observatory.in.Malargüe,.Argentina,.was.officially.inaugurated.in.2008..The.cosmic-ray.extensive.air.showers.are.recorded.at.the.Observatory.with.the.hybrid.technique,.i.e..using.two.detection.systems:.an.array.of.particle.detectors.on.the.ground.and.optical.telescopes.for.detec-tion.of.fluorescence.light.induced.by.shower.particles.in.the.atmosphere..The.use.of.both.techniques.simultaneously.results.in.a.considerable.reduction.of.systematic.errors.and.enables.the.cross-calibration.between.the.two.detection.techniques..Thanks.to.the.hybrid.shower.detection,.the.Pierre.Auger.Ob-servatory.provides.air.shower.measurements.with.unprecedented.accuracy..

The.precise.measurement.of.the.shape.of.the.cosmic.ray.energy.spectrum.is.needed.to.verify.the.existence.of.the.GZK.effect,.i.e..the.suppression.of.the.spectrum.due.to.cosmic.ray.interactions.with.cosmic.microwave.background.radiation..The.previous.two.largest.experiments,.AGASA.and.HiRes,.which.had.employed.dif-ferent.experimental.techniques,.provided.discrepant.cosmic.ray.spectra..The.HiRes.spectrum.showed.a.hint.of.a.break.in.the.spectrum.around.5·1019.eV,.while.AGASA.spectrum.suggested.no.break..In.2008–2010,.the.Pierre.Auger.Observatory.determined.the.spectrum,.with.good.energy.resolution.and.a.well-defined.col-lection.area.[17]..The.spectrum.exhibits.a.break.at.4·1019.eV,.which.is.very.well.consistent.with.the.expected.GZK.feature..The.significance.of.the.break.is.more.than.20.standard.deviations.(Fig..8).

fig. 8TheAugerenergyspectrumcomparedwithdatafromtheHiResinstrument.ThesystematicuncertaintyofthefluxscaledbyE3duetotheuncertaintyoftheenergyscaleof22%isindicatedbyarrows.(ReprintedfromPhys.Lett.B685,239[2010]Fig.5).

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The.arrival.directions.of.cosmic.rays.provide.important.information.about.the.location.of.their.sourc-es..A.statistically.significant.correlation.of.the.arrival.directions.of.the.highest.energy.cosmic.rays.with.the.positions.of.active.galactic.nuclei.was.first.observed.by.the.Pierre.Auger.Collaboration.in.2007..The.ob-served.degree.of.correlation.has.diminished.somewhat.since.then.and.now.is.determined.to.be.0.38,.differ-ing.by.3.standard.deviations.from.the.value.of.0.21.expected.in.the.case.of.isotropy.[18].(Fig..9)..Thus,.the.highest.energy.cosmic.rays.appear.to.be.generated.in.sources.whose.distribution.in.the.sky.is.not.isotropic.

The.composition.of.the.highest.energy.cosmic.rays.has.not.been.well.determined.so.far..The.new.Auger.data.on.the.depth.of.shower.maximum.were.published.in.2010.[19]..Their.interpretation.depends.on.the.properties.of.hadronic.interaction.models.at.the.highest.energies,.e.g..on.cross.sections.and.inelasticity..If.these.properties,.determined.at.lower.energies,.can.be.extrapolated.to.the.highest.energies,.the.Auger.data.may.indicate.a.change.of.cosmic.ray.composition.towards.heavier.nuclei.with.increasing.energy..However,.the.data.might.also.indicate.a.change.of.hadronic.interaction.properties.in.the.energy.range.of.1018–1019.eV,.rather.than.a.change.of.cosmic.ray.composition..Thus,.the.interpretation.of.the.data.is.not.yet.clear.

The.Pierre.Auger.Observatory.has.set.limits.to.the.fractions.of.photons.and.neutrinos.among.the.highest.energy.cosmic.rays..The.specific.photon.and.neutrino.fluxes.are.characteristic.for.different.sce-narios.of.cosmic.ray.origin,.so.that.measurement.of.these.fluxes.will.help.to.select.the.right.model..In.particular,.the.determination.of.the.upper. limit.on.the.photon.fraction.from.the.Auger.data.already.strongly.constrains.the.so-called.exotic.models.of.cosmic.ray.origin.[20].(Fig..10).

The.growing.interest.in.studies.of.neutrino.properties.and.neutrino.oscillations.as.a.way.to.discover.phenomena.from.beyond.the.Standard.Model.has.resulted.in.several.new.projects.in.this.domain.of.particle.physics..The.last.two.years.marked.the.startup.of.the.T2K.and.ICARUS.experiments,.both.with.participation.of.physicists.from.IFJ.PAN.

fig. 9Correlationofcosmicraydirectionswithactivegalacticnuclei.Themostlikelyvalueofthedegreeof correlationpdata isplottedwithblackdotsasa functionof the totalnumberof time-ordered events.The68%,95%and99.7% confidence level intervals around themost likelyvalueareshaded.Thehorizontaldashed line shows the isotropic valuepiso=0.21. (Reprinted from AstroparticlePhysics34,314[2010]Fig.2).

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fig. 10Upper limits on thephotonfraction in the integral cosmic rayflux from different experiments:AGASA, Yakutsk, Haverah Parkas well as from the Auger hybrid(HYB) and surface (SD) detectors.TheshadedregionshowstheexpectedGZK photon fraction. The linesindicatepredictionsfromseveraltop-down models of cosmic ray origin.(ReprintedfromAstroparticlePhysics31,399[2009]Fig.4).

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the tokai to kamioka (t2k) experiment.in.Japan.is.the.first.of.the.second.generation.experi-ments.to.study.neutrino.oscillations.with.high.power.neutrino.beams..Its.main.goal.is.to.meas-

ure.the.as.yet.unknown.oscillation.parameter.θ13,.describing.the.transition.between.muon.and.electron.neutrinos..Its.non-zero.value.would.open.the.door.to.studies.of.CP.violation.for.neutrinos,.which.many.theorists.consider.to.be.a.very.important.element.in.explaining.the.observed.asymmetry.between.mat-ter.and.antimatter.in.the.Universe..Two.detector.stations.are.used.to.measure.neutrinos.from.the.beam.produced.with.a.new.high.power.proton.synchrotron.at.the.Japanese.Proton.Accelerator.Research.Center.( J-PARC).in.Tokai..The.near.detector.station,.at.a.distance.of.280.m.from.the.target.in.J-PARC,.consists.of.the.ND280.and.INGRID.detectors.and.measures.neutrinos.before.oscillations..The.famous.SuperKa-miokande.detector.in.Kamioka,.at.a.distance.of.295.km.from.J-PARC,.serves.as.a.far.detector.measuring.neutrinos.influenced.by.oscillations..The.near.detector.station.was.built.and.has.been.operated.by.a.world-wide.collaboration.including.the.group.from.IFJ.PAN..The.engineers.from.IFJ.PAN.were.responsible.for.the.systems.of.mounting.the.Side.Muon.Range.Detector.(SMRD).modules.and.for.fixing.them.inside.the.ND280.magnet..The.systems.were.designed.and.produced.in.the.years.2007–2008,.while.the.instal-lation.was.performed.in.2009..A.physicist.from.IFJ.PAN.is.responsible.for.the.track.reconstruction.in.the.SMRD.detector..The.first.papers.related.to.this.detector.were.published.in.2010.[21],.[22].

The.T2K.neutrino.beam.was.inaugurated.in.April.2009..The.first.neutrino.interaction.from.the.beam.was.observed.in.the.INGRID.near.detector.on.22.November.2009,.while.the.first.beam.neutrino.event.in.the.SuperKamiokande.detector.was.registered.on.24.February.2010..Fig..11.shows.this.historic.event..The.analyses.of.the.data.collected.in.2010.are.very.advanced.and.the.first.physics.papers.based.on.them.are.expected.soon..The.group.from.IFJ.PAN.is.engaged.in.the.background.studies.for.the.muon.neutrino.quasi-elastic.interactions.in.the.ND280.detector.

After. a. long. period. of. detector. construction,. installation. and. commissioning, the icARus experiment.at.the.Gran.Sasso.Laboratory.in.Italy.started.to.take.data.in.May.2010.

The.ICARUS.detector.is.based.on.the.concept.of.large.Time.Projection.Chambers.(TPC).filled.with.Liquid.Argon.(LAr)..It.consists.of.two.cryostats,.each.containing.300.tons.of.LAr.and.equipped.with.two.TPC’s..Due.to.its.fine.granularity.(3.mm.wire.pitch.for.three.anode.wire.planes.and.probing.signal.amplitudes.every.400.ns),.the.ICARUS.detector.can.reach.the.similar.precision.in.track.recon-struction.as.old-time.heavy.liquid.bubble.chambers..The.detector.is.sensitive.to.a.relatively.large.range.of.neutrino.energies,.including.the.atmospheric.neutrinos.and.neutrinos.from.the.CNGS.beam,.pro-duced.at.CERN.and.sent.to.Gran.Sasso.

The.group.from.IFJ.PAN.is.engaged.in.the.development.of.the.ICARUS.reconstruction.program..Considerable.progress.was.achieved.last.year.in.the.three.dimensional.track.reconstruction.by.applying.the.Polygonal.Line.Algorithm.(PLA).to.the.hit.sorting.in.two.dimensional.track.projections..This.is.especially.important.for.difficult.topologies,.such.as.decaying.particles.or.secondary.interactions..The.performance.of.the.new.track.reconstruction.algorithm.is.illustrated.in.Fig..12..The.results.obtained.for.the.reconstruction.of.the.simulated.proton.decay.events.in.the.ICARUS.detector.are.presented.in.[23]..

fig. 11AgraphicalpresentationofthefirsteventfromthebeamrecordedbytheSuperKamiokandedetectoron24February2010.(Source:T2Kpressreleasehttp://www.kek.jp//intra-e/press/2010/T2KfirstEvent.html).

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for.the.last.two.years.the.international Linear collider (iLc).accelerator.project.has.been.suc-cessfully.continued..The.observed.significant.progress.and.also.design.evolution.indicate.that.the.

ILC.project.is.on.the.right.track.to.the.next.important.step.–.the.Technical.Design.Report.(TDR).–.which.should.be.ready.by.the.end.of.2012..Considerable.progress.was.made.also.for.the.detectors.R&D..In.2009,.the.two.main.detectors:.the.International.Large.Detector.(ILD).and.the.Silicon.Detector.(SiD).submitted.their.Letters.of.Intent.which.were.then.reviewed.and.validated..These.detectors.are.considered.as.the.base.candidates.for.future.experiments.at.the.ILC..In.the.meantime,.a.wide.collaboration.of.two.main.competi-tors,.the.ILC.and.CLIC.(Compact.Linear.Collider),.was.established..This.step.not.only.brings.the.R&D.efforts.of.both.projects.closer,.but.it.also.leads.to.the.idea.of.having.one,.common.Linear.Collider.(LC).community.that.will.in.turn.jointly.support.a.well-conceived.global.project.(ILC.or.CLIC).

In.2009–2010.significant.progress.was.made.in.the.R&D.program.of.two.special.calorimeters:.the.LumiCal.and.the.BeamCal..These.devices.are.planned.for.the.very.forward.region.of.the.ILD.detector.[24]..The.LumiCal.will.measure.precise.luminosity,.while.the.BeamCal,.together.with.the.Pair.Monitor.(an.additional.detector.consisting.of.one.layer.of.silicon.pixel.sensors),.will.be.used.for.the.beam.diagnos-tics.(the.determination.of.the.beam.parameters,.fast.estimate.of.the.luminosity.and.the.veto.of.the.un-wanted.background.in.the.physics.studies)..The.R&D.LumiCal.program.is.carried.out.by.the.group.of.the.IFJ.PAN.physicists.and.engineers.working.within.the.International.Forward.Calorimetry.Collaboration.(FCAL),.the.European.Research.program.EUDET.and.the.Marie.Curie.Training.Network.on.Particle.DetectorsMC-PAD.program..These.studies.are.conducted.in.the.collaboration.with.the.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.DESY.Zeuthen.and.the.Tel.Aviv.University..In.2009,.the.Hamamatsu.Phot-onics.company.manufactured.the.LumiCal.sensors.according.to.the.design.prepared.in.IFJ.PAN.(Fig..13)..

fig. 13TheleftfigureshowsasketchoftheLumiCalcalorimetermechanics.Inthemiddle,thestructureoftheplaneofthesiliconsensorsispresented.TheHamamatsuPhotonicssensorsaremarkedinyellow(40tilesintotalweredistributedamongIFJPAN,DESYZeuthenandtheTelAvivUniversity).Thefigureontherightpresentsatileofthesiliconsensorsusedintestbeamstudies(markedingray).(Source:S.Kulisetal.Eudet-2010-09).

fig. 12NeutrinointeractionfromtheCNGSbeam:hitdistributionon2Dprojectionforoneof thewireplanes(upperplot),2Dprojectionforthe3Dreconstruction(lowerplot).(Source:D.Stefan,PhDThesisIFJPAN2011).

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In.2010,.the.first.measurements.with.the.LumiCal.prototype.were.performed.at.the.DESY.electron.test.beam..The.experimental.setup.consisted.of.one.tile.of.the.silicon.sensors,.the.capton.fanout.provid-ing.a.connection.between.the.silicon.sensors.and.the.front-end.electronics.and.the.ASIC.chip..Also.the.so-called.ZEUS.telescope,.which.provided.a.precision.measurement.of.the.electron.beam.impact.point.on.the.face.of.the.investigated.sensors,.was.included.in.the.test.setup..The.readout.front-end.ASIC.chip.was.designed.in.and.built.by.the.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology..The.main.goal.of.the.test.beam.studies.was.to.verify.the.full.chain.of.the.signal.flowing.from.the.silicon.sensors.through.the.fanout.and.the.readout.electronics.to.the.data.acquisition.(DAQ).system..The.measurements.showed.that.this.chain.worked.properly.and.according.to.our.expectations..In.addition,.a.study.of.the.electro-magnetic.shower.development.as.measured.with.the.silicon.sensors.was.performed..The.sensors.were.placed.behind.the.tungsten.absorber.with.layers.of.different.thicknesses..The.obtained.data.were.com-pared.with.the.predictions.of.the.Monte.Carlo.simulations.using.GEANT.4.program..

the cloud computing for science and economy project.(acronym.CC1).started.at.the.end.of.2009..The.project.is.financed.from.the.structural.resources.within.the.grant.POIG.02.03.03-00-033/09-00,.

funded.by.the.European.Commission.and.the.Polish.Ministry.of.Science.and.Higher.Education.(Innovative.Economy,.National.Cohesion.Strategy)..The.project.will.last.for.4.years..Its.main.goal.is.to.diminish.computa-tional.barriers.in.science.and.economy.by.employing.the.cloud.computing.technology,.also.referred.to.as.the.elas-tic.computing.(EC).technology..Although.the.first.implementation.took.place.in.2006,.cloud.computing.became.really.popular.in.2009..There.are.many.flavors.of.EC.systems..The.standards.are.not.yet.fully.defined;.however,.they.all.make.extensions.to.virtualization.and.make.the.localization.of.services.insignificant..

The.aim.of.the.project.is.twofold:.in.the.first.phase.the.goal.is.to.explore.the.advantages.of.the.EC.technology.at.IFJ.PAN,.while.in.the.second.phase.–.to.disseminate.that.technology.to.universities.and.later.to.small.or.medium.companies..

The.construction.of.the.“private.cloud”.is.scheduled.in.the.first.stage.of.the.project..IFJ.PAN.is.a.large.multidisciplinary.research.institute.carrying.out.fundamental.and.applied.scientific.projects,.with.each.divi-sion.or.even.department.having.its.own.computing.infrastructure.in.the.form.of.standalone.clusters.with.a.specific.operation.system.and.applications..It.is.well.known.that.such.a.structure.leads.to.the.large.inefficiency.in.the.use.of.resources,.with.a.typical.average.cluster.load.at.the.level.of.20%.only..Here,.virtualization.plays.an.important.role.by.isolating.the.underlying.hardware.and.native.operating.systems.from.the.operating.sys-tem.and.applications.demanded.by.a.specific.research.group..The.resources.can.be.provisioned.and.accessed.by.users.in.a.fast.and.easy.way.at.the.time.when.they.are.really.needed.and.released.for.other.groups.when.the.computations.are.finished..In.this.way.the.efficiency.can.rise.from.20%.to.80%,.leading.to.the.significant.reduction.in.the.total.amount.of.hardware.and,.subsequently,.to.the.saving.of.power.consumption..This.is.not.the.only.advantage.of.the.EC.systems.and.virtualization..In.the.next.stages.of.the.project.the.cloud.will.become.really.distributed.and.the.system.will.be.advertised.to.small.and.medium.companies.in.the.area.

In.2010,.the.CC1.project.reached.all.of.its.planned.milestones..The.fully.fledged.server.room.was.com-pleted.in.June.and.then.equipped.with.the.first.part.of.the.cluster.of.500.cores.based.on.the.blade.technology.

fig. 14TheCloudComputingcluster at IFJ PAN. (Source:IFJPAN).

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The.local.network.and.external.connectivity.was.upgraded.to.enable.full.access.to.the.system.from.the.inside.and.outside..In.2010,.the.development.was.focused.on.the.evaluation.of.cloud.management.Open.Source.packages..The.prototype.system.was.built. to.choose.the.best.package.to.construct.the.elastic.computing.system.for.scientific.applications..The.prototype.system.containing.a.number.of.re-quired.functionalities.was.built.to.define.a.road.map.for.the.construction.of.the.full.scale.system..The.virtualization.of.the.storage.was.explored..This.preparation.phase.has.been.successfully.completed,.thus.opening.the.way.towards.the.full.scale.system.with.good.quality.and.stability.

References

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2.. PHOBOS.Collab.,.B..Alver.et.al..(T..Gburek,.R..Hołyński,.A..Olszewski,.A..Trzupek,.B..Wosiek,.K..Woźniak).Phys..Rev..Lett..104,.142301.(2010).

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4.. ATLAS. Collab.,. G.. Aad,. (E.. Banaś,. J.. Błocki,. P.. Bruckman. de. Renstrom,. D.. Derendarz,. E.. Górnicki,.Z. Hajduk,.W.. Iwański,.A..Kaczmarska,.K..Korcyl,.Pa..Malecki,.P..Malecki,.A..Olszewski,. J..Olszowska,.E. Richter-Wąs,.A..Trzupek,.M..Turała,.M..Wolter,.B..Wosiek,.A..Zemła).et.al.,.Phys..Lett..B.688.(2010).21..

5.. ATLAS.Collab.,.G..Aad,.(E..Banaś,.J..Błocki,.D..Bocian,.P..Bruckman.de.Renstrom,.E..Górnicki,.Z..Hajduk,.W. Iwański,.A..Kaczmarska,.B..Kisielewski,.K..Korcyl,.Pa..Malecki,.P..Malecki,.A..Moszczyński,.A..Olszewski,.J.. Olszowska,. E.. Richter-Wąs,. M.. Stodulski,. R.. Szczygieł,. T.. Szymocha,. A.. Trzupek,. M.. Turała,. M.. Wolter,.B. Wosiek,.A..Zemła).et.al.,.accepted.by.JHEP,.CERN-PH-EP-2010-037.(2010);.arXiv:1010.2130v1.[hep-ex]..

6.. ATLAS. Collab.,. G.. Aad,. (E.. Banaś,. P.. Bruckman. de. Renstrom,. D.. Derendarz,. E.. Górnicki,. Z.. Hajduk,.W. Iwański,.A..Kaczmarska,.K..Korcyl,.Pa..Malecki,.P..Malecki,.A..Olszewski,.J..Olszowska,.E..Richter-Wąs,.A. Trzupek,.M..Turała,.M..Wolter,.B..Wosiek,.A..Zemła).et.al.,(ATLAS-CONF-2010-086).(16.August.2010).

7.. ATLAS.Collab.,.G..Aad,.(E..Banaś,.J..Błocki,.P..Bruckman.de.Renstrom,.D..Derendarz,.E..Górnicki,.Z..Hajduk,.W..Iwański,.A..Kaczmarska,.K..Korcyl,.Pa..Malecki,.P..Malecki,.A..Olszewski,.J..Olszowska,.E..Richter-Wąs,.A. Trzupek,.M..Turała,.M..Wolter,.B..Wosiek,.A..Zemła).et.al.,.Phys..Rev..Lett.,.105.(2010).252303..

8.. ATLAS. Collab.,. G.. Aad,. (E.. Banaś,. J.. Błocki,. P.. Bruckman. de. Renstrom,. D.. Derendarz,. E.. Górnicki,.Z. Hajduk,.W.. Iwański,.A..Kaczmarska,.K..Korcyl,.Pa..Malecki,.P..Malecki,.A..Olszewski,. J..Olszowska,.E..Richter-Wąs,.A..Trzupek,.M..Turała,.M..Wolter,.B..Wosiek,.A..Zemła).et.al.,.accepted.by.Phys.Rev..D,.arXiv:1012.5419v1.[hep-ex].(2010)..

9.. The.LHCb.Collaboration,.R..Aaij.et.al,.(M..Kucharczyk,.S..Kukulak,.T..Lesiak,.G..Polok,.M..Witek).Physics.Letters.B.693.(2010).69.

10.. The. LHCb. Collaboration,. R..Aaij. et. al,. (M.. Kucharczyk,. S.. Kukulak,.T.. Lesiak,. P.. Morawski,. G.. Polok,.M. Witek).Physics.Letters.B.694.(2010).209.

11.. Belle.Collab.,.J.-T..Wei.etal..(A..Bozek,.P..Kapusta,.T..Lesiak,.A..Matyja,.Z..Natkaniec,.M..Rozanska),.Phys.Rev..Lett..103,.171801.(2009).

12.. Belle.Collab.,.A..Bożek.etal..(M..Rozanska,.P..Kapusta,.A..Matyja,.W..Ostrowicz,.J..Stypula),.Phys..Rev..D.82:.072005,.(2010).

13.. H1. and. ZEUS. Collab.,. F.D..Aaron. et. al.. ( J.. Chwastowski,.A.. Eskreys,.A.. Falkiewicz,. J.. Figiel,.A.. Galas,.L. Goerlich,.I..Milewicz-Mika,.S..Mikocki,.G..Nowak,.K..Olkiewicz,.B..Pawlik,.P..Sopocki,.J..Turnau,.L. Za-wiejski).JHEP.0910:013(2009).

14.. H1. and. ZEUS. Collab.,. F.D..Aaron. et. al.. ( J.. Chwastowski,.A.. Eskreys,.A.. Falkiewicz,. J.. Figiel,.A.. Galas,.L. Goerlich,.I. Milewicz-Mika,.S..Mikocki,.G..Nowak,.K..Olkiewicz,.B..Pawlik,.P..Sopocki,.J..Turnau,.L. Za-wiejski).JHEP.1003.(2010)035..

15.. H1. and. ZEUS. Collab.,. F.D..Aaron. et. al.. ( J.. Chwastowski,.A.. Eskreys.A.. Falkiewicz,. J.. Figiel,.A.. Galas,.L. Goerlich,.I. Milewicz-Mika,.S..Mikocki,.G..Nowak,.K..Olkiewicz,.B..Pawlik,.P..Sopocki,.J..Turnau,.L. Za-wiejski).JHEP.1001:109(2010)..

16.. ZEUS.Collab.,.S..Chekanov.et.al..( J..Chwastowski,.A..Eskreys,.J..Figiel,.A..Galas,.K..Olkiewicz,.B..Pawlik,.L..Zawiejski).JHEP.1005:085(2010).

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17.. Pierre.Auger.Collab.:.J..Abraham.et.al..(N..Borodai,.D..Góra,.P..Homola,.J..Pękala,.J..Stasielak,.B..Wilczyńska,.H..Wilczyński),.Phys..Lett..B.685,.239.(2010).

18.. Pierre.Auger.Collab.:.P.Abreu.et.al..(N..Borodai,.D..Góra,.P..Homola,.J..Pękala,.J..Stasielak,.B..Wilczyńska,.H..Wilczyński),.Astropart..Phys..34,.314.(2010);

19.. Pierre.Auger.Collab.:.J..Abraham.et.al..(N..Borodai,.D..Góra,.P..Homola,.J..Pękala,.J..Stasielak,.B..Wilczyńska,.H..Wilczyński),.Phys..Rev..Lett.104,.091101.(2010).

20.. Pierre.Auger.Collab.:.J..Abraham.et.al..(D..Góra,.P..Homola,.J..Pękala,.B..Wilczyńska,.H..Wilczyński),.As-tropart..Phys..31,.399.(2009).

21.. A.. Izmaylov. et. al.. ( J.. Błocki,.A.. Dąbrowska,. M.. Sienkiewicz,. M.. Stodulski,.A.. Strączek,. J.. Świerblewski,.T. Wąchała,.A..Zalewska).Nucl..Instrum..Meth..A623,.382.(2010).

22.. M..Ziembicki.et.al..( J..Błocki,.A..Dąbrowska,.M..Stodulski,.A..Strączek,.J..Świerblewski,.T..Wąchała,.A..Zalewska).Acta.Phys..Pol..B41,.1579.(2010).

23.. D..Stefan,.Acta.Phys..Pol..B41,.1547.(2010).

24.. H..Abramowicz.et.al..(W..Daniluk,.E..Kielar,.J..Kotula,.A..Moszczynski,.K..Oliwa,.B..Pawlik,.W..Wierba,.L. Zawiejski).JINST.5.P12002.(2010).

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nuclear.physics.is.a.science.of.the.properties.of.the.atomic.nucleus,.which.con-sists.of.two.types.of.nucleons:.electrically.charged.protons.and.chargeless.neu-

trons..The.basic.properties.of.the.nucleus.are.described.by.such.terms.as.e.g.,.its.shape,.electromagnetic.moments,.modes.of.excitation.or.entropy..By.varying.the.number.of.protons.and.neutrons,.thus.changing.the.nuclear.mass.and.isospin,.and.by.exciting.the.nuclei.in.various.nuclear.reactions,.thus.exposing.them.to.heat.and.angular.momentum,.the. properties. of. the. nucleus. may. change.. Particularly. interesting. is. its. behavior. ex-pected.at.extreme.values.of.mass,.isospin,.spin.and.temperature.

As.the.building.blocks.of.the.atomic.nucleus,.protons.and.neutrons,.interact.strongly.and.have.an.underlying.structure.of.quarks.and.gluons,.the.fundamental.understanding.of.the.properties.of.nuclei.is.related.to.the.understanding.of.strong.interactions.between.hadrons.and,.more.generally,.to.the.physics.of.hadrons.and.the.physics.of.strongly.inter-acting.nuclear.matter.

The.scientific.activity.of. the.Division.of.Nuclear.Physics.and.Strong.Interactions.encompasses.all.of.the.above.mentioned.physics.topics,.and.the.experimental.and.theo-retical.studies.are.carried.out.in.three.departments.of.the.Division..The.Department.of.Strong.Interactions.and.Mechanism.of.Nuclear.Reactions.investigates,.both.theoreti-cally.and.experimentally,.the.area.of.hadronic.physics.and.hadronic.interactions,.as.well.as.the.more.conventional.physics.of.nuclear.reaction.mechanisms..Investigations.of.the.properties.of.atomic.nuclei.under.extreme.conditions.of.spin,.isospin.and.temperature.are.carried.out.in.the.Department.of.the.Structure.of.Atomic.Nucleus..Studies.of.the.physics.of.strongly.interacting.matter.at.extreme.energy.densities,.where.the.formation.of.a.new.phase.of.matter,.the.quark-gluon.plasma,.is.expected,.are.the.domains.of.the.Department.of.Ultrarelativistic.Nuclear.Physics.and.Hadron.Structure..

Almost.all.of.the.investigations.are.pursued.within.international.collaborations..A.ma-jority.of.them.is.performed.at.the.Large.Scale.European.Facilities.(CERN,.GANIL,.GSI,.LNL),.often.within.the.European.Frame.Program.7.projects.(as.for.example.SPIRAL2.PP)..

ii. diVision of nucLeAR PHYsics And stRonG inteRActions

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A) department of strong interactions and Mechanism of nuclear Reactions

i) theory investigations

the.production.of.the.so-called.nonphotonic.electrons.has.been.studied.and.the.results.were.com-pared.with.the.data.measured.at.RHIC..We.have.presented.inclusive.spectra.[1].as.well.as.exclu-

sive.observables.[2]..In.this.analysis.we.have.included.production.and.semileptonic.decays.of.charmed.and.beauty.mesons,.Drell-Yan.mechanism.as.well.as.some.more.exotic.photon-induced.processes.

We.have.concentrated.a.lot.of.activity.on.the.exclusive.production.of.mesons,.pairs.of.mesons,.dijets.and.Z0.and.Higgs.bosons..While.at.low.(close-to-threshold).energies.a.lot.of.work.was.devoted.to.exclu-sive.production.of.mesons.in.the.past,.at.high.energies.this.is.a.completely.new.and.unexplored.territory.

One.of.the.activities.is.the.production.of.pairs.of.charged.pions.in.the.reaction.pp→ ppπ+π−..We.have.written.two.papers.about.low.energies.relevant.for.future.experiments.with.the.detector.PANDA.(currently.under.construction).[3],.as.well.as.at.high.energies.relevant.for.experiments.at.RHIC,.Te-vatron.and.the.LHC.[4]..Many.differential.observables.have.been.predicted..We.have.made.a.similar.analysis.also.for.the.pp→.nnπ+π−,.which.can.be.studied.both.at.RHIC.and.the.LHC.with.the.help.of.Zero.Degree.Calorimeters.

Our.previous.investigations.of.the.pp→.pJ/ψp.reaction.have.been.supplemented.by.the.studies.of.the.pp→.pYp,.pp→.pΦp.[5].and.recently.the.pp→.pωp.reactions..We.have.shown.that.the.correlations.in.azimuthal.angle.between.outgoing.protons.are.caused.entirely.by.the.interference.of.the.photon-pomeron.and.pomeron-photon.exchanges..Our.photoproduction.mechanism.for.vector.meson.production.consti-tutes.a.background.for.odderon.exchange.contribution..The.formalism.for.the.vector.production.was.used.for.the.exclusive.production.of.the.Z0.boson.[6]..We.have.predicted.rather.small.cross.section.consistent.with.the.searches.at.Tevatron..A.similar.analysis.has.been.performed.for.the.exclusive.production.of.dilep-tons.in.the.γp→l+l−p.reaction.[7]..This.will.be.extended.to.the.pp→ppl+l−.reaction.

We.have.continued.our.studies.on.the.exclusive.production.of.P-wave.charmonia..We.have.derived.off-shell.matrix.elements.for.χc(1+).[8].and.χc(2+).production.[9].and.have.recently.proposed.studies.of.some.polarization.observables..Our.results.agree.with.the.experimental.data.measured.by.the.CDF.collaboration..The.formalism.for.the.P-wave.charmonia.based.on.the.fusion.of.gluonic.ladders.was.next.applied. to. the.exclusive.production.of. the.Higgs.boson.[10]..The.only.possible.way. to.measure. the.exclusive.Higgs.is.via.its.decay.into.two.beauty.quark/antiquark.jets..Therefore,.the.exclusive.produc-tion.of.the.bb.jets.constitutes.a.background.to.the.exclusive.Higgs.production..We.have.explored.the.background.for.the.first.time.in.the.literature.very.differentially.in.invariant.mass.of.the.dijet,.transverse.momenta.and.rapidities.[9]..We.have.performed.a.similar.analysis.for.the.cc.production.[11].

Another.field.of.activity.is.related.to.peripheral.ultrarelativistic.heavy.ion.collisions..Due.to.their.large. charge,. heavy. ions. are. an. efficient. source. of. photonic. fluxes.. This. opens. a. possibility. to. study.photon-photon.collisions.difficult.in.other.cases..We.have.studied.the.production.of.ρ0ρ0.pairs.[12],.μ+μ−.[13].and.the.exclusive.production.of.open.charm.and.beauty.[12]..We.have.discussed.the.role.of.charge.form.factors.of.nuclei..The.inclusion.of.realistic.charge.leads.to.smaller.cross.section.compared.to.using.the.so-called.monopole.form.factors..We.have.made.predictions.for.RHIC.and.the.LHC.

In. the. real. energy. continuum. shell. model,. the. Hamiltonian. is. hermitean. for. negative. energies.(bound. states),. but. not. for. positive. ones. (scattering. continuum. +. resonances).. Such. level. crossings.are.called.exceptional.points.(EPs)..A.precise.investigation.was.carried.out.to.determine.the.behavior.of.several.observables,.such.as.spectroscopic.factors,.electromagnetic.transition.probabilities,.and.the.continuum-coupling.correction.to.the.Shell.Model.eigenvalues.[14,15]..Special.emphasis.was.put.on.signatures.of.EPs.on.elastic.and. inelastic.cross.section,.as.well.as.scattering.phase.shifts. [16]..Open.problems.concerning.both.real.and.complex.energy.shell.models.were.presented.[17].

In.addition,.a.non-integrable.pairing.model.with.two.integrable.limits.was.studied..It.was.shown.that.the.integrability.of.that.system.is.signaled.by.the.reduced.number.of.EPs.of.a.complex-extended.Hamiltonian.[18]..

The.quark.viscosity.in.the.quark.gluon.plasma.was.evaluated.in.the.HTL.approximation.and.dif-ferent.contributions.to.the.viscosity.arising.from.the.various.components.of.the.quark.spectral.function.were.discussed..The.calculation.was.also.extended.to.the.finite.values.of.the.chemical.potential.[19,.20]..

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The.spatial.dependence.of.the.meson.correlation.functions.in.finite.temperatures.was.evaluated.in.the.lowest.order.of.the.perturbative.QCD..Calculation.was.done.analytically.for.scalar,.vector.and.pseu-dovector.channels.and.the.screening.mass.was.evaluated.

We.have.continued.theoretical.studies.of.the.properties.and.scattering.of.muonic.atoms.and.mol-ecules..The.results.of.these.studies.are.used.in.planning.and.interpretation.of.experiments.concerning.laser.spectroscopy.of.muonic.atoms,.weak.interaction.in.μ−nuclear.capture.in.muonic.atoms,.and.light.isotope.muon.catalyzed.fusion. in.zero.energy. limit..Quantum.mechanical.calculations.of. the.partial.differential.cross.sections.for.muonic.hydrogen.atom.scattering.from.hydrogenic.molecules.have.been.performed.for.the.first.time.for.collision.energies.above.the.molecule.dissociation.limit.of.about.4.5.eV..The.contributions.from.the.discrete.and.continuous.energy.spectrum.of.the.hydrogenic.molecules.to.the.differential.cross.sections.and.spin.correlations.have.been.taken.into.account..In.the.near.future,.these.cross.sections.will.be.applied.in.simulations.of.the.planned.high-precision.measurement.(INFN).of.the.hyperfine.splitting.in.the.ground-state.pμ.atom.

Calculations.of.the.differential.cross.sections.for.cold.neutron.scattering.in.imperfect.molecular-deuterium. crystals. have. been. performed.. In. these. calculations,. mosaic. imperfections. of. a. real. solid.deuterium.crystal.have.been.taken.into.account..Both.the.polycrystalline.and.the.monocrystal.hcp.struc-tures.have.been.considered..Deceleration.of.cold.neutrons.in.solid.deuterium.converters.is.an.effective.method.for.the.production.of.high-intensity.ultracold.neutron.sources.(e.g.,.at.PSI)..Ultracold.neutrons.are.applied.for.studies.of.fundamental.properties.of.the.neutron,.investigations.of.the.neutron.mirror-neutron.oscillations.and.neutron.quantum.states.in.the.gravitational.potential.

We.continue.the.study.of.tunneling.in.generalized.scattering.theory:.for.the.wave.representing.a.particle.traveling.through.any.layer.system.we.have.calculated.appropriate.phase.shifts.by.comparing.two.methods..The.first.of.them.is.based.on.the.standard.scattering.theory.and.is.well.known,.while.the.other.uses.unimodular.but.not.unitary.M-monodromy.matrix..Both.methods.are.not.equivalent.due.to.deferent.boundary.conditions.–.in.the.one.barrier.case.there.exist.analytical.expressions.showing.a.difference..Tunneling.leads.to.the.modification.of.partial.wave.phase.shifts.due.to.the.interference.of.transmitted-tunneled.wave.with. the. reflected.one..The.relations.between.phase. shifts. in. the. case.of.waves.with.l.=.0.delay.or.advance.have.been.shown.for.one.barrier/well.and.simple.Nimtz.systems,.and.the.problems.with.optical.theorem.have.been.discussed..

ii) experimental studies on symmetries, nuclear reaction mechanisms, nuclear matter properties and hadronic physics

the.first.experiment.measuring.transverse.components.of.electron.polarization.from.a.free.neu-tron.decay.has.been.completed.at. the.spallation.source.SINQ.at. the.Paul.Scherrer. Institute.

(PSI)..An.extended.analysis.of.the.collected.data.has.been.completed,.resulting.in.improved.values.of.the.correlation.coefficients.associated.with.the.measured.observables.and.superseding.the.already.published.results.[21]..Taking.into.account.an.additional.event.class,.with.electron.scattering.vertex.contained.close.to.the.vertical.plane,.and.the.detailed.surface.density.distribution.of.lead.in.Mott.polarization.analyzer.measured.in.the.dedicated.experiment,.the.new.analysis.significantly.improves.the.reliability.and.precision.of.the.former.result..The.obtained.value.of.R.correlation.coefficient.(0.006.±.0.012).is.consistent.with.the.Standard.Model.expectation.and.Time.Reversal.conservation.and.allows.for.a.significant.improvement.in.the.determination.of.the.upper.limits.for.the.scalar.couplings.(CS,.C′S).in.the.semileptonic.weak.interaction.

We.continued.the.study.of.reaction.mechanisms.and.nuclear.matter.properties.using.heavy.ion.col-lisions.at.low.and.intermediate.energies..In.the.ALADIN.experiment.(GSI),.the.isotopic.dependence.of.the.nuclear.caloric.curve.has.been.studied.in.fragmentation.of.relativistic.stable.and.exotic.beams.(124Sn,[email protected])..Chemical.freeze-out.temperatures.were.found.to.be.nearly.inde-pendent.of.the.A/Z.of.the.fragmenting.sources.in.good.agreement.with.the.Statistical.Multifragmen-tation.(SMM).scenario.rather.than.with.the.scenario.of.fragmentation.due.to.Coulomb.instabilities.[22,.23][email protected],.fragmentations.of.the.projectile.(Au).and.that.of.the.fused.system. (Xe+Sn). at. similar. excitation. energies. have. been. compared. [24,. 25,. 26].. The. INDRA. data.were.also.used.to.study.the.bimodality,.the.signature.of.the.first.order.phase.transition.in.nuclear.mat-ter,.and.they.lead.to.complementary.interpretations.[27,.28]..Simulations.made.with.the.CHIMERA.

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QMD.model.helped.to.interpret.the.recent.experimental.findings.on.ternary.and.quaternary.breakup.events.([email protected]).measured.with.the.CHIMERA.detector.[29,.30]..The.reanalysis.of.the.LAND/FOPI.data.on.collective.flow.allowed.for.setting.the.best.conditions.for.the.future.experiment.aiming.at.pinning.down.the.density.dependence.of.symmetry.energy.(ASY-EOS.Collaboration).[31].

The.main.instrumental.activity.was.related.to.the.design.and.construction.of.the.charged.particle.detec-tor.[32].for.the.ASY-EOS.experiment..Prototypes.of.the.triple.telescope.modules.have.been.tested.at.GSI.using.the.197Au.beam.at.400.AMeV.and.a.3%.Pb.target..Another.instrumental.activity.was.related.to.the.construction.and.testing.of.prototypes.of.the.TPC.chamber.with.the.resistive.Micromegas.readout.[33].

The.PISA.collaboration,.investigating.proton-induced.spallation.reactions.on.various.targets,.has.continued.the.analysis.of.the.accumulated.data,.drawing.new.conclusions.on.the.reaction.mechanism..The.energy.and.angular.dependence.of.double.differential.cross.sections.d2σ/dΩdE.were.obtained.for.various.isotopes.from.H.to.C,.produced.in.the.collisions.of.1.2,.1.9,.and.2.5.GeV.protons.with.a.Ni.target.[34]..It.was.found.that.energy.and.angular.dependencies.of.the.cross.sections.cannot.be.repro-duced.by.microscopic.models.of. intranuclear.cascade.(including.coalescence.of.nucleons).coupled.to.a.statistical.model. for.evaporation.of.particles. from.excited,.equilibrated.residual.nuclei..The.studies.were.extended.to.a.much.lower.beam.energy.of.0.175.GeV,.at.which.substantial.contributions.to.the.reaction.cross.section.of.nonequilibrium.processes.have.been.established.as.well.[35]..All.these.results.demonstrate.that.analogous.reaction.mechanisms.are.also.important.for.intermediate.mass.targets,.as.it.has.been.previously.observed.for.much.heavier.systems.[36,37].

A. new. analysis. of. the. experimental. data. for. 12,13,14C(16,18O,X). (Elab(18O). =. 105. MeV). and.7Li(18O,17O)8Li.(Elab(18O).=.114.MeV),.measured.at.the.Warsaw.cyclotron,.was.performed.[38]..An-gular.distributions.of. the.elastic.and. inelastic.scattering. for.these.reactions.have.been.obtained..The.experimental.data.and.the.data.taken.from.the. literature.were.analyzed.using.the.optical.model.and.coupled-reaction-channels.with.contributions.of.one-.and.two-step.transfers.of.nucleons.and.clusters.methods..It.was.shown.that.over.a.wide.energy.range.the.main.difference.in.the.16O.and.18O.scatter-ing.potentials.is.in.their.imaginary.parts..It.was.shown.that.the.large.angle.enhancement.for.the.12C.+.18O.elastic.scattering.results.from.the.transfer.of.two.nucleons.[39]..The.13C.+.18O.elastic.and.inelastic.scattering.data.were.also.analyzed..In.addition,.the.parameters.of.the.14C .+.18O.optical.potential.were.deduced..The.isotopic.differences.between.the.14C.+.18O.and.12,13,14C.+.16,18O.potentials.were.studied.

The.angular.distributions.of.the.7Li(18O,17O)8Li.reaction.were.analyzed.with.the.coupled-reaction-channels.method.for.one-.and.two-step.transfers.of.nucleons.and.clusters.[40]..The.7Li.+.18O.potential,.deduced.from.the.analysis.of.the.elastic.7Li.+.18O-scattering.data,.as.well.as.shell-model.spectroscopic.amplitudes.of.transferred.nucleons.and.clusters.were.used.in.the.analysis..The.parameters.of.the.8Li.+.17O.optical.potential.were.deduced.and.compared.with.those.of.the.7Li.+.18O.potential..The.8Li.+.17O.folding-potential.was.calculated.and.compared.with.the.deduced.ones.from.the.reaction.data.analysis.

The.nuclear.structure.of.helium.isotopes.far.from.the.stability.line.8He,.9He,.10He.has.been.inves-tigated..The.nuclei.of. interest.were.produced.by.either.(d,p).one-neutron.or.(t,p).two-neutron.transfer.reactions.using.radioactive.6He.and.8He.beams.[41]..The.beams.were.provided.by.the.ACCULINNA.separator.at.FLNR.(Dubna)..Deuterium.and.tritium.cryogenic.gas.targets.were.used.for.that.study..For.8He.unbound.excitation.region,.the.existence.of.1–.soft.dipole.mode.close.to.the.threshold.has.been.sug-gested.[42]..A.sequence.of.9He.resonances.of.the.rather.single-particle.nature.was.determined.in.an.un-ambiguous,.model.independent.way..The.results.are.in.disaccord.with.earlier.reports..The.spectroscopic.parameters.of.the.observed.resonances.for.10He.unbound.system.were.discussed.in.terms.of.3-body.dy-namics..A.large.effect.of.2-neutron.final-state.interaction.was.found..In.order.to.test.the.3-body.models.for.charge.particles.(α+.2p),.decay.data.for.the.ground.and.the.first.excited.state.of.6Be.produced.by.the.p(6Li,6Be)n.charge.exchange.reaction.have.been.recently.collected..As.a.complimentary.way.to.investigate.proton.rich.nuclei,.i.e..the.proton resonance.scattering.with.radioactive.beams.has.been.applied.at.GANIL..The.excitation.spectrum.of.the.unbound.18Na.system.has.been.measured.by.the.17Ne+p.scattering.at.low.energies..The.spectroscopic.parameters.of.18Na.resonances.together.with.the.known.data.for.the.mirror.18N.have.been.analyzed..A.tentative.result.indicates.a.large.Thomas–Ehrman.shift.[43]..Structure.studies.of.nuclei.close.to.the.neutron.[44].and.proton.[45].drip-lines.will.be.continued.at.SPIRAL2.(GANIL)..

The.pp.→.π+.+.np.and.pp.→.K+.+.Λp.reactions.measured.by.the.GEM.and.HIRES.collabora-tions.at.COSY.( Jülich).were.investigated.using.the.Final.State.Interaction.methods..The.high.resolution.

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pp → K+ + Λp.data.together.with.the.previous.total.cross.section.data.for.free.Λ.p.scattering.were.ana-lyzed.simultaneously.using.the.Jost.function.approach.[46]..The.Λp.singlet.and.triplet.scattering.length.and.effective.range.were.deduced..Spin.singlet.and.triplet.contributions.to.the.pp.→.K+.+.Λp.cross.section.were.discussed..The.total.cross.section.for.pp.→.K+.+Σ+n.reaction.close.to.the.threshold.was.determined..The.ratio.of.the.well.known.cross.sections.for.pp.→.π+.+.d.and.new.data.for.pp.→.π+.+.np.reactions.measured.by.GEM.at.COSY.were.investigated.and.compared.with.the.results.of.the.Fäldt.and.Wilkin.extrapolation.theorem,.which.relates.np.bound.and.scattering.state.in.S-wave..

The.angular.distributions.of.the.unpolarised.differential.cross.section.and.tensor.analyzing.power.A(xx).of.the.dd.→.ηα.reaction.have.been.measured.at.an.excess.energy.of.16.6.MeV..The.magnitude.of.the.s-wave.amplitude.was.extracted.and.compared.with.the.results.published.at.lower.energies..The.scattering.length.of.the.eta.alpha.system.was.deduced.[47].

The.cross.section.for.the.p.6Li.→.η.+.7Be.reaction.was.measured.using.the.zero.degree.magnetic.spec-trograph.BIG.KARL.with.the.modified.focal.plane.detectors.(COSY,.Jülich)..The.differential.cross-section.of.dσ.=.[0.69.±0.2(stat).±.0.2(syst)].nb/sr.for.the.ground.and.the.first.exited.state.of.7Be.was.found.[48].

Our.physicists.actively.participate.in.the.preparation.phase.for.the.future.PANDA.detector..A.par-ticle.track.detector.made.of.4600.straw.tubes.(Straw.Tube.Tracker.–.STT).is.one.of.the.options.for.the.final.central.tracker.in.the.PANDA-at-FAIR.experiment..In.order.to.demonstrate.its.advantage.over.the.alternative.option,.i.e..the.Time.Projection.Chamber.(TPC),.the.STT.has.to.provide.very.good.energy.resolution.besides.excellent.timing.resolution..The.performed.simulations.have.shown.that.with.the.en-ergy.resolution.of.the.order.of.8%.in.the.PANDA-STT,.pions,.kaons.and.protons.will.be.resolved.and.the.particle.identification.in.the.momentum.range.up.to.1.5.GeV/c.will.be.feasible..The.experimental.program.aiming.at.the.optimization.of.the.STT.construction,.working.parameters,.readout.electronics.and.data.analysis.method.has.been.started..The.work.on.the.development.of.the.dedicated.electronics.allowing.for.simultaneous.precise.measurement.of.both.drift.times.and.particles.energy.losses.is.continued.

Calculations.performed.by.our.theory.group.in.order.to.determine.a.scientific.program.for.PAN-DA.constitute.another.contribution.to.the.PANDA.project.

We.participated.in.the.measurements.within.the.ANKE.collaboration..One.of.the.last.results.is.in-.medium.φ.meson.width.in.a.proton.nucleus.collision..This.is.a.continuation.of.the.investigation.of.the.φ.meson.production.and.its.properties..Theoretical.models.predict.a.small.modification.of.its.mass.but.a.significant.increase.of.its.width..The.preliminary.value.of.the.effective.cross.section.of.the.φN.in.nuclear.matter.is.about.2.times.larger.as.that.for.φN.in.vacuum..The.determination.of.absolute.values.of.the.cross-section.is.the.next.step.in.this.program.

B) department of the structure of Atomic nucleus

the structure of nuclei studied with various experimental techniques

studies.of.the.nuclear.structure.have.been.carried.out.in.various.parts.of.the.nuclear.chart.by.using.the.combination.of.several.experimental.techniques,.such.as.discrete.gamma-ray.spec-

troscopy,.high-energy.gamma.ray.detection.and.charged.particle.or.heavy-ion.measurements.In.one.of.the.experiments,.the.detection.system.consisting.of.the.Cracow.Recoil.Filter.Detector.

(RFD).coupled.to.the.germanium.detector.array.GASP.(LNL).allowed.to.measure.half-lives. in.the.range.of.tens.to.hundreds.of.femtoseconds.for.collective.bands.in.the.A~70.and.N~Z.nuclei..The.mag-nitude.of.the.deformation.of.some.states.in.69As.could.be.extracted.

By.using.multinucleon.transfer.reactions.with.thin.targets.and.the.PRISMA-CLARA.(LNL).spec-trometer.combined.with.thick-target.γ-coincidence.data.from.Gammasphere.(ANL),.excited.states.in.the.N=30.neutron-rich.isotope.49K.have.been.studied..The.d3/2.proton-hole.state.has.been.located.92.keV.above.the.s1/2.ground.state,.and.the.proton-particle.f7/2.state.has.been.tentatively.placed.at.2104.keV.[49]..A.similar.PRISMA-CLARA.measurement,.combined.with.the.differential.recoil.distance.Dop-pler.shift.technique,.was.instrumental.in.determining.the.lifetimes.in.the.picosecond.range.of.low-lying.excited.states.in.the.neutron-rich.50Ca,.51Sc.and.44,46Ar.nuclei.[50,.51].

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The.Giant.Dipole.Resonance.in.the.88Mo.nucleus.at.high.spin.and.high.temperature.was.investigat-ed.at.LNL.by.employing.the.GARFIELD.array.for.light.charged.particle.measurement,.the.HECTOR.detector.for.high-energy.gamma-rays.and.the.phoswich.detectors.for.evaporation.residues.detection..The.data.seem.to.indicate.the.existence.of.the.predicted.Jacobi.shape.transition.in.88Mo.[52].

We.proposed.and.performed.the.first.measurement.with.the.novel.gamma-ray.detector.array,.AGA-TA.Demonstrator.(LNL),.which.can.precisely.track.a.gamma-ray.trajectory..The.electromagnetic.prop-erties.of.the.highly.deformed.band.in.the.42Ca.nucleus.have.been.accessed.via.Coulomb.excitation.[53].

We.have.demonstrated.for.the.first.time.that.heavy.nuclei.with.mass.A~200.produced.in.a.fragmen-tation.reaction.with.a.relativistic.beam.are.sufficiently.spin-aligned.to.warrant.g-factor.measurements.of.isomeric.states..By.making.use.of.this.feature.and.applying.the.Time.Differential.Perturbed.Angular.Distribution.(TDPAD).method,.we.measured.the.g-factor.for.the.2623.keV.Iπ.=.12+.isomer.in.192Pb.with.t.=.1.57.μs.that.has.been.produced.in.the.fragmentation.of.a.1AGeV.238U.beam.on.a.9Be.target..The.experiment.was.performed.at.the.SIS/FRS.facility. in.GSI.with.the.RISING.detection.system..Data.analysis.of.the.separated.isotopes.was.performed.with.the.use.of.the.SPY/CRACOW.software..The.g-factor.value.of.−0.175(20).was.extracted.and.found.to.be.in.perfect.agreement.with.earlier.data.from.the.fusion-evaporation.reactions..This.shows.that.the.fragmentation.process.at.relativistic.energies.can.indeed.be.used.as.a.key.tool.in.investigations.of.electromagnetic.moments.of.heavy.nuclei.far.from.the.stability.line,.and.probably.also.for.nuclei.with.extreme.neutron-to-proton.ratios.[54].

Thick. target. gamma. coincidence. data,. collected. with. the. GAMMASPHERE. gamma-ray. array.(ANL).for.the.products.of.deep-inelastic.processes.arising.in.the.48Ca+238U,.64Ni+238U,.76Ge+238U.and.208Pb+238U.reactions,.were.used.to.study.the.structure.of.neutron-rich.species.that.are.hard.to.reach.otherwise..The.yrast.structure.of.two.exotic.nuclei,.208Hg.and.209Tl,.located.south-east.of.208Pb,.was.extended.up.to.high-spin.and.successfully.compared.with.results.of.the.realistic.shell.model.calcula-tions.(highlight).[55]..Further.new.findings.include:.a).high-spin.sequences.built.upon.the.9/2+,.5/2–,.and.3/2–.states.in.the.odd-A. 71,73,75,77Ga.nuclei.[56];.b).prompt.gamma-rays.above.the.19/2–.isomer.in.the.Z=29,.N=42.71Cu.nucleus.providing.further.evidence.that.the.N=40.subshell.closure.persists.in.71Cu.[57];.c).level.structures.in.60,62Fe.and.adjacent.nuclei.that.were.extended.to.high.spins.and.among.which.the.negative-parity.states.were.found.presumably.arising.from.a.neutron.promotion.to.the.g9/2.orbital.[58];.d).yrast.and.near-yrast.levels.located.in.206Bi.up.to.an.isomeric.state.at.approx..10.MeV.with.spin.of.the.order.of.30-32.ħ,.being.the.highest-spin. isomer.observed.in.deep-inelastic.reaction.studies.and.one.of.the.longest-lifetime.isomers.known.with.spin.above.30.ħ.

The. low-energy. structures. of. neutron-rich. 53,54,56Sc. and. 53−57Ti. were. investigated. at. NSCL. MSU.through.the.β.decay.of.the.parent.nuclides.53,54Ca.and.53−57Sc,.as.well.as.through.prompt.isomeric.gamma-ray.emission.from.54,56Sc..While.the.experimental.data.provide.further.evidence.for.the.validity.of.the.N.= 32.subshell.closure.in.the.Ca.isotopes,.a.significant.N.=.34.subshell.gap.that.was.expected.on.the.basis.of.shell.model.calculations.does.not.exist.between.the.2p1/2.and.1f5/2.neutron.levels.in.the.21Sc.isotopes.[59].

Using.the.gamma.coincidence.data.from.the.above.mentioned.experiments.with.GAMMASPHERE,.an.attempt.was.made.to.search.for.higher.seniority.states.of.the.(h11/2)n.structure.located.above.10+.and.27/2–.isomers.in.neutron-rich.Sn.isotopes..These.nuclei.arise.from.the.fission.of.compound.nuclei.following.the.fusion.of.corresponding.combinations.of.heavy.ions..In.a.number.of.Sn.isotopes,.successful.identification.of.such.states.was.made..The.results.of.the.analysis.included.an.interesting.observation.of.the.unusually.high.number.of.evaporated.neutrons.(up.to.18).accompanying.these.complex.fusion-fission.reactions..

An.original.experiment.was.performed.in.the.LNL.Legnaro.in.an.attempt.to.search.for.the.Cou-lomb. excitation. of. states. located. above. the. high-spin. 49/2–. isomer. in. the. 147Gd. nucleus.. The. 76Ge.beam.was.used. to.bombard. the. 76Ge. target. located.up-stream.and. shielded. from.gamma.detectors..The.energetic.recoils.of.147Gd.in.the.isomeric.state.were.embedded.into.the.208Pb.catcher.placed.in.the.center.of.the.GASP.gamma.array.to.allow.the.most.efficient.detection.of.gamma-rays.possibly.arising.from.the.expected.secondary.CE.scattering..Although.this.first.testing.experiment.did.not.provide.any.solid.identification.of.expected.excitations,.the.technique.proved.to.work.well.and.future.experiments.of.this.type.are.planned.with.the.use.of.inversed.kinematics.reactions..Another.important.goal.of.the.experiment.was. to.complete. the.previous.study.of. the.147Gd. isomer.decay,.which. indicated.unusual.complexity.impossible.to.be.resolved.earlier..The.analysis.of.the.presently.obtained.high.quality.gamma.coincidence.data.confirms.the.anticipated.complexity..Initial.results.indicate.that.it.will.be.fully.resolved,.making.the.49/2–.147Gd.isomer.a.very.unique.case.among.all.known.decays.of.nuclear.isomeric.states.

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We.have.also.carried.out.research.on.the.borderline.between.theory.and.experiment..By.consider-ing.a.realistic.description.of.hot,.fast.rotating.nuclei.with.the.help.of.the.macroscopic.nuclear.model,.the.Lublin-Strasbourg.Drop.(LSD).model,. the.competition.between.Jacobi-type. instabilities. that.preserve.the.left-right.symmetry.of.nuclear.systems.and.the.Poincar´e-type.ones.that.break.this.symmetry.were.examined.for.some.nuclear.systems.[60,.61]..It.has.been.shown.that.in.exotic.neutron-rich.nuclei.these.two.mechanisms.should.be.considered.together.in.order.to.reach.the.lowest-energy.nuclear.configurations..Possible.experimental.signatures.of.a.transition.toward.the.Poincar’e.shapes.would.be.fission.fragment.mass.asymmetry.in.the.function.of.increasing.spin.as.well.as.specific.features.of.the.gamma-ray.strength.function.in.the.GDR.regime..The.nuclei.excited.up.to.very.high.spins.at.which.the.discussed.phenomena.should.occur.will.be.available.soon.at.the.radioactive.beam.facilities.that.are.currently.under.construction..Based.on.these.findings,.we.have.submitted.the.Letter.of.Intent.for.SPIRAL2.(GANIL),.having.as.an.objective.the.experimental.search.for.Jacobi.and.Poincare.transitions.in.neutron-rich.barium.isotopes..

A.competition.between.fission.and.evaporation.channels.in.the.fusion.reactions.was.modeled.by.solving.the.Langevin.dynamical.equation.in.3-dimensional.deformation.space..The.main.component.of.this.method.is.the.Potential.Energy.Surface.(PES),.which.can.be.obtained.from.macroscopic.models,.such.as.the.Finite.Range.Liquid.Drop.Model.(FRLDM).or.Lublin-Strasbourg.Drop.(LSD).model..Calculations.for.the.medium.mass.nuclei.(118,122Ba,.132Ce).show.noticeable.differences. in.the.fission.products.charge.distribution.depending.on.the.choice.of.PES.

The.assessment.of.the.predictive.power.of.nuclear.structure.models.is.a.very.important.although.rather.neglected.issue..We.have.developed.a.technique.that.allows.for.estimating.the.predictive.power.of.some.nuclear.structure.theories.by.applying.the.selected.methods.of.the.inverse.problem.theory..We.have.tested.the.approach.in.the.context.of.the.Woods-Saxon.mean.field.model.and.the.experimental.single.particle.states.near.all.doubly.magic.nuclei.[62].

The.research.described.above.is.strongly.linked.with.the.detector.development.carried.out.in.the.Department..The.main.activity.in.this.area.is.related.to.new.multi-detector.arrays.planned.to.be.used.in.the.future.European.infrastructures,.such.as.SPIRAL2.and.FAIR:.PARIS,.EXOGAM2.or.AGATA..

PARIS. is.a. collaborative.European.project. to.construct.and.operate.a.novel.4π,.highly.granular.gamma-ray.calorimeter,.which.profits.wholly.or.in.part.from.the.employment.of.novel,.advanced.scin-tillator.materials,. such.as.Lanthanum.Bromide.or.Cerium.Bromide..The.Cracow.group.coordinates.the.PARIS.collaboration.and.contributes.to.defining.the.geometry.of.the.whole.array.by.simulating.its.performance,.testing.individual.prototype.detectors.and.working.on.the.detector.pulse.processing.

AGATA.and.EXOGAM2.are.state.of.the.art.germanium.detector.arrays.being.built.within.the.Eu-ropean.collaboration..They.are.equipped.with.very.fast.numeric.electronics.capable.to.stand.the.highest.counting.rates..Our.group.has.developed.and.has.been.maintaining.AGAVA,.the.VME.interface.be-tween.those.detector.systems.and.other.ancillary.detectors..Moreover,.we.have.contributed.to.the.devel-opment.of.the.EXOGAM2.digitizer.board.NUMEXO2,.planned.to.be.used.also.for.the.PARIS.array.

c) department of ultrarelativistic nuclear Physics and Hadron structure

Reactions at relativistic energies

the.NA49.experiment.stopped.data.taking.a.few.years.ago;.however,.the.data.analysis.is.still.carried.on..In.particular,.electromagnetic.effects.on.charged.particle.distribution.were.studied..

The.studies.of.the.proton.and.antiproton.production.in.central.Pb+Pb.collisions.at.the.SPS.energies.are.also.approaching.their.final.state.

In.November.2009,.after.the.start-up.of.the.Large.Hadron.Collider.at.CERN,.the.ALICE.experi-ment.took.the.first.data.on.pp.reactions.at.0.9.and.2.36.TeV..The.analysis.of.these.data.resulted.in.the.first.ALICE.publication,.which.also.turned.out.to.be.the.first.LHC.one.[63]..We.also.presented.those.results.at.the.Epiphany.2009.Conference,.which.was.one.of.the.very.first.public.presentations.of.the.ALICE.results.

The.data.taking.was.continued.through.2010,.leading.to.the.accumulation.of.a.rich.sample.of.pp.events.at.7.TeV..Finally,.the.ALICE.experiment.published.several.papers.on.the.multiplicity,.particle.

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spectra.and.femtoscopy.(small-angle.correlations.of.identical.particles).at.all.three.energies.[63-67]..In.addition,.very.interesting.results.on.the.antibaryon-to-baryon.ratio.reflecting.the.baryon-number.trans-fer.mechanism.were.obtained.[68].

In.November.2010.the.first.lead.beams.were.delivered.by.the.LHC.and.ALICE.took.data.on.the.Pb+Pb.reactions.at.2.76.TeV,.being.the.highest.energy.of.nuclei.ever..The.analysis.resulted.in.publica-tions.on.multiplicity.[69].and.elliptic.flow.[70],.confirming.the.RHIC.observation.on.the.nature.of.the.new.state.of.matter.

We.participated.in.all.stages.of.this.activity,.taking.part.in.the.data.collection.during.runs.and.in.the.data.analysis..We.were.responsible.for.the.calibration.of.the.ALICE.main.tracking.device,.the.Time.Pro-jection.Chamber.(TPC),.using.the.radioactive.83Kr.isotope..This.included.data.taking.in.the.dedicated.Krypton.runs.and.analyzing.these.data.

One.of.our.responsibilities.was.the.online.analysis.of.the.condition.and.calibration.data.from.the.TPC,.which.allowed.for.drawing.conclusions.of.the.detector.condition.and.behavior..

Our.scientific.interests.are.concentrated.on.the.studies.of.the.diffractive.Pb+Pb.reactions..This.re-sulted.in.the.first.observation.of.the.coherent.ρ0.production.in.lead-lead.collisions.at.the.LHC.energies.

We.are.also.involved.in.the.analysis.of.strange.particle.spectra.in.pp.and.Pb.collisions.The.experimental.program.at.the.LHC.includes.the.search.for.exotic.phenomena.predicted.for.the.

interactions.at.the.LHC.energy.range..We.were.involved.in.these.studies.as.well..Results.in.the.form.of.an.invited.talk.were.presented.at.the.International.Symposium.“Cosmic.Rays.at.the.Mountain.Altitude”.held.in.September.2010.[64].

Recently,. the.decision.was.taken.by.the.CERN.Management.to.run.not.only. through.2011.but.2012.as.well,.thus.postponing.the.LHC.upgrade.shutdown.until.2013..We.expect.to.accumulate.large.statistics.of.pp.interactions.at.7.TeV.and.also.PbPb.at.2.76.TeV,.which.will.allow.for.performing.a.more.subtle.analysis.than.the.present.one.

The.highlights.of.the.studies.carried.out.in.the.Division.of.Nuclear.Physics.and.Strong.Interactions.are.presented.below.

Measurement of the η→π+π–γ decay with the wAsA detector at cosY

An.exclusive.measurement.of.the.η→π+π–γ.decay.[72].has.been.performed.with.the.WASA.instal-lation.at.COSY.(Jülich,.Germany).[73]..The.eta.mesons.were.produced.in.the.pd.→3He.η.reaction.

at.a.proton.beam.momentum.of.1.7.GeV/c..The.efficiency.corrected.Dalitz.plot.has.been.extracted.based.on.13740±140.events.after.background.subtraction..Various.differential.distributions.extracted.from.the.data.were.compared.to.different.theoretical.models..A.simple.gauge.invariant.matrix.element.of.the.η→π+π–γ.de-cay.predicts.well.the.pion.angular.distribution.≈sin2θ,.valid.for.the.p-wave.interaction.of.the.pions..However,.meaningful.discrepancies.between.experimental.data.and.theory.were.found.for.photon.energy.spectrum..A.better.description.of.the.photon.spectrum.was.found.with.more.recent.calculations.combining.the.box.anomaly.term.with.the.Vector.Meson.Dominance.contribution.to.the.final.state.interaction.of.the.pions.[74]..The.data.will.be.also.used.to.study.the.branching.ratio.of.the.η→π+π–γ.decay.

fig. 1 The missing mass of the 3Heπ+− system with differentmulti-pionproductioncontribution.

Figure 1: The missing mass of the3Heπ

+π− system with different multipion

production contributions

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dissociation of the hydrogenic molecules in collisions with the muonic hydrogen atoms

dissociation.of.the.hydrogenic.molecules.H2.and.D2.in.collisions.with.the.muonic.hydrogen.atoms.pμ.and.dμ.has.been.considered..In.particular,.the.contributions.from.the.discrete.and.

continuous.energy.spectrum.of.the.hydrogenic.molecules.to.the.partial.differential.cross.sections.for.the.scattering.pμ+H2.and.dμ.+.D2.have.been.studied.[75]..In.the.calculations,.the.Morse.potential.has.been.used.for.a.realistic.description.of.the.internuclear.interaction.in.the.hydrogenic.molecules..The.figure.shows.the.contributions.from.these.spectra.to.the.total.cross.section.pμ(F.=.0).+.H2.pμ(F’=0)+H2.versus.collision.energy.ε..The.pμatom.is.here.in.the.initial.and.final.state.F.=.F’.=.0.of.its.total.spin..

The. inclusion.of. the.dissociation.process. is. important. for. the.correct.description.of. the.muonic.atom.deceleration.above.about.ε.=.5.eV..This.is.especially.important.for.planning.and.interpretation.of.experiments.performed.in.low-density.hydrogenic.targets,.such.as.the.determination.of.the.proton.radius.by.measuring.the.Lamb.shift.in.the.pμ.atom.[76].

central exclusive standard Model Higgs boson production and bb background

exclusive.diffractive.dijets.production.has.recently.attracted.a. lot.of.attention.due.to.the.new.data.from.CDF.run.II.[77]..The.standard.approach.for.the.calculation.of.central.dijets.produc-

tion.in.proton-(anti)proton.collisions.is.based.on.the.Kaidalov-Khoze-Martin-Ryskin.(KKMR).QCD.mechanism,.which.was.initially.developed.for.the.central.exclusive.production.of.Higgs.[78].

However,. it.was.shown.in.Ref..[79].that.the.central.exclusive.production.of.bb.jets.at.the.LHC.may.totally.shadow.the.corresponding.signal.of.the.Higgs.boson.in.thebbchannel,.which.in.turn.may.lead. to. significant. problems. in. experimental. identification.. Therefore,. it. becomes. very. important. to.investigate.the.exclusive.quark.jets.production.in.different.kinematical.domains.and.to.quantify.the.re-lated.theoretical.uncertainties..On.the.other.hand,.the.analysis.of.various.differential.distributions.and.experimental.cuts.in.the.considered.four-body.reaction.pp.→.p.+.“gap”.+.qq.+.“gap”.+.p.could.help.to.reduce.the.corresponding.backgrounds..We.have.calculated.differential.distributions.for.exclusive.Higgs.production.as.well.as.for.b.and.b.quarks.(antiquarks).jets.from.the.decay.of.the.Higgs.boson.

We.have.used,.for.the.first.time.in.the.exclusive.Higgs.production.case,.the.vertex.function.which.is.consistent.with.the.k┴-factorization.approach,.i.e..it.takes.into.account.the.gluon.virtualities.in.the.hard.sub-process.part..The.amplitude.for.the.dijets.production.is.also.derived.within.the.k┴-factorization.approach.and.considered.in.different.kinematical.asymptotic..We.follow.the.exact.4-body.phase.space.calculations.without.any.simplifications..Irreducible.bb.background.to.the.central.exclusive.Higgs.boson.production.is.analyzed.in.detail;.in.particular,.we.have.studied.how.to.impose.a.cut.to.maximize.the.signal-to-background.ratio..The.QED.mechanism,.which.also.contributes.to.the.bbchannel,.is.taken.into.account.

Figure 1: Contributions from the discrete and continuous spectra of H_2

energy to the total cross section for muonic hydrogen atom scattering from

hydrogen molecule versus collision energy in the laboratory system.

fig. 2 Contributions from the discrete andcontinuousspectraofH_2energytothetotalcrosssectionformuonichydrogenatomscatteringfromhydrogen molecule versus collision energy in thelaboratorysystem.

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As.we.have.shown.in.Ref..[79,.80],.the.signal-to-background.ratio.can.be.improved.by.imposing.cuts.on.the.(anti)quark.and.outgoing.proton.transverse.momenta.(see.Fig..3)..It.was.also.argued.that.these.limitations.maximize.the.ratio.and.that.the.situation.cannot.be.further.improved.by.any.other.kinematical.cuts.

Lévy flights in nonhomogenous environments

nonhomogeneity.of. the.medium.can.enter.a.stochastic.description.of. transport.phenomena.as.multiplicative.noise.in.the.Langevin.equation.dx(t)=F(x)dt+σ(x)dL,.where.F(x).is.a.de-

terministic.force..The.case.of.the.noise.dL(t)in.the.form.of.the.stable.Lévy.distribution.is.of.particular.importance..In.the.Itô.interpretation,.the.corresponding.Fokker-Planck.equation

( ) ( )( ) ( )[ ] ( ) ( )[ ]txpxDx

KtxpxFxx

txpt III ,,),( µ

µµγσ

∂∂

++∂∂

−=∂∂

where.μ.€(0,.2].is.the.stability.index,.involves.the.variable.diffusion.coefficient.D(x).=.|σ(x)|μ..The.above.equation.can.be.solved.for.algebraic.D(x).=.|σ(x)|–θ.and.some.simple.drifts.F(x),in.the.approximation.of.small.wave.numbers,.by.means.of.a.Fox.function.expansion.[81]..For.the.case.with.the.linear.drift,.the.solution.is.stationary.in.the.longtime.limit.and.it.represents.the.Lévy.process.with.simple.scaling..The.solution.for.the.drift. term.in.the.form.λsgn(x).possesses.two.different.scales.that.correspond.to.the.stability.indexes.μ.and.μ+1(μ<1)..The.former.component.of.the.solution.prevails.at.large.distances,.but.it.diminishes.with.time.for.a.given.x..Since.asymptotically.p(x,t).~.|x|−μ−1,.variance.is.divergent.

The.problem.of.the.Stratonovich.interpretation.can.be.solved.exactly.[82]..The.solution.for.the.case.without.potential

( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )

+

+=

+2/1,1,/1,12/1,1,1,1/1

/11,12,22 /1

),( µµµ

µθ

µθµθµ

tK

xH

xtxps

where.H.is.the.Fox.function,.implies.asymptotic.tμ/(μ+θ)|x|−1−μ−θ..Therefore,.variance.can.be.finite.–.in.contrast.to.the.Itô.case.–.and.then.it.rises.slower.than.linearly.with.time,.<x2>~t2/(μ+θ).(subdiffusion)..Such. heavy. tails. are. present. also. for. the. linear. force. and. the. nonlinear. case. F(x). =. −|x|γsgnx,. where.ps(x) ~ |x|−(μ+θ+γ).(|x|.→.∞).[83]..The.difference.between.both.interpretations.of.the.stochastic.integral.is.also.visible.in.the.problem.of.the.escape.from.the.potential.well.[83]..The.effective.potential,.which.emerg-

fig. 3Thebbinvariantmassdistributionfor√s=14TeVandforbandbjetsfromHiggsdecayintherapidityinterval−2.5<yb<2.5correspondingtotheATLASdetector(leftpanel).Theleftpeak(bump) corresponds to theZ0 contributionand the right one– to theHiggs contribution.Results ofmakinglimitationsinthe(anti)quarkandoutgoingprotontransversemomentap1,2┴(rightpanel)thatmaximizethesignal-to-backgroundratio.

(GeV)bb

M0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

(nb/

GeV

)bb

/dM

σd

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210

-110

1

10 = 14 TeVsb p p b →p p 2.5≤|

b|y

2bb = M2

Fμ

0ZH

EDD with CTEQ6 NLO

b b→γγCEP

(GeV)bb

M0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

(nb/

GeV

)bb

/dM

σd

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

-410

-310

-210

-110

1

10

(GeV)bbM80 100 120 140

(nb/

GeV

)bb

/dM

σd

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510 = 14 TeVsb p p b →p p

2.5≤|b

|y > 40 GeV

bp

> 0.2 GeV1,2

p

Higgs

EDD with CTEQ6 NLO

b b→γγCEP completely removed

(GeV)bbM80 100 120 140

(nb/

GeV

)bb

/dM

σd

-910

-810

-710

-610

-510

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es.in.the.Stratonovich.interpretation,.possesses.a.high.barrier.when.θ.is.negative..As.a.consequence,.the.mean.first.passage.time.rapidly.falls.with.θ..This.effect.is.not.observed.in.the.Itô.case.

For.the.random.walk.problems,.nonhomogeneity.of.the.medium.manifests.itself.as.a.variable.jump-ing.rate.in.the.waiting.time.distribution.and.the.corresponding.fractional.Fokker-Planck.equation.pos-sesses.a.variable.diffusion.coefficient..The.solution.in.the.limit.μ.→.2.is.the.stretched.Gaussian

( )( )

+−=

+

++

−

tKx

xtKNtxp 22

2

21

2

2exp),(

θ

θθ

θθ

The.same.form.of.the.solution.is.obtained.after.long-time.evolution.when.one.assumes.μ<2,.but.the.distribution.is.truncated.either.by.the.exponential.or.by.an.algebraic.function.[84]..However,.when.the.cutoff.function.falls.slowly,.the.tail.of.the.distribution.is.algebraic.

jacobi shape transition in the 88Mo nucleus

the.properties.of.the.Giant.Dipole.Resonance.(GDR).at.high.temperatures.and.angular.mo-menta.is.one.of.the.central.topics.in.nuclear.structure.physics,.as.it.provides.an.insight.into.

the.general.properties.of.nuclei.under.extreme.conditions..Of.special.interest.are.nuclear.shape.changes.induced.by.temperature.and.angular.momentum..This.class.of.phenomena.includes.in.particular.the.Jacobi.shape.transition.predicted.as.an.abrupt.change.from.an.oblate.to.a.more.and.more.elongated.tri-axial.shape.occurring.close.to.the.critical.spin.value.for.scission..Recently,.the jacobi shape transition,.found.so.far.only.in.nuclei.with.mass.below.50,.seems.to.be.observed in.the.heavier.88Mo nucleus [85].

The.88Mo.compound.nuclei.were.produced.in.fusion-evaporation.reactions.at.temperatures.of.about.3,.3.8.and.4.5.MeV,.using.a.48Ti.beam.at.300,.450.and.600.MeV.that.bombarded.a.40Ca.target..The.setup.of.the.experiment.performed.in.LNL.Legnaro.consisted.of.the.GARFIELD.array.(∆E-E.gaseous.micro-strip.and.CsI(Tl).detectors).for.light.charged.particle.measurement,.HECTOR.(8.large.BaF2.detectors).for.high-energy.gamma-rays.and.phoswich.detectors.for.evaporation.residues.detection..

As.the.first.step.of.analysis,.the.high-energy.gamma–rays.spectra,.measured.in.coincidence.with.residues,.were.fitted.using.the.Monte.Carlo.version.of.the.statistical.model.code.CASCADE.to.obtain.information.on.the.GDR.parameters..Subsequently,.based.on.these.parameters,.the.experimental.GDR.strength.functions.were.inferred..A.structure.exhibiting.a.few.components.is.visible.already.in.the.low-est.temperature.measured.(3 MeV),.similarly.to.the.theoretical. line-shape.calculated.with.the.liquid.drop.model.LSD.(see.Fig..4)..The.presence.of.the.low.energy.component.at.about.8.MeV.seems.to.indicate.the.existence.of.the.predicted.Jacobi.shape.transition.in.88Mo..

fig. 4 Left: High-energy gamma-ray spectrum measured for the 88Mocompound nucleus decay. The solidline corresponds to the statisticalmodelCascade calculations. Right, upperpanel: The extracted experimentalGDR strength function (points) withthe line-shapeobtained forfittedGDRparameters.ThefittedGDRcomponentsare also indicated. Right, lower panel:The GDR strength function calculatedby the LSD model with the reactionparametersasintheexperiment.

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structure of the exotic nuclei 208Hg and 209tl

the.main.focus.of. the.present.nuclear.structure. investigations. is.also.on.the. issue.of.a.basic.approach.to.the.shell.model.and.its.validity.in.nuclei.lying.far.from.the.stability.line..In.the.

last.two.decades,.spectacular.progress.has.been.made.within.the.shell.model.–.new.methods.have.been.developed.to.derive.its.basic.ingredients.from.the.free.nucleon-nucleon.potential.without.any.adjust-able.parameters..At.this.point,.comparison.of.shell.model.calculations.based.on.these.ingredients.(here,.we.refer.to.them.as.“Vlow–k.realistic.calculations”).with.experimental.data.on.the.pure.valence-nucleon.excitations.may.deliver.information.on.some.basic.aspects.of.the.nucleon-nucleon.interaction.or.on.the.renormalization.procedure..

Due.to.the.fact.that.208Pb.is.one.of.the.best.among.the.doubly.closed.cores,.the.nuclei.neighboring.to.208Pb.form.an.excellent.laboratory.in.which.the.Vlow–k.realistic.shell.model.calculations.can.be.tested..Along.this.line,.the.Vlow–k.approach.was.applied.to.calculate.the.low-lying.valence.particle.excitations.in.210Bi.or.211At.and.turned.out.to.be.very.successful..A.question,.however,.was.raised.whether.it.would.also.work.so.well.in.the.yet.unexplored.but.important.sector.of.the.nuclidic.chart.lying.south-east.of.208Pb.(i.e.,.with.Z<82.and.N>126)..This.sector.is.very.hard.to.access.experimentally..

We.have.studied.the structure of the two exotic nuclei, 208Hg and 209tl, that are located south-east of 208Pb.and.have.two.valence.neutron.particles.and.two.and.one.valence.proton.holes.respectively.[86]..We.used.the.GAMMASPHERE.array.and.deep-inelastic.reactions.induced.by.a.1360.MeV.208Pb.beam.from.the.ATLAS.accelerator.at.Argonne.National.Laboratory.on.a.thick.238U.target..Previously.unknown.yrast.gamma-ray.cascades.above. the.8+.and.17/2+.nanosecond. isomers. in. 208Hg.and. 209Tl,.respectively,.have.been.identified.in.coincidence.with.the.known.gamma.rays.deexciting.the.isomers..Yrast.levels.up.to.spin.13–.in.208Hg.and.spin.31/2–.in.209Tl.have.been.located..Shell.model.calculations.with.the.Vlow–k.realistic.interaction.have.been.performed.for.208Hg.and.209Tl.and.compared.with.the.experiment.(Fig..5)..The.Vlow–k.realistic.effective.Hamiltonian.accounts.well.for.the.properties.of.these.neutron-rich.shell.model.nuclei,.thus.proving.the.validity.of.this.theoretical.approach.based.on.the.free.nucleon-nucleon.interaction.without.any.adjustable.parameters.in.the.exotic.regions.of.the.nuclear.chart.

fig. 5Theproposedlevelschemesfor208Hgand209Tl.TheresultsofshellmodelcalculationsperformedwiththeVlow–krealisticeffectiveinteractionarealsopresented.

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electromagnetic properties of the highly deformed band in the 42ca nucleus

to.explore.the.structure.of.nuclei.in.the.even.more.extreme.regions.of.the.nuclear.landscape,.a.novel.gamma-ray.detector.array,.AGATA,.which.can.precisely.track.a.gamma-ray.trajectory,.is.

being.constructed.within.one.of.the.major.European.collaborative.projects..A.group.from.our.Labora-tory.was.selected.on.the.basis.of.scientific.proposals.to.perform.the.first.measurement.with.the.presently.available.version.of.the.AGATA.array,.called.the.AGATA.Demonstrator..

The.experiment.was.aimed.at.studying electromagnetic properties of the highly deformed band in the 42ca nucleus via coulomb excitation [86]..A.42Ca.beam.of.170.MeV.energy,.delivered.from.the.TANDEM-ALPI.accelerator.at.the.Laboratori.Nazionali.di.Legnaro.(Italy),.bombarded.a.1.mg/cm2.target.of.208Pb..The.gamma.rays.from.the.Coulomb.excited.nuclei.were.measured.in.coincidence.with.back-scattered.projectiles,.detected.by.three.position-sensitive.heavy.ion.micro-channel.plate.detectors.forming.the.DANTE.array.that.covered.the.angular.range.from.100◦.to.144◦..The.AGATA.Demon-strator.spectrometer,.consisting.of.three.triple.germanium.clusters.shown.on.the.left.side.of.Fig..6,.was.used.to.detect.gamma-ray.transitions.with.energy.up.to.3.MeV..Data.acquisition.of.the.AGATA.array.was.fully.digital..The.readout.of.DANTE.was.synchronized.and.merged.with.the.AGATA.acquisition.system.using.the.AGAVA.interface.that.was.constructed.in.our.Laboratory.in.Cracow.

The.analysis,.which.will.provide.information.on.electromagnetic.properties.of.the.highly.deformed.band.in.42Ca.by.determination.of.the.appropriate.B(E2).transition.probabilities,.is.in.progress..Based.on.the.col-lected.data,.we.have.already.been.able.to.locate.a.new.gamma.ray.transition.at.2048.keV.that.may.be.an.important.asset.to.the.42Ca.level.scheme.–.the.representative.gamma-ray.spectrum.is.displayed.in.Fig..6..

electromagnetic effects on charged particle distributions in nuclear reactions

the.geometry.of.a.high.energy.nucleus-nucleus.collision.subdivides.the.reaction.into.two.basic.components:.theparticipantzone,.made.of.nucleons.directly.participating.in.the.reaction,.and.

the. two.charged.nuclear.remnants.known.as. the spectator systems..The.electromagnetic.field. induced.by.the.spectator.systems.modifies.the.trajectories.of.charged.particles.emitted.during.the.collision.and.thus.provides.new.information.on.the.space-time.evolution.of.the.nuclear.reaction.and.on.the.process.of.particle.production.in.the.non-perturbative.sector.of.Quantum.Chromodynamics.(QCD)..This.phe-nomenon.was.the.subject.of.a.number.of.our.experimental.and.theoretical.studies..Several.new.results.were.obtained.in.the.period.of.2009–2010..Out.of.these,.two.examples.are.presented.in.Fig. 7.

The.left.panel.of.the.Figure.shows.the.xF-dependence.of.the.density.ratio.of.positive.over.negative.pions. obtained. in. a. special. sample. of.“Pb+gas”. (presumably. Pb+air). reactions. at. the. c.m.s.. energy. of.√sNN=17.3.GeV.per.an.incoming.nucleon.pair..The.experimental.data.come.from.the.NA49.detector.at.the.CERN.SPS..At.low.values.of.pion.transverse.momentum.pT,.the.electromagnetic.field.of.the.spectator.system.induces.a.dramatic.drop.in.the.π+/π.ratio,.with.the.minimum.close.to.xF=mπ/mN≈.0.15.which.corresponds.to.pions.moving.longitudinally.at.spectator.velocity..This.effect.strongly.resembles.an.analogi-cal.phenomenon.previously.observed.in.peripheral.Pb+Pb.reactions.at.the.same.energy.

fig. 6Left: theAGATADemonstrator– three triple germaniumclusters.Right:Doppler-correctedgamma-rayspectrumobservedinthe42Ca+208PbCoulombexcitationexperiment.

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The. right. panel. of. the. Figure. shows. the. result. of. a. theoretical. study. of. charged. strange. meson.(K+ and K–).production.in.peripheral.Pb+Pb.reactions.at.√sNN.=17.3.GeV..We.predict.that.the.specta-tor.charge.can.have.a.very.strong.effect.on.the.final.state.ratio.of.K+.over.K–.density.at.low.values.of.pT,.with.two.deep.minima.at.xF.values.corresponding.to.kaon.velocities.similar.to.those.of.the.two.spectator.systems..As.it.can.be.seen.in.the.Fig..7,.this.effect.appears.to.depend.on.the.assumed.time.of.kaon.emis-sion..As.such,.similarly.to.pions.which.were.analyzed.in.our.preceding.studies,.this.effect.may.provide.new.information.on.the.space-time.evolution.of.strange.meson.production..It.should.however.be.noted.that.the.region.of.highest.sensitivity.corresponds.to.very.large.values.of.xF.

cosmic Ray inspired searches at the LHc

A.wide.spectrum.of.cosmic.ray.exotic.phenomena.have.been.observed.in.the.LHC.energy.domain..The.new.accelerator.experiments.should.not.neglect.the.chance.to.enrich.the.studied.signals.and.

should.incorporate.them.to.the.investigated.spectrum.of.observables..Continuing.our.previous.studies.[88],.we.considered.the.new.experimental.findings.and.theoretical.trends.arising.from.them..We.studied.the.pos-sibilities.to.look.for.these.phenomena.in.the.LHC.experiments..We.concentrated.on:

1.. Centauro.related.phenomena,2.. Strongly.penetrating.component,3.. Magnetic.monopoles,4.. Cherenkov.gluons.inspired.by.the.ring-like.events.

The.main.conclusions.from.our.studies.are:I.. The.question.of.Centauros.and.other.cosmic.ray.anomalies.–.the.subjects.of.many.recent.pa-

pers.–.is.still.open.and.it.should.be.solved.by.the.LHC.experiments.

II.. Explanation.of.the.negative.result.of.strangelet.searches.at.RHIC.can.be.obtained.on.the.basis.of.our.SQM.model.[89].of.Centauro.events..Fig..8.shows.the.pseudorapidity.distribution.of.Centauro. decay. products. and. strangelets. possibly. produced. in. central.Au+Au. collisions. at.RHIC.conditions,.and.generated.by.means.of.our.CNGEN.generator.[89].We.see.that.the.maximum.for.strangelets.is.at.about.4.<η.<.6,.which.is.beyond.the.geometrical.acceptance.of.the.ZDC.calorimeter.used.by.the.STAR.Collaboration.for.strangelet.searches..

III.. Cherenkov.gluons.emission.inspired.by.cosmic-ray.ring-like.events.is.a.very.interesting.idea,.as.it.could.be.employed.as.a.diagnostic.tool.of.the.partonic.properties.of.matter..We.found.that.our.old.Pamir.data.additionally.support.this.idea..Fig..9.shows.lateral.distributions.of.cascades.found.in.four.high.energy.events.(E.≅.1000.TeV),.measured.and.analyzed.by.the.Cracow.group..These.events.reveal.the.

fig. 7 Left panel: the ratio of final state density of π+/π– mesons, produced in “Pb+gas” reactions(seetext),drawnasa functionof theFeynmanvariableof thepion,xF=pL/pMAX,atfixedvaluesofpiontransversemomentumpT.Rightpanel:thesimulatedratiooffinalstatedensityofK+/Kmesonsproduced inperipheralPb+Pbreactions,drawnasa functionofxFatafixed, lowvalueofpT..ThedifferentcurvescorrespondtodifferentvaluesofthekaonemissiontimetE.

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two-maxima.character..Assuming.that.one.peak.corresponds.to.Cherenkov.gluon.emission.in.medium.jet.and.the.second.is.the.usual.jet.fragmentation,.we.estimated.that.the.value.of.the.refractive.index.n.is.close.to.one..It.is.expected.in.high.energy.collisions,.where.a.more.transparent.medium.than.at.RHIC.energies.should.be.produced..The.refractive.index.found.at.RHIC.is.much.higher.(n.~.2.5-3).[90].

IV.. Centauro.events.could.be.searched.for.in.the.LHC.experiments.via.looking.for.extreme.event-by-event.fluctuations.in.the.ratio.of.electromagnetic.to.hadronic.component,.multiplicity.and.transverse. momentum. of. produced. particles.. Some. ALICE. detectors,. such. as. the. Forward.Multiplicity.Detector.(FMD),.Photon.Multiplicity.Detector.(FMD).and.Zero.Degree.Calo-rimeters. (ZDCs),. are. suitable. for. these. studies..As.an.example,.Fig..10. shows. the.apparent.difference.between.multiplicity.and.composition.of.particles.predicted.to.be.produced.in.usual.central.Pb+Pb.collisions.and.in.Centauro.events,.falling.in.the.acceptance.of.the.FMD.detector.

V.. Strangelets,.if.produced.at.midrapidity,.are.proposed.to.be.searched.for.in.the.ALICE.central.detec-tors..If.produced.beyond.midrapidity,.as.we.proposed.in.[88,.89,.91],.they.could.be.searched.for.firstly. in.the.CASTOR-CMS.calorimeter,.and.then. in.the.ZDCs.(ALICE,.CMS)..cAstoR, dedicated.for.Centauro.And.Strange.Object.Research,.which.we.designed.primarily.as.the.ALICE.detector.[88,.92],.has finally been.built and.integrated.in.the.CMS.[93,.94]..We.suggest.that.not.only.Centauros.and.strangelets,.but.also.other.exotic.objects,.such.as.narrow.pion.(DCC).clusters,.susY long lived particles (R-hadrons) and magnetic monopoles, may.be.detected.and.recognized.in.the.CASTOR-type,.thick.and.longitudinally.segmented.calorimeters..we propose the energy deposi-tion pattern in such calorimeters as a new signature of novel states of matter [95].

Fig. 8.Pseudorapiditydistributionofstrangelets,generatedbyCNGENprogramincentralAu+AucollisionsatRHIC.

fig. 9 Lateral distribution ofphoton and hadron cascades forthe sum of four families found inthe Pamir thick Pb chamber. Theupper left panel shows the targetdiagramintheplaneperpendiculartothecollisionaxis.

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coherent ρ0 production in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions

in.ultra-peripheral.Pb+Pb.collisions.[96,.97],.the.lead.ions.approach.each.other.to.the.closest.distance.of.more.than.two.nuclear.radii..Since.Pb.ions.carry.a.high.electric.charge,.they.are.surrounded.by.a.

strong.electromagnetic.field.and.therefore.interact.mostly.electromagnetically..At.RHIC.the.coherent.photo-production.of.ρ0.mesons.has.been.observed.in.inclusive.gold-gold.reactions.Au+Au.→.AuAu.ρ0.[98]..Here,.

fig. 11Coherentρ0productioninPb+Pbcollisions.

fig. 10MultiplicityandcompositionofparticlesproducedinPb+Pbcentralcollisionsats=5.5TeV/n,within thegeometricalacceptanceof theALICEFMDdetectors.HIJINGandCentauroeventsareshownintheleftandrightplotsrespectively.

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we.report.on.the.first.observation.of.the.analogous.process.PbPb.→.PbPb.ρ0.at.the.LHC.energies,.using.data.collected.by.the.ALICE.experiment..

As.the.branching.ratio.of.the.decay.ρ0.→.π.+π–.is.nearly.100%,.the.final.state.consists.of.two.lead.ions.and.two.pions.of.the.opposite.charge..The.corresponding.graph.is.shown.in.Fig.11.

In.order.to.select.coherent.events,.we.used.a.cut.on.the.pion-pair.transverse.momentum..pT.<.100.MeV/c;.by.using.a.cut.on.the.Zero.Degree.Calorimeter.neutron.signal,.EZDC.<.100.GeV,.we.selected.events.in.which.colliding.ions.did.not.break-up.after.the.collision..The.invariant.mass.distribution.of.

the.pion.pair.shows.the.peak.near.the.ρ0.mass.–.see.Fig..11..As.a.rough.indication.of.the.level.of.the.background,.we.plotted.the.invariant.mass.and.the.pair.transverse.momentum.for.the.like-charged.pion.pairs..First.results.on.the.coherent.ρ0.production.in.PbPb.interactions.look.promising.and.indicate.a.possibility.to.enter.an.interesting.field.in.ultrarelativistic.nuclear.collisions.

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69.. K..Aamodt.et.al..(ALICE.Collaboration).Phys.Rev.Lett. 105, 252301.(2010)..

70.. K..Aamodt.et.al..(ALICE.Collaboration).arXiv:1011.3914 [nucl-ex].

71.. E..Gładysz-Dziaduś,.invited.talk.at.the.International.Symposium.“Cosmic.Rays.at.Mountain.Altitude”,.Sep-tember.2010,.Płock,

72.. WASA-at-COSY.Collaboration,.to.be.published.

73.. WASA-at-COSY.Collaboration,.H.H..Adam.at.al,.arXiv:nuclex/.0411038.

74.. C..Picciotto,.Phys..Rev..d45, 1569.(1992).

75.. J..Gronowski,.A..Adamczak,.Phys..Lett..A374,.2730.(2010).

76.. R..Pohl,.A..Antognini,.F..Nez.et.al.,.Nature.466,.213.(2010).

77.. T..Aaltonen.et..al.,.[CDF.Collaboration],.Phys..Rev..d77,.052004.(2008).

78.. A..B..Kaidalov,.V..A..Khoze,.A..D..Martin.and.M..G..Ryskin,.Eur..Phys..J..c33,.261.(2004).

79.. R..Maciuła,.R..Pasechnik.and.A..Szczurek,.Phys..Rev..d82,.114011.(2010).

80.. R..Maciuła,.R..Pasechnik.and.A..Szczurek,.arXiv:1011.5842.[hep-ph].

81.. T..Srokowski,.Phys..Rev..e79,.040104(R).(2009).

82.. T..Srokowski,.Phys..Rev..e80,.051113.(2009).

83.. T..Srokowski,.Phys..Rev..e81,.051110.(2010).

84.. T..Srokowski,.Physica.A388,.1057.(2009).

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85.. M..Ciemała,.M..Kmiecik,.A..Maj,.P..Bednarczyk,.B..Fornal,.M..Matejska-Minda,.K..Mazurek,.W..Męczyński,.S..Myalski,.J..Styczeń,.B..Szpak,.M..Ziębliński,.et.al.,.Acta.Phys..Pol..B (2011),.in.print.

86.. B.. Fornal,. B.. Szpak,. R.V.F.. Janssens,. R.. Broda,. M.P.. Carpenter,. G.D.. Dracoulis,. K.H.. Maier,. G.J.. Lane,.J. Wrzesiński,.S..Zhu,.J..Phys..G:.Conf..Series,.in.print.

87.. K..Hadyńska-Klęk,.P..Napiorkowski,.A.Maj,.F..Azaiez.et.al.,.Acta.Phys..Pol..B (2011),.in.print.

88.. E..Gładysz-Dziaduś,.Phys..Part..Nucl..34,.285.(2003).

89.. S..Sadovsky.et.al.,.Phys..Atom..Nucl..67, 396.(2004).

90.. I..Dremin.et.al.,.Acta.Phys..Polonica.B,.Proc..Suppl.,.Vol.1.641.(2008).

91.. J.. Bartke,. J.. Błocki,. E.. Gładysz-Dziaduś. and. P.. Żychowski,. INP. Kraków,. Poland,. Annual. Report. 2001,.p. 153;.J..Bartke,.J..Błocki,.E..Gładysz-Dziaduś,.P..Stefański.and.P..Żychowski,.INP.Kraków,.Poland,.Annual.Report.1998,.p..214..E..Gładysz-Dziaduś. for. the.CASTOR.group,.Nuclear.Theory`21,. ed..V..Nikolaev,.Heron.Press,.Sofia.2002,p..152.

92.. J.. Bartke,. J.. Błocki,. E.. Gładysz-Dziaduś. and. P.. Żychowski,. INP. Kraków,. Poland,. Annual. Report. 1999,.p. 201;.J..Bartke,.J..Błocki,.E..Gładysz-Dziaduś,.P..Stefański.and.P..Żychowski,.INP.Kraków,.Poland,.Annual.Report.1998,.p..213..

93.. E.. Gładysz-Dziaduś. for. the. CASTOR. group,. Acta. Phys.. Polonica. B37, 153. (2006);. J.. Bartke,. A.. Cyz,.E. Gładysz-Dziaduś.and.A..Panagiotou,.INP.PAN.Kraków,.Poland,.Annual.Report.2003,.p..130.

94.. P..Gottlicher,.Nucl..Instr..And.Meth..A.(2010),.doi:.10.1016/j.nima.2010.02.203..

95.. E..Gładysz-Dziaduś,.invited.talk.at.the.International.Symposium.“Cosmic.Rays.at.Mountain.Altitude”,.Sep-tember.2010,.Płock.

96.. A.J..Balz.et.al,.The.Physics.of.Ultraperipheral.Collisions.at.the.LHC,.Phys..Rep..458, 1.(2008).

97.. C.A..Bertulani,.S..R..Klein,.J..Nystrand,.Physics.of.Ultraperipheral.Nuclear.Collisions,.Ann..Rev..Nucl..Part..Sci..55,.27.(2005).

98.. C..Adler.et.al,.[STAR.Collaboration].Coherent.ρ0.production.in.ultraperipheral.heavy.ion.collisions,.Phys..Rev..Lett..89,.272302.(2002).

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A.significant.part.of.experimental.techniques.used.in.the.studies.of.solids.and.liq-uids.rely.on.nuclear. instruments.and.utilize.various.nuclear.particles..For.this.

reason.this.field.of.research.has.always.been.developed.in.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Phys-ics..As.the.experiments.involving.neutrons,.muons.and.synchrotron.radiation.require.the.corresponding. radiation. sources. operating. only. in. rather. few. centers. in. the. world,. the.research.in.the.Division.of.Condensed.Matter.combines.the.studies.with.the.use.of.the.equipment.functionating.on.the.IFJ.PAN.premises.with.numerous.proposals.that.are.sys-tematically.submitted.to.large-scale.instrument.laboratories..Among.such.centers.worth.mentioning.are:.InstitutLaue-Langevin.(ILL,.Grenoble,.France),.JointInstituteforNuclearResearch.( JINR,.Dubna,.Russia),.The.ISISNeutronandMuonSource.(Rutherford.Ap-pleton.Laboratory,. the.UK),.JuelichCentre forNeutronScienceatHeinzMaier-LeibnitzResearchNeutronSourceII( JCNS.at.FRMII,.Garching,.Germany),.TheEuropeanSynchro-tronRadiationFacility.(ESRF,.Grenoble,.France),.DESY.(Hamburg,.Germany).and.the.AdvancedPhotonSource.(Argonne,.USA),.HelmholtzZentrumBerlin.(HZB,.Germany)..

.Complementary.experiments.are.conducted.at.our.laboratories..The.most.important.instruments.at.our.disposal.are:.the.Lake.Shore.AC.susceptometer./.DC.magnetom-eter.and.the.Faraday-type.RG.Cahn.automatic.electrobalance,.the.adiabatic.calorimeter.operating. down. to. 100. K. and. the. far-. and. middle. infrared. spectrometers.. Of. great.use.is.the.newly.upgraded.X-ray.diffractometer..The.magnetic.resonance.measurements.are.performed.with.the.use.of.the.solid.state.NMR.spectrometer.(APOLLO.Tecmag,.USA).equipped.with.the.low.temperature.and.MAS.probeheads..The.instruments.op-erating.in.the.Positron.Annihilation.Group.form.a.unique.ensemble.useful.for.studying.bulk.and.surface.defects.in.technically.interesting.metals.and.alloys..The.new.ultra.high.vacuum.Sieverts.apparatus.has.been.designed.to.fill.the.nanostructured.carbon.materi-als.with.hydrogen..The.maximum.possible.pressure.of.hydrogen.in.the.system.is.70.bar.

.Many.condensed.matter.studies.require.highly.specialized.synthesis.and.crystal.growth..This.task.is.mainly.dealt.with.in.cooperation.with.both.Polish.and.international.institu-tions..The.main.source.of.molecular-based.magnets.for.our.measurements.is.the.Faculty.of.Chemistry.of.the.Jagiellonian.University,.Cracow..New.ferroelectric.materials.with.ro-tational.degrees.of.freedom.are.synthesized.at.the.Faculty.of.Chemistry.of.the.Wrocław.University..In.fact,.common.experiments.stimulate.the.design.of.new.materials.that.some-times.show.unexpected.interesting.phenomena..Advanced.calorimetric.experiments.are.done.in.cooperation.with.the.Research.Center.for.Structural.Thermodynamics.(Osaka,.Japan).[1].and.the.Tsukuba.University.( Japan).[2]..Broadband.Dielectric.Spectrometry.data.are.often.obtained.in.cooperation.with.the.Leipzig.University.(Germany)..Experi-mental.and.theoretical.analyses.of.materials.that.are.the.subject.of.our.own.experiments,.as.well.as.of.other.systems,.are.carried.out.in.cooperation.with.other.academic.centers:.the.Molecular.Science.Institute,.the.University.of.Valencia.(Spain),.Department.of.Environ-

iii. diVision of condensed MAtteR PHYsics

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s38 ResearchHighlights2009–2010

ment,.Energy.and.Mobility,.EMPA,.Dubendorf.(Switzerland),.Institut.d’Electronique,.Microelectronique.et.Nanotechnologie.(IEMN,.Villeneuve.d’Ascq,.France),.Karlsruher.Institute.of.Technology.(Germany),.K.U.Leuven.(Belgium)..

Among.the.international.projects.and.networks.worth.mentioning.are:.the.European.Network.of.Excellence.MAGMANET.[E9,.E30],.the.European.Network.COST-19,.C2C.Maria.Curie.European.Grant.[E13]..We.have.also.profited.from.the.national.research.net-work.EKO-KAT.[S9].of.the.Ministry.of.Science.and.Higher.Education.in.Poland.

Selected.scientific.results.presented.below.reflect.recent.research.activity.of.the.Division.The.systems.investigated.and.the.research.subjects.in.2009-2010.include:(i). .organic. glass. formers,. mainly. neoalcohols,. liquid. crystalline. materials. and.

polymers.as.studied.by.neutron.[3],.calorimetric,.infrared.and.dielectric.spec-troscopies.as.well.as.by.X-ray.diffraction.techniques.in.order.to.relate.their.thermodynamic.phases.to.molecular.rotational.and.translational.mobility,

(ii). .metal-organic.magnetic.materials,.with.the.focus.on.low.dimensional.magnets.and.potential.functionality.of.molecule-based.materials,.as.studied.by.magne-tometry,.neutron.diffraction.and.the.muon.spin.rotation.method.to.reveal.the.magnetic.ordering.in.particular.phases,

(iii). .substituted.Zn(Cr,.Sb)2Se4,.Cd(Cr,.V)2Se4,.Zn(Cr,.Sb)2Se4,.(Zn,.Mn)Cr2Se4.and.(Cu,.Co)Cr2Se4.spinels,.investigated.with.the.use.of.magnetometric.methods,

(iv). .the.RMn2(H/D)x.(R=RareEarth).hydrydies/deuterides.as.studied.by.X-ray.and.neutron.diffractions.and.magnetometric.methods,

(v). .ceramic-elastomer.composites.subject.to.polarized.neutron.measurements.in.search.for.residual.strains.in.polymer.inside.ceramic.microcavities,

(vi). .molecules. in. nanoscale. cages. of. zeolites. investigated. with. methods. of. deu-teron.magnetic.resonance.in.a.wide.range.of.temperatures,.

(vii). .local.chemical.structure,.symmetry.and.coordination.in.various.novel.materi-als.studied.with.the.use.of.high-resolution.solid-state-magic-angle-spinning.(MAS).NMR.spectroscopy,

(viii). .carbon.nanocones.generally.characterized.with.the.use.of.X-ray.diffraction,.calorimetric.experiments,. inelastic.neutron.scattering.and.infrared.spectros-copy,.in.view.of.their.suitability.as.hydrogen.storage.media,

(ix). .materials.related.to.energy.storage.and.conversion.studied.by.means.of.den-sity.functional.based.quantum.mechanical.computations.[4-11],

(x). .methylammonium-based.ferroelectrics.serving.the.theoretical.description.of.effectively.observed.critical.and.low.temperature.behavior,

(xi). .model.systems.showing.negative.Poisson’s.ratio.(auxetics).for.studies.of.their.bulk.and.surface.dynamics,.

(xii). .phonons.and.electron-phonon.coupling.in.metals.and.alloys.in.bulk.and.on.surfaces,(xiii). .computational.ab.initio.studies.of.phonons.in.bulk.crystals,.alloys,.thin.films,.

and.surfaces,(xiv). .theoretical.study.of.the.magneto-structural.phase.transition.and.spin-phonon.

coupling.in.MnAs,(xv). .electronic.and.optical.properties.of.magnesium-iron.orthosilicates.obtained.

from.the.first-principles.calculations,(xvi). .structural. and. elastic. properties. of. minerals. and. molecular. crystals. studied.

with.the.abinitio.static.and.molecular.dynamic.methods.

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nz31

i) comprehensive approach to scaling behavior in molecular magnet cuii

2+x{cuii4[wV(cn)8]4–2x[wiV(cn)8]2x⋅4H2o

Molecular. magnets. be-long.mostly.to.the.class.

of. compounds. involving. well-localized.magnetic.moments..For.this.reason.they.provide.a.unique.experimental. ground. for. testing.the.existing.theoretical.spin.mod-els.. The. signatures. of. the. nature.and.symmetry.of.magnetic. inter-actions.are.encrypted.in.the.values.of.the.corresponding.critical.expo-nents.. This. makes. the. studies. of.critical.behavior.an.appealing.field.complementary.to.other.methods.aimed. at. a. full. understanding. of.magnetic. couplings. in. a. system..The.μSR.spectroscopy.performed.in.zero.field.provides.a.direct. in-sight. into. the. thermal. behavior.of. the.order.parameter.related.to.the. non-vanishing. local. magnetic.field. static. on. the. microsecond. scale.. Its. appearance. marks. unambiguously. the. onset. of. the. transition.to.the.ordered.phase,.see.Fig..1..The.value.of.critical.exponent.β.was.found.to.amount.to.0.373(8)..This.

value. is. close. to. that. known.for.the.universality.class.of. the.isotropic. Heisenberg. model. in.3D.. The. direct. knowledge. of.the. thermal.dependence.of. the.order. parameter. can. be. com-bined.with.that.concerning.the.entropy. of. the. system. inferred.from.the.complementary.calori-metric. measurement. to. yield.further. characteristics. of. the.critical. behavior.. On. the. basis.of. the. critical. laws. for. specific.heat.and.order.parameter.it.was.demonstrated. that. the. excess.entropy. and. the. square. of. the.order.parameter.are.expected.to.obey.a.specific.algebraic.scaling.law. below. the. transition. point.Tc..This.scaling.has.been.verified.for. the.first. time. for.molecular.magnets.. In. Fig.. 2. the. experi-

mental.points.tend.to.align.while.approaching.the.transition.temperature.compound..The.ensuing.value.of.the.exponent.κ’.=1.295(3).is.consistent.with.the.universality.class.of.the.Heisenberg-3D.model..Using.complementary.experimental.methods.a.complete.set.of.critical.exponents.can.be.determined.

(MariuszCzaplaCo-authors:R.Pełka,P.M.Zieliński,A.Budziak,M.Bałanda,andT.Wasiutyński,NZ31)

fig. 1Temperaturedependenceofthelocalmagneticfield.Thesolidlineshowsthe fit to the phenomenological law shown in this figure. The inset shows timetemperaturedependenceofthezerofieldmuonspinrelaxationinthevicinityofthemagnetictransition[12].(MCzapla,etal.,Phys.Rev.B 82094446[2010]).

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450

50

100

150

200

250

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0

0

5

10

15

Asy

mm

etry

[%

]t [µs]

39.87 K

40.06 K

39.66 K

B [G

]

T [K]

B=B0[1-(T/Tc)s]b

fig. 2∆Svs.Q2inlog-logplot.Thesolidlineshowsthecorrespondinglinearfit.Theinsetmarksthemagneticcontributiontothetotalheatcapacityofthesampleforanarrayofappliedfieldvalues[12].(M.Czaplaetal.,Phys.Rev.B82094446[2010]).

0,1 1

1

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800

10

20

30

40

50

60

DSµQ2k�

∆S

Q2

H=0 kOe H=1 kOe H=2 kOe H=5 kOe H=10 kOe H=20 kOe H=50 kOe H=90 kOe

∆Cp [J

/mol

K]

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ii) first measurements of the magnetocaloric effect in molecular materials based on octacyanidoniobate complex

Like.all.magnetic.materials,.molecular.magnets.may.show.the.magnetocaloric.effect.(MCE),.which.is.heating.or.cooling.of.a.sample.due.to.the.application.of.a.magnetic.field..Adiabatic.removal.of.the.

magnetic.field.results.in.cooling.of.the.magnetic.system.and.may.be.used.for.refrigeration..MCE.is.effective.when.a.large.magnetic.entropy.change.is.present;.in.ferromagnets.|∆Sm(T,∆H)|.should.show.a.peak.at.Tc,.where.|(dM/dT)H|.is.maximum..We.have.performed.the.first investigations of the magnetocaloric effect.in.molecular.materials.based.on.octacyanidoniobate.anion..Compounds.[MII(pyrazole)4]2[NbIV(CN)8].with.a.different.constituent.metal.centers.M.(MII.=.NiII.(1).and.MnII.(2)).and.MnII

2–(L)n–[NbIV(CN)8].with.different.organic.component.L:.pyrazole.(2),.imidazole.(3).and.pyridazine.(4)).were.studied..The.systems.showed.a.sharp.transition.to.the.long.range.magnetically.ordered.state.at.the.critical.temperatures.Tc.=.13.4.K,.23.8.K,.25.4.K.and.43.K.for.(1),.(2),.(3),.and.(4).respectively..(1).is.a.soft.ferromagnet,.while.the.manganese-based.compounds.((2),.(3),.and.(4)).are.soft.ferrimagnets.with.the.NbIV-ion.magnetic.moments.negatively.coupled.to.the.moments.of.the.MnII-centers..MCE.has.been.determined.from.the.entropy.change.due.to.applied.field.H.as.a.function.of.temperature..An.array.of.isothermal.M-H.curves.up.to.the.field.56.kOe.was.recorded.at.various.temperatures,.the.results.were.transformed.to.(M-T)H.data.and.then.to.(dM/dT)H.plots.at.different.T;.integrating.such.a.plot.up.to.the.desired.field.value.yielded.the.entropy.change.in.the.sample.due.to.applied.field.as.a.function.of.temperature.(see.figure.for.∆H.=.1.T)..The.adiabatic.temperature.change.∆Tad.was.estimated.using.the.results.of.the.heat.capacity.measurement.for.(4)..Though.the.maximum.∆Tad.obtained.is.only.≈1.5.K.for.∆H.=.5.T,.it.is.still.larger.than.that.re-ported.for.hexacyanochromate.Prussian.blue.analogs..The.origin.of.small.∆Tad.in.both.types.of.materials.is.the.relatively.strong.lattice.contribution.to.specific.heat.

(M.Bałanda,M.Makarewicz,NZ31)

fig. 1Magneticentropyatthemagneticfieldchange∆H=1Tforoctacyanidoniobatecompoundsattemperaturesclosetothemagneticphasetransition.

0 10 20 30 40 50 600,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

∆S [J

mol

-1K-1

]

T [K]

Ni2(pyrazole)Nb Mn2(pyrazole)Nb Mn2(imH)Nb Mn2(pydz)Nb

∆H=1T

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iii) Modification of the properties of the porous magnet driven by sorption of guest molecules

Modification. of. the. properties. of. the. porous. magnet. driven. by. sorption. of. guest. mol-ecules. was. studied. by. magnetic. and. X-ray. diffraction. measurements.. The. investigated.

[Ni(cyclam)]3[W(CN)8]2.compound.(1) is.built.of.honeycomb-like.layers.with.empty.channels.of.≈.5.Å.perpendicular.to.the.layers..The.material.shows.reversible.structural.transformation.upon.the.inclusion.of.guest.molecules,.which.results.in.changes.of.magnetic.properties.[13]..Transition.to.the.long.range.ordered.magnetic.state.for.the.anhydrous.compound.1 occurs.at.4.9.K,.for.the.hydrated.one.1*H2o at.8.3 K,.while.Tc.=.9.9.K.and.11.4.K.for.the.sample.modified.with.acetonitril.(1*cH3cn).and.with methanol.(1*cH3oH)..AC.susceptibility.presented.in.Fig..1.reaches.the.highest.value.for.methanol.sorption..All.phases.show.a.metamagnetic.character.but.the.methanol-modified.one.turns.most.easily.to.ferromagnetic.and.has.a.hysteresis.loop.with.coercivity.field.of.250.Oe..The.differences.in.magnetic.behavior.of.the.anhy-drous.and.guest-induced.forms.of.the.compound.are.due.to.alteration.of.the.intra-.and.interlayer.magnetic.interactions.caused.by.changes.in.the.CN-bridge.geometry.and.in.the.distance.between.the.layers..Water.is.most.easily.adsorbed.into.the.structure.of.1.from.humid.air..The.process.of.water.sorption.into.the.an-hydrous.1 lasts.about.30.min,.as.recorded.by.X-ray.diffractometer.equipped.with.real.time.multiple.strip.detector.system.(see.Fig..2)..In.turn,.the.methanol-modified.phase.1* cH3oH.at.ambient.conditions.is.converted.to.1*H2o,.which.is.its.stable.form.at.ambient.conditions..The.ease.of.methanol.release.from.the.structure.can.be.attributed.to.its.lower.polarity..The.structure.of.hydrated.1*H2o.is.stabilized.by.a.network.of.hydrogen.bonds,.which.are.unattainable.in.1*cH3oH.

(M.Bałanda,NZ31)

fig. 2 Adsorption of water as recorded by X-raydiffractometerequippedwiththemultiple-stripdetector.

fig. 1ACsusceptibilityoftheanhydroussample1and for the sample modified with H2O, CH3OHandwithCH3CN.

5 10 15 20 250

2

4

6

8

101

1*H2O

1*CH3OH

1*CH3CN

T [K]

χ' [

cm3 /m

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iv) exchange couplings in cerium(iii)-octacyanotungstate(V) compounds revealing different network dimensionalities

Because.of.the.unique.nature.of.rare.earth.ions,.such.as.their.large.atomic.radius,.high.and.variable.coordination.numbers,.and.the.existence.of.large.spin.and.considerable.orbital.moments.giving.rise.

to.high.magnetic.anisotropy,.the.self-assembly.of.[M(CN)8]n–,.4f-metal.ions.and.organic.linkers.with.nov-el.structures.and.specific.properties.offers.great.challenges.and.opportunities.in.terms.of.controlling.their.dimensionality.and.magnetic.properties..Hence.the.two.complementary.research.issues.that.need.to.be.de-veloped,.the.first.one.seeking.new.synthetic.strategies.to.obtain.such.novel.and.technologically.promising.sys-tems.and.the.other.directed.towards.rationalizing.their.complex.magnetic.properties..Recently,.the.reaction.of.cerium(III).nitrate,.sodium.octacyanotungstate(V).and.2,2’-bipyrimidine.(bpm).in.various.conditions.has.led.to.the.formation.of.three.new.compounds:.ionic.[Ce2(bpm)(dmf )6(H2O)8][W(CN)8]2·3H2O.(1).(dmf.-.N,N-dimethylformamide),.tetranuclear.molecules.[Ce2(bpm)(dmso)8(H2O)4][W(CN)8]2·4H2O.(2). (dmso-dimethylsulphoxide). and. two-dimensional. inorganic-organic. hybrid. coordination. polymer.{[Ce2(bpm)(dmf )8(H2O)2][W(CN)8]2.·2H2O}n.(3).[14]..Many.studies.devoted.to.the.multiplet.struc-tures.of.lanthanide.f.systems.include.only.the.cases.in.which.either.sharp.emission.or.absorption.bands.or.both.were.available..There. is.yet. another.approach. that. can.yield. some. information.on. the.crystal-field.splitting.and.dispenses.with.the.sources.of.spectroscopic.information.using.the.output.of.magnetic.measurements. instead..Worth.mentioning.here. is. the.work.by.Ishikawa.and.coworkers. (Inorg..Chem..

42. (2003). 2440),. where. such.an.approach.using.a.consistent.set. of. crystal-field. parameters.was. shown. to. reproduce. the.magnetic. properties. for. iso-structural. lanthanide-based.double-decker. complexes.. A.similar. approach. was. already.adopted. by. us. in. the. analysis.of.a.series.of.compounds.com-prising. the. lanthanide. species,.octacyanotungstate,. and. the.DMF.ligand.(DMF.–.dimeth-ylformamid).. Drawing. on. this.experience,. numerical. proce-dures. taking. into. account. the.crystallographic. data,. splitting.of. cerium. ground. multiplet. by.the. crystal. field,. the. Zeeman.interaction. with. the. external.magnetic. field. and. exchange.coupling. between. the. con-stituents. ions. were. developed.

to.estimate.the.corresponding.exchange.coupling.constants..The.results.consistently. implied.a.stronger.and.ferromagnetic.cyanide-mediated.{Ce-NC-W}.interaction.JCeW=1.7(2).cm–1.(2).and.1.4(3).cm–1.as.compared.to.{Ce-bpm-Ce}.antiferromagnetic.interaction.JCeCe=–1.1(1).cm–1.(1,2).and.–0.5(2).cm–1.(3)..No.clear.correlation.between.the.magnitude.of.JCeW.and.structural.parameters.of.{Ce-NC-W}.linkage.could.be.obtained..In.order.to.understand.the.relation.between.the.geometry.of.[M(CN)8].moiety.and.the.strength.of.magnetic.coupling,.investigations.on.materials.based.on.other.Ln3+.cations.and.[W(CN)8]3–.with.bpm.linker.will.be.further.continued..

(RobertPełka,NZ31)

fig. 1TemperaturedependenceofχTfor3.Inset:IsothermalmagnetizationatT=1.8K.Thesolidlinesshowthebest-fitcurves.Thedashedlinerepresentstheresultofthe8-centergridmodel.(Inorg.Chem.49[2010]4268–4277,Figure6).

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v) nature of exchange interactions in 3-d molecular magnets {[Mii(pyrazole)4]2[nbiV(cn)8].4H2o}n (M = Mn, fe, co, ni)

Hybrid.organic-inorganic.molecular.magnets.exhibiting.extended.3-D.coordination.frame-works.have.been.recently.attracting.tremendous.interest.owing.to.their.captivating.struc-

tural.topologies.and.wide.potential.applications.as.functional.materials.with.the.physical.and.chemical.properties,.including.porosity,.reversible.sorption,.sensing.of.target.molecules,.pyroelectricity,.optical.activity,.nonlinear.optics,.etc..Self-assembly.of.[NbIV(CN)8]4–.with.different.3d-metal.centers.in.aque-ous.solution.and.excess.of.pyrazole.resulted.in.the.formation.of.four.3-D.isostructural.compounds.{[MII(pyrazole)4]2[NbIV(CN)8].4H2O}n,.where.MII.=.Mn,.Fe,.Co,.Ni.for.1,.2,.3.and.4,.respectively.[15].. All. four. coordination. polymers. crystallize. in. the. same. I. 41/a. space. group. and. show. identical.cyanido-bridged.structures.decorated.with.pyrazole.molecules.coordinated. to.MII-centers..Magnetic.measurements. revealed. that. all.four. compounds. show. a. long-range. magnetic. ordering. below.24,. 8,. 6. and. 13. K. respectively..To. estimate. the. values. of. the.exchange. coupling. constants.JMNb,.the.magnetization.vs..tem-perature. curves. for. 1-4. were.analyzed. within. the. framework.of.the.molecular.field.model..As.the.magnetic. centers. in.1-4. are.linked. by. one. type. of. the. sym-metry.equivalent.NbIV-CN-MII.linkage,. only. a. single. exchange.coupling. JMNb. was. assumed..The. model. consisted. of. two.sublattices:. one. for. NbIV. and.one. for. MII. centers.. Only. the.exchange. coupling. between. the.nearest.neighbors.was.taken.into.account.. The. JMNb. values. were.shown. to. increase. monotoni-cally. from. –6.8. for. 1,. through.–3.1. for. 2,.+3.5. for. 3. to.+8.1.cm–1. for. 4. and. to. be. strongly.correlated. with. the. number. of.unpaired. electrons. on. the. MII.metal.center..Orbital.contributions.to.the.total.exchange.coupling.constants.JMNb.were.also.identified.and.calculated.within.the.simple-counting.model.proposed.by.Kahn:.antiferromagnetic.JAF=–21.6.cm–1.originating.from.the.dxy,.dxz.and.dyzorbitals.of.the.MII.center.and.ferromagnetic.JF=+15.4.cm–1.originating.from.its.dz2and.dx2–y2.orbitals..Antiferromagnetic.contribution.is.successively.“switched.off ”. in.the.1-4. row.resulting. in.the.change.of.sign.of.JMNb.and.the.nature.of. long-range.magnetic.ordering.from.ferrimagnetic.in.1.and.2 to.ferromagnetic.in.3.and.4..This.interpretation.allows.us.to.predict.the.strength.of.exchange.coupling.for.not.yet.reported.CrII.and.VII.analogues.of.the.{[MII(pyrazole)4]2[NbIV(CN)8].4H2O}n.series:.JCrNb.=1/4(3JAF.+.JF)≈.–12.cm–1.and.JVNb.=1/3(3JAF)≈.–21.cm–1..The.above.is.consistent.with.the.extrapolation.of.the.linear.fit.to.the.JMNb.vs..the.number.of.3d.electrons.dependence.(see.Fig..1)..

(RobertPełka,MariaBałanda,NZ31)

fig. 1LinearfitoftheJMNbvs.numberof3delectronsdependencefor1–4(reddottedline)with95%confidencelimits(greendot-tedlines).Extrapolationyieldspredictedvaluesof–12and–18cm–1forpossibleCrIIandVIIanalogs,respectively[15].(Inorg.Chem.49[2010]7565,Figure10).

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vi) calculation of susceptibility tensor for localized spin models with s=1, 3/2, 2, 5/2 and with rhombic anisotropy

the.susceptibility.and.isothermal.magnetization.represent.two.widely.used.characteristics.of.mag-netic.materials..They.carry.information.on.how.the.elementary.magnetic.moments.associated.

with.building.units.of.a.given.compound.respond.to.the.external.magnetic.field..This.response.is.depend-ent.on.the.interaction.pattern.between.the.moments.themselves.and.between.them.and.other.degrees.of.

freedom.present. in. the.compound..The.magnetic.measurements.of. these.properties. together.with. the.theoretical.analysis.of.the.ensuing.data.are.to.provide.an.insight.into.the.corresponding.intra-.and.inter-molecular.interactions..It.is.therefore.crucial.to.develop.new.experimental.techniques.on.the.one.hand.and.refine.theoretical.apparatus.on.the.other..The.need.for.such.considerations.is.strongly.suggested.by.the.developments.in.the.field.of.coordination.compounds.in.general,.and.in.that.of.isolated.polynuclear.d-.or.f-electronic.systems.displaying.considerable.magnetic.anisotropies.in.particular. Although.comprehensive.reviews.of.these.issues.are.available.(R..Boča,.Coord.Chem.Rev.173.(1998).167;.R..Boča,.Coord.Chem.Rev.248.(2004).757),.this.contribution.includes.some.useful.complementary.results.[16]..It.concerns.the.discussion.of.the.procedure.referred.to.as.the.generalized.van.Vleck.formula..It.also.provides.exact.formu-lae.for.the.full.susceptibility.tensor.for.localized.spin.models.with.S=1,.3/2,.2,.and.5/2.with.both.axial.(D).and.rhombic.(E).zero-field.splitting.terms.and.for.arbitrary.spectroscopic.tensor..In.the.literature,.analytic.expressions.are.available.only.in.the.case.of.nonvanishing.axial.anisotropy.and.isotropic.spectroscopic.ten-sor,.but.the.general.case.taking.into.account.the.rhombic.zero-field.splitting.term.is.treated.only.numeri-cally..An.analytic.result.for.this.lowest.symmetry.case.is.also.missing.in.the.seminal.book.on.molecular.magnetism.by.Otto.Kahn..Furthermore,.the.quoted.reviews.do.not.discuss.the.issue.of.the.calculation.of.the.full.susceptibility.tensor,.which.is.of.major.importance.to.anyone.wishing.to.analyze.the.experimental.single-crystal.data.correctly..A.general.discussion.of.the.calculation.procedure.of.the.magnetic.properties.for.compounds.comprising.weakly-interacting.magnetic.centers.was.provided.

(RobertPełka,NZ31)

fig. 1ComponentsofthesusceptibilitytensorsimulatedforS=1,D=–10K,E=5Kandg=diag(2,2,2).Thesolidlinesshowthediagonalcomponentsofthezero-fieldsusceptibility.Theblacksolidlineshowsthemean(powdersample)susceptibility.Inset:Off-diagonalcomponentsduetothepresenceoftheexternalmagneticfieldH=(1,1,1)kOe.(ActaPhys.Pol.A119[2011]428,Figure2).

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vii) structural and magnetic transformations in HoMn2Hx hydrides

the.hydrides.of.Laves.phase.type.intermetallic.compounds.RMn2.(R.-.rare.earth.or.Yttrium).have.been.intensively.studied.due.to.their.unusual.physical.properties..These.compounds.can.

easily.absorb.large.amounts.of.hydrogen.(about.4.5.H.atoms.per.formula.unit)..A.significant.increase.in.the.relative.volume.of.the.unit.cell.due.to.hydrogen.absorption.causes.strong.modifications.of.structural.and.magnetic.properties.of.those.hydrides..

Recently,.HoMn2Hx.hydrides.have.been.studied.[17]..Figure.1.shows.the.structural.and.magnetic.phase.diagrams..X-ray.diffraction.(XRD).studies.revealed.many.structural.transformations.occurring.at. low. temperatures.. In.particular,. a. transformation. from.the.cubic. to. the.monoclinic. structure.was.detected,.which.so.far.has.not.been.reported.for.other.cubic.RMn2Hx.compounds,.as.well.as.spinodal.decompositions.were.observed.(Fig..1a)..The.structural.transformations.are.reflected.in.the.magnetic.behavior.(Fig..1b)..The.change.in.ordering.temperatures.(the.blue.line).implies.a.very.strong.relation-ship.between.the.magnetic.interactions.and.the.Mn-Mn.distance.modified.at.hydrogen.absorption.

On.the.basis.of.the.phase.diagrams.it.was.possible.to.select.the.sample.which.displayed.a.single-phase.in.a.wide.temperature.range.and.thus.was.suitable.for.neutron.diffraction.(ND).measurements..Figure.2.shows.the.ND.patterns.obtained.for.the.HoMn2D4.5.deuteride..Four.characteristic.tempera-tures.are.visible,.at.which.the.magnetic.and/or.structural.transformations.are.expected..The.ND.results.are.consistent.with.the.XRD.measurements.and,.in.addition,.they.are.indispensable.to.the.determina-tion.of.the.magnetic.structure.of.that.deuteride.

(A.Budziak,A.Pacyna,NZ31)

fig. 2NeutrondiffractionpatternsfortheHoMn2D4.5deuteride.

0 1 2 3 40

100

200

300

ferri af

af + ferria0 ferro+ eferri

afa0 para+ eferri

apara

T [K

]

Hydrogen concentration x [H / f.u.]

(b)0

100

200

300

400

a +

d

d

e

d

a + da

a0

a0+ er

a0+ d

r

T [K

]

(a)

20 40 60 80 100

435400

325

2

200

100

25

300

2 theta [deg]

370

T [K

]

fig. 1 (a) and (b) Structural and magnetic phasediagramsfortheHoMn2Hxhydrides(morein[17]),

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viii) Metal tetrahydroborates – potential hydrogen storage materials

Metal. tetrahydroborates,. also. called. borohydrides,. are. compounds. containing. metal. cations.and.BH4.groups..Recently,.they.have.been.studied.intensively.because.of.their.high.gravi-

metric.hydrogen.content,.which.makes.them.potential.hydrogen.storage.materials..The.stoichiometry.of.these.compounds.reflects.the.valency.of.the.metal.cations,.i.e.,.MBH4.and.M(BH4)2.for.alkali.and.alka-line.earth.metals,.respectively..Both.groups.of.borohydrides.are.stable;.they.remain.in.a.solid.crystalline.form.at.ambient.conditions,.and.they.decompose.in.a.temperature.above.500.K..The.crystal.structure.complexity.of.the.tetrahydroborates.increases.with.increasing.valency.of.metal.atoms.

The. practical. use. of. these. materials. for. versatile. hydrogen. storage. requires. solving. several. basic.problems.related.to.the.origin.of.their.stability..In.particular,.there.is.a.correlation.between.structural.complexity.and.the.decomposi-tion. temperature,. as. the. more.complex.structures.decompose.at. lower. temperatures.. Also,.the.relation.between.the.struc-ture.and.intrinsic.properties.of.constituent. elements. remains.to.be.explained.

We. have. analyzed. the.structural,. thermodynamic,.and. electronic. properties. of. a.broad. range. of. metal. borohy-drides. by. means. of. extensive.density.functional.calculations..Our. analysis. has. revealed. the. factors. that. determine. their. structure:. ionic. bonding,. the. orientation.of.the.BH4.groups,.and.the.coordination.number.of.the.metal.cation.[9]..The.charge.transfer.in.the.metal. tetrahydroborates.explains. rationally. the.structural.diversity.of. these.compounds..As. they.are.

ionic. systems,. the. metal. borohy-drides.fall.into.the.classification.of.Linus.Pauling..The.ionic.radius.for.the. BH4. group. allows. for. struc-tural.predictions.of.new.and.mixed.compounds.as.presented.in.Fig..1.

We.have.also.shown.that.solid.phases. of. borohydrides. of. Al,. Sc,.Y,.Ti,.and.Zr.can.range.from.ionic-like.structures.for.Y(BH4)3.to.the.molecular. ones. of. Al(BH4)3. and.Zr(BH4)4.. These. compounds. are.thermodynamically. unstable. at.room.temperature.with.respect.to.their. decomposition. into. boron.and. hydrogen.. Their. stability. is.explained.through.the.experimen-tally. observed. formation. of. dibo-rane.being.a.necessary. step. in. the.decomposition. path.. This. points.out.that.the.kinetic.factors.are.im-portant. for. analysis. of. the. metal.borohydrides.stability.[11].

(ZbigniewŁodziana,NZ31)

fig. 1Thecoordinationofthemetalcationinselectedmetaltetrahydroborateswithahighweightcontentofhydrogen.TheRomandigitsdenotetheoxidationstates,TstandsfortetrahedralandOstandsforoctahedralcoordination.Thegreen cells mark metal tetrahydroborates with resolved crystal structure thatpossesscationcoordinationaspredictedbyourmodel.

Sc(III) O

V(II) O

(III) O/T(IV) T

Cr(II) O(III) T

Mn(II) T/O(IV) T

Fe(II) T/O(III) T

Co(II) T(III) T(IV) T

Ni(II) T

Cu(I) T(II) T

Zn(II) O/T

Y(III) O

Zr(IV) T

Nb(III) O(IV) O

Mo(III) O

(IV) O/T(VI) T

Cd(II) O

Ti(III) O/T

(IV) T

Element(oxidation state) coordination

fig. 2Theformationenthalpyofaluminumborohydrideswithrespect tovarious decomposition products. A stands for decomposition into boronand hydrogen (B+H2) as a final products; B represents decompositionintodiboraneandhydrogen(B2H6+H2)asfinalproducts;andCmeansdecomposition into B4H10+H2 as an example of higher borane. TheleftpanelshowstheenthalpyofdecompositionatT=0K,therightpanelT =200K.Aschematicviewofdecompositionproductsisrepresentedbywhiteballsforhydrogenandredballsforboron

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ix) infrared spectroscopic and X-ray studies of 4-propyl-4′-isothiocyanatobiphenyl (3Bt)

the.infrared.spectroscopy.in.the.mid-infrared.frequency.range.and.the.X-ray.technique.were.combined.to.study.the.polymorphism.of.the.4-propyl-4′-isothiocyanatobiphenyl.(3BT).[18]..

The.analysis.of.intensities,.halfwidths.and.positions.of.five.bands.corresponding.to.the.stretching.vibra-tions.of.the.isothiocyanato.group.enabled.us.to.identify.C1-C5.solid.crystalline.phases.and,.in.addi-tion,.to.detect.a.collective.transformation.that.turns.the.highly.ordered.smectic.phase.E.(SmE).into.a.glass..The.profiles.of.the.absorption.spectrum.of.the.NCS.group.vibrations.in.two.frequency.regions.are.shown.in.Figure.1..Diffraction.measurements.allowed.us.to.determine.the.structure.features.of.all.phases..We.concluded.that.the.glassy.phase.of.the.SmE.was.formed.by.freezing.the.molecular.motions.around.the.short.axes.and.fluctuations.of.structural.disorder.in.the.layers..The.X-ray.studies.of.the.glass.of.the.SmE.phase.revealed.a.parallelism.between.the.glass.of.smectic.E.and.the.glassy.state.of.materials.exhibiting.orientationally.disordered.crystal.(ODIC).phases..

(M.Jasiurkowska,J.Ściesiński,NZ31)

fig. 1ProfilesoftheIRbandsoftheNCSvibrationsinvariousphases[18].( J.Phys.Chem.B2009,113,7435–7442).

550 500 450

80 K

108 K

170 K

220 K

270 K

315 K

Wavenumber/cm-1

Abs

orba

nce

2200 2100 2000 1900

C1

C2

C3

C4 Wavenumber/cm-1

80 K

C5

108 K

170 K

220 K

315 K

270 KA

bsor

banc

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SmE

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x) calorimetric studies of relaxation processes in the glassy phase of pentyl cyanobiphenyl (5*cB)

Glass.is.a.non-equilibrium.state.with.a.quasi.frozen–in.structural.disorder.of.the.molecules.and/or.of.molecular.groups..The.structure.relaxes.towards.equilibrium.by.a.spontaneous.exothermal.

or.spontaneous.endothermal.processes.when.the.sample. is.kept. in.the.adiabatic.conditions.below.and.above.the.glass.transition.temperature.Tg.respectively..The.time.dependence.of.the.temperature.T(t).re-flects.the.relaxation of the enthalpy of.the.sample..For.the.glass.of.cholesteric.liquid.of.pentyl.cyanobiphe-nyl.with.chiral.molecules.(5*CB),.the.relaxation.was.observed.at.four.temperatures.below.Tg.(see.Fig..1)..The.relaxation.function.in.the.form.of.the.stretched.exponent.T(t).=.T∞.–.A.exp(–.(t/t)β.).–.Bt.was.fitted.to.the.calorimetric.data.at.each.temperature.T(0),.where.T∞.denotes.the.equilibrium.temperature.reached.in.the.relaxation.studied,.tis.the.relaxation.time.and.the.1-parameter.is.a.measure.of.the.cooperativity.of.molecular.dynamics,.which.increases.with.lowering.T(0)..The.third.term.in.the.formula.is.related.to.a.small.drift.of.temperature.due.to.the.imperfection.of.the.adiabatic.conditions.in.the.calorimeter..

The.fastest.relaxation.occurred.at.T(0).=.208.7.K,.i.e..at.the.initial.temperature.closest.to.Tg.=210.K..The.fitted.parameters.then.were:.T∞.=.209.03.K,.β=.0.67,.t=.4898.s.and.B=.5.9.mK.h–1..Traces.of.an.endothermal.process.can.be.noticed.in.this.run..The.value.of.1–β.indicates.a.rather.strong.coop-erativity.of.reorientational.motions.resulting.from.a.complicated.shape.of.the.free.energy.surface.in.the.configurational.space.with.many.local.minima,.which.is.a.characteristic.feature.of.organic.glass.formers..Both.parameters.1–β.and.t.are.larger.for.lower.T(0).

(M.Massalska-Arodź,J.Krawczyk,NZ31)

fig. 1RelaxationfunctionT(0)/T(t)vs.timeforfourdifferentrelaxationrunsforthesamplekeptintheadiabaticconditionsatT(0)=203.5K,200K,208.7and194.5K(presentedfrombottomtothetop).

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000

0,9980

0,9985

0,9990

0,9995

1,0000

T(0)

/T(t)

time / s

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xi) solid-solid phase transitions and the structure of liquid crystalline schiff-bases n-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4’-n’-octylaniline

solid-solid. phase. transitions. and. the. structure. of. liquid. crystalline. Schiff-bases. N-(4-n-butyloxybenzylidene)-4’-n’-octylaniline.(abbreviated.as.BBOA.or.4O.8).have.been.studied.us-

ing.adiabatic.calorimetry.and.X-ray.diffraction.in.the.wide.temperature.regions..In.heat.capacity.Cp(T).measured.from.5.K.to.375K.four.endothermic.anomalies.were.identified.[1],.i.e..an.ordered.crystal.(Cr).transforms.into.smectic.B.(SmB).at.310.5.K,.which.then.transforms.at.321.1.K.to.smectic.A.(SmA).and.at.335.3.K.to.nematic.(N),.melting.at.351.0.K..The.entropy.change.is.the.largest.in.the.transition.between.the.Cr.and.SmB.phases,.which.corresponds.to.the.activation.of.the.rotational.degrees.of.mo-lecular.freedom..The.enthalpy.change.at.the.SmB.–.SmA.transition.is.slightly.greater.than.at.the.SmA.–.N.transition,.showing.that.the.energy.needed.to.destroy.the.ordering.of.the.molecules.in.the.layers.is.larger.than.that.required.for.destroying.the.smectic.ordering..Only.the.SmB.phase.was.easily.super-cooled.and.vitrified..It.was.interesting.to.observe.that.when.the.liquid.phase.was.quenched,.the.lower.Cp(T).values.were.obtained.on.heating.it.than.for.the.glass.of.SmB..A.new.phase.was.defined.as.the.glass.of.SmBr..The.SmBr.phase.with.a.different.sequence.of.molecular.layers.than.SmB.was.identified.in.several.Schiff-bases..We.observed.a.small.anomaly.corresponding.to.the.SmBr.–.SmB.transition.at.287.2.K..In.addition,.two.metastable.crystal.phases.(CrA.and.CrB).during.heating.were.identified..The.X-ray.diffraction.patterns.obtained.for.the.SmB.phase.corresponds.to.the.hexagonal.structure.with.the.following.unit.cell.parameters:.a.=.5.02.Å,.c.=.27.56Å,.α.=.β.=.90º,.γ.=.120º.at.310.K..For.the.crystal.Cr.phase,.the.triclinic.structure.was.estimated.with.a.=.26.36.Å,.b.=.7.95.Å.and.c.=.5.72.Å.at.225.K.

(E.Juszyńska,M.JasiurkowskaNZ31)

References

1.. E..Juszyńska,.M..Jasiurkowska,.M..Massalska-Arodź,.D..Takajo,.A..Inaba,.MCLC.(2011).in.press.

fig. 1TheX-raydiffractionpatternsofBBOAcollectedintheSmB,glassofSmBrandcrystalphase.

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T = 310 KSmB

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xii) the thermal behavior of two isomers of neohexanol

the. thermal. behavior. of. two. isomers. of. neohexanol,. i.e.,. 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol.CH3CHOHC(CH3)3.and.2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol.CH3CCH3OHCH(CH3)2.(abbreviated.as.

3,3-DM-2B.and.2,3-DM-2B,.respectively).was.studied.by.adiabatic.calorimetry.in.the.temperature.range.from.100.K.to.300.K..Heat.capacity.measurements.were.performed.on.heating.using.a.home-made.adi-abatic.calorimeter.to.establish.a.solid.state.polymorphism..The.3,3-DM-2-B.showed.a.rich.polymorphism.of.the.solid.state..Three.endothermic.crystal-crystal.phase.transitions.of.C4→C3.at.239.1.K,.C3→C2.at.255.6.K.and.C2→C1.at.263.8.K.were.observed..The.entropy.changes.at.the.phase.transitions.were.as.fol-lows:.∆SC4→C3=.1.8.[ J/.mol.K],.∆SC3→C2.=.1.9.[ J/.mol.K].and.∆SC2→C1.=.0.04.[ J/.mol.K]..At.275.5.K.the.melting.was.obtained.with.∆SC1→Is=.6.2.[ J/.mol.K]..The.small.values.show.that.all.crystalline.phases.are.orientationally.disordered.plastic.crystals.(ODIC)..During.rapid.cooling.the.supercooled.liquid.phase.transformed.into.the.ODIC.phase.C4.at.Tc.=.263.8.K,.which.was.observed.by.means.of.the.so-called.drift.method..On.heating.a.glass.of.ODIC.phase.C4,.the.softening.was.found.at.Tg.=.223.K,.as.shown.in.Figure.1..The.fact.that.3,3-DM-2B.is.a.glass.former.was.revealed.only.by.the.drift.method..Contrary.to.that,.for.2,3-DM-2-B.only.the.crystal.phases.C2.and.C1.were.detected..The.entropy.changes.at.the.phase.transitions.were.∆SC2→C1=.1.8.[ J/.mol.K].(at.249.8.K).and.∆SC1→Is.=.27.4.[ J/.mol.K].(at.262.K)..One.can.see.that.the.tendency.to.glass.formation.depends.on.the.details.of.molecular.structure.and.interactions.between.reorienting.molecules..

(E.Juszyńska,P.M.Zieliński,J.Ściesiński,NZ31)

fig. 1Thetemperaturedrift ratedT/dtobserved for3,3-dimethylbutan-2-olaroundglass transitiontemperatureTg.

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xiii) internal vibrations of the neohexanol molecule determined by neutron scattering

simulations.of.the.structure.of.2,2-dimethyl-butan-1-ol.(CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2OH).were.car-ried.out.using.the.DFT.method..This.allowed.us.to.interpret.the.internal.vibration.dynamics.

of.the.molecules.obtained.from.neutron.experimental.data.and.to.determine.the.interactions.between.them..The.calculated.frequencies.enabled.us.to.identify.the.characteristic.vibration.bands.of.hydrogen.bonds.depending.on.the.number.of.molecules.forming.the.structure.of.the.clusters..The.comparison.of.the.calculated.phonon.density.of.states.Gcal(ν)for.different.clusters.with.Gexp(ν)obtained.from.Inelas-tic.Incoherent.Neutron.Scattering.measurements.(Fig..1).showed.that.the.length.of.the.hydrogen.bond.becomes.shorter.with.the.increasing.number.of.molecules.in.the.cluster..The.presence.of.the.hydrogen.bonding.leads.to.significant.changes.in.the.frequency.of.vibrations.from.the.hydroxyl.group.for.each.cluster:.the.frequencies.of.out.of.plane.γ(COH).and.in.plane.δ(COH).vibrations.are.higher.by.100%.and.30%.respectively,.while.the.stretching.vibration.ν(OH).frequency.is.lower.by.approximately.10%..It.is.worth.noting.that.the.calculated.hydrogen.bond.lengths.for.the.tetramers.provide.an.accurate.inter-pretation.for.the.vibration.bands.observed.in.the.Gexp(ν)spectra.as.well.as.in.the.IR.absorption.spectra.

(E.Juszyńska,I.Natkaniec,NZ31)

fig. 1 Comparison of the experimental low temperature phonon density of state spectra of2,2-dimethyl-butan-1-olwiththecalculatedspectraforclusters.

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2,2-dimethyl-1-butanolT = 20 K

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cyclic tetramer clustergauche + 3xtrans molecules

B3LYP/6-31G*

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trans- molecule

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xiv) subsonic leaky waves on the inner surface of a cylindrical cavity in an elastic medium

isolated.true.surface.waves.have.been.recently.found.in.radiative.bands.of.materials.showing.internal.degrees.of.freedom.[20]..The.phenomenon,.which.is.to.some.extent.reciprocal.to.this,.occurs.in.

cylindrical.geometry..Apart.from.the.Rayleigh-like.true.surface.waves,.the.inner.surface.of.a.cylindrical.cav-ity.of.an.elastic.medium.supports.a.number.of.surface.resonances,.i.e..excitations.showing.finite.life.times..The.leaky.waves.are.characterized.by.complex.frequencies.ω =.ω’.–.iω’’,.where.the.real.part.ω’.represents.the.position.of.the.resonance.and.the.imaginary.part.ω’’.–.its.width,.i.e..the.inverse.of.the.life.time..It.is.in-teresting.to.note.that.the.positions.of.the.resonances.come.out.of.the.bands.of.the.bulk.waves.and.that.the.resonances.become.more.and.more.long.lived.with.the.increasing.axial.component.of.the.wave.vector..This.is.represented.in.Fig..1,.where.the.light.blue.parts.are.the.bulk.bands.of.transverse.waves.and.the.dark.blue.ones.–.the.bulk.bands.of.longitudinal.waves..The.upper.parts.(a).and.(b).show.the.real.parts.of.the.surface.leaky.waves:.the.solid.lines.for.n.=.0,.dashed.lines.for.n.=.1.and.dotted.lines.for.n.=.2.azimuthal.nodes..Two.values.of.the.Poisson.ratio.ν.0.3.and.–0.3.have.been.considered..The.lower.parts.(c).and.(d).show.the.corresponding.imaginary.parts..Reduced.units.~ω = ωa/cTp.and.

~k=ka/2p.have.been.used,.where.cT.is.

the.sound.speed.of.the.bulk.transverse.waves.and.a.is.the.radius.of.the.cavity..The.results.may.be.useful.in.the.dynamics.of.nanopores.as.well.as.of.macroscopic.objects.such.as.human.arteries..

(P.Zieliński,D.Trzupek,NZ31)

fig. 1 Real and imaginary parts of the surface leaky waves on inner surface of cylindrical cavity(D. Trzupek,PhDThesis,2010.

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nz32

i) dynamics of hydroxyl deuterons and bonded water molecules in nadY(0.8) zeolite

dynamics.of.hydroxyl.deuterons.and.bonded.water.molecules.in.NaDY(0.8).zeolite.as.studied.by.means.of.deuteron.NMR.spectroscopy.and.relaxation.[21]..Deuteron.spin-lattice.relaxa-

tion.and.spectra.were.measured.for.NaDY.(0.8).zeolite.containing.some.heavy.water..Two.subsystems.of.deuterons.with.different.mobility.were.disclosed.at.low.temperatures.with.their.respective.relaxation.rates.differing.by. two.orders.of.magnitude..The.spectra.exhibit.different.shapes.related.directly. to.a.specific.motional.model..Hydroxyl.deuterons.perform.incoherent.tunneling.along.the.hydrogen.bond,.then.on.increasing.temperature.jumps.to.excited.states.and.over.the.barrier.appear..Hydrogen.bonded.water.molecules.perform.180o.rotational.jumps.about.the.twofold.symmetry.axis..Spectral.amplitudes.are.consistent.with.the.water.content.of.13.D2O.molecules.per.unit.cell..Above.about.240.K.the.trans-lational.mobility.becomes.significant.and,.finally,.the.water.molecules.diffuse.across.the.free.space.of.cages..Diversity.in.temperature.dependence.of.hydroxyl.deuteron.dynamics.may.indicate.the.location.of.adsorbed.molecules.

(Z.T.Lalowicz,G.Stoch,A.Birczyński,NZ32)

ii) diverse mobility of d2o molecules in nanoscale cages faujasites: a deuteron nMR investigation

nuclear.magnetic.resonance.(NMR).provides.the.means.of.studying.molecular.dynamics. in.every.state.of.matter..The.molecules. inserted. into.cages.of.zeolites.represent.a.particularly.

rewarding.system..We.observe.features.characteristic.of.gas.phase,.liquid-like.layers.and.immobilized.molecules.in.the.temperature.range.from.310K.down.to.70K..We.apply.deuteron.NMR.to.study.the.mobility.of.D2O..The.shape.of.spectra.is.related.to.the.symmetry.of.molecular.reorientations..Relaxa-tion.rates.allow.us.to.estimate.the.strength.of.interactions..We.aim.to.follow.the.evolution.in.the.strength.of.water-sodium.cation,.water-framework.oxygen,.and.water-water.interaction.as.loading.changes..The.amount.of.D2O.related.to.sodium.cation.abundance.equals.100%,.200%,.300%.and.500%.in.faujasite.samples.with.Si/Al.=.1.3,.1.8.and.2.4..A.fraction.of.D2O.exhibits.high.mobility.and.contributes.to.a.very.narrow.line.at.room.temperature..The.fraction.is.related.to.the.Si/Al.ratio..That.component.de-cays.in.an.exponential.manner.common.for.all.samples.and.disappears.at.about.220K..There.is.a.phase.transition.at.about.210K.and.the.spectra.broaden.significantly..Translational.freedom.vanishes.at.the.phase. transition.. The. nature. of. the. phase. transition. is. related. to. a. spectroscopic. window. of. NMR..Deuterons.are.observed.as.rigid,.when.the.correlation.time.tc.becomes.longer.than.(2πCQ)–1,.where.CQ.is.the.quadrupole.coupling.constant..A.component.characteristic.of.π-jumps.of.water.molecules.domi-nates.for.NaX..Most.of.the.molecules.are.rigid.in.NaY..Their.locations.in.the.zeolite.framework.can.be.proposed.according.to.different.values.of.the.quadrupole.coupling.constant.derived.from.the.spectra.


iii) deuteron nMR spectra

deuteron.NMR.spectra.provide.direct.evidence.for.the.symmetry.of.deuteron.mobility..The.so.called.Pake.doublets,.with.the.peak.separation.3/4CQ,.are.observed.for.rigid.deuterons.and.

allow.to.measure.the.quadrupole.coupling.constant.CQ..The.peak.separation.equals.1/3CQ.for.deuter-ons.rotating.about.a.threefold.axis..A.twofold.exchange.of.two.deuterons.in.D2O,.also.called.π-jumps,.results.in.the.so.called.pagoda.shape.[Fig.1]..Gaussian.spectra,.with.decreasing.width,.represent.reo-rientations.approaching.isotropic.symmetry.and.with.increasing.correlation.frequency..There.are.two.Gaussian.components.with.different.width.in.the.spectra.measured.above.220K..Their.width.at.room.temperature.increases.with.decreasing.Si/Al.for.300%.loading..A.contribution.of.the.narrow.line.equals.at.room.temperature.1/2N,.N,.2N.and.2.5N,.for.NaX.samples.with.100%,.200%,.300%.and.500%.loading,. respectively,.where.N.equals. the.number.of.Na+. ions.per.unit. cell..The.narrow.component.decays.when.temperature.goes.down..That.dependence.was.fitted.with.a.function.1–bexp(–aT).with.a.

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=.0.045/K.for.all.samples..Both.components.broaden.significantly,.but.retain.the.Gaussian.shape,.when.temperature.approaches.about.220K..A.phase.transition.appears.at.slightly.lower.temperatures,.eg..at.217K.for.NaX.500%.sample,.which.confirms.observation.by.other.methods..

At.temperatures.below.220K.we.observe.broad.lines.that.can.be.decomposed.into.the.components.with.characteristic.shapes..Pake.doublets,.characteristic.of.immobile.deuterons,.dominate.in.the.spectra.for.almost.all.samples.at.low.temperatures..Only.the.spectrum.of.NaX(1.3).100%.sample.shows.a.dom-inating.contribution.of.the.pagoda.component,.accompanied.by.broad.Gaussian.or.Pake.doublets.at.high.(Fig..1).or.low.temperature.limits,.respectively..At.a.higher.water.content.in.NaX.samples,.there.is.a.stepwise.increase.of.the.pagoda.component.at.the.expense.of.Pake.doublets.in.the.range.from.150K.to.180K,.depending.on.the.loading..A.contribution.of.the.pagoda.at.a.plateau.decreases.with.an.increasing.amount.of.water,.the.remaining.part.comes.mainly.from.a.Gaussian.broad.line..Pake.doublets.dominate.in.the.spectra.of.NaY(2.4).300%.sample.in.the.whole.temperature.range..Even.at.193K,.contributions.amount.to.59%,.19%.and.22%.from.Pake.doublets,.pagoda.and.broad.Gaussian,.respectively.(Fig..2)..The.following.quadrupole.coupling.constants.were.obtained.for.the.following.spectral.components.in.most.cases:.pagoda.–.260kHz,.Pake.doublets.–.120kHz,.180kHz,.220kHz.and.260kHz.


iv) „How to understand wavelets. fundamentals of wavelet signal Processing”

by.Jacek.W..Hennel.and.Zbigniew.Olejniczak,.ZamKor,.Kraków.2010,.ISBN.978-83-60793-73-2.[22]

“....The.authors.managed.to.reconcile.two.worlds.apart:.the.book.is.rigorously.correct,.being.at.the.same.time.very.clear..Referring.to.the.intuition.of.the.reader,.it.can.contribute.to.a.broader.understan-d.ing.of.the.signal.processing.techniques.based.on.wavelets..Conse-quen.tly,. it. can. increase. the.benefits. for. the.wavelet.analysis.users.who. can. better. formulate. the. purpose. of. performed. transforma-tions.and.more.thoroughly.interpret.the.obtained.results...”.

(from.the.review.written.by.prof..Ryszard.Tadeusiewicz)

( J.W.Hennel,Z.Olejniczak,NZ32)

fig. 1DeuteronNMRspectrumofNaX(1.3)100%sample at210K.Labels 1 and2 refer to pagodaandGaussiancomponents,respectively.

fig. 2DeuteronNMRspectrumofNaY(2.4)500%sampleat193K.Labels1,2and3–Pakedoublets,4 – pagoda,5–Gaussian

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nz33

i) Magnetostructural phase transition in MnAs

using.first.principles.calculations,.we.have.connected.a.magnetic.phase.transition.observed.in.famous.MnAs.near.room.temperature.(Tc.=.315.K).with.a.particular.vibration.of.the.crystal.

structure.(Fig..1)..We.have.revealed.the.soft.mode,.which. induces.the.structural. transition.from.the.hexagonal.to.orthorhombic.phase.and.leads.to.the.disordering.of.magnetic.moments.and.the.disappear-ance.of.total.magnetization.[23]..The.discovery.of.such.a.strong.coupling.between.crystal.vibrations.and.magnetization.helped.us.to.explain.the.mechanism.of.discontinuous.magnetostructural.phase.transi-tion.at.Tc..Additionally,.a.strong.dependence.of.the.structural.stability.on.the.Mn.magnetic.moment.explains,.in.a.similar.way,.the.effect.of.the.external.magnetic.field.on.the.phase.transition.(i.e..shift.of.Tc.towards.higher.temperatures)..This.particular.interplay.between.magnetic.and.lattice.properties.leads.to.a.large.entropy.change.at.the.discontinuous.phase.transition.and,.consequently,.to.a.giant.magneto-caloric.effect.promising.applications.in.ecological.refrigeration.at.room.temperature..The.idea.is.based.on.the.magnetocaloric.phenomenon.related.to.the.reversible.processes.of.heating.up.and.cooling.down.magnetic.materials.by.inserting.them.to.and.withdrawing.from.an.external.magnetic.field.repeatedly.in.adiabatic.conditions..Under.ambient.pressure,.the.maximum.entropy.change.in.MnAs.can.achieve.∆S.=.Sα–.Sβ.=30.J/(K.kg).for.the.magnetic.field.change.∆H.=.5T.and.20.J/(K.kg).for.∆H.=.2.T..Our.theoretical.predictions.are.in.good.agreement.with.all.experimental.findings.published.earlier.

( J.Łażewski,P.Piekarz,K.Parlinski,P.T.Jochym,M.Sternik,NZ33)

fig. 1ThechangesinthemagneticorderandcrystalstructureinthemagnetostructuralphasetransitioninMnAs.

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ii) Probing the dynamical properties of intermetallic systems containing fe

the.dynamical.properties.are.embodied. in.the.phonon.density.of.states.(PDOS),. from.which.one.can.deduce.the.thermodynamic.properties,.such.as.free.energy,.entropy,.or.the.atomic.vibra-

tional.amplitude..The.recently.developed.technique.of.nuclear.resonant.inelastic.scattering.(NIS).makes.it.possible.to.probe.the.siteselective.PDOS.of.alloys.or.nanostructures.containing.iron.atoms.by.means.of.the.probe.nuclei.(e.g.,.57Fe)..On.the.other.hand,.the.dynamical.properties.of.crystals.and.low.periodicity.multilayers.or.thin.films.are.successfully.studied.using.first.principles.calculations..The.accuracy.of.modern.quantum.mechanical.methods.for.describing.condensed.matter.allows.us.to.model.theoretically.the.disor-dered.FeCr.alloy.[24],.the.[Fe/Fe0.1Co0.9]n.multilayer.[25],.and.the.FePt.L1o.thin.film.[26]..For.the.first.time,.all.mentioned.systems.have.been.studied.within.the.combined.experimental.(NIS).and.theoretical.ab.initio.approach..The.calculations.not.only.confirmed.the.experimental.findings,.but.they.also.provided.additional.data.for.a.better.understanding.of.lattice.dynamics.in.these.materials.

We. have. discovered. significant. differences. in. the. partial. Fe. PDOS. of. the. α. and. σ. phases. of. a.quasiequiatomic.FeCr.alloy.(see.Fig..1)..The.phonon.spectrum.of.the.σ.phase.is.broader.and.reaches.higher.energies.than.in.the.α.phase..The.calculations.revealed.that.such.changes.result.from.the.larger.dispersion.of.distances.and.different.dynamics.of.the.individual.sublattices.in.the.σ.phase.

Using.abinitio.calculations.we.have.proven.that.the.metastable.bcc.Co.layer.between.the.adjacent.Fe.layers.can.be.stabilized.by.adding.Fe.atoms.to.the.Co.layer..The.iron.atoms.included.in.the.bcc.Co.system.cause.the.rise.of.force.constant.values.in.its.nearest.neighborhood.and.stabilize.its.surround-ings.in.the.bcc.structure..Thus,.both.the.Fe.layers.and.the.Fe.atoms.diluted.in.the.Co.layer.play.a.very.important.role.in.the.stabilization.process..We.have.found.a.strong.anisotropy.in.the.phonon.density.of.states.along.the.a.and.c.axes.of.the.FePt.crystal,.which.induces.a.difference.in.the.calculated.thermody-namic.and.elastic.parameters.along.these.axes..Calculations.of.surface.related.effects.show.that.a.strong.deviation.from.the.bulk.vibrational.spectrum.is.observed.for.the.Fe.terminated.surface..By.comparison.with.the.surface.sensitive.measurement,.we.have.deduced.that.the.FePt.(100).oriented.surface.is.Pt.ter-minated..Recent.publications.illustrate.the.various.possibilities.of.combined.NIS.and.abinitio.studies.to.probe.the.partial.PDOS.of.dilute.Fe.atoms.in.alloys,.multilayers,.and.thin.films..

(M.Sternik,P.Piekarz,K.Parlinski,NZ33)

fig. 1(a)PhononDOSmeasuredon57Featomsat298Kfortheα(circles)andtheσphase(triangles)ofFe52.5Cr47.5;(b)measured(circles)andcalculated(dots)DOSforα–Fe52.5Cr47.5;(c)measured(triangles)andcalculated(dots)DOSforσ–Fe52.5Cr47.5.(Phys.Rev.Lett.104[2010]p.155503,Fig.1).

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iii) computational Mineralogy

Physical.properties.of.minerals.under.high.pressure.–.high.temperature.conditions.encountered.in.the.Earth.interior.are.of.great.importance.for.our.understanding.of.crucial.geodynamical.

processes..Simultaneously,. laboratory.measurements. in. such.conditions.are.notoriously.difficult. and.expensive..Computational.material.science.provides.a.complementary.source.of.data.on.mechanical.and.thermodynamic.properties.of.minerals.in.such.extreme.conditions..Our.recent.computational.mineral-ogy.research.concentrated.on.electronic.and.thermodynamic.properties.of.the.magnesium.orthosilicate.–.a.major.constituent.of.the.Earth’s.mantle.and.on.structural.properties.of.magnesium.hydroxide.–.an.important.model.of.layered.minerals.incorporating.OH.groups..This.research.was.carried.out.within.the.framework.of.the.C2C.European.project.with.additional.support.from.the.Polish.government..

The.variable.concentration.of.iron.in.the.(Mg,Fe)2SiO4.spinel.strongly.modifies.its.structural.sta-bility.and.electronic.properties..The.Fe.atoms.influence.also.the.optical.properties.of.the.spinel,.which.has.an.impact.on.the.heat.transfer.in.the.Earth’s.transition.zone..Due.to.the.partially.filled.3d.electronic.states,.Fe2SiO4.is.the.Mott.insulator.with.the.antiferromagnetic.order.observed.at.low.temperatures..By.performing.calculations.with.the.LDA+U.method,.we.have.determined.how.the.local.Coulomb.in-teractions.modify.the.electronic,.structural,.and.dynamical.properties.of.Fe2SiO4.[27]..By.changing.the.iron.concentration.in.the.(Mg,Fe)2SiO4.spinel,.we.have.explained.a.decrease.in.the.insulating.gap.and.the.evolution.of.the.electronic.state.from.the.band.insulator.(Mg2SiO4).to.Mott.insulator.(Fe2SiO4)..We.have.calculated.the.absorption.spectra. in.a.broad.range.of.energies,. from.infrared.to.ultraviolet,.obtaining.good.agreement.with.the.experimental.data.[28]..

The.phase.transitions.in.the.Mg2SiO4.system.determine.the.layered.structure.of.the.Earth’s.mantle.–.since.the.phase.boundaries.in.its.phase.diagram.are.commonly.associated.with.major.seismic.disconti-nuities.in.the.Earth..The.role.of.the.newly.discovered.Wadsleyite.II.phase.of.Mg2SiO4.in.the.mineralogy.of. the. Earth’s. transition. zone. has. become. the. subject. of. recent. debate.. The. structural. stability. of. this.phase.has.been.confirmed.with.phonon.and.elastic.tensor.calculations.[29]..The.detailed.crystal.structure.of.the.magnesium.hydroxide.(Mg(OH)2),.despite.the.apparent.simplicity.of.the.compound,.is.still.not.fully.understood..Particularly.the.hydrogen.sublattice.shows.simultaneously.full.triple.axis.symmetry.and.abnormally. large.displacement.amplitudes..We.have.performed.extensive.ab initiomolecular.dynamics.calculations.for.this.system.and.extracted.a.new.kind.of.dynamic.structure.in.the.hydrogen.sublattice,.thus.predicting.a.possible.low.temperature.order-disorder.phase.transition.in.the.system.[30]..This.result.opens.a.new.way.for.explaining.seemingly.contradictory.measurements.presented.in.the.literature.

(K.Tokar,M.Derzsi,P.T.Jochym,P.Piekarz,K.Parlinski,A.M.Oleś,J.Łażewski,M.Sternik,NZ33)

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18.. M..Jasiurkowska,.J..Ściesiński,.M..Massalska-Arodź,.J..Czub,.R..Pełka,.E..Juszyńska,.Y..Yamama,.K..Saito,.J. Phys..Chem..113.(2009).7435.

19.. E..Juszyńska,.M..Jasiurkowska,.M..Massalska-Arodź,.D..Takajo,.A..Inaba,.MCLC.(2011).in.press.

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21.. Z.T.. Lalowicz,. G.. Stoch,.A.. Birczyński,. M.. Punkkinen,. M.. Krzystyniak,. K.. Góra-Marek,. J. Datka,. Solid.State.Nucl..Magn..Reson.,.37.(2010).91-100.

22.. J.W..Hennel,.Z..Olejniczak,.Jak.zrozumieć.falki,.ZamKor,.Kraków.(2010).

23.. J..Łażewski,.P..Piekarz,.J..Toboła,.B..Wiendlocha,.P..Jochym,.M..Sternik,.K..Parlinski,.Phys..Rev..Lett..104,.147205.(2010).

24.. S.M..Dubiel,.J..Cieslak,.W..Sturhahn,.M..Sternik,.P..Piekarz,.S..Stankov.and.K..Parlinski,.Phys..Rev..Lett..104,.155503.(2010).

25.. B..Laenens,.N..Planckaert,.M..Sternik,.P.T..Jochym,.K..Parlinski,.A..Vantomme.and.J..Meersschaut,.Phys..Rev..B.79,.224303.(2009).

26.. S.. Couet,. M.. Sternik,. B.. Laenens,. A.. Siegel,. K.. Parlinski,. N.. Planckaert,. F.. Gröstlinger,. A.I. Chumakov,.R. Rüffer,.B..Sepiol,.K..Temst.and.A..Vantomme,.Phys..Rev..B.82,.094109.(2010).

27.. M..Derzsi,.P..Piekarz,.P.T..Jochym,.J..Łażewski,.M..Sternik,.A.M..Oleś.and.K..Parlinski,.Phys..Rev..B.79,.205105.(2009).

28.. K..Tokár,.P..Piekarz,.M..Derzsi,.P.T..Jochym,.J..Łażewski,.M..Sternik,.A.M..Oleś,and.K..Parlinski,.Phys..Rev..B.82,.195116.(2010).

29.. K..Tokár,.P.T..Jochym,.K..Parlinski,.J..Łażewski,.P..Piekarz.and.M..Sternik,.J..Phys.:.Condens..Matter.22,.145402.(2010).

30.. P.T..Jochym,.A.M..Oleś,.K..Parlinski,.J..Łażewski,.P..Piekarz.and.M..Sternik,.J..Phys..Condens..Matter.22,.445403.(2010).

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iV. diVision of tHeoReticAL PHYsics

the.research.in.the.Division.covers.a.broad.spectrum.of.subjects.at.all.scales.and.complexity.levels:.starting.from.the.physics.of.elementary.particles.and.nuclei.

through.the.physics.of.complex.systems.up.to.cosmology.and.astrophysics.

1. elementary particle physics

� The.program.EvolFMC.v.2.that.solves.the.evolution.equations.in.QCD.(DGLAP-type.as.well.as.modified-DGLAP.ones).for.the.parton.momentum.distributions.by.means.of.the.Monte.Carlo.tech-nique.based.on.the.Markovian.process. in. the.LO.or.NLO.approximation.has.been.completed..The.overall.technical.precision.of.the.code.has.been.established.at.5.·10−4..In.this.way,.for.the.first.time.ever,.we.have.demonstrated.that.with.the.Monte.Carlo.method.one.can.solve.the.evolution.equations.with.precision.comparable.to.other.numerical.methods.[1].

� The.complete.one-loop.SANC.electroweak.corrections.to.the.charged-current.DrellYan.process.have.been.implemented.in.WINHAC.Monte.Carlo.generator..The.results.have.been.compared.to.those.obtained.using.the.standard.SANC.integrator.[2].

� The.project.of.the.construction.of.the.next-to-leading-order.(NLO).Parton.Shower.Monte.Carlo.for.the.initial.state.radiation,.KRKMC,.see.[3,.4,.5,.6]..The.construction.of.this.type.of.stochastic.simu-lation.requires.using.the.NLO.evolution.kernels.in.a.new.exclusive.form..Before.implementing.the.new.kernels.in.the.computer.code,.we.recalculated.them.in.different.regularization.schemes.and.analyzed.their.properties..We.analyzed.the.soft.singularities.of.NLO.real.Feynman.diagrams.contributing.to.the.non-singlet.part.of.the.evolution.kernel.[7],.see.Fig..1..We.observed.the.crucial.role.of.color.coherence.effects.in.cancellation.of.double-.and.single-logarithmic.singularities.

� The.analysis.of.the.dependence.of.evolution.kernels.on.the.choice.of.upper.phase.space.limit.(it.is.impor-tant.because.it.is.connected.with.the.choice.of.the.evolution.time.variable.used.in.MC).has.been.published.in.[8].

log10(a1/a2)-50

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160

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log10(a1/a2)-50

5log10(alf1/alf2) -9

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fig. 1Thedouble- and single-logarithmicdivergencies of themost singularFeynmandiagrams (left)cancelafteraddinginterferencediagrams(right).

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� The.construction.of.the.counterterm.for.non-abelian.part.of.non-singlet.kernel.which.can.be.in-tegrated.analytically.in.both.4.and.ndimensions..It.features.the.double.and.all.single.logarithmic.diver-gences.of.the.kernel.and,.because.of.that.fact,.it.enables.the.construction.of.well.behaving.MC.weight..The.analysis.of.soft.singularities.has.been.extended.to.the.part.of.the.singlet.diagrams..Here.too,.we.observed.a.manifestation.of.color.coherence.in.angular.ordering.of.NLO.diagrams..The.results.were.presented.at.the.HEPTOOLS.Final.Meeting.in.Granada.November.2010.and.Cracow.Epiphany.Conference.in.2011.

� The.developement.of.a.scheme.of.generating.multi-parton.emissions.in.the.NLO.approximation.both.in.the.DIS-type.and.Drell-Yan-type.processes.has.been.completed.at.the.level.of.prototypes..The.problem.of.the.correct.description.of.all.the.logarithmic.singularities.in.both.initial.and.final.states.has.been.solved.by.means.of.appropriate.exponentiation.of.leading.singularities..The.phase-space.has.been.fully.covered.due.to.new.kinematical.mappings.proposed.for.both.DIS.and.DY.cases.

� Contributions.to.the.international.collaboration.performing.and.automating.the.calculation.of.hard.scattering.processes.with.many.particles.in.the.final.state.to.the.next-to-leading.order.(NLO).precision.level.by.means.of:.the.development.and.implementation.of.an.efficient.and.flexible.phase.space.genera-tor,.ready.to.deal.with.the.complicated.phase.space.integrals.appearing.during.the.calculation.of.the.real-subtracted.contribution. in.NLO.calculations.within. the.dipole. subtraction.method. (arXiv:1003.4953.[hep-ph]).. Implementation.of.all. scalar.one-loop. functions,.necessary. for. the.calculation.of. the.virtual.contribution.in.NLO.calculations..This.includes.cases.with.complex.internal.masses,.indispensable.in.the.consistent.treatment.of.unstable.virtual.particles.at.NLO.level.(arXiv:1007.4716.[hep-ph])..Both.are.es-sential.ingredients.in.the.calculation.of.complete.off-shell.effects.in.top.quark.pair.hadroproduction.with.leptonic.decay.at.NLO.(arXiv:1012.4230.[hep-ph]).

� Building.bridges.between.projects.of.low.energies.developed.in.our.group.since.the.80’s.and.high.ener-gies.such.as.phenomenology.of.the.LHC..Low.energy.projects.are.concentrated.around.phenomenology.and.simulations.of.tdecays..The.resulting.Monte.Carlo.programs,.which.have.been.used.until.now.in.all.experiments.collecting.data.relevant.for.tphysics,.are.being.rebuilt.into.mixed.C++/FORTRAN.applications.as.well..Rel-evant.publications.and.preprints.[11,.12,.13,.14].document.this.progress.well..One.should.stress.a.high.precision.aspect.of.this.work..Here,.work.on.matrix.elements.and.their.use.for.establishing.precision.of.PHOTOS.Monte.Carlo.is.of.great.importance..It.combines.software.development.aspects.with.Phenomenology.and.Quantum.Field.Theory.expertise..Publications.[15,.16].should.be.mentioned.here..Gauge.invariance.is.exploited.to.identify.structures.necessary.to.understand.factorization.properties.in.context.of.constructing.Monte.Carlo.algorithms..Work.in.worldwide.collaboration.including.young.and.senior.researches.from.Russia,.Australia,.Japan,.Canada,.Germany,.Spain,.Ukraine.and.France.should.be.mentioned..One.of.Z..Wąs.recent.papers.is.cited.in.the.publica-tion.of.the.ATLAS.collaboration.on.W.and.Z.production.cross.section.at.7.TeV.

� Completion. of. work. with. Monte. Carlo. event. generator. PHOKHARA. 7.0.. Results. were.published. in.Phys..Rev..D.[9,.10].and. the.official. version.of.PHOKHARA.7.0. is.on. the.web.page..http://ific.uv.es/rodrigo/phokhara. (where. all. versions. of. PHOKHARA. are. included).. Due. to. new.data.form.CLEO-c.pion.and.kaon.form.factors.were.updated.in.the.framework.of.PHOKHARA.7.0..This.point.provides.better.description.for.high.energy,.see.Fig..2.

modelBaBar

CLEO-cJ/ψ

DM2 1989CMD2 2007

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+π−

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43.532.521.51

10

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0.1

0.01

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fig. 2Theexperimentaldatacomparedtothemodelfitsresults.

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The.narrow.resonances.J/ψand.ψ(2S).were.implemented.so.that.the.new.PHOKHARA.is.able.to.simulate.the.production.of.narrow.resonances.and.their.decay.into.kaon,.pion.and.muon.pairs..The.following.amplitudes.were.taken.into.account:.one-photon.continuum,.one-photon.annihilation.and.three-gluon.annihilation..The.old.four.pions.model.was.also.updated.(H..Czyż.and.J.H..Kühn.Eur..Phys..J..C10,.497),.since.it.was.not.possible.to.reproduce.new.data.with.the.old.model..New.amplitudes.with.omega.and.rho.particles.were.added.and.also.new.ρresonance.ρ(2040).was.included.� A.universal.computer.framework.for.developing.and.exploiting.a.wide.class.of.Stochastic.Simula-

tions.(SS).software.has.been.written.and.published.in.Computer.Physics.Communications..It.allows.for.efficient.development,.testing.and.running.in.parallel.SS.software.and.can.be.applied.to.other.com-putational.problems.as.well.

� The.studies.of.the.quark.structure.of.mesons.in.chiral.quark.models.have.been.continued..For.the.first.time,.nonperturbatively.form.factors.related.to.a.chirally-odd.distribution.function.have.been.computed,.namely.the.transversity.form.factors.[17]..The.obtained.results.are.in.good.agreement.with.recent.lattice-gauge.meas-urements,.cf..Fig..3..The.leading-order.QCD.evolution.of.these.form.factors.was.developed.in.[18]..Similarly,.we.have.compared.the.pion.wave.functions.[19],.also.with.excellent.agreement..In.addition,.the.quadrupole.polarizabilities.of.the.pion,.evaluated.[20].in.the.Nambu-Jona-Lasinio.model,.properly.reproduce.the.recent.experimental.data..This.work.reconfirms.the.fact.that.the.spontaneously.broken.chiral.symmetry.is.the.leading.factor.in.the.dynamics.of.Goldstone.bosons,.allowing.for.accurate.predictions.in.numerous.observables.

� The.recent.disagreement.of.the.BaBar.results.for.the.pion-photon.transition.form.factor.with.the.asymp-totic.QCD.prediction.was.addressed.in.the.framework.of.the.large.NcRegge.models..It.has.been.shown.[21].that.the.results.hint.at.the.incomplete.vector-meson.dominance..Within.the.same.framework,.and.also.with.the.help.of.the.lattice-gauge.results,.we.have.analyzed.[22].in.a.modern.way.the.scalar.meson/glueball.spectroscopy,.with.the.interesting.conclusion.that.in.the.large.Nclimit.σ(600).is.a.meson.and.f0(980).is.a.glueball.

� It.has.been.shown.that.the.diffractive.production.of.the.electroweak.bosons.at.the.LHC.is.an.important.process.to.test.the.partonic.content.of.the.pomeron,.especially.its.vacuum.quantum.number.structure.[23,.24].The.forward.Drell-Yan.lepton.pair.production.at.the.LHC.is.studied.with.the.aim.to.find.signatures.of.parton.saturation..The.Drell-Yan.production.cross.section.is.significantly.suppressed.in.the.calculations.with.parton.saturation.effects.in.comparison.to.the.standard.QCD.predictions.based.on.the.collinear.factorization.[27].

� The.longitudinal.proton.structure.function.FL is.computed.from.the.kT factorization.scheme,.using.the.unified.DGLAP/BFKL.resummation.approach.at.small.xfor.the.unintegrated.gluon.density..The.differences.between.the.kTfactorization,.collinear.factorization.and.dipole.approaches.are.analyzed.and.discussed.[25]..For.FL,.the.higher.twist.corrections.are.sizable,.whereas.for.F2.=.FT+.FLthere.is.a.nearly.complete.cancellation.of.twist-4.corrections.[26].

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fig. 3 Modelpredictions(lines)vslattice data(points) forthefirst twotransversityformfactorsofthepion[17].

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� Recurrence.relations.for.the.gluon.wave.functions.are.derived.in.the.tree.level.multi-gluon.com-ponents.of.the.gluon.light.cone.wave.functions.[28]..A.general.argument.is.given,.suggesting.that.the.Bartels-Lipatov-Vacca.Odderon.intercept.should.be.equal.to.one.for.all.orders.in.the.perturbation.the-ory.[29]..The.CCFM.equation.is.solved.numerically.in.the.presence.of.a.boundary.condition.which.ef-fectively.incorporates.the.non-linear.dynamics,.while.retaining.the.full.dependence.of.the.unintegrated.gluon.distribution.on.the.coherence.scale.[30].

� Modeling.relativistic.heavy-ion.dynamics.is.one.of.the.leading.topics.of.research.in.the.depart-ment.[31],.Fig..4..Many.investigations.are.devoted.to.the.early.stage.of.the.fireball.formation.and.its.evolution.in.the.collision..The.role.of.a.possible.free-streaming.phase.in.the.formation.of.the.flow.is.elu-cidated.with.the.conclusion.that.the.final.flow.is.similar.to.that.formed.in.an.early.hydrodynamic.expan-

sion.[32]..A.new.framework.of.highly.anisotropic.and.strongly.dissipative.hydrodynamics.is.developed,.which.interpolates.be-tween.the.CGC.(Color.Glass.Condensate).initial.conditions.and.the.regime.of.perfect.hydrodynamics.[33]..It.is.shown.that.such.models.are.able.to.reproduce.the.experimental.data,.which.sug-gests.that.the.condition.of.early.thermalization.of.matter.(sig-nificantly.below.1.fm/c).is.not.necessary.

� Hydrodynamic.calculations.with.statistical.emission.at.the.freeze-out.are.used.to.describe.the.RHIC.data.and.present.predic-tions.for.Pb-Pb.collisions.at.the.LHC.[34,.35]..The.model.gives.a.satisfactory.description.of.the.RHIC.data.for.the.spectra,.the.average.and.the.azimuthally.sensitive.HBT,.and.the.elliptic.flow.

� Correlations.and.fluctuations.in.the.particle.production.in.heavy-ion.collisions.are.studied.at.different.stages.of.the.collisions..It. is. found.that.the.effect.of.nuclear.correlations. in.the.nucleon.distributions.in.Glauber.model.calculations.can.be.well.described.as. an. excluded. volume. prescription. [36]..A. new. version. of. the.Glauber.model.simulation.program.GLISSANDO.has.been.pre-pared. in. collaboration. with. Jan. Kochanowski. University. and. is.

publicly.available.[37]..Fluctuation.of.the.initial.size.of.the.fireball.leads.after.expansion.to.fluctuations.of.the.transverse.momentum.similar.as.in.the.data.[38]..The.assumption.of.the.asymmetric.emission.in.the.forward.and.backward.hemispheres.of.pseudorapidity.can.explain.the.observed.correlation.in.multiplicity.between.different.rapidity.intervals.[39,.40]..The.method.is.generalized.to.correlations.of.higher.order.moments.of.the.multiplicity.distributions.[41]..Momentum.and.resonance.correlations.give.a.large.effect.on.the.measured.charge.parity.violation.observables.in.heavy-ion.collisions.[42,.43].

� An.important.step.has.been.achieved. in.applying.relativistic.viscous.hydrodynamics.[44]..For.the.first.time.bulk.viscosity.in.the.hadronic.phase.has.been.included.in.the.model,.which.allows.for.a.satisfactory.description.of.the.spectra,.HBT.radii.and.elliptic.flow.of.identified.hadrons.

� A.new.hydrodynamic.code.for.the.3+1-dimensional.evolution.is.written..The.calculations.are.applied.to.obtain.the.particle.spectra.and.elliptic.flow.at.different.rapidities.[45]..Within.this.frame-work,.for.the.first.time,.the.explanation.of.the.directed.flow.in.heavy-ion.collisions.at.the.highest.RHIC.energies.has.been.provided..The.key.assumption.is.that.the.asymmetric.emission.in.the.forward.and.backward.rapidities.leads.to.a.tilt.of.the.source.and.generates.the.directed.flow.[46].

� The. multichannel. analysis. of. processes.ππ→ ππ,.KK,.ηη,.ηη’. was. performed.. The. f0(600).meson.mass.and.the.first.ρ-like.meson.masses.are.estimated.and.they.differ.significantly.from.the.mean.values.cited.in.the.Particle.Data.Group.tables.[47].

� A.unitary.model.of.the.meson-meson.final.state.interactions.in.the.three-body.charmless.hadronic.B.decays.is.being.developed.in.collaboration.with.LPNHE.Paris.[48,.49]..The.long-.distance.S-wave.final.state.interactions.are.described.by.the.meson.scalar.form.factors.which.satisfy.the.unitarity.conditions.and.the.constraints.coming.from.the.chiral.perturbation.theory..The.model.yields.the.ππand.the.KKeffective.mass.spectra,.angular.distributions.and.the.CP-.violation.asymmetries.in.the.Dalitz.plots..The.model.caculations.are.in.good.agreement.with.the.experimental.data.of.the.Belle.and.BaBar.collaborations.

fig. 4TexbookbyW.Florkowski,[31].

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� The.role.of.ππand.KKfinal. state.scatterings.on.the.extracted.properties.of. scalar.mesons. is.investigated,. indicating. the. glunonium. nature. of. the. σ/f0(980). meson. [50].. Theoretical. predictions.developed.in.our.group.for.the.π+π–photoproduction.processes.on.protons.by.high.energy.photons.have.been.used.in.experimental.analyses..For.the.first.time.the.f0(980).meson.has.been.measured.by.the.CLAS.Collaboration.at.the.Thomas.Jefferson.Laboratory.in.the.USA.[51,.52].

� The.nuclear.matter.calculations.in.the.T-matrix.approach.were.made.realistic.by.the.inclusion.of.the.three-body.nuclear.forces..Predictions.for.the.phase.diagram.of.nuclear.matter.are.presented.[53].

� A.previous.idea.of.a.close.connection.between.the.geometric.properties.of.nonrelativistic.6D.phase.space.and.the.pattern.exhibited.by.a.single.SM.generation.of.elementary.particles.is.further.studied,.with.emphasis.placed.on.the.problem.of.mass.and.the.issue.of.the.additivity.of.canonical.momenta.[54].

� Kinetic.equations.are.used.to.model.the.dynamics.of.Xe.clusters.irradiated.with.short,.intense.vacuum-ultraviolet.pulses..It.has.been.found.that.the.highly.charged.ions.observed.in.the.experiments.are.mainly.due.to.Coulomb.explosion.of.the.outer.cluster.shell.[55]..For.dense.plasmas,.the.experimen-tal.data.strongly.support.a.nonequilibrium.kinetics.model.that.uses. impact. ionization.cross.sections.based.on.classical.free-electron.collisions.[56].

ii. Astrophysics

� Researchers.from.our.Department.are.strongly.involved.in.the.HESS.Collaboration..The.High.Energy.Stereoscopic.System.(HESS).is.the.array.of.four.very.high-energy.(VHE).γ-ray.imaging.atmos-pheric.Cherenkov.telescopes.located.in.the.Khomas.Highland.in.Namibia..Each.of.these.telescopes.is.equipped.with.a.spherical.mirror.of.107.m2.area.and.a.camera.which.is.comprised.of.960.photomulti-pliers.covering.a.large.field-of-view.(FoV).of.5°.in.diameter..This.makes.HESS.an.ideal.instrument.for.studies.of.the.γ-ray.sky,.in.particular.for.observation.of.extended.galactic.sources.and.for.the.surveys.of.the.part.of.the.night.sky.which.is.visible.from.the.southern.hemisphere.[57]..Very.good.off-axis.sensi-tivity.of.HESS.telescopes.allows.the.scientists.to.observe.the.extragalactic.sources,.including.those.at.cosmological.distances..Such.observations.provide.a.chance.to.search.for.dark.matter.and.even.to.study.the.principles.of.fundamental.physics.e.g..the.quantum.gravity.

An.important.result.recently.announced.by.HESS.is.the.detection.of.VHE.γ-ray.emission.from.the.nearby.active.galactic.nucleus.(AGN).of.the.radio-galaxy.M87.[58]..This.discovery. implies.that.charged.particles.are.accelerated.to.the.TeV.energy.range.in.the.accretion.process.on.the.central.supermassive.black.hole..Another.HESS.achievement,.the.discovery.of.VHE.γ-ray.emission.from.a.very.bright.and.one.of.the.closest.AGN,.Centaurus.A.(claimed.by.the.Pierre.Auger.Collaboration.to.be.one.of.the.sources.of.the.highest.energy.charged.particles.with.energies.beyond.1020.eV),.reveals.that.these.kinds.of.astronomical.sources.are.a.separate.class.of.TeV.γ-ray.emitters.[59]..VHE.γ-ray.emission.has.also.been.detected.from.the.historical.shell-type.supernova.remnant.SN.1006.[60]..The.emission.shows.bipolar.morphology.which.is.strongly.correlated.with.non-thermal.X-rays.emission..This.strongly.supports.the.paradigm.of.the.production.of.Ga-lactic.cosmic.rays.in.forward.shock.waves.of.young.supernovae.remnants,.such.as.SN.1006..During.the.last.year,.one.of.the.Division.of.Theoretical.Physics.groups.concentrated.its.efforts.on.data.analysis.of.the.γ-ray.

fig. 5ViewontheH.E.S.Ssite(source:http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/).

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signal.from.extragalactic.objects.called.starburst.galaxies,.that.have.recently.been.established.as.a.new.class.of.sources.that.emit.TeV.photons,.and.are.believed.to.host.a.highly.increased.rate.of.supernovae.and.their.rem-nants,.being.the.acceleration.sites.of.cosmic.ray.particles..HESS.observed.a.significant.flux.from.the.nearby.starburst.galaxy.NGC.253.and.estimated.that.the.amount.of.the.energy.of.cosmic.rays.transferred.into.γ-ray.in.the.environments.of.galaxies.such.as.NGC.253.is.a.few.times.larger.than.in.the.Milky.Way.[61].

The.researchers.from.our.Department.also.take.part.in.the.design.phase.of.the.new.generation.γ-ray.observatory.“Cherenkov.Telescope.Array”.(CTA)..This.includes.a.theoretical.base.for.future.observa-tions.and.also.for.designing.and.prototyping.the.telescope.structures.and.mirrors.

� Collisionless.shocks.are.the.acceleration.sites.of.energetic.particles.responsible.for.high-energy.emis-sion.of.astrophysical.objects.and.contributing.to.the.flux.of.cosmic.rays.detected.on.the.Earth..Production.of.energetic.particles.and.associated.processes.of.magnetic.field.amplification.in.relativistic.and.nonrelativistic.shock.waves.has.been.studied.with.magnetohydrodynamic.(MHD).and.kinetic.numerical.simulations.

Kinetic.particle-in-cell.simulation.studies.of.magnetic.field.production.by.streaming.cosmic.rays.in.the.precursor.of.parallel.shocks.undergoing.efficient.particle.acceleration.[64,.65].revealed.only.a.moder-ate.magnetic-field.amplification.by.short-wave.nonresonant.instabilities,.contrary.to.earlier.MHD.results.which.could.not.account.for.full.particle.kinetics..However,.the.aperiodic.turbulence.generated.in.the.proc-ess.can.provide.efficient.particle.scattering.comparable.with.Bohm.diffusion..If.a.very.strong.magnetic.field.is.required.by.radiation.modeling.of.the.sources.(e.g..young.supernova.remnants),.it.may.be.generated.at.the.shock.itself.or.in.the.immediate.downstream.region,.as.evidenced.by.recent.MHD.simulations.[66].

� Precise. quantitative. description. of. late. time. asymptotic. behavior. of. self-gravitating. massless.fields.is.investigated..We.extend.our.considerations.to.the.case.of.the.wave.map.model,.which.is.a.natu-ral.generalization.of.spherically.symmetric.massless.scalar.fields.[62]..Using.a.third.order.perturbation.model,.we.show.[63].that.for.small.compactly.supported.initial.data.the.late.time.tail.decays.as.t–2l+2.at.future.time-like.infinity.(which.is.different.from.a.naive.linear.approximation.prediction).

iii. Physics of complex systems

The.main.results.of.this.research.are.described.in.the.last.highlight.of.this.section.

fig. 6 A smoothed map of VHEgamma-rayexcess regionaroundNGC253. The star shows the optical centerof NGC 253. The inlay represents thepoint-spreadfunctionoftheinstrument.ThewhitecontoursrepresenttheopticalemissionofthewholeNGC253.

Right Ascension

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iv. Mathematical physics

� Interest. in.combinatorial.representations.of.mathematical.entities.stems.from.a.wealth.of.concrete.models.they.provide..Their.convenience.comes.from.simplicity:.as.it.is.based.on.the.elementary.notion.of.enumeration,.it.directly.appeals.to.intuition,.thereby.providing.intelligible.interpretations.illustrating.abstract.mathematical.constructions..This.makes.a.combinatorial.approach.an.exciting.prospect.for.laying.tangible.foundations.of.quantum.theory,.whose.abstract.formalism.cries.out.for.an.intuitive.grip..Following.this.meth-odology,.briefly.described.as.a.way.from.abstract.to.concrete,.the.researchers.in.our.Department.conduct,.in.close.collaboration.with.physicists.and.mathematicians.from.the.Universities.Paris.VI.and.Paris.XIII,.the.program.which.revolves.around.algebraic.aspects.of.quantum.physics.and.within.which.our.scientists.ap-proach.the.subject.with.the.methods.of.discrete.mathematics..This.especially.includes.exploration.of.combi-natorial.structures.in.the.search.for.models.of.abstract.algebraic.constructions.of.the.theory.[67].

Our.recent.original.discovery.is.the.use.of.graphs.as.a.model.of.the.Heisenberg-Weyl.algebra.based.on. the. creation-annihilation. paradigm. [68,. 69]..We. have. shown. that. the. whole. algebraic. structure,.including. bi-algebra. and. Hopf. algebra. structures,. admits. a. simple. combinatorial. representation. in.terms.of.graphs..To.this.effect,.we.had.to.develop.a.novel.systematic.scheme.leading.from.combinato-rial.structures.to.algebraic.ones..This.new.approach.allowed.for.an.efficient.application.of.the.array.of.constructive.combinatorial.methods.based.on.generating.functions.to.the.operator.ordering.problem.in.quantum.physics.–.we.have.provided.its.surprising.connections.to.many.classical.combinatorial.struc-tures..In.a.similar.way,.we.have.shown.how.to.interpret.the.Heisenberg-Weyl.algebra.in.terms.of.lattice.paths.and.rook.problems,.as.well.as.developed.its.connection.to.urn.models.[70].

� We.have.shown.that.the.simplest.classical.relativistic.dynamical.systems.with.Casimir.mass.and.spin.being.fixed.parameters.suffer.from.the.so-called.Hessian.rank.defficiency.and.can.be.alternatively.con-structed.using.the.unphysical.requirement.that.the.Hessian.for.the.degrees.of.freedom,.considered.to.be.physical,.is.singular.[71]..It.is.then.not.surprising.that.some.unphysical.constraints.appear.in.the.presence.of.external.fields.[72]..In.such.a.case.we.obtained.the.paradoxical.result.that.some.physical.observables.be-come.genuine.gauge.variables.–.an.example.is.the.rapidity.of.the.fundamental.relativistic.rotator..This.par-adox.and.its.connection.(if.there.is.any).with.fundamental.conditions.has.not.yet.been.fully.understood.in.more.general.situations..To.solve.this.important.problem,.it.is.necessary.to.answer.the.following.question:.do.there.exist.deterministic.fundamental.dynamical.systems.for.which.the.Cauchy.problem.has.a.unique.solution.(only.such.systems.can.be.physically.viable.and.used.for.testing.various.physical.hypotheses)?

� The.group.structure.of.the.U(3).model.of.interacting.Hamiltonians.was.analyzed.[73].

Multi-parton hard scattering processes at nLoA. van Hameren (nz42)

the.analysis.of.data.from.hadron.colliders.operating.at.the.TeV.energy.scale,.like.Tevatron.and.LHC,.demands.theoretical.control.over.hard.scattering.process.involving.several.partons.in.

the.final.state..They.play.an.important.role.both.as.possible.signals.for,.and.as.backgrounds.to,.yet.to.be.uncovered.aspects.of.matter.at.its.most.fundamental.level,.be.it.the.anticipated.Higgs.boson.or.pre-dictions.by.any.of.the.models.beyond.the.Standard.Model.of.elementary.particles..The.capacity.of.the.accelerators.and.sheer.accuracy.of.the.detectors.lead.to.the.data.of.such.quality.that.the.precision.from.the.theoretical.side.is.required.to.be.at.least.of.next-to-leading.(NLO).order.in.QCD.

Whereas.highly.automated.tools.to.perform.such.calculations.at.the.leading-order.(LO).precision.level.have.been.developed.and.used.for.a.decade.now,.bottlenecks.to.achieve.the.same.for.NLO.calcula-tions.have.been.resolved.only.recently..In.particular,.the.researchers.of.the.Theory.Division.contributed.to.solving.the.problem.of.evaluating.multi-leg.one-loop.amplitudes,.necessary.for.the.virtual.contribu-tion. in.NLO.calculations. [76,.77,.78,.79,.80,.82]..This. includes.one-loop.amplitudes.with.complex.masses.for.the.internal.virtual.particles,.necessary.for.a.consistent.treatment.of.off-shell.effects.of.unsta-ble.particles.at.NLO.(arXiv:1007.4716.[hep-ph]).

Also,.the.scientists.are.involved.in.an.international.collaboration.developing.a.complete.and.auto-matic.tool.to.perform.full.NLO.calculations..This.requires,.besides.the.inclusion.of.the.virtual.contribu-

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tion,.also.the.inclusion.of.the.real.contribution.and.a.strategy.to.deal.with.the.divergent,.but.matching,.character.of.the.two.in.order.to.arrive.at.finite.results..The.latter.is.done.with.the.elegant.dipole-sub-traction.method,.which,.however,.has.subtracted.real-radiation.phase.space.integrals.as.a.consequence,.whose.complexity.by.far.surpasses.that.of.phase.space.integrals.encountered.in.LO.calculations..The.researchers.of.the.Theory.Division.developed.a.new.program.to.deal.with.these.integration.problems.in.an.efficient.way.(arXiv:1003.4953.[hep-ph]).and.[81].

Thanks.to.these.ingredients,.since.recently.it.has.been.possible.to.have.complete.off-shell.effects.in.top.quark.pair.production.under.control..More.specifically,.differential.distributions.have.been.calcu-lated.at.NLO.for.the.process

pp(pp).→.tt.→.W+W–.bb.→.e+νe.μ–νμ.bb (1)

with.both.the.intermediate.top-quarks.and.W-bosons.treated.off-shell.(arXiv:1012.4230.[hep-.ph])..As.an.example,.Figure.7.shows.the.differential.cross.section.as.a.function.of.the.transverse.momentum.pTl.of.the.charged.leptons,.and.pTmiss.,.at.LHC.for.√s.=.7TeV.

the tAuoLA and PHotos projectsn. davidson (nz42), e. Richter-wąs (nz14), z. wąs (nz42)

the.TAUOLA.package.for.the.simulation.of.t-lepton.decays.and.PHOTOS.for.the.simula-tion.of.QED.radiative.corrections.in.decays.are.computing.projects.with.a.rather.long.history..

Written.and.maintained.by.well-defined.(main).authors,.they.nonetheless.migrated.into.a.wide.range.of.applications,.where.they.became.ingredients.of.complicated.simulation.chains..That.is.why.all.the.refer-ences.listed.above.have.now.over.50.citations.and.the.main.ones.for.the.two.projects.have.more.than.400.citations..On.the.technical.side,.tests.were.formalized.and.are.publicly.available.within.the.project.MC-TESTER..

The.last.two.years.brought.important.changes.in.the.above.projects..On.one.side,.applications.based.on.HepMC,.the.event.record.of.C++.software.of.LHC.applications,.were.completed..The.following.papers.were.prepared.[11,.12,.13].for.TAUOLA,.PHOTOS.and.MC-TESTER.respectively..The.cor-responding.new.versions.of.programs.are.now.available.through.the.Grid.Project.LCG./.Genser.web.page..This.is.the.case.of.TAUOLA.C++.and.MC-TESTER..The.FORTRAN.predecessors.of.the.pro-grams.have.also.been.available.for.a.long.time..The.relations.between.the.packages.can.be.seen.in.Fig..8.

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fig. 7.Differentialcrosssectionasafunctionofthetransversemomentum.pTl.ofthechargedleptons,and

pTmiss.intheprocess.pp.→.e+νeμ–νμbb.at.√s.=.7TeV.

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Low.energy.applications.and.developments.for.TAUOLA.were.presented.in.t-lepton.Section.of.Ref..[14]..A.separate.project.in.this.field.is.being.developed..Its.aim.is.to.exploit.high.precision.high.statistics.data.samples.of.Belle.and.BaBar.experiments.and.prepare.new.parameterizations.of.t.form-factors.embodied.in.new.models.to.be.available.for.all.experiments..It.has.been.checked.that.necessary.software.modifications.can.be.easily.installed.into.TAUOLA.being.the.stand-alone.generator,.as.well.as.they.can.be.incorporated.into.the.simulation.frameworks.of.Belle.and.BaBar.collaborations.rather.easily.The.scheme.as.given.in.Fig..9.was.shown.to.work.in.practice.

fig. 8.A schemeof Monte Carlosimulation system with communicationbased on event record.

fig. 9.AflowchartforfifocommunicationandreweightingTAUOLAmatrixelements,verifiedtobecompatiblewiththeBelleandBaBarsoftware.

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directed flow in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisionsP. Bożek (nz41)

experimental.groups.have.measured.a.variety.of.observables.in.heavy-ion.collisions.at.RHIC..These.include.not.only.the.spectra,.elliptic.flow.and.HBT.radii.at.central.rapidities,.but.also.the.

spectra.and.flow.properties.at.forward.and.backward.rapidities..The.modeling.of.the.hot.fireball.dynam-ics.at.forward.rapidities.is.technically.more.involved,.as.it.requires.3+1-dimensional.relativistic.hydro-dynamics..A.new.computer.code.solving.the.relativistic.hydrodynamic.equations.in.the.full.geometry.has.been.prepared.[45]..It.provides.satisfactory.results.for.the.measured.spectra.at.non-zero.rapidities.(Fig..10),.the.elliptic.flow.and.the.HBT.radii.

A.long.standing.problem.in.the.physics.of.heavy-ion.collisions.at.RHIC.energies.has.been.a.directed.flow.of.particles..Measurements.show.a.substantial,.negative.flow.of.particles.emitted.in.the.collision..It.has.been.proposed.to.use.the.asymmetric.emission.in.the.forward.and.backward.rapidities.as.the.initial.conditions.for.the.hydrodynamics..The.asymmetric.emission.for.participants.from.the.two.nuclei.results.in.a.tilt.of.the.initial.fireball.away.from.the.collision.axis..The.tilt.leads.to.a.slightly.different.emission.in.the.positive.and.negative.directions.in.the.reaction.plane,.which.yields.a.non-zero.directed.flow..For.the.first.time.the.calculation.has.reproduced.the.experimental.data.in.a.range.of.centralities.and.pseudorapidities.[46]..It.gives.the.correct.scaling.in.the.number.of.nucleons.of.the.directed.flow,.when.comparing.Au-Au.and.Cu-Cu.collisions..The.observation.of.the.directed.flow.is.a.very.sensitive.probe.of.the.interplay.of.the.longitudinal.and.transverse.pressures.in.the.fireball.at.the.early.time..The.directed.flow.in.the.momentum.space.is.gener-ated.from.the.tilted.source.only.if.both.pressures.operate.effectively.in.the.expansion.

fig. 10.(left.panel).Transverse.momentum.spectra.of.pions.at.different.rapidities,.calculated.in.the.3+1-dimensional.hydrodynamics.[45].. (right.panel).A.directed.flow.of.charged.particles.at.different. centralities..The.shaded.band. represents. the. range.of.model.predictions. for.Au-Au.collisions,.the.dashed.lines.are.the.result.for.Cu-Cu.interactions.[46].

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new dispersion relation for meson scattering amplitudesR. kamiński (nz41)

the.long.standing.problem.of.the.nature.of.the.f0(600).(or.σ).meson.seems.to.be.finally.solved..This.state,.interpreted.as.Goldston.boson.with.the.possible.qq,.2q2q,.2π.or.gg.internal.struc-

ture,.was.the.subject.of.many.discussions.and.model.predictions..Its.large.width.600−1000.MeV.in.comparison.with.the.quite.small.and.very.poorly.known.mass.400−1200.MeV.(Particle.Data.Group.2010).makes.this.meson.difficult.to.observe..However,. its.vacuum.quantum.numbers.and.proximity.to. the. ππ. threshold. cause,. makes. it. very. important,. e.g.. for. the. determination. of. the. QCD. quark-antiquark.condensate.

In.order.to.determine.the.exact.parameters.of.the.f0(600).meson,.new.dispersion.relations.with.the.imposed.crossing.symmetry.condition.and.with.only.one.subtraction.have.been.derived..The.range.of.applicability.of.these.equations.has.been.extended.from.950.MeV,.for.the.well.known.Roy’s.equations,.to.1100.MeV.i.e..above.the. KK.threshold.

These.new.dispersion.relations.(GKPY).appear.to.be.more.demanding,.giving.smaller.uncertainties.in.the.produced.results.than.the.Roy’s.equations.(Fig..11)..Moreover,.it.has.been.shown.that.one.sub-traction.less.than.in.the.Roy’s.equations.leads.to.a.lower.suppression.of.partial.waves.at.higher.energies.and.thus.to.the.reinforcement.of.the.role.played.by.higher.partial.waves.in.the.amplitudes..The.curves.in.the.Fig..11.have.been.obtained.from.the.fit.to.the.experimental.data,.forward.dispersion.relations.(FDR),.Olsson.sum.rules.(SR).and.to.the.Roy.and.GKPY.equations.

Using.those.new.equations,.the.scattering.lengths.aIl.of.the.S.wave.have.been.calculated.with.high.pre-

cision:.a00.=.0.223.±.0.009,.a2

0.=.−0.0444.±.0.0045.[74],.as.well.as.the.parameters.of.the.f0(600).[75]:

. M.=.461.±.15.MeV,.. Γ.=.514.±.32.MeV... (2)

This.has.enabled.an.accurate.determination.of.the.coupling.of.the.f0(600).meson.to.the.ππ.and.. KK.channels.and.the.interpretation.of.its.internal.structure.as.mainly.composed.of.the.gg.state.[50]..Thus.the.lowest.mass.glueball.has.been.identified.and.its.properties.(e.g..mass.and.width).have.been.well.de-termined..The.other.candidate.for.a.glueball.state.–.f0(1500).can.be.interpreted.as.its.radial.excitation.

fig. 11.ComparisonofresultsfortheRoy’sequationsandnew–GKPYonesforthescalar/isoscalarwave (S0). The dark bands represent errors of the results (“out”) and d2 is an averaged differencebetweeninput(“in”)andoutputamplitudes[75].

400 600 800 1000

s1/2

(MeV)

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Roy s0 in

Roy s0 out

Constrained Fits to Data (FDR+SR+Roy+GMKPY)

d2=0.21

Re t0

0(s)

400 600 800 1000

s1/2

(MeV)

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

GKPYs0 in

GKPYs0 out

Constrained Fits to Data (FDR+SR+Roy+GKPY)

d2=0.49

Re t0

0(s)

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complex structure and properties of financial marketss. drożdż, A.z. Górski, j. kwapień, P. oświęcimka (nz44)

financial.markets.have.recently.become.an.area.of.scientific.interest.for.physicists..This.interest.stems.principally.from.the.fact.that.the.financial.markets.show.a.number.of.characteristics.that.can.be.ex-

pressed.in.the.language.of.physical.theories.and.methods..The.markets,.like.the.stock.market.and.the.currency.market,.are.systems.with.many.interacting.degrees.of.freedom.defined.by.the.assets.traded.on.a.given.market..From.the.empirical.perspective,.this.creates.space.for.applying.the.multivariate.data.analysis.with.the.support.from.the.random.matrix.theory.and.the.network.formalism..We.considered.a.set.of.stocks.of.1000.highly.capitalized.American.companies.traded.on.NYSE.and.NASDAQ.and.were.interested.in.the.couplings.lead-ing.to.similarities.in.their.temporal.evolution.[92]..Our.data.was.the.corresponding.set.of.time.series.of.their.logarithmic.returns.calculated.on.short.time.scales.of.order.of.minutes..Linear.dependencies.between.all.the.pairs.of.stocks.can.be.quantified.by.the.Pearson’s.correlation.coefficients,.forming.a.correlation.matrix..One.can.calculate.the.matrix.eigenspectrum.and.observe.its.structure,.which.typically.comprises.a.globally.col-lective.state.represented.by.the.elevated.largest.eigenvalue,.a.few.subsequent.eigenvalues.corresponding.to.a.local.collectivity.of.smaller.groups.of.stocks,.and.a.bulk.of.eigenvalues.compliant.with.the.predictions.of.the.random.matrix.theory..This.result.shows.a.clear.hierarchic.structure.of.the.stock.market..This.structure.can.be.also.visualized.as.a.network.in.which.the.stocks.are.represented.by.nodes.and.their.couplings.by.edges..Figure.1.shows.that.the.nodes.(stocks).are.not.equivalent.to.each.other:.there.is.a.market.center.(General.Electric),.some.local.centers.(industry.sector.and.subsector.centers).and.a.number.of.peripheral.companies.

The.foreign.currency.exchange.(FX).market.is.even.more.interesting.than.the.stock.markets.since.it.is.perhaps.the.most.complex.system.in.human.society.and.one.of.the.most.complex.systems.in.nature..In.order.to.quantify.the.extremely.convoluted.time.dependencies.of.the.Forex.data,.we.employed.the.multi-fractal.analysis.measuring.nonlinear.features.of.time.series,.in.particular.their.singularity.spectra.f(α)..We.focused.our.attention.on.the.fractal.properties.of.the.exchange.rates.remaining.in.the.triangular.depend-ency..We.analyzed.time.series.of.exchange.rate.returns.for.two.such.triangles:.EUR-GBP-USD.and.GBP-CHF-JPY.[93]..Market.efficiency.requires.that.cycling.through.currencies.in.such.triangles.must.not.be.profitable,.except.for.very.short.time.scales..For.the.original.time.series.we.found.that.the.main.statistical.properties.of.the.corresponding.returns.–.their.distributions,.temporal.correlations,.and.multifractality.

fig. 12. (Left) Minimal spanning tree (MST) for the set of.N = 1000 large American companies.(MSTiscalculatedbasedonthecorrelationmatrixaftertransformingitsentriescij.intometricdistancesaccordingtothefollowingrelation:.dij.=. 2 1−( )cij ;MSTisaconnectedsubnetworkofNnodesandN−1edgessuchthatthesumofdijisminimal.)

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– are.qualitatively.similar.to.those.found.for.other.markets..However,.we.also.found.quantitative.differenc-es.in.the.shapes.of.the.spectra.f(α).for.different.currency.pairs..The.most.symmetric.spectrum.is.observed.for.the.GBP/USD.pair,.while.other.currency.pairs.have.spectra.which.are.more.asymmetric,.especially.those.from.the.GBP-CHF-JPY.triangle..This.may.reflect.a.different.significance.of.these.pairs.in.the.world.currency.exchange.system..Even.more.intriguing.are.the.signatures.of.negative.singularity.exponents.and.negative. singularity. spectra. for. the. triangle. residual. returns..These.spectra.develop.essentially.only. the.left.wing.(which.corresponds.to.the.positive.values.of.the.Renyi.parameter.q.and.to.large.returns),.which.extends.to.the.negative.values.of.the.Hölder.exponents.α.where,.at.the.edge,.f(α).even.assumes.the.nega-tive.values..To.our.knowledge,.such.an.anomalous.form.of.multifractality.has.never.been.identified.before.in.the.context.of.the.financial.dynamics..In.fact,.somewhat.related.“left-sided”.multifractals.have.already.been.considered.in.the.literature.in.applications.to.diffusion.limited.aggregates.and.to.fully.developed.tur-bulence..This.opens.an.exciting.direction.for.further.investigations.towards,.perhaps,.establishing.a.closer.analogy.between.the.FX.dynamics.and.the.phenomenon.of.turbulence.

dark matter and rotation of galaxiesŁ. Bratek, j. jałocha, M. kutschera (nz43)

during.the.last.two.years.our.studies.have.been.aimed.at.answering.the.question.whether.it.is.indeed.necessary.to.have.a.massive.dark.matter.halo.to.account.for.the.rotation.of.a.flattened.

galaxy..Our.efforts.to.answer.this.question.resulted.in.essentially.new.and.important.results..We.found.sev-eral.galaxies,.for.which.the.thin.disk.model.approximation.with.luminous.matter.accounts.for.the.rotation.data.in.consistency.with.other.measurements,.giving.low.total.mass-to-light.ratios.[94]..We.showed.that.there.are.spiral.galaxies.for.which.the.introduction.of.a.spheroidal.halo.is.unnecessary.or.even.impossible.and.that.there.exists.another.independent.method.of.ascertaining.the.mass.distribution.in.spiral.galaxies..Using.the.framework.of.the.global.thin.disk.approximation,.we.have.suggested.a.simple.and.original.model.of.the.vertical.gradient.in.the.azimuthal.velocity.of.flattened.galaxies..We.compared.our.predictions.with.the.gradient.measurements.known.for.several.galaxies.and.obtained.consistent.results.for.galaxies.both.with.small.and.high.gradient.values.[95]..In.particular,.we.succeeded.in.explaining.high.gradient.values.in.our.Galaxy.[96].and.gave.an.argument.showing.that.if.the.ratio.of.masses.of.the.spheroidal.component.is.too.high.in.relation.to.that.of.the.flattened.component,.this.would.result.in.gradient.values.lower.than.the.measured.ones..It.should.be.remarked.that.more.complicated.gradient.models.give.worse.estimates.when.the.measured.gradients.are.high..We.are.convinced.that.our.approach.provides.us.with.an.effective.tool.for.testing.qualitative.properties.of.the.mass.distribution.in.galaxies..The.reason.is.that.it.can.discriminate.between.flattened.and.spheroidal.mass.distributions,.whereas.rotation.curves.can.be.usually.explained.by.both.spheroidal.and.disk-like.models,.when.the.gradient.structure.is.neglected.

fig. 13.VerticalgradientofazimuthalvelocityinthediskmodelofMilkyWay(left)andquasi-circularorbitsintheGalacticdiskvicinityandgalacticrotationcurve(right).

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17906.x/full..96.. Jałocha,.J.,.Bratek,.Ł.,.Kutschera,.M.,.&.Skindzier,.P.,.MNRAS.(2010).407,.1689.

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V. diVision of APPLied PHYsics And inteRdisciPLinARY ReseARcH

the.main.scientific.activity.of.the.Division.encompasses.three.main.fields.of.sci-ence:.life.and.health,.energy.and.environmental.hazard,.and.physical.properties.

of.low-dimensional.materials..Life and health research. is. focused. on. medical. physics. and. dosimetry. for. pro-

ton.radiotherapy.and.biomedical.applications.(radiation.effects.on.living.cells,.such.as.mutations.of.DNA,.as.well. as. chromosome.damage,.deformability. and.cell. adhesive.properties)..Magnetic.resonance.imaging.(MRI),.a.wide.range.of.nuclear.spectroscop-ic.methods,.atomic. force.microscopy. (AFM),. the.gas.chromatography.method,.fluo-rescence. in. situ. hybridization. technique. (FISH),. single. cell. gel. electrophoresis. assay.(Comet).are.the.main.methods.and.techniques.applied.in.the.research.

In.the field of energy and civilization hazard,.a.wide.range.of.methods.is.expanded..Neutron.transport.physics.is.developed.for.thermonuclear.plasma.diagnostics,.which.is.a.crucial.technique.applied.to.a.future.energy.source.–.thermonuclear.reactor.of.toka-mak.or.stellarator.type..A.development.of.neutron.transport.physics.methods.has.been.performed.towards.applications.to.a.geophysical.prospecting.of.classical.energy.sources.–.hydrocarbons..Investigation. in.the.area.of.civilization.hazard.concerns.natural.and.artificial.radioactivity,.toxic.contamination.of.the.environment.(personal.and.environ-mental.dosimetry,.radionuclides.and.radon.migration.in.the.environment,.greenhouse.gases.monitoring,.environmental.pollution.of.toxic.trace.elements.and.their.impact.on.diseases.including.carcinogenesis),.environmental.markers.(e.g..noble.gases,.CFCs.and.SF6. as. hydrological. markers,. lichens. as. phytomarkers),. identification. of. radioactive.sources.and.dangerous.materials.in.illicit.traffic.(neutron.methods),.and.the.technology.of.magnetic.water.treatment.

Low-dimensional materials. research. is. concentrated. on. the. physical,. chemical.and.mechanical.properties.of.thin.films,.coatings.and.nanostructures..The.broad.pool.of.methods.for.fabrication.of.nanomaterials.to.which.belong.the.molecular.beam.epi-taxy,. chemical.vapor.deposition,. ion.beam.assisted.deposition.and.hybrid. techniques.are.used..In.particular,.the.effects.such.as.giant.magnetoresistance,.interlayer.exchange.coupling.and.perpendicular.magnetic.anisotropy.in.ultra-thin.films.and.nanostructures.are.studied.

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h76 ResearchHighlights2009–2010

A) Life and health research

the.largest.project.carried.out.in.the.Division.over.the.last.years.has.been.designing.and.testing.a.facility.for.proton.radiotherapy.of.eye.cancer.at.IFJ.PAN..The.facility.developed.in.coopera-

tion.with.the.Department.of.Ophthalmology.and.Ophthalmic.Oncology.of.the.Collegium.Medicum,.the.Jagiellonian.University.and.the.Centre.of.Oncology.of.the.Maria.Skłodowska-Curie.Memorial.In-stitute,.Cracow.Branch.has.been.completed.and.is.ready.for.patient.treatment..In.the.cyclotron.build-ing,.the.therapy.room.and.the.control.room.have.been.fully.equipped.with.beam.steering.and.control.elements..The.proton.beam.with.the.range.of.28.mm.in.water,.distal.fall.off.0.8.mm.(90%-10%).and.a.dose.rate.of.about.0.5.Gy/s.is.well.suited.to.irradiate.eyeball.tumours.at.all.locations..The.modernized,.in-house.made.AIC-144.cyclotron.and.the.beam.delivery.system.as.well.as.the.equipment.of.the.treat-ment.room.were.commissioned..Final.tests.of.all.radiotherapy.procedures,.including.a.full.simulation.of.the.patient.preparation.and.treatment,.were.successfully.completed.in.October.2010..The.first.proton.radiotherapy.of.the.real.patient.was.scheduled.for.mid-February.2011..The.facility.will.be.able.to.satisfy.the.needs.for.ocular.melanoma.therapy.in.Poland,.estimated.to.be.about.100.cases.per.year..

The.activity.of.the.department of Radiation Physics and dosimetry.is.also.focused.on.the.re-search.of.luminescence.dosimetry..The.dosimetry.of.cosmic.radiation.on.the.board.of.the.International.Space. Station. has. been. performed. using. in–house. developed. thermoluminescence. detectors. within.the.HAMLET, DOSIS.project. supported.by. the.FP7..A.new,. revolutionary.method. for.measuring.radiation.doses.with.a.single.thermoluminescence.detector.LiF:Mg,Cu,P.within.a.very.broad.dose.range.from.1.μGy.to.1.MGy.has.been.developed,.but.the.detectors.have.been.applied.for.monitoring.of.the.radiation.doses.within.important.electronic.elements.of.the.Large.Hadron.Collider..In.2010,.an.R&D.national.grant.was.received.for.the.construction.of.a new.two-dimensional.(2-D).TL.reader.dedicated.to.distinguish.between.the.cases.of.static.and.dynamic.radiation.exposure.of.personal.dosimeters..This.is.a.novel.technology,.developed.entirely.at.IFJ.PAN..In.collaboration.with.the.Jan.Długosz.University.in.Częstochowa,.a prototype.of.the.reader.was.constructed,.which.enables.the.researchers.to.evaluate.luminescence.detectors.using.the.phenomena.of.optically.stimulated.luminescence.(OSL).and.radio-photoluminescence.(RPL).for.their.application.in.the.dosimetry.of.ionizing.radiation..

Biomedical.studies.using.microfocused.ion,.X-ray,.and.synchrotron.radiation.beams.are.pursued.in.the.department of Applied spectroscopy..The.research.on.oxidation.states.of. transition.metals.and.trace.elements.distribution.in.pathological.cells.and.tissues.is.performed..It.encompasses.trace.ele-ments.analysis.using.SRIXE,.PIXE,.PIGE,.RBS.and.STIM.techniques.and.the.investigation.of.chemi-cal. microstructure. of. samples. with. EXAFS,. XANES,. and. SR-FTIR. methods.. The. Department. is.equipped.with.the.proton.and.X-ray.microprobes..An.ion.beam.is.delivered.using.HVEC.KN-3000.type.Van.de.Graaff.accelerator.equipped.with.a.proton.microprobe..The.accelerator.delivers.the.proton.

fig. 1IsochronouscyclotronAIC-144.

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beam.focused.to.a.spot.of.7.μm.in.vacuum.or.15.μm.in.air..The.X-ray.microprobe.is.based.on.a.micro-focus.X-ray.tube.Hamamatsu.L9191..The.microprobe.is.applied.the.research.of.biology.and.medicine.(especially.in.radiation.biology),.materials.science,.and.ecology.(in.collaboration.with.the.Slovak.Acad-emy.of.Science)..Synchrotron.radiation.microprobes.are.used.in.the.collaborating.institutes.(LNF.at.Frascati,.NSLS.at.Brookhaven.Natl..Lab.,.USA,.HASYLAB.at.Hamburg,.SOLEIL.Gif-sur-Yvette,.ANKA.Karlsrue,.PSI.Villingen).

Moreover,.the.department of Applied spectroscopy.conducts.the.research.of.mechanical.proper-ties.of.living.cells.in.their.native.environment.using.atomic.force.microscopy.(AFM)..The.technique.is.used.to.determine.mechanical.properties.of.cancerous.cells.in.order.to.elaborate.the.methodology.for.diagnosing.the.changes.resulting.from.cancerous.transformation.or.other.pathological.states.(partially.in.collaboration.with.the.Chair.of.Medical.Biochemistry.of.the.Jagiellonian.University.and.Ecole.Poly-technique.Federale.de.Lausanne.in.Switzerland)..The.Department.is.involved.in.the.development.of.an.AFM.based.device.devoted.specifically.to.cancer.research..The.work.is.carried.out.within.the.FP7.EU.project.“Single.Molecule.Workstation”..

The department of Radiation and environmental Biology conducts.studies.with.biomarkers.as-sociated.with.the.alteration.of.the.DNA.repair.process.and.health.risk,.cancer.in.particular.[1-3]..In.this.field,.the.Department.has.won.the.right.to.organize.the.Advanced.Training.Course.under.the.NATO.Science.for.Peace.and.Security.Programme.that,.in.2009,.50.participators.from.22.countries.(lectur-ers,.scientists.and.trainers).has.attended..As.a.result.of.the.NATO.Publisher.Award,.the.monograph.“Rapid.Diagnosis.in.Populations.at.Risk.from.Radiation.and.Chemicals”.was.published.in.2010.[1,.2,.4-11]..In.the.studies.performed.in.cooperation.with.the.5th.Military.Hospital.Polyclinic,.in.lymphocytes.collected. from.patients.diagnosed.with. thyroid.disease.prior. and.five.weeks.after. the. therapeutic. io-dine–131.treatment,.the.frequency.of.unstable.chromosome.aberrations.(CA),.micronuclei.formation.(MN),.sister.chromatid.exchanges.(SCE).with.classic.cytogenetics.and.frequencies.of.stable.aberrations.in.chromosome.1.with.fluorescence.insitu.hybridisation.(FISH).technique.are.scrutinized..The.same.biomarkers.are.examined.after.challenging.X-ray.dose.[12,.13]..To.prevent.any.potential.side.effects.of.therapeutic.treatments.in.healthy.tissue,.the.exploration.of.the.mechanism.of.the.influence.of.various.131I.doses.on.biological.effects.has.been.undertaken.on.a.molecular.level..The.DNA.damage,.sensitivity.and.lymphocytes.repair.rate.are.investigated.with.the.single.cell.gel.electrophoresis.method.[13,.14]..The.Department.has.also.proceeded.with.studies.on.the.assessment.of.individual.radiosensitivity.of.the.prostate.cancer.and.benign.prostatic.hyperplasia.patients.with.the.application.of.FISH.technique.[4,.15]..To.characterize.relative.biological.efficiency.of.a.new.proton.beam.from.the.modernized.AIC-144.cyclotron,.the.dose.response.relationship.with.the.classic.and.FISH.cytogenetics.was.studied.[1,.8]..As.the.first.result,.RBE.value.equal.to.1,2.and.linear-quadratic.dose-response.relationship.was.obtained.for.chromosome.1.translocations.[15]..To.explore.the.influence.of.various.LET.of.ionizing.radiation.on.the.alteration.of.the.DNA.repair.process.viahomologous.recombination.(HR),.the.dose-response.relationship.for.sister.chromatid.exchanges.(SCE).was.also.investigated.[3,.16].

Magnetic.resonance.imaging.(MRI).delivers.powerful.methods.for.biomedical.applications..The.de-partment of Magnetic Resonance imaging. is. involved. in:. preclinical. investigations. of. the. pharmaco-logical.measures.to.avert.pathological.changes.in.cardiovascular.and.neurological.pathologies.using.animal.models.of.pathologies.(i.e..different.treatments.[17],.[18];.development.of.molecular.imaging.approaches.for.better.detection.of.pathologies.([19-26];.development.of.the.MRI.methodology.for.dentistry.[27,.28];.dynamic.investigations.of.human.muscle.physiology.changes.during.intense.exercise.[29];.application.of.USP4-compatible.MRI.to.study.the.dissolution.of.controlled.release.pharmaceutical.dosage.forms.[30-32].as.well.as.technical.development.of.MRI.equipment.(design,.construction.and.testing.of.high.efficien-cy.uniplanar.gradient.coils);.theoretical.calculations.and.simulations.of.radio-frequency.coils.of.different.geometry.[33,.34];.design.and.testing.of.diffusion.anisotropy.phantom.for.the.calibration.of.gradients.in.MRI.scanner.[32,.35])..Most.of.the.research.is.conducted.in.collaboration.with.partners.from.abroad:.the.National.Research.Council.Institute.for.Biodiagnostics,.Winnipeg.and.University.of.Toronto.(Canada);.Freiburg.University.(Germany);.and.from.Poland:.the.University.of.Silesia;.the.Chair.of.Pharmacology.and. Faculty. of. Chemistry. of. the. Jagiellonian. University. (Cracow);. Military. University. of.Technology,.(Warsaw).and.the.University.School.of.Physical.Education.(Cracow).

The.gas.chromatography.method.is.a.very.sensitive.analytical.method.of.separating.different.compo-nents.of.a.mixture..The.department Physicochemistry of ecosystemscarried.out.breath-gas.analysis.

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with.the.aim.of.developing.non-invasive.medical.diagnostic.technique.for.the.early.recognition.of.dif-ferent.diseases..The.investigations.of.breath.composition.are.focused.on.analysis.of.sulphur.compounds.(H2S,.COS,.CH3SH,.C2H5SH,.(CH3)2S).and.aliphatic.amines.((CH3)2NH,.(CH3)3N).in.exhaled.air..The.elevated.concentration.of.sulphur.compounds.appears.in.the.case.of.liver.failure.and.allograft.rejection..The.measurement.of.amine.concentrations.in.breath.samples.may.be.applied.for.early.diag-nostics.liver.or.renal.disorders.and.also.during.monitoring.of.dialysis.process.correctness..The.detection.sensitivity.of.analyzed.substances.is.very.high,.i.e..at.ppb.and.ppt.levels..The.investigations.were.carried.out.using.a.chromatograph.(Agilent.6890NGC).equipped.with.a.mass.spectrometer.(5975MSD).

The.department of Materials science.conducts.studies.in.the.area.of.life.and.health.research..It.takes.a.part. in.the.national.program.“Polish.Artificial.Heart”.executing.the.task.of.covering.heart.endopros-thesis.with.carbon-metal.thin.coatings.deposited.by.Dual.Ion.Beam.Assisted.Deposition..In.particular,.the.carbon-silver-polyurethane.system.was.studied.and.it.showed.good.elasticity.and.perfect.adhesion.to.ChronoFlex.(polyurethane).substrate..The.carbon-silver.coatings.were.formed.on.plane.substrates.as.well.as.on.three-dimensional.elements.of.heart.prostheses,.and.in.both.cases.durable,.biocompatible.coatings.were.obtained..The.experiments.were.performed.at.the.dual-beam.ion.implantator.at.IFJ.PAN.

B) energy and civilization hazard research

neutron.parameters.give.information.on.hot.plasma.conditions.in.the.thermonuclear.reactor.and.are.the.base.of.the.process.control..For.that.reason,.new.precise.methods.of.neutron.detection.

assigned.to.thermonuclear.synthesis.are.of.great.interest.to.constructors.and.future.users.of.plasma.reac-tors,.including.currently.designed.reactors.like.tokamak.ITER.or.stellarator.Wendelstein.7-X..An.impor-tant.part.of.the.work of.the.department of Radiation transport Physics.is.the.participation.in.scientific.programs.related.to.the.European.research.on.future.energy.sources.from.the.thermonuclear.fusion..The.Department.participates.at.the.realization.of.projects.of.in.Association.EURATOM–IPPLM.(Poland).and.in.the.last.years.the.tasks.were.devoted.to.numerical.simulations.of.angular-energy.distributions.of.neutrons.emitted.from.the.Wendelstein.7-X.stellarator.(under.construction.in.Greifswald,.Germany).[36].and.to.experimental.research.on.the.feasibility.of.diamond.detectors.for.spectrometric.measurements.of.the.so-called.escaping.alpha.particles.that,.together.with.neutrons,.originate.from.the.D-T.reaction.in.the.fusion.plasma.[37,.38]..The.Department.participates.also.in.theoretical.calculations.concerning.numerical.solutions.of.equations.describing.some.transport.phenomena.in.tokamak.plasma.with.the.transport.bar-rier.(plasma.current,.ion.densities,.ion.and.electron.temperature),.which.are.tested.[39].in.the.European.Transport.Solver.code.(collaboration.with.the.Institute.of.Plasma.Physics.and.Laser.Microfusion.in.War-saw.and.the.Max-Planck-Institute.of.Plasma.Physics,.Germany).

In.general,.the.department of Radiation transport Physics.focuses.the.attention.on.the.neutron.and.accompanying.radiation.(gamma,.alpha).transport.physics.in.theoretical,.experimental.and.com-putational.aspects..Neutron.methods.are.used.in.various.applications.[40],.such.as.neutron-neutron.and.neutron-gamma.well-logging.tools.for.borehole.nuclear.geophysics.[41],.measurement.of.pulsed.neutrons.from.a.plasma.focus.source.for.detection.of.hidden.illicit.materials.[42-44]..As.regards.stud-ies.for.nuclear.geophysics,.the.Department.has.been.collaborating.for.years.with.the.Faculty.of.Geol-ogy,.Geophysics.and.Environment.Protection.(AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Cracow),.the.Institute.of.Geological.Sciences,.Warsaw).and.the.Oil.and.Gas.Institute.(Cracow)..At.present,.a.common.project.is.continued.to.study.of.the.dependence.of.the.well-logging.neutron.tool.response.on.angular.asymmetry.of.the.borehole.against.a.bed.dip..

Close.to.nuclear.geophysics.research.are.studies.of.physical.properties.of.geological.and.environmen-tal.samples,.which.are.carried.out.with.the.use.of.nuclear.and.X-ray.microprobes.in.the.department of Applied spectroscopy..This.includes.elemental.content.and.real.distribution.measurements.by.detection.of.induced.X-rays.and.backscattered.and.transmitted.ions.(μ-PIXE,.μ-RBS.and.STIM.techniques),.as.well.as.evaluation.of.the.porosity,.specific.surface.area,.tortuosity.and.hydraulic.permeability.of.samples.by.means.of.computed.X-ray.microtomography..These.studies.have.applications.in.many.areas.ranging.from.geochronology.to.fluid.flow.simulation.in.porous.media,.which.is.crucial.for.petroleum.search.

An. important.part.of. investigation. in.the.field.of.civilization.hazard.carried.out. in. the.Division.of.Applied. Physics. and. Interdisciplinary. Research. concerns. natural. and. artificial. radioactivity,. toxic.

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contamination.of.the.environment..The.department of nuclear Physical chemistry.conducts.meas-urements.of.plutonium,.americium,.uranium,. thorium,.polonium,. 90Sr,. 63Ni,. 7Be,. 99Tc.and. 137Cs. in.different.kinds.of. environmental. samples..Several.projects.are. focused.on.radioactive.contamination.of. Spitsbergen. (cooperation. with.AGH. University. of. Science. and.Technology,. Cracow). and. of. the.Antarctic.(collaboration.with.the.Institute.of.Botany,.Jagiellonian.University)..Two.other.governmental.projects.are.related.to.99Tc.in.the.environment.of.Poland.(cooperation.with.the.Institute.of.Analytical.Chemistry,.Jagiellonian.University).and.to.plutonium,.americium.and.90Sr.in.human.bones.(collabo-ration.with.Medical.University,.Białystok)..Since.1990,.the.Department.has.taken.part.in.the.Polish.State.Monitoring.Network.for.radioactive.contamination.organized.by.the.National.Atomic.Agency.and.Central.Laboratory.for.Radiation.Protection..The.air.filters.are.exposed.and.measured.on.a.weakly.basis.for.the.presence.of.gamma-emitters.with.a.detection.limit.below.1 Bq/m3..Within.the.frame.of.worldwide.monitoring.network,.the.Department.conducted.measurements.of.air-filters.with.the.aim.of.tracing.pathways.of.aerosols.to.use.of.such.cosmogenic.radionuclides.as.22Na,.7Be.in.studies.of.vertical.transport.of.aerosols.in.the.troposphere..Within.the.EU.project.MYCOREMED.carried.out.in.col-laboration.with.the.Institute.of.Environmental.Studies.of.the.Jagiellonian.University,.the.measurements.of.different.components.of.plants.in-vivo.labeled.with.134Cs.were.performed.to.analyze.the.influence.of.endo-micorrhizes.on.radiocesium.uptake..

Germanium.detectors.are.mostly.used.for.spectroscopy.in.the.research..The.method.of.obtaining.a.low.electrical.capacity.germanium.detectors.has.been.developed.what.enables.detection.of.low.energy.gamma.radiation..Some.of.these.detectors.were.constructed.in.collaboration.with.JINR.Dubna.(Rus-sia).for.neutrino.and.double.beta.decay.experiments.

There.are.three.ongoing.research.lines.running.in.the.department of nuclear Physical chemistry relating.directly.to.the.environmental.protection..The.first.line.is.focused.on.studies.on.the.137Cs.activity.and.heavy.metal.concentrations.measured.in.soil.samples.collected.in.the.Tatra.Mountains.[45-49]..The.second.line.concerns.studies.on.evaluation.of.sedimentation.age.and.rate.of.the.sediments.taken.from.the.Smreczyński.Lake.(Tatra.Mt).and.Dobczyce.Reservoir.by.using. the.caesium.and. lead.methods..The.experimental.part.includes.also.works.on.the.impact.of.potassium.and.calcium.ions.on.the.cesium.and.lead.desorption.from.the.bottom.sediments..The.third.line.is.related.to.the.properties.of.composite.sorbents.based.on.modified.transition.metal.hexacyanoferrates.and.on.zeolites.[50-52]..This.part.of.research.formed.the.subject.of.habilitation.dissertation.of.dr..Barbara.Kubica.entitled.“Applicationofslightlysolubledivalenttransitionmetalhexacyanoferratesasthesorbents”,.2009).

Environmental. investigations. involving.measurements.of. the.concentration.of.halogenated.com-pounds. and. of. hydrogen. gas. in. the. atmosphere. are. the. main. fields. of. research. in. the. department Physicochemistry of ecosystems..An.analysis.of. trace.compounds. in. the.air.and.water.was.carried.out.by.means.of.gas.chromatographic.methods..Volatile.trace.compounds.are.responsible.for.the.deple-tion.of.the.Earth’s.ozone.layer.and.the.greenhouse.effect..Using.a.gas.chromatograph.equipped.with.two.measurement. channels. and. two.electrons. capture.detectors,. it.was.possible. to.measure. sulphur.hexafluoride.(SF6),.chlorocarbons:.CHCl3,.CH3CCl3,.CCl4,.and.freons:.F-11(CFCl3),.F-12.(CF2Cl2),.F-113.(CCl2FCClF2)..The.aim.is.to.estimate.the.influence.of.Cracow.urban.environment.on.the.con-centration.of.chlorofluorocarbons.(CFCs).and.to.find.correlations.between.the.atmospheric.circulation.and.concentration.of.CFCs.in.southern.Poland..

The.future.expectation.of.using.hydrogen.as.an.energy.source.may.perturb.atmospheric.chemical.equilibrium.(esp..the.reduction.of.OH.radicals.may.indirectly.enhance.the.concentration.of.methane)..The.hydrogen.detection.in.air.samples.is.carried.out.using.the.pulsed.discharge.helium.ionization.de-tector. (PDHID)..The. tendency.of.hydrogen.concentration. to. change. seasonally.has.been.observed..Episodes,.which.occur.very.often,.intensify.considerably.by.achieving.1000.ppb.even.more.of.H2.in.the.air.during.the.autumn-winter.season..The.largest.number.of.episodes.is.a.result.of.air.mass.advection.from.the.southwest.direction.

Concentrations.of.Ar,.Ne.and.anthropogenic.gases.(SF6,.CFCs:.F-11,.F-12).in.groundwater.are.impor-tant.parameters.for.dating.of.young.waters.(up.to.50.years)..The.concentration.of.He.is.a.perfect.marker.for.dating.of.groundwater.from.hundreds.to.tens.of.thousands.years.old..The.gas.chromatography.methods.for.determination.of.these.gases.for.hydrogeological.applications.have.been.developed.in.the.Department..

Another.field.of.research,.which.is.also.connected.to.the.environmental.protection,. is.associated.with.magnetic.water.treatment..In.the.laboratory.of.the.magnetic.treatment.of.water.belonging.to.the.

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department of Applied spectroscopy,.the.design.and.production.of.magnetic.filters.for.water.to.pro-tect.water.cooling.systems.against.corrosion.and.sediment.deposition.has.been.carrier.out..The.patented.filters.are.installed.in.numerous.power.stations,.steel.factories,.and.mines..Analyses.of.suspended.solids.in.water.circuits.of.different.water.systems.have.been.carried.out..All.samples.are.subject.to.chemical.and.EDS.(energy.dispersive.spectroscopy).studies.as.well.as.Mössbauer.and.X-ray.diffraction.spectroscopy.

c) Physical properties of low-dimensional materials

Research.into.physical.properties.of.low-dimensional.materials.is.conducted.in.the.Department.of.Materials.Science..Currently,.there.are.two.major.areas.of.research:.(i).magnetic.ultrathin.

films.and.nanostructures.focused.on.perpendicular.magnetization.anisotropy.and.(ii).carbon.and.dia-mond.coatings.for.biomedicine..The.main.experimental.tools.used.in.the.research,.besides.macroscopic.magnetic.and.magnetotransport.methods,.are.the.X-ray.diffraction.technique,.atomic/magnetic.force.microscopy,.confocal.Raman.spectroscopy.as.well.as.nuclear.solid-state.techniques,.such.as.Mössbauer.spectroscopy.and.perturbed.angular.correlation.spectroscopy..Efforts.are.made.to.complement.the.labo-ratory.spectroscopic.methods.with.studies.performed.with.the.use.of.synchrotron.radiation.technics.

Recent. experiments. exploring. ultrathin. films. include. versatile. methods. of. magnetic. properties.modification,. such.as.doping.by. impurities,. thermal. treatment,.and.use.of. ion.and. laser.beams..The.studies.were.concentrated.on.the.effect.of.copper.addition.on.the.disorder-order.phase.transition.in.FePd.ultrathin.alloy.films..Film.growth.conditions.were.systematically.changed,.which.resulted.in.ob-taining.chemically.ordered.polycrystalline.FePd.ultrathin.alloy.films.with.perpendicular.magnetic.ani-sotropy..The.local.structure.of.FePd.alloys.studied.with.the.EXAFS.method.showed.that.Cu.impurity.substitutes.both.Fe.and.Pd.site.in.FePd.alloy..Furthermore,.the.nanostructurization.of.FePd.alloy.was.performed.in.two.ways:.either.by.deposition.of.alloy.on.ordered.matrices.of.silica.nanospheres.or.by.di-rect.interference.laser.lithography..The.spherical.shape.of.the.silica.particles.caused.the.magnetic.film.to.form.uniform,.decoupled.islands,.whereas.the.laser.interference.lithography.created.submicron.stripes.ordered.magnetically.and.separated.by.non-magnetic.areas..The.research.concerned.also.the.influence.of.metallic.surface.modifiers.-.surfactants,.on.the.interface.structure.and.magnetotransport.properties.of.Fe/Cr.multilayers..By.controlling.growth.and.atomic.scale.structure.of.Fe/Cr.multilayers.it.was.possible.to.optimize.interface.structure.with.respect.to.magneto-transport.properties.

The.studies.of.biomedical.coatings.concentrated.on.(i).developing.the.optimum.conditions.of.fab-rication.by.Microwave.Chemical.Vapor.Deposition.the.polycrystalline.diamond.coatings.for.radiother-apy.dosimeter.of.ionizing.radiation,.and.(ii).on.the.formation.of.the.hydroxyapatite.interface.layer.on.implant.surface.materials.(titanium.and.its.alloys).by.the.deposition.with.the.hydrothermal.method..This.allows.for.improving.the.compatibility.of.prosthesis.surfaces.with.tissues.during.medical.interven-tion.and.for.avoiding.frequent.endoprosthesis.exchange.

The.investigations.described.above.are.performed.within.the.framework.of.strong.national.(AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Pedagogical.University,.and.the.Institute.of.Metallurgy.and.Materi-als.Science,.Cracow).and.international.(Technical.University,.Chemnitz,.the.Karlsruhe.Institute.of.Tech-nology,.the.Belarusian.State.University,.State.University,.Sumy,.Charles.University,.Prague).cooperation.

The.inter-.and.multi-.disciplinary.research,.conducted.in.the.division of the Applied Physics and interdisciplinary Research,. stimulates.the. involvement. in.the.cooperation.with.various. institutions,.joint.programs.and.scientific.networks,.such.as.Cracow.Centre.of.Physico-Chemical.Research.for.the.Environment.Protection,.Nuclear.Physics.for.Geophysics,.Neutrons.-.Emission.-.Detection.Scientific.Network,.National.Consortium.of.Hadron.Radiotherapy,.Polish.Artificial.Heart,.Life.Science.Cluster,.Centre.of.Advanced.Medical.Technology.IZATEM,.together.with.Centre.of.Excellence.IONMED,.Consortium.PAN-AKCENT..The.Department.of.Applied.Spectroscopy.is.involved.in.two.COST.Ac-tions:.“Short.wavelength.laboratory.sources”.and.“European.network.on.applications.of.Atomic.Force.Microscopy.to.NanoMedicine.and.Life.Sciences”.

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HiGHLiGHts

� A proton ocular radiotherapy facility ( J..Swakoń),.the.first.such.facility.in.Poland,.has.been.developed..The.facility.was.tested.using.60.MeV.proton.beam.generated. in.the.AIC-144.isochronous.cyclotron,.then.it.was.commissioned.and.now.is.ready.for.the.routine.treatment.of.the.eye.cancer.[53].

One.of.the.concerns.during.the.design.phase.of.the.facility.was.to.minimize.the.unwanted.patient’s.dose.due.to.secondary.radiation.(predominantly.neutrons.and.γ-rays)..This.was.achieved.by.optimizing.the.beam.delivery.and.beam.forming.systems.and.by.designing.additional.patient’s.shielding.[54]..A sin-gle.20.μm.thick.tantalum.foil,.installed.10.meters.from.the.isocenter,.was.applied.to.scatter.the.beam.and.to.obtain.the.semi-parallel.beam.at.the.patient’s.collimator.with.greatly.reduced.unwanted.neutron.exposure..A.broad.number.of.methods.were.applied.to.estimate.the.effective.dose.for.the.patient.such.as.Monte.Carlo.calculation.using.MCNPX.transport.code,.pairs.of.Li-7./Li-6.TL.detectors,.CR-39.plastics.and.He-3.proportional.counters.for.high.energy.neutrons.and.others..The.effective.dose.due.to.undesired.radiation,.including.exposure.to.secondary.radiation.during.the.entire.process.of.proton.radiotherapy.and.patient’s.positioning.by.means.of.X-rays,.has.been.estimated.to.be.below.1.mSv.[55]..Such.low.radiation.exposure.allows.for.using.the.facility.for.the.purpose.of.treatment.not.only.adult.patients,.but.also.children..The.first.eye.melanoma.patients.will.be.treated.in.the.first.quarter.of.2011.

� A new method for measuring radiation doses in a very broad dose range has been developed at ifj PAn (B..Obryk,.P..Bilski)..The.method.is.based.on.MCP-N.(LiF:.Mg,.Cu,.P).thermoluminescent.detector,.routinely.used.in.dosimetry.for.20.years..MCNP-N.is.known.to.be.useful.in.dosimetry.for.doses.from.1.μGy.to.maximum.1 kGy,.applying.the.dosimetric.peak.at.a.temperature.of.about.210 °C..Recently.at.IFJ.PAN,.the.high-temperature.TL.emission.of.LiF:.Mg,.Cu,.P.has.been.discovered..It.occurs.after.irradiation.with.very.high.doses.(>50.kGy).in.the.temperature.region.nor-mally.not.exploited.for.TL.measurements.(>400ºC)..A.parameter.called.ultra-high.temperature.ratio.(UHTR).was.defined.in.order.to.quantify.these.changes.of.glow-curve.shape..The.use.of.this.parameter.makes.it.possible.to.determine.an.absorbed.dose.in.the.range.from.1 kGy.to.1.MGy.[56,.57]..

fig. 2Aset-upformeasuringunwantedradiationdosesduetosecondaryradiation.TheRANDOphantomsimulatinghumanbodywasinstalledattheEyeTherapyChairintheProtonRadiotherapyRoom.

fig. 3.ThecalibrationcurveofMCP-Ndetectorsvs.dose.Thenewmethodallowsformeasuringwiththesingledetectordoseupto1MGy.

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The.new.method.of.high-dose.dosimetry.makes.MCP-N.a.unique.dosimeter.capable.of.covering.12.orders.of.magnitude.of.dose.range.–.from.microgray.to.megagray..The.newly.established.method.was.tested.in.a.range.of.radiation.qualities,.such.as.gamma.radiation,.electron.and.proton.beams,.and.thermal.neutron.fields.and.in.high-energy.mixed.fields.around.the.SPS.and.PS.accelerators.at.CERN..A.number.of.dosimetric.sets.with.MCP-N.detectors.are.currently.installed.around.the.LHC.at.CERN.

� the enhanced expression of n-cadherin is characteristic for various cancers.(M..Lekka,.J..Jaczewska,.Sz..Prauzner-Bechcicki,.J..Wiltowska-Zuber,.J..Lekki,.Z..Stachu-ra).It.leads.to.alterations.in.the.cell.adhesive.properties..Thus,.the.study.was.addressed.to.the.issue.of.whether.the.increased.N-cadherin.was.accompanied.with.different.unbinding.properties.at.a.single.molecule.level..In.the.study,.measurements.of.unbinding.force.of.a.single.N-cadherin.molecule,.probed.with. the. same. antibody. on. the. surface. of. both. living. non-malignant. (HCV29). and. malignant. cells.(T24).of.bladder.cancer,.were.carried.out.with.the.use.of.an.atomic.force.microscopy.(AFM)..

The.results.show.an.increase.in.a.N-cadherin.level.in.T24.malignant.cells.(8.7%.versus.3.6%.obtained.for.the.non-malignant.ones),.which.was.confirmed.by.the.Western.blot.and.the.immunohistochemical.staining..The.effect.was.accompanied.with.changes.in.the.unbinding.properties.of.an.individual.N-cadherin.molecule..Lower.unbinding.force.values.(26.1 ± 7.1 pN).in.non-malignant.cells.reveal.less.stable.N-cadherin.complex-es,.as.compared.to.malignant.cells.(61.7.±.14.6 pN)..This.suggests.the.cancer-related.changes.in.the.structure.of.the.binding.site.of.the.antibody,.located.at.the.extracellular.domain.of.N-cadherin.

� the aim of the study is to investigate the influence of the therapeutic treatment exposure to 131iodine on cellular dnA repair efficiency (A. Cebulska-Wasilewska,.J..Mis-zczyk,.M..Krzysiek,.J..Gąsiorkiewicz,.A..Panek),.i.e..to.examine,.from.the.levels.of.various.biomarkers.of.biological.effects,.the.potential.side.effects.that.could.enhance.a.healthy.tissue.risk.[1-3]..For.that.pur-pose,.in.lymphocytes.obtained.from.patients.undergoing.diagnosis.and.radioiodine.treatment,.the.sensitivity.to.ionizing.radiation.and.repair.capacity.of.induced.DNA.damage.on.molecular.(with.DNA.repair.com-petence.assay).and.cellular.levels.(with.classic.and.molecular.cytogenetics).are.investigated.and.compared.with.matched.control..In.the.internal.standard.cells.for.the.standardization.procedures,.the.dose.response.curves.were.determined.in.the.range.of.doses.between.0−4.0.Gy.with.the.alkaline.version.of.single.cell.gel.electro-phoresis.(comet.assay).and.0−2.5.Gy.for.classic.cytogenetics.with.micronucleus.(MN).assay,.chro-mosome.aberrations.(CA),.and.molecular.cytogenetics.with.FISH.technique..The.good.correlations.between.the.obtained.dose-response.relationships.for.DNA.damage.(single.and.double.strand.brakes,.alkali. labile.sites).measured.with.comet.assay.and,.unstable.chromosome.aberrations.and.translocations.of.chromosome.1 measured.(FISH).were.achieved.[8,.12]..The.dose-response.relationships.for.sister.chromatid.exchanges.(SCE).were.also.investigated.in.order.to.explore.the.alteration.of.the.DNA.repair.process.via.homologous.recombination.(HR).[16]..Results.of.the.studies.on.lymphocytes.of.thyroid.disease.patients.have.shown.a.significant.increase.in.the.level.of.DNA.damage.in.lymphocytes.measured.5.weeks.after.therapeutic.admin-istration.of.131I.(6.89.±.0.94).in.comparison.to.the.levels.of.patients.after.diagnostics.and.before.treatment.(5.66.0.89,.p.<.0.002).and.for.matched.control.(5.84.±.1.17)..Results.from.cytogenetic.studies.with.micro-nucleus.(MN).assay.in.lymphocytes.collected.from.patients.5.weeks.after.131I.therapeutic.administration.have.revealed,.after.the.standardization.per.unit.of.the.given.dose,.a.high.variability.of.the.levels.of.cytogenetic.damage,.as.well.as.a.significant.increase.in.an.average.frequency.of.the.MN.(1.88.±.0.74).in.comparison.to.the.levels.detected.before.the.therapy.(1.18.±.0.55,.p.<.0.02)..Results.have.also.shown.significantly.higher.chromosome.insatiability.in.lymphocytes.of.patients.when.compared.to.matched.control.(0.83.±.0.53).[14]..

fig. 4.TheexpressionofN-cadherininnormalandcanceroushumanbladdercells.TheAFM-basedanalysisdeliversquantitativeinformationonunbindingforceandtheprobabilityofsinglecomplexes.Thisinformationisnotaccessiblebyotherstandardbiochemicalmethods.

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On.average,.in.repair.competence.studies.there.was.a.significantly.higher.level.of.unrepaired.during.post.irradiation.incubation.(residual).DNA.damage.(induced.by.the.challenging.dose.of.X-rays).observed.in.the.cells.obtained.from.patients.5.weeks.after.therapeutic.131I.administration.(35.65.±.16.42).than.that.observed.before.the.therapy.(21.14.±.10.26,.p.<.0.003),.although.this.level.was.lower.than.in.the.con-trol.group.(33.83.±.14.99).[5,.13]..The.results.of.the.SCE.analysis.have.also.shown.a.significantly.lower.level.of.the.SCE.frequency.induced.by.a.challenging.dose.of.X-rays.in.the.lymphocytes.of.patients.before.(0.103.±.0.020).than.that.observed.5.weeks.after.the.administration.of.the.therapeutic.dose.of.131I.(0.121.±.0.015,.p.<.0.025).[5]..Although.preliminary.results.observed.for.all.types.of.studied.biomarkers.have.shown.significantly.increased.levels.in.peripheral.blood.lymphocytes.collected.from.patients.5.weeks.after.the.therapeutic.administration.of.radioiodine,.results.of.biomarkers.dependent.on.the.DNA.repair.proc-esses.confirm.the.suggestion.that.the.DNA.repair.is.altered.differently.in.the.low.and.high.dose.region.[3]..

� A novel integrated approach including measurements of solvent uptake, ero-sion, apparent density and changes in the internal structure of pharmaceutical dosage forms during a dissolution test by means of a usP4 compatible Magnetic Resonance imaging (usP4-MRi) was adopted for the 4.7 t MRi research system(P. Kulinowski,.A. Młynarczyk,.W.P..Węglarz). Using.the.USP4-MRI.approach.it.was.proved.that.a.dissolution.test.itself.might.not.be.sensitive.to.differences.in.hydration.behavior.of.HPMC-based.controlled.release.dosage.forms..The.proposed.integrated.approach.shows.differences.in.hydration.be-havior.even.if.the.hydration.profiles.of.the.dosage.forms.(commonly.used.for.characterization.of.the.dosage.form.dissolution).were.similar.[18]. A.comprehensive.study.was.conducted.to.investigate.the.effects.that.carrageenans,.and.hydroxypropylmethylcellulose.(HPMC).had.on.the.properties.of.hydro-dynamically.balanced.systems.(HBS).containing.l-dopa.as.a.model.drug..

fig. 5.Comparisonforeachpatientundergoingdiagnosis(BT – Before Therapy) or radioiodine treatment(AT – After Therapy, 5 weeks after 131I therapeuticadministration) between the all micronucleus frequency(MNBN)in1000analyzedbinucleatedcells,standardizedaccordingtothereceivedlevelofthetherapeuticdose.

fig. 6.AnMRimageofHPMC-basedcontrolledreleasequetiapinefumaratetabletat2:45h(A1-asobtained,A2-colour-coded), imageintensityhistogram(B),binaryimages(C1:-dryglassycore;C2:swollenglassymatrix;C3:gel).

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Differences.in.water.ingress.into.the.matrices.with.pure.carrageenans.or.low.viscous.HPMC.were.detected..The.application.of.carrageenans.to.the.mixtures.with.HMC.promoted.water.uptake.by.HBS.formulations..The.effect.produced.by.varying.the.polymer.blend.composition.on.release.of.the.l-dopa.was.also.studied..For.matrices.containing.mixtures.of.carrageenan.and.HPMC,.a.linear.increase.in.the.releasing.rate.constant.with.the.carrageenan.content.in.the.matrix.was.observed.[19]..A.methodology.for.the.USP4-MRI.data.processing.for.the.quantification.of.the.dosage.form.matrix.evolution.during.drug.dissolution.was.set.up.and.applied.to.commercially.available.HPMC-based.quetiapine.fumarate.tablets..Imaging.was.performed.inside.an.MRI.probe-head.coupled.with.a.flow-through.cell..The.im-ages.were.segmented.into.three.regions.using.threshold-based.segmentation.algorithms.based.on.the.tri-modal.structure.of.the.image.intensity.histograms..

Temporal.evolution.of.the.dry.glassy,.swollen.glassy.and.gel.regions.has.been.monitored.and.quantified.for.the.first.time..The.characteristic.features.were.observed:.an.initial.high.expansion.rate.of.the.swollen.glassy.and.gel.layers.due.to.initial.water.uptake,.dry.glassy.core.disappearance.and.maximum.area.of.swollen.glassy.region.at.4.h,.and.a.subsequent.gel.layer.thickness.increase.at.the.expense.of.swollen.glassy.layer..Temporal.evolution.of.an.HPMC-based.tablet.by.means.of.non-invasive.USP4.–.MRI.was.found.to.be.consistent.with.both.the.theoretical.model.based.on.polymer.disentanglement.concentration.and.experimental.VIS/FTIR.studies.[20]..The.studies.were.conducted.in.cooperation.with.the.Department.of.Pharmaceutical.Technology.and.Biopharmaceutics,.the.Pharmaceutical.Faculty.of.the.Jagiellonian.University.

� innovative uniplanar gradient coil set for easy access MRi probe-head was designed, manufactured and tested.(G..Woźniak,.T..Skórka,.T..Banasik,.K..Jasiński,.W.P..Węglarz)..The.design.was.completed.using.a.stream.function.approach..Coil.size.was.10.by.10.cm.and.the.assumed.field.of.view.(FOV).1.5x0.15x1.5cm.with.centre.5.5.mm.above.coil.surface..The.design.procedure.has.been.implemented.using.scripting.language.of.the.Comsol.Multiphysics.package.(Comsol.AB,.Sweden)..

A.magnetic.field.generated.by.current.patterns.was.analyzed.using.the.finite.element.method.in.Comsol.AC/DC.module.to.verify.theoretical.predictions..In.order.to.compensate.for.distortions.intro-duced.by.bounding.wires.and.connection.paths,.additional.current.paths.were.considered..Temperature.

fig. 7. Evolution of image intensity histogram(0:15–12:00h)ofthequetiapinefumaratetabletduring the hydration inside USP Apparatus 4withatemporalresolutionof15minutes.

fig. 8Integratedprobeheadcontaininguniplanargradientcoilsetassembledfor9.4TMRIscanner.

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simulations.were.performed.to.assess.the.requirement.for.cooling.method,.thermal.conductivity.of.ma-terials.and.limits.of.the.current.in.the.coils..Theoretical,.simulated.and.physical.values.of.coil.parameters.were.compared.on.a.manufactured.prototype.coil. set..Results.of.physical. tests.confirm.feasibility.of.the.chosen.approaches.for.theoretical.calculations,.design.and.manufacturing.of.the.uniplanar.gradient.coils..This.work.was.accomplished.within.the.framework.of.the.EU-funded.“Micro-MR”.project..

� the aim of the study was to establish the levels of internal body contamination in human bones by main artificial long-lived beta and alpha emitters (plutonium, am-ericium isotopes, 90sr) (E..Tomankiewicz,.K..Brudecki,.J.W..Mietelski)..The.patients.under-went.joint.replacement.surgery.in.the.5th.Military.Clinical.Hospital.in.Cracow..They.were.part.of.general.population.not.exposed.in.any.special.way.to.radioactive.contamination..In.the.analyzed.yet.samples,.the.239+240Pu.activity.concentrations.were.between.5.7.±1.1.mBq·kg–1.and.25.0.±.3.2.mBq·kg–1.respectively..In.all.samples,.238Pu.activity.was.below.the.minimum.detection.activity,.which.was.at.the.level.of.a.single.mBq/kg..This.suggests.global.fallout.as.at.least.the.main.(if.not.sole).source.of.contamination..Minimum.activity.of.241Am.was.2.8.±.2.4.mBq·kg–1,.whereas.the.maximum.activity.reaches.23.4.±.12.2.mBq·kg–1..For.90Sr.the.minimum.was.1.85.±.0.22 Bq·kg–1.and.the.maximum.was.15.0.±.2.1.Bq·kg–1.

.Since.there.are.no.local.sources.of.Pu,.Am.or.90Sr.(no.nuclear.industry.in.all.of.Poland),.this.data.can.be.used.as.a.background.level.for.temperate.zone.populations.of.the.Northern.Hemisphere..The.search.for.population.with.the.Pu.of.Chernobyl.origin.inhaled.in.the.form.of.hot.particles.will.be.con-tinued.in.the.areas.of.Poland.with.higher.Pu.content.in.soil.then.that.of.Chernobyl.origin.observed.in.southern.Poland..More.data.on.the.Pu.origin.will.be.obtained.after.employing.the.MC.ICP-MS.method.in.the.studies.planned.for.2011..

� one of the main techniques for fusion plasma diagnostics (K..Drozdowicz,.J..Dankowski,.B..Gabańska,.A..Igielski,.W..Janik,.A..Kurowski,.G..Tracz,.U..Wiącek,.U..Woźnicka)is.the.neutron.activation.method.[58]..It.can.be.supplemented.with.the.detection.of.delayed.neutrons.from.samples.of.fissionable.materials.irradiated.in.the.same.positions.as.samples.for.the.activation.analysis..A.new-generation.stellarator,.Wendelstein.7-X,.currently.under.construction.in.the.Max-Planck-Institute.for.Plasma.Physics.(Greifswald.Branch,.Germany),.will.serve.the.needs.of.the.fusion.plasma.physics.re-search.in.connection.to.the.ITER.international.program..

A.project.was.undertaken.in.the.DepartmentofRadiationTransportPhysics.to.design.and.build.a.device.for.detecting.delayed.neutrons.in.samples.irradiated.by.neutrons.from.the.fusion.plasma..Such.isotopes.as.235U,.238U.or.232Th,.irradiated.with.fast.neutrons,.emit.prompt.neutrons.(~99%).at.the.fis-sion.act.(in.time.~10.fs),.and.later.(after.~0.05.s).the.so-called.delayed.neutrons.(~1%).from.the.fission.products,.which.decay.with.the.beta-emission..Usually,.six.or.eight.groups.of.delayed.neutrons.(origi-nated.by.in.many.various.fission.products).are.distinguished.and.the.total.decay.in.time.is.described.as.the.sum.of.the.respective.number.of.exponentials.decaying.in.time..In.some.cases,.the.corresponding.half-life.time.can.reach.up.to.1.or.2.minutes.

fig. 9 Correlation between patient’s age and239+240Puactivityconcentration.

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Most.of.the.delayed.neutrons.have.the.energy.of.0.2–0.6.MeV..Direct.detection.of.such.energy.neu-trons.has.very.low.efficiency..Therefore,.the.fast.neutrons.are.slowed-down.to.the.thermal.energies.and.then.they.are.detected.with.thermal.neutron.counters..In.the.designed.set-up,.polyethylene.is.used.as.a.neutron.moderator.and.He-3.detectors.are.used.as.neutron.counters..The.whole.set-up.for.detection.of.the.delayed.neutrons.must.have.low.gamma-ray.sensitivity.and.be.insensitive.to.small.inaccuracies.in.positioning.of.the.measured.sample..Therefore,.the.measuring.chamber.consists.of.various.layers.of.materials.(polyethylene,.cadmium,.B4C),.which.create.proper.regions.of.the.neutron.moderator.and.of.shields.against.an.undesirable.radiation..Optimization.of.positions.and.thicknesses.of.the.layers.and.of.the.placement.of.detectors.was.done.by.means.of.the.Monte.Carlo.modeling.of.the.radiation.transport.in.the.device.being.designed.[59].

The.measuring.chamber.was.built.and.first.laboratory.tests.were.done.with.the.use.of.a.low.activity.isotopic.neutron.source.placed.in.the.position.presumed.for.samples.to.be.measured.

� investigations of the fluid flow in porous media( J..Bielecki,.S..Bożek,.J..Lekki,.Z. Stachura,.W.M.. Kwiatek) are. of. great. importance. to. industrial. applications. such. as. waste.disposal.and.petroleum.industry..Evaluation.of.the.porosity,.specific.surface.area,.tortuosity.and.hy-draulic. permeability. of. samples. is. a. crucial. issue. for. oil. extraction. strategy.. The. X-ray. computed.microtomography.technique.combined.with.modern.numerical.calculations.of.fluid.flow.in.porous.media.made.it.possible.to.obtain.comprehensive.information.on.microstructure.and.hydraulic.prop-erties.of.the.samples..

This.pioneer.study.allows.for.obtaining.complex.information.on.the.physical.properties.of.geologi-cal.samples.by.means.of.the.nuclear.and.X-ray.microprobes..A.recently.constructed.X-ray.microprobe.[60].based.on.the.modern.microfocusing.X-ray.source.allows.imaging.of.samples.microstructure.with.a.high.spatial.resolution..The.composition.of.rock.samples,.extracted.from.boreholes,.has.been.investi-gated.using.the.2.2.MeV.proton.beam..Afterwards,.the.complementary.measurements.of.the.porosity.and.the.specific.surface.area.of.the.pore.space.have.been.carried.out..Based.on.microtomographic.data.obtained.with.a.high.spatial.resolution,.large-scale.simulations.of.the.fluid.dynamic.in.the.void.space.of.porous.media.have.been.conducted.with.the.application.of.the.Lattice.Boltzmann.method.(LBM).in.the.3DQ19.geometrical.model..For.the.first.time,.the.multiple-relaxation-time.model.with.half-way.bounce.back.boundary.conditions.has.been.used. in. such.a. complex.and. large-scale.physical. system..Computing.power-consuming.processing.has.been.performed.with.the.use.of.modern.grid.infrastruc-ture.(http://www.plgrid.pl).

fig. 10Aschemeofthespacelocationoftheneutrondetectorsinsidethemeasuringchamber.Atopviewoftheconstructeddevice.Thetotalsizeisapprox.60x60x60cm3.

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The.studies.have.been.carried.out.in.close.cooperation.with.the.Department.of.Geophysics,.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology.in.Cracow.

� the appearance of plutonium isotopes in the air(R..Kierepko,.J.W..Mietelski)was.the.result.of.the.human.activity,.mainly:.nuclear.weapon.tests.(global.fallout),.nuclear.accidents,.disinte-gration.of.satellites.and.releases.from.nuclear.production.and.reprocessing.factories..The.determination.of.plutonium.alpha-emitters.in.air.aerosols.(from.aerosol.filters.and.atmospheric.precipitation.samples.–.rainfall,.snowfall).brought.us.closer.to.the.understanding.of.released.radionuclide.transportation.into.the.environment..As.a.result.of.the.analyses,.two.databases.of.the.activity.concentration.of.plutonium.isotopes.for.Cracow.(1990.-.2007).and.Białystok.(1991-2007).were.prepared..In.general,.the.result.is.close.to.that.from.the.two.other.databases.in.Europe:.Prague.(the.Czech.Republic).and.Braunschweig.(Germany)..Namely,.the.levels.of.activity.concentration.for.238Pu,.239+240Pu.for.Central-East.Europe.are.equal.to.single.or.tens.of.nBq/m3.respectively..The.main.success.of.this.research.was.the.identifica-tion.of.a.particle.or.particles.of.almost.pure.238Pu.that.had.probably.originated.in.SNAP.9A.(System.for.Nuclear.Auxiliary.Power).crashed.in.1964.

fig. 11Highresolutionimagesofgeologicalporousmedia.

fig. 12AvisualizationofthefluidvelocityfieldobtainedfromLatticeBoltzmannsimulations.

fig. 13 The relation between activity ratio(238Pu/239+240Pu)versusmassratio(240Pu/239Pu)of plutonium isotopes in the ground level air inCracow and Bialystok. Instead of homogenousstructure,themeasuringpointsformedthetwovisiblegroupsconnectedwiththeplaceofsampleorigin.

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Besides.alpha.spectrometry.in.2010,.for.first.time.in.Poland.the.MC-ICP.MS.(Multi.Collector.Induc-tively.Coupled.Plasma.Mass.Spectrometry).was.employed.in.the.separation.of.240Pu.and.239Pu..The.project.was.carried.out.in.collaboration.with.the.Institute.of.Geological.Sciences.PAN..These.experiments.allowed.to.calculate.mass.and.activity.ratio.of.the.abovementioned.isotopes.of.plutonium.in.samples.and.its.evolution.in.time..A.three-source.model.for.the.mixing.of.traces.of.plutonium.from.different.sources.in.samples.was.developed.on.the.basis.of.two.isotopic.ratios:.activity.ratio.for.238Pu/239+240Pu.(from.alpha.spectrometry).and.mass.ratio.for.239Pu/240Pu.from.MC-ICP.MS..All.the.results.obtained.so.far.suggest.strongly.the.nu-clear.stockpile,.nuclear.weapon.tests.and.burn-up.nuclear.fuel.as.the.present.sources.of.plutonium.in.the.air..In.addition,.a.comprehensive.study.of.the.activity.concentration.plutonium.isotopes.at.different.parameters.such.as.meteorological.conditions.and.direction.of.air.mass.movement.(NAO.–.North.Atlantic.Oscillation).was.done.as.well..Moreover,.an.average.committed.effective.dose.for.Cracow.and.Bialystok.inhabitants.has.been.calculated,.which.is.much.lower.than.natural.background.values.[61].

� this project aims at contributing to the assessment of natural and anthropo-genic radioactivity in the changing terrestrial Arctic environment (E.. Łokas) by.the.application.of.interdisciplinary.methodological.approaches.for.the.identification.of.sources.of.anthropogenic.radionuclides.(global. fallout.vs..regional.sources.and.nuclear.accidents). The.meth-odology.has.been.applied.to.trace.the.transfer.of.the.material.in.the.changing.Arctic.environment..Previous.work.was.focused.on.the.identification.of.levels.of.anthropogenic.and.natural.radionuclides.in. soils,. soil. sediments,.fluvioglacial.deposits,. and.peats. in.five. regions.of.Spitsbergen:.Hornsund,.Bellsund,. Isfjorden,. Billefjorden. and. Ny.Ålesund.. The. regions. represent. both. maritime. and. more.continental.locations.and.extend.across.3.degrees.of.latitude..Both.anthropogenic.and.natural.radio-nuclides.revealed.a.significant.variability.of.specific.activities.even.for.samples.representing.the.same.type.of.material.collected.in.a.particular.area..Many.soil.and.sediment.profiles.show.vertical.varia-tions.of.radionuclide.activities..Thus,.a.thorough.assessment.of.radionuclide.contents.in.the.Arctic.terrestrial.environment.cannot.rely.on.grab.sampling.of.soils.and.sediments.but.has.to.address.the.questions.of.radionuclide.mobility.and.redistribution..

Results.obtained.in.the.previous.project.showed.that.the.238Pu/239+240Pu.activity.ratios.in.the.ana-lyzed.material.were.higher.than.in.global.fallout.and.lower.than.in.Chernobyl.accident.contamination..Therefore,.other.sources.of.plutonium.have.to.be.identified..Plutonium.has.been.released.into.the.en-vironment. from. several. sources,. each. of. them. bearing. a. specific. signature. of. the. 240Pu/239Pu. ratio..These.sources.are:.global.fallout.plutonium.from.atmospheric.nuclear.weapons.tests,.military.nuclear.accidents. in.Thule.and.Palomares.and.Sellafield.and.La.Hague.reprocessing.plants..Radioactive.dis-equilibrium.between.members.of.the.uranium.series,.expressed.by.activity.ratios.of.these.radionuclides,.reflects.geochemical,.geomorphological.and.pedogenic.processes.active.in.the.dynamic.environment.of.the.proglacial.zones.of.retreating.glaciers..Excess.210Pb.provides.an.opportunity.for.determination.of.accumulation.rates.for.sediments.and.peats..Such.applications.of.uranium.series.disequilibrium.are.not.common.in.the.Arctic.environment.and.have.to.be.supported.by.the.characterization.of.physical,.chemi-cal.and.mineralogical.properties.of.soils.and.sediments..

fig. 14Depositionof137Cs,239+240Pu,238Pu,241Am(Bq/m2)inoneofthepeatprofilesfromSpitsbergen.

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� the concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs) and sulphur hexafluoride (sf6) in the atmosphere are on the ppt level (j. Bielewski, i. Śliwka)..As.radiatively.active.gases,.they. influence. the.depletion.of. the.earth’s.ozone. layer.and. the.progression.of. the.greenhouse.effect..Decisions.resulting.from.the.Vienna.convention.(1985).and.from.the.Montreal.Protocol.(1987).aim.to.limit.the.world.production.level.of.CFCs.in.1989.by.at.least.35%.after.2004,.90%.after.2015.and.will.lead.to.a.total.reduction.after.year.2030.

The.investigations.of.the.global.trends.of.the.CFCs.concentration.in.the.atmosphere.by.the.AGAGE.(Advanced.Global.Atmospheric.Gas.Experiment).program. indicate. that. the. limitation.of. the.world.production.of.CFCs.takes.effect.in.a.reduction.tendency.of.the.concentration.of.several. investigated.compound.in.the.atmosphere.

The.measurements.of.the.global.changes.in.the.concentration.of.CFCs.pollutants.in.air.are.usually.con-ducted.at.the.so-called.clean.stations,.which.are.independent.from.the.local.fluctuation..For.example.in.Europe.there.is.Mace.Head.station.(Ireland),.participating.in.the.AGAGE.program.since.1987..In.central.Europe,.local.measurements.in.the.densely.populated.urban.area.of.Cracow.have.been.conducted.since.1997.[62].

� determination of artificial gamma radionuclide 137cs level and the concentration of heavy metals in the tatra Mountains (B..Kubica,.M..Stabiński,.R..Misiak,.M..Bartyzek)..For.several.years,.the.analysis.related.to.137.Cs.and.natural.40K.activity.level.in.soil.samples.had.been.con-ducted.in.the.Tatra.area.(TPN.and.TANAP)..This.year.the.survey.was.completed.and.its.results.were.used.for.the.construction.of.the.second.map.presenting.the.distribution.of.cesium-137.activity.in.the.Tatra.Mts..The.map.contains.data.collected.from.200.measuring.points.(cooperation.with.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Cracow,.the.Institute.of.Pedology.and.Soil.Geography,.the.Institute.of.Mineralogy.of.the.Jagiellonian.University.and.with.the.Tatra.National.Park).

fig. 15 The global concentration ofCFCs in1950-2000on thehistoricalfacts concerning the protection of theEarthozonelayer.

fig. 16ThemeanmonthconcentrationofchosenCFCsinairinCracow,Poland.ThepresentedresultssuggestthatCFCemissionlimitationssetoutintheMontrealProtocolarebeingrespectedinPoland(1.07.2002).

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A.high.diversity.in.the.cesium-137.level.has.been.revealed,.while.the.highest.activity.of.it.is.observed.in.the.region.of.High.Tatras.(e.g..23296.00.Bq/m2.near.“Chata.pod.Rysami”)..Moreover,.the.monitor-ing. is.also.carried.out. in.the.Slovakian.part.of.the.Tatra.Mountains.(the.samples.are.collected.from.7 points.located.in.the.region.of.High.Tatras)..An.increase.in.the.137Cs.activity.observed.in.these.regions.could.be.explained.by.the.high.Chernobyl.catastrophe-origin.rainfall;.hence.the.introduction.of.active.cesium.into.the.mountain.environment.from.the.higher.parts.of.the.atmosphere.

� the L10 ordered fePd alloy with large magnetic anisotropy is one of the most promising materials (M.. Krupiński,. M.. Perzanowski,. A.. Polit,. Y.. Zabila,. A.. Zarzycki,.A. Dobrowolska,.M..Marszałek).that.can.further.extend.the.storage.density.in.magnetic.recording.devices..However,.the.high.temperature.and.the.amount.of.the.annealing.time.necessary.to.obtain.chemi-cally.ordered.alloys.are.inconvenient.for.practical.use..It. is. thus.essential. to. reduce. the.process.parameters..It.can.be.done.by.doping.the.alloy.with.nonmagnetic.impurities.(i.e..Cu).which.not.only.reduce.the.ordering.temperature.but.also.enhance.an.exchange.decoupling.between.the.neighboring.magnetic.grains.

The. magnetic. anisotropy. and. coercivity. of.FePd:Cu.thin.films.are.strongly. influenced.by.crys-talline.microstructure.–.the.size.and.shape.of.grains,.in.particular.if.the.grain.size.is.of.a.few.nanometers..The.X-ray.diffraction.technique.has.been.used.to.de-

fig. 17Thepilotmapbasedonchangesintheactivityof137Cs(thedataoriginatedfrom200measurementpoints).Theseresults,togetherwiththetablesshowingtheconcentrationsofheavymetals(Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr),willcompletedatainamultimedialAtlasoftheTatraMountains.

fig. 18PhasecorrectedFouriertransformsofEXAFSspectrameasuredatKCuedgefor10 nmFePdthinalloyfilmwith18 at. % of copper admixture. The red lines represent thespectra for single crystalalloy,while the circles represent themeasureddata.Asignificantreductionofthesignalamplitudeduetothelargecontributionofgrainboundariesisvisible.

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termine.the.shape.and.size.of.grains.in.the.nanocrystalline.FePd:Cu.magnetic.alloy..However,.due.to.the.local.microstrain.of.films,.this.method.introduces.uncertainties.into.the.grain.size.determination..To.avoid.this.effect,.the.EXAFS.method.was.employed.to.confirm.the.grain.size.obtained.from.XRD.measurements..Using.the.appropriate.model.of.grain.shape,.a.good.agreement.between.both.experi-mental.techniques.has.been.obtained,.demonstrating.also.the.contribution.coming.from.grain.bounda-ries..The.researchers.showed.that,.although.EXAFS.is.mainly.used.to.provide.structural.information.for.a.local.neighborhood.of.a.few.angstroms.away.from.atoms.of.the.element.being.probed,.there.is.also.a.possibility.of.obtaining.additionally.reasonable.information.concerning.the.crystallographic.grains.if.the.crystallites.are.less.than.approximately.10.nm.in.size..

References

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introduction

the.Division.of.Scientific.Equipment.and.Infrastructure.Construction.was.es-tablished.in.2007..Since.then,.DAI.has.been.involved.in.various.large.interna-

tional.projects.as.well.as.in.those.carried.out.at.IFJ.PAN..The.experience.accumulated.by.DAI.and.other.technical.staff.of.IFJ.PAN.fall.into.the.following.categories:.

� Assembly.&.installation.of.the.systems:.ATLAS,.T2K,.W7-X

� Quality.Assurance:.LHC,.XFEL

� Engineering. &. prototyping. of. mechanical. and. electronic/electrical. equipment:.LHC,.T2K,.W7-X,.CTA,.ITER.

� Software. engineering,. LabView. programming,. web. applications. development:.LHC,.XFEL.

Vi. diVision of scientific eQuiPMent And infRAstRuctuRe

constRuction (dAi)

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n94 ResearchHighlights2009–2010

i) wendeLstein 7-X stellarator

The.assembly.of.the.bus.bar.systems.on.specific.modules.of.the.W7-X.stellarator.is.continued..This.assembly.consists.of.the.following.steps:

1.. Installation.of.bus.bar.holders.on.the.central.ring.and.coil.headers;2.. Trial.installation.of.24.bus.bars.(manufactured.in.Jülich).on.the.module,.including.final.shap-

ing.of.bus.bar.ends.to.match.coil.current.leads;3.. Completion.of.48.bus.bar.ends.in.the.preparation.area;4.. Final.installation.of.24.bus.bars.on.the.module.using.helium.balloons;5.. Assembly.of.28.joints.(mechanical.and.electrical.con-

nections.of.bus.bar.ends.and.coil.current.leads);6.. Electrical.insulation.of.the.assembled.joints;7.. Assembly.of.Quench.Detection.system.(QD).on.all.

joints;8.. Painting.and.clamping.of.28.joints..

fig. 2Finalinstallationof24busbarsonamoduleusingheliumballoons(4).

fig. 1Anexampleofroutingofthebusbarsystemononeofthemodules.

fig. 3BusbarsmanufacturedinJülich(2). fig. 4Mechanicalandelectricalconnectionsofbusbarendsandcoilcurrentleads(5).

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The.Bus.Bar.Assembly.(BBA).team.consists.of.10–20.technicians.from.IFJ.PAN.and.IPP.Greif-swald,.headed.by.three.Responsible.Officers.(RO).from.IFJ.PAN..The.RO.are.responsible.for:.

� Work.organization.of.the.BBA.team.within.the.schedule.of.W7-X.Construction.Project;.

� Coordination.of.work.with.Welding.division,.Vacuum.group.and.Electrical.Test.group.also.in-volved.in.the.assembly.of.the.bus.bar.system;

� Instruction.and.training.of.supervised.technicians;

� Supervision.and.quality.assurance.of.work.performed.by.technicians;

� Completion.of.work.documentation.

In.addition,.they.are.also.involved.in:

� Solution.of.technical.problems.encountered.during.the.assembly.process;

� Modification.of.work.procedures.and.instructions.according.to.new.solutions.

The.assembly.of.the.bus.bar.systems.on.four.modules.was.completed.in.2009–2010..The.last.fifth.module.will.be.equipped.with.the.bus.bar.system.in.2011..The.bus.bars.of.neighboring.modules.will.be.connected.in.2011–2013,.when.the.modules.are.placed.in.the.final.positions.

The.agreement.between.IFJ.PAN.and.IPP.Greifswald.was.extended.in.2009..The.parties.agreed.that. IFJ. PAN. would. manufacture. 30. polichromator. boxes. to. be. used. in. diagnostics. of. the. plasma..Three.prototypes.were.finished.in.2009.and.successfully.tested.in.2010..The.series.production.started.in.2010.and.it.will.finish.in.2011.

fig. 5AssemblyofQuenchDetectionsystem(QD)oninsulatedjoints(7).

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ii) i.t.e.R - finite element Method calculations

the.Finite.Element.Method.analysis.was.used.to.verify.the.design.of.various.components.of.the.I.T.E.R..infrastructure,.including.buildings.e.g.:.Tokamak.machine.(left),.Blanket.Module.

Attachments.(center),.Vacuum.Vessel.(right)..The.main.task.was.to.perform.static.strain-stress.analysis.including.buckling,.but.fatigue.and.seismic.analyses.were.also.conducted.

iii) LHc construction

two.teams.from.IFJ.PAN.were.involved.in.the.repair.and.commission.of.the.LHC.after.the.incident.in.2008..Both.teams.were.supervised.by.DAI.engineers..

The. Electrical. Quality. Assurance. Team. (ELQA). performed. complete. measurements. of. LHC.electrical.circuits,.necessary.for.localization.of.damages.and.verification.of.the.circuits.before.the.next.commissioning..The.team.devised.a.method.for.measurements.of.very.low.resistance.of.main.bus.bar.connections. in. the.cold.stage..The.method.was.a.base. for.CERN.groups.developing.a.new.Quench.Protection.System..ELQA.upgraded.the.existing.equipment.and.developed.the.new.one.used.for.the.measurement..The.equipment.upgrade.will.be.continued.at.IFJ.PAN.in.2011–2012.as.a.preparation.phase.to.the.LHC.shutdown.in.2013.

The. Interconnection. Inspection.Team. (ICIT). performed. inspections. of. the. LHC. magnets. and.their.interconnections.using.various.techniques:.endoscopes,.micro-wave.reflectometry,.ultra-sonogra-phy.and.visual.inspection..The.essential.work.was.the.inspection.of.beam.lines.and.connection.cryostats.

fig. 7BlanketModuleAttachments.

fig. 8VacuumVessel.fig. 6Tokamakmachine.

fig. 9MeasurementsintheLHCtunnel. fig. 10Softwaredevelopment.

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with.the.help.of.endoscopes..The.results.of.the.endoscopic.inspection.allow.for:.identification.of.plug-in-modules.(PIM).to.be.cut.off,.determination.of.cleaning.procedure.of.the.beam.lines.and.localiza-tion.of.potential.shortcuts.between.superconducting.bus-bars.and.cold.masses..In.collaboration.with.CERN,.the.team.worked.out.a.method.for.the.localization.of.damaged.PIMs.that.is.two.times.more.precise.than.that.employed.before..The.method.could.be.used.without.opening.the.interconnections.between.magnets.

Both.teams.will.be.involved.in.electrical.and.inspection.work.during.the.LHC.shut.down.in.2013.

iv) cherenkov telescope Array – ctA

dAI.took.part.in.the.CTA.project.in.2008..From.the.very.beginning.DAI.was.interested.in.two.areas:.prototyping.of.composite.mirrors.and.design.of.the.telescope.structures..Throughout.

2009.and.2010.DAI.gained.the.experience.necessary.to.provide/prepare.a.complete.design.of.the.Small.Size.Telescope.(SST).structure. The.design.(left). includes.structural.optimization,.dynamic.&.tem-perature.loads,.modal.analysis.(right).and.cost.estimate..Various.options.of.the.design.are.still.analyzed.to.cut.down.the.costs..

The.design.of.a.composite.mirror.prototype.(OD.-.1200.mm,.radius.of.curvature.–.30.m).based.on.a.sandwich.structure.has.been.proposed..Spherical.layers.to.be.coated.are.deposited.on.laminated.panels.by.means.of.the.infusion.method..Currently,.the.mirror.sample.of.OD.=.400.mm.is.under.investigation..The.goal.is.to.build.a.prototype.mirror.that.would.be.tested.in.the.existing.telescopes.

fig. 11LocalizeddamagedPIM. fig. 12Beamlinecontaminatedwithsootandswarf.

fig. 13Abusbarincontactwithcoldmass.

fig. 14Design. fig. 15Modalanalysis.

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The.project.received.funding.for.the.next.three.years.(2011–2013)..Thus,.the.design.work.and.pro-totyping.of.essential.components.will.be.continued..

v) european X-ray free electron Laser – eXfeL

dAI.joined.the.project.in.2009.within.the.frame.of.the.Polish.in-kind.contribution..IFJ.PAN.is.responsible.for.preparation.and.performance.of.acceptance.tests.of.cold.magnets,.cavities.and.

cryo-modules..The.activities.can.be.split.into:.preparatory.phase.(2009–2011).and.series.tests.(2012–2014)..During. the. preparatory. phase,. the. DAI. engineers. together. with. DESY. groups. have. elaborated. the.scope.of. the. tests,. test.procedures.and.test. schedules.matching.delivery.of.components. to.be. tested..DESY.is.responsible.for.provision.and.instrumentation.of.final.test.stands.in.the.Accelerator.Module.Test.Facility.(AMTF).hall,.including.the.necessary.software.

fig. 16 Sandwichstructureproposed.

fig. 17FourmirrorsamplesofOD200mmmanufacturedandtestedinTuebingen.

fig. 19Existingtestfacilitiesfor

cavities.

fig. 18Existingtestfacilitiesformagnets.

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The.DAI.engineers.are.also. involved. in. software.development;.however,. the.main. responsibility.rests.on.DESY..The.pictures.below.show.the.user. interface.of.the.Half.Cell.Measurement.Machine.(left).and.a.diagram.of.the.test.data.flow.and.analyses.for.the.superconducting.magnets.measurements.(right)..The.applications.are.hosted.directly.on.the.machines.themselves.

The.following.work.was.done.in.2009–2010:� Modification.of. the.measurement. control. and. readout.data. system. for. superconducting. (SC).

XFEL.magnets.for.tests.in.warm.and.cold.conditions.� Programming.of.the.Half.Cell.Measurement.Machine.used.to.check.the.shape.and.elongation.of.the.

superconducting.half.cell.and.dumb.bells.used.for.the.production.of.superconducting.resonance.cavities.� Organization.works.for.the.test.cavities.in.the.Accelerator.Module.Test.Facility.(AMTF).hall.

and.the.development.of.the.procedures.for.the.component.tests.� Design.and.creation.of.a.local.data.base.for.the.SC.magnet.tests.� Taking.part.in.the.installation.of.a.cryo-module.PXFEL1.(Prototype.1.of.cryo-module.for.the.

XFEL).during.the.shutdown.of.the.FLASH.(Free-electron.Laser.in.Hamburg)..� Performing.tests.of.the.prototype.SC.magnets.in.warm.and.cold.conditions.and.test.results.analyses.

vi) t2k – sMRd module design, stabilization of its position, installation procedures

t2K. –. SMRD. module. design. and. stabilization. of. its. position. was. performed. by. DAI. in.2008..All. components.and. tools.necessary. for. the.assembly.were.designed.and.manufac-

tured.by.DAI.and.then.shipped.to.Japan..The.installation.procedures.as.well.as.dedicated.tools.were.also.worked.out,.designed.and.fabricated.mostly.by.the.DAI.staff.in.Cracow.and.at.J-PARC..248 ver-tical.and.192 horizontal.SMRD.modules.were.assembled.and.installed.under.the.supervision.of.DAI.engineers.at.J-PARC.between.February.and.July.2009.

fig. 20UserinterfaceoftheHalfCellMeasurementMachine.

fig. 21Diagramofthetestdataflowandanalysesforthesuperconductingmagnetsmeasurements.

fig. 22DAIstaffwithSMRDmodulesreadytodispatch.

fig. 23UnpackingmodulesatJ-PARC.

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the.law.of.Poland.requires.that.some.special.measurements.of.ionizing.radia-tion.a.man.can.be.exposed.to.must.be.only.performed.in.laboratories.with.ac-

creditation.certificate.according.to.PN-EN-ISO/IEC.17025.standard..The.Institute.owns.a.complex.of.four.selected.laboratories.under.the.supervision.of.

Deputy.Director,.listed.below:

1. Laboratory for calibration of dosimetric instruments (nLw) –.calibration.laboratory;

2. Laboratory of individual and environmental dosimetry (nLd) –.calibration.laboratory;

3. Laboratory of Radiometric expertise (nLR) –.testing.laboratory;

4. Laboratory of Radioactivity Analyses (nLP) –.testing.laboratory.

Vii. AccRedited LABoRAtoRies

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i) Laboratory for calibration of dosimetric instruments (nLw) (http://wzorcowanie.ifj.edu.pl).Head:.Paweł.Bilski,.Ph.D.

nLW.received.its.first.accreditation.bestowed.by.the.Polish.Centre.for.Accreditation.in.December.21,.2001,.accreditation.certificate.No..AP-029...The.laboratory.performs.the.calibration.of.radia-

tion.survey.meters.in.terms.of.air.kerma.rate.and.radiation.protection.quantities,.using.137Cs.γ-rays,.and.in.terms.of.surface.emission.(239Pu.and.241Am.α-particles.and.90Sr/90Y,.36Cl.and.14C.β-particles),.as.well.as.the.calibration.of.individual.and.environmental.dosimeters.in.terms.of.kerma.in.air,.HP(10).and.HP(0.07)...The.laboratory.is.equipped.with.an.irradiator.containing.three.automatically.exchangeable.137Cs.sources.of.the.following.activities:.1.96.TBq,.25 GBq.and.250.MBq.(Fig..1)..Using.this.irradiator.and.a.7.meter.long.calibration.bench,.it.is.possible.to.cover.dose.rates.over.the.range.between.1 μGy/h.and.1.Gy/h...

Over.the.years.2009-2010,.some.1500.survey.meters.were.calibrated.for.customers.from.all.of.Po-land..About.200.calibrations.of.individual.and.environmental.dosimeters.were.also.performed,.mainly.for.the.Laboratory.of.Individual.and.Environmental.Dosimetry.at.IFJ.PAN.and.for.research.purposes..In.2009.the laboratory.participated.in.an.inter-laboratory.comparison.organized.by.the.International.Atomic.Energy.Agency.in.Vienna,.demonstrating.results.within.2%.around.the.reference.values.. .In.2009.NLW.passed.a.new.audit.and.received.accreditation.for.the.next.4.years..The.NLW.issued.852.and.834.calibration.certificates.in.2009.and.2010.respectively..The.total.income.in.2009.amounted.to.184 000,-.PLN.and.in.2010.–.to.165 040,-.PLN.

ii) Laboratory of individual and environmental dosimetry (nLd) (http://dawki.ifj.edu.pl).Head:.Maciej.Budzanowski,.Ph.D..

the.laboratory.provides.dosimetric.services.for.individual.dosimetry.and.environmental.dosim-etry.of.ionizing.radiation.gamma,.x-rays.and.neutrons...The.staff.of.the.laboratory.consists.

of.18.persons..All.measurements.are.performed.using.the.thermoluminescence.detectors.(TLD).de-veloped.at.IFJ.PAN...Dosimetric.services.are.currently.performed.for.ca..36.000.radiation.workers.and.monitored. sites. in.Poland.on.a.quarterly. and.monthly.basis,.mainly. for.oncology. centers,.hospitals,.

dentists,. research. institutes,. food-,. heavy-,. light-,. fuel.industry,. border. officers,. police,. antiterrorist. squads,.prisons,. museums. and. in. many. places. were. the. X. or.gamma.rays.are.used.for.inspection...The.laboratory.is-sued.ca..11196..and.ca..13685.measurement.certificates.in.2009.and.in.2010.respectively..The.laboratory.par-ticipated. in. two. international. comparisons. organized.by. the.European.Dosimetry.Group.EURADOS.(ex-tremity.dosimetry.–.2009,.the.whole.body.dosimetry.–.2010),.in.both.cases.with.positive.results.

NLD. offers. also. Quality. Control. tests. and. con-stancy. checking. of. X-ray. machines. used. for. medical.diagnostics. (http://rtg.ifj.edu.pl)..The.Laboratory. is. li-censed.for.checking.radiography,.fluoroscopy,.mammog-raphy,.dental.and.panoramic.dental.systems..The.Quality.Control.of.X-ray.machines.in.Poland.is.obligatory.and.consists.of.a.yearly.check.of.such.parameters.like.High.Voltage.Generator.(kVp,.dose,.time),.focal.spot,.geom-etry.and.AEC.of.X-ray.machines..Darkrooms,.imaging.processing,.screens.and.luminance.of.view.boxes.are.also.verified.. The. group. prepared. 594. and. 901. reports. of.measurements.in.2009.and.2010.respectively.

A. total. income. of. both. activities. reached.2 160 000,- PLN.in.2009.and.2 600 000,-.PLN.in.2010..fig. 1PhysicistsduringQCinspectionofamedical

X-raymachine.

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iii) Laboratory of Radiometric expertise (nLR) (http://radon.ifj.edu.pl),.Head:.Krzysztof.Kozak,.Ph.D.

the.laboratory.personnel.consist.of.6.people.(2.of.them.have.been.on.leave.since.2009)..The.research.activity.of.the.Laboratory.is.focused.on.the.following.main.fields:.physics.of.natu-

ral.radioisotopes,.identification.and.high-sensitive.measurements.of.gamma.isotopes.in.environmental.samples,.investigation.of.Rn-222.diffusion.process,.radon.and.thoron.measurements,.calculation.and.modeling.of.environmental.doses..

The.laboratory.participated.in.two.research.grants.(carried.out.in.cooperation.with.the.University.of.Łódź.and.Medical.University.of.Białystok).concerning.the.study.of.temporal.variability.of.near-sur-face.radon.(222Rn).concentration.in.relation.to.urban-rural.contrast.of.meteorological.parameters.(i.e..air.temperature,.temperature.vertical.gradient,.wind.speed,.soil.heat.flux).[1].and.the.study.of.seasonal.variability.of.indoor.radon.concentration.in.Poland..

The.laboratory.conducted.measurements.of.natural.radioactivity.in.some.regions.of.the.Tatra.Moun-tains.[2]..Some.of.the.measurements.were.made.within.the.frame.of.bilateral.cooperation.with.the.Josef.Stefan.Institute.(Ljubljana,.Slovenia)..The.earthquake.prone.area.in.Slovenia.was.also.investigated.[3]..

The.study.of.radon.transport. through.porous.media. in. laboratory.conditions. is. the.subject.of.a.PhD.thesis..A special.facility.called.RTD.(Radon.Transport.Device).was.designed.and.constructed.to.determine.radon.diffusion.coefficient.in.a.given.medium..A.view.of.RTD.is.presented.in.Fig..2..The.first.results.were.published.in.2009.[4]..

In.May.2009.the.Laboratory.of.Radiometric.Expertise.organized.an.international.conference.“Radon.in.Environment.2009”..This.meeting.gathered.over.70.participants.from.19.countries.(including.Japan,.In-dia.and.Russia)..The.conference.proceedings.were.published.in.2010.in.NUKLEONIKA.(Vol..55,.No..4).

The.Laboratory.took.part.in.two.international.intercomparison.measurements.of.radon.concentra-tion.in.air.organized.by.the.National.Institute.of.Radiological.Sciences.( Japan).and.Charles.University.in.Prague.(Czech.Republic)..The.results.were.accepted.

In.2007.the.Polish.Centre.of.Accreditation.accredited.some.of.research.methods.employed.in.the.Laboratory..The.accreditation.certificate.(No.AB.788).was.prolonged.in.2010.for.the.next.4.years.–.till.2015..The.accredited.methods.are:.� Measurements.of.natural.gamma.isotopes.

(Ra-226,. Th-228,. K-40). concentrations.in. solid. samples. using. low-background.gamma.spectroscopy;

� Measurements.of.radon.Rn-222.concen-tration.in.liquid.samples.using.alpha.spec-troscopy;

� Measurements.of.radon.Rn-222.concentra-tion.(indoor,.outdoor.and.in.soil.gas).using.al-pha.spectroscopy.and.track.detectors.CR-39.

The.mobile.laboratory.(CHIMERA.Lab..–.European. Union. funds). allows. the. researchers.to.determine.a.gamma.dose.rate.to.make.in-situ.gamma.spectrometry.in.the.environment.and.to.measure.radon.concentration.in.air.and.water..In.2009.the.Laboratory.participated.in.radioactiv-ity.measurements.around.the.radioactive.waste.depository.in.Różan.and.around.the.nuclear.re-actor.in.Świerk.

During. 2009-2010. the. Laboratory. issued.535.reports.of.spectrometric.measurements.and.3 radiometric.expertises. for.29.customers..The.total.income.amounted.to.ca..170.000.PLN..

fig. 2 A current view of RTD at the Laboratory ofRadiometricExpertise.

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References

1.. A..Podstawczyńska,.K..Kozak,.J..Mazur.Urban-ruraldifferencesofradon(22Rn)concentrationintheairsurfacelayerwithreferencetometeorologicalconditions–preliminaryanalysis,.Acta.Agrophysica..Rozprawy.i.monografie..Atmospheric.heat.and.mass.exchange.research,.red..B.H..Chojnicki,.Lublin.(Wyd..Inst..Agrofizyki.PAN);.ISSN.1234-4125,.179.(2010).81.

2.. M..Kłosowski,.K..Kozak,.J..Mazur,.P..Olko,.B..Kubica,.P..Skawiński,.A..Cebulska-Wasilewska.ComparisonoftheRadiationLevelMeasuredbyPhysicalDosimetersLocatedintheTatraMountainsandattheControlSites,.NATO.Science.Series.Book:.RapidDiagnosisofaPopulationinanEmergencyandatRiskafterExposuretoIonizingRadiationandChemicals,.Edited.by.A..Cebulska-Wasilewska,.A.N..Osipov.and.F..Darroudi,.2010,.IOS.Press,.pp..351-362,.ISBN.978-1-60750-644-7.

3.. J..Vaupotič,.A..Gregorič,.I..Kobal,.P..Žvab,.K..Kozak,.J..Mazur,.E..Kochowska,.D..Grządziel,.Radonconcentra-tioninsoilgasandradonexhalationrateattheRavneFaultinNWSlovenia,.Nat..Hazards.Earth.Syst..Sci.,.10,.895-899,.2010.

4.. K..Kozak,.J..Mazur,.H..Hovhannisyan.Alaboratoryfacility(RTD)tostudyradontransportthroughmodeledsoilbed:resultsofpreliminarymeasurements,.NUKLEONIKA.54(3).(2009),.193−198.

iv) Laboratory of Radioactivity Analyses (nLP) (http://lap.ifj.edu.pl),.Head:.Jerzy.W..Mietelski,.Ph.D.,.Assoc..Prof.,.Laboratory.personnel:.6.people.

Accreditation. was. obtained. from. the. Polish.Accreditation. Center. (PCA). on. November. 24,.2008,. accreditation. certificate. No..AB. 979.. The. accreditation. covers. gamma. spectrometric.

measurements.of.artificial.radionuclides.(mainly.Cs-137).for.air.filters,.soil,.water.and.food.products.using. certain. geometry. of. samples.. The. main. aim. of. the. accreditation. is. to. assure. a. high. quality. of.measurements.in.case.of.nuclear.emergency.situation..LRA.is.an.accredited.part.of.the.Environmental.Radioactivity.Laboratory.(ERL).of.the.Department.of.Nuclear.Physical.Chemistry..The.latter.is.a.spe-cialized.laboratory.quoted.in.the.Polish.Prime.Ministry.Act.No..2030.from.December.17,.2002.on.the.early.warning.system.for.detection.of.nuclear.contamination.in.Poland.and.is.supervised.by.the.Nation-al.Atomic.Energy.Agency.(PAA)..Each.year.the.Laboratory.takes.part.in.the.proficiency.test.organized.by.PAA..In.2009.this.test.was.devoted.to.Pu.and.Am,.and.during.2010.–.to.137Cs.and.90Sr..The.results.were.accepted..Besides,.during.the.last.two.years.the.Laboratory.took.part.in.intercomparison.measure-ments.organized.by.IAEA.(Vienna).and.IRMM.(Gel)..In.2009.IFJ.PAN.won.a.contract.for.environ-mental.radioactivity.measurements.around.the. low.and.intermediate.radioactive.waste.depository. in.Różan,.the.only.one.of.its.kind.in.Poland,.and.around.the.nuclear.reactor.in.Świerk..The.Laboratory.was.one.of.the.two.IFJ.PAN.laboratories.(the.second.one.was.the.Laboratory.of.Radiometric.Expertise).involved.in.this.project,.bringing.a.profit.of.almost.100.000.PLN...The.Laboratory.(LRA/ERL).is.also.active.in.the..open.market,.performing.measurements.for.external.entities.or.customers..The.accredited.part.(LAR).does.not.cover.all.gamma.spectrometric.measurements.performed.in.ERL..The.incomes.from.external.open.market.entities.of.ERL/LAR.bring.almost.20 000.PLN.each.year..However,.the.majority.of.requests.regards.analyses.of.Pu.and.Am.in.milk.samples,.which.have.not.been.accredited.yet..Other.requests.include.measurements.of.gamma.emitters.using.both.accredited.and.not.accredited.methods,.as.well.as.measurements. for. tritium. in.water.and. total.beta/total.alpha.measurements.. In.2010,.a.leaflet.about.the.laboratory.was.prepared.and.distributed.to.many.potential.clients.in.Poland..

A n n e X e s

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Annexes III

A.1 directorate

Marek jeżabek, Prof. General.Director

Paweł olko, Prof. Scientific.Director

Adam Maj, Prof. Technical.Director.(since.Oct..2010,.before:..Grzegorz.Polok,.Ph.D)

Magdalena zydek Administr..&.Economic.Director.(since.Sept..2010,.before:.Maciej.Budzanowski,.Ph.D.)

scientific divisions headed by

Division.of.Particle.Physics.and.Astrophysics Ü Barbara.Wosiek,.Prof.

Division.of.Nuclear.Physics.and.Strong.Interactions Ü Adam.Maj,.Prof.

Division.of.Condensed.Matter.Physics Ü Tadeusz.Wasiutyński,.Prof.

Division.of.Theoretical.Physics Ü Stanisław.Jadach,.Prof.

Division.of.Applications.of.Physics.and.Interdisciplinary.Research Ü Urszula.Woźnicka,.Prof.

Division.of.Scientific.Equipment.and.Infrastructure.Construction Ü Marek.Stodulski,.Ph.D.

International.Ph.D..Studies Ü Tadeusz.Lesiak,.Prof.

A. stRuctuRe of tHe institute

fig. iFromtheleft:AdamMaj,PawełOlko,MarekJeżabek,MagdalenaZydek.

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IV Annexes

A.2 scientific council

A.broad.range.of.prerogatives.of.the.Scientific.Council.of.IFJ.PAN,.essentially.identical.to.those.available. to. university. councils,. include:. conferring. Ph.D.. degrees,. conducting. habilitation.

procedures,.submitting.professorial.candidates.for.state.nomination,.evaluating.the.progress.of.Scientif-ic.Departments.and.International.Ph.D..Studies.at.IFJ.PAN.and.submitting.membership.applications.to.the.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences.(PAN).

In.2009–2010,.the.Scientific.Council.conferred.the.Ph.D..degree.on.24.candidates..Moreover,.in.the.same.years.4.habilitation.procedures.were.completed.and.5.nominations.for.the.title.of.professor.were.accepted.

scientific counciL (term 2008–2011)

. Honorary chairman à.. Andrzej.Hrynkiewicz,.Prof.

. chairman à. Tadeusz.Wasiutyński,.Prof.

. deputy chairmen à.. .Antoni.Szczurek,.Prof.,.Agnieszka.Zalewska,.Prof.,.

. . . Piotr.Zieliński,.Prof.

. scientific secretary à.. Andrzej.Horzela,.Assoc..Prof.

. Members of PAn à. Andrzej.Białas,.Prof.,.Andrzej.Budzanowski,.Prof.,.

. . . Jerzy.Janik,.Prof.,.Małgorzata.Witko,.Prof.,.

. . . Kacper.Zalewski,.Prof.

General director of ifj PAn à Marek.Jeżabek,.Prof.

deputy director of ifj PAn à Paweł.Olko,.Prof.

Members:

Piotr.Bożek,.Assoc..Prof.Rafał.Broda,.Prof.Wojciech.Broniowski,.Prof.Stanisław.Drożdż,.Prof.Krzysztof.Fiałkowski,.Prof.Jan.Figiel,.Prof.Wojciech.Florkowski,.Prof.Bogdan.Fornal,.Assoc..Prof.Krzysztof.Golec-Biernat,.Prof.Stanisław.Jadach,.Prof.Kazimierz.Jeleń,.Prof.Danuta.Kisielewska,.Prof.Marek.Kowalski,.Assoc..Prof.Barbara.Kubica,.Assoc..Prof.Marek.Kutschera,.Prof.Wojciech.M..Kwiatek,.Prof.Tadeusz.Lesiak,.Prof.Leonard.Leśniak,.Prof.

Adam.Maj,.Prof.Piotr.Malecki,.Prof.Maria.Massalska-Arodź,.Prof.Krzysztof.Parliński,.Prof.Grzegorz.Polok,.Ph.D.Maria.Różańska,.Prof.Kazimierz.Strzałka,.Prof.Jan.Styczeń,.Prof.Michał.Turała,.Prof.Jacek.Turnau,.Prof.Władysław.Węglarz,.Ph.D.Henryk.Wilczyński,.Prof.Marta.Wolny-Marszałek,.Assoc..Prof.Barbara.Wosiek,.Prof.Urszula.Woźnicka,.Prof.Wojciech.Zając,.Ph.D.Mirosław.Ziębliński,.M.Sc.Eng.

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Annexes V

scientific deGRees eARned in 2009–2010

i. Professor state nomination

Ø. Piotr.Zieliński,.Prof..(2009)Ø. Krzysztof.Golec-Biernat,.Prof..(2009)Ø. Paweł.Olko,.Prof..(2010)Ø. Wojciech.M..Kwiatek,.Prof..(2010)Ø. Maciej.Skrzypek,.Prof..(2010)

ii. degrees earned as a result of candidates’ own pursuit

Habilitations:

degree Holder Post-doctoral dissertation

Ewa.Dryzek Subsurfacezoneinaluminiumandaluminiumalloysstudiedbypositronannihilationspectroscopyandothermethods

Stanisław.Kliczewski Studyoflightandstablenucleiwithheavyion reactions

Przemysław.Piekarz Latticedynamicsinstronglycorrelatedd-andf-electron metals

Jarosław.Kwapień Physicalcharacteristicsofcomplexity

Ph.d. degrees:

degree Holder Ph.d. dissertation supervisor

Łukasz.Bibrzycki Interferenceeffectsinprocessesofmesonphotoproduction

L..Leśniak

Mikołaj.Chojnacki Hydrodynamicdescriptionofparticlepro-ductioninrelativisticheavy-ioncollisions

W..Florkowski

Mariusz.Czapla Structuralandmagneticpropertiesofmo-lecularmagnetsbasedon octacyanometalateof3delectronmetals

T..Wasiutyński

Anna.Falkiewicz StrangenessProductioninDeep-InelasticepCollisionsintheH1Experiment

G..Nowak

Tomasz.Gburek Particleproductionatverylowtransversemomen-tainAu+Aucollisionsat√SNN =200GeV

B..Wosiek

Danuta.Goc-Jagło SurfaceInvestigationsofSelectedMaterialsbyLow-EnergyIonsScatteringTechnique

Hoa.Kim.Ngan.Nhu-.Tarnawska

Iwona.Grombik Developmentofchromatographicmethodforcontinuoushydrogenconcentrationmeasure-mentsintheair

I..Śliwka

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VI Annexes

degree Holder Ph.d. dissertation supervisor

Katarzyna.Jagielska Amany-modemodelofthepropagatonofthepulsewavesinarteries

P..Zieliński

Małgorzata.Jasiurkowska Studyofstructureanddynamicsofisothio-cyanatobiphenylhomologousseries

M..Massalska-Arodź

Ewa.Juszyńska Investigationsofthepolymorphismanddynamicsindimethylbutanols

M..Massalska-Arodź

Renata.Kierepko Identificationofcurrentplutoniumsourcesintheair

J.W..Mietelski

Marzena.Labak InvestigationsofthebrainpathologybasedonthemagneticresonancespectroscopyandinvivoMRI

B..Tomanek

Marzena.Lipińska Studiesofphotosyntheticreactioncentersactivityunderstressconditions

K..Burda

Agnieszka.Łuszczak Theanalysisofdiffractiveprocessesinelectron-protonandproton-protoncollisions

K..Golec-Biernat

Yuriy.Natanzon Propertiesofinsulatingmaterialsfromquantumcalculations

Z..Łodziana

Barbara.Obryk Developmentofamethodformeasurementofhighdosesofionizingradiationusinghighlysen-sitiveLiF:Mg,Cu,Pthermoluminescentdetector

P..Olko

Magdalena.Podgórczyk Theanalysisoflocalstructuralcompositionoftis-suesandcellsaround3dgroupatomsandsulphur

W.M..Kwiatek

Fabio.Schirru InvestigationofthePropertiesofSyntheticDia-mondsforDosimetryofIonizingRadiation

P..Olko

Vittorio.Soma Shortrangecorrelationsinnuclearmatter P..Bożek

Ewa.Stanecka DevelopmentoftheSemiconductorTrackerforATLASexperimentandstudyoftheb-taggingalgorithmsforbackgroundrejectioninbbH,H→t+t-

P..Malecki

Przemysław.Stokłosa Non-leadingeffectsinQCDevolutionequations M..Skrzypek

Andrzej.Szelc SimulationsandMeasurementsoftheGalacticDarkMatterHalowiththeWArPDetector

A..Zalewska

Piotr.Tracz StudiesofmagneticpropertiesofmolecularmagnetsbasedonCo2+and[W(CN)8]3-”

T..Wasiutyński

Jarosław.Wiechczyński Investigationofthe(c-s)systeminBmesonsdecays T..Lesiak

Ph.D.degrees,cntd.

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Annexes VII

A.3 scientific divisions

i. diVision of PARticLe PHYsics And AstRoPHYsics (no1) Head: Prof. Piotr Malecki / since september 2009 Prof. Barbara wosiek

v .department of Leptonic interactions (nz11) – Head: Assoc. Prof. Grażyna nowak. Research.staff:.10.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.4,.M.Sc..students:.6

v. department of Hadron structure (nz12) until May 2010 – Head: Prof. jan figiel. Research.staff:.3.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.1.

v. department of Linear collider (nz13) – Head: Assoc. Prof. Leszek zawiejski. Research.staff:.3,.Technical.staff:.3

v the AtLAs experiment department (nz14) – Head: Prof. Barbara wosiek / since september 2009 Assoc. Prof. Adam trzupek

. Research.staff:.19,.Technical.staff:.1.(on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.7,.M.Sc..students:.5

v. department of cosmic Ray Research (nz15) – Head: Prof. Henryk wilczyński. Research.staff:.6.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.1,.M.Sc..students:.4

v .department of neutrino and dark Matter studies (nz16) – Head: Prof. Agnieszka zalewska

. Research.staff:.5,.Ph.D..students:.4,.M.Sc..students:.3

v .the LHcb experiment department (nz17) since november 2009 – Head: Assoc. Prof. Mariusz witek

. Research.staff:.5,.Technical.staff:.3,.Ph.D..students:.3

ii. diVision of nucLeAR PHYsics And stRonG inteRActions (no2) Head: Prof. jan styczeń/since september 2009 Prof. Adam Maj

v .department of strong interactions and Mechanism of nuclear Reactions (nz21) – Head: Prof. Antoni szczurek.

. Research.staff:.21.(including.2.people.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.1.(on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.5

v .department of the structure of Atomic nucleus (nz22) – Head: Prof. Adam Maj / since september 2009 Assoc. Prof. Bogdan fornal

. Research.staff:.15.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.2,.Ph.D..students:.7,.M.Sc..students:.4

v .department of the ultrarelativistic nuclear Physics and Hadron structure (nz23) – Head: Assoc. Prof. Marek kowalski

. Research.staff:.7,.Ph.D..students:.1,.M.Sc..students:.2

iii. diVision of condensed MAtteR PHYsics (no3) Head: Prof. tadeusz wasiutyński

v .department of structure Research of condensed Matter (nz31) – Head: Assoc. Prof. Piotr zieliński

. .Research.staff:.19.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.1,.Ph.D..students:.14,.M.Sc..students:.3

v .department of Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (nz32) – Head: Prof. zdzisław Lalowicz

. .Research.staff:.5+1/4.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.1/2+1/2,.Ph.D..students:.1,.M.Sc..students:.1

v .department of Materials Research by computers (nz33) – Head: Prof. krzysztof Parliński

. Research.staff:.6,.Technical.staff:.1,.Ph.D..students:.2

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VIII Annexes

iV. diVision of tHeoReticAL PHYsics (no4) Head: Prof. stanisław jadach

v. department of theory of structure of Matter (nz41) – Head: Assoc. Prof. Piotr Bożek Research.staff:.15.(including.4.people.on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.4,.M.Sc..students:.5

v. department of Particle theory (nz42) – Head: Prof. Maciej skrzypek Research.staff:.8,.Ph.D..students:.3,.Eng.Sc:.1

v .department of Mathematical Physics and theoretical Astrophysics (nz43) – Head: Prof. Marek kutschera/ since March 2010 – Assoc. Prof. Andrzej Horzela

Research.staff:.9,.Ph.D..students:.2

v. department of theory of complex systems (nz44) – Head: Prof. stanisław drożdż Research.staff:.4,.Ph.D..students:.4,.M.Sc..students:.12

V. diVision of APPLied PHYsics And inteRdisciPLinARY ReseARcH (no5) Head: Prof. urszula woźnicka

v .Physical chemistry and surface engineering Laboratory (nz51) until february 2009 – Head: dr. Bogusław Rajchel

. Research.staff:.5.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.3

v .department of Microstructure and Microdynamics of crystal systems (nz53) until february 2009 – Head: Assoc. Prof. Paweł wodniecki

. Research.staff:.2.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave)

v. department of Applied spectroscopy (nz52) – Head: Prof. wojciech M. kwiatek. .Research.staff:.10.(including.1.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.5.(including.1.person.on.

unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..students:.9,.M.Sc..students:.2

v .department of Materials science (nz53) since february 2009 – Head: Assoc. Prof. Marta Marszałek

. .Research. staff:. 11. (including. 1. person. on. unpaid. leave),. Technical. staff:. 3,. Ph.D.. students:. 7,.M.Sc. students:.1

v .department of Radiation transport Physics (nz54) – Head Assoc. Prof. krzysz-tof drozdowicz

. Research.staff:.9,.Technical.staff:.1,.M.Sc..students:.2

v .department of Radiation and environmental Biology (nz55) – Head: Prof. An-tonina cebulska-wasilewska

Research.staff:.4,.Technical.staff:.1.(on.unpaid.leave),.M.Sc..students:.8

v .department of Magnetic Resonance imaging (nz56) – Head in charge: dr. władysław węglarz

. Research.staff:.11,.Technical.staff:.2,.Ph.D..students:.5,.M.Sc..students:.5

v department of nuclear Physical chemistry (nz57) – Head: Assoc. Prof. jerzy w. Mietelski

. .Research.staff:.18.(including.2.person.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.1.(on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..stu-dents:.6,.M.Sc..Students:.4

v. department of Radiation Physics and dosimetry (nz58) – Head: Prof. Paweł olko. .Research. staff:. 20. (including. 2. people. on. unpaid. leave),. Technical. staff:. 1.. Ph.D.. students:. 5,.

M.Sc. students:.7

v .department of Physicochemistry of ecosystems (nz59) – Head: Assoc. Prof. ire-neusz Śliwka

. .Research.staff:.6.(including.3.people.on.unpaid.leave),.Technical.staff:.1.(on.unpaid.leave),.Ph.D..stu-dents:.1,.M.Sc..students:.3

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Annexes IX

A.4 centers of excellence and centers of Advanced technology

cracow Research center for ion engineering (ionMed)Contact:.Bogusław.Rajchel,.Ph.D..(IFJ.PAN)..Participants:.IFJ.PAN,.Cracow.University.of.Tech-

nology,. AGH. University. of. Science. and. Technology,. Jagiellonian. University,. Institute. of. Advanced.Manufacturing.Technology.(previously.Institute.of.Metal.Cutting),.Cracow.Rehabilitation.Center,.the.optical.factory.OPTICON,.the.vacuum.company.PREVAC..Activity:.surface.processing.by.ion.methods.and/or.laser.methods,.application.of.modern.ion.methods.for.high-technology.industry.and.for.medical.purposes,.multiscale.computer.modeling.of.surface.processing,.construction.of.CNC.IBAD.machine,.modeling.of.carbon.based.nano-.and.microstructures,.development.of.new.equipment.

The.Cracow.Center.IONMED.is.a.member.of.the interdisciplinary center for Advanced Medi-cal technologies (izAteM), the consortium.managed.by.the.Institute.of.Fundamental.Technological.Research.PAN.(IPPT),.Warsaw..Contact.at.IFJ.PAN:.Bogusław.Rajchel,.Ph.D.

inter-departamental Laboratory of silicon detectors

Established. in. the. mid-80’s. to. meet. the. increasing. demand. for. silicon. detectors. in. high. energy.experiments..Activity:.measurements.and.tests.of.silicon.detectors.and.VLSI.structures.and.their.elec-trical/mechanical.assembly..Participation.in.construction.of.silicon.vertex.detectors.for.BELLE.(KEK).and.ILC,.participation.in.the.R&D.projects:.SOI.pixel.detector.and.low.noise.VLSI.chip.(KEK),.DEP-FET.pixel.detector.(MPI.Munich),.silicon.strip.detectors.for.FCAL.(DESY).

the inter-departamental LHc computing Grid

Contact:.Andrzej.Olszewski,.Ph.D..(IFJ.PAN)..A.close.cooperation.between.IFJ.PAN.and.ACC.Cyfronet.AGH,.as.well.as.the.completion.of.several.successful.EU.grid.projects.(CrossGrid,.GridStart,.EGEE,.EGEE-II,.EGEE-III,.BalticGrid,.BalticGrid-II).laid.the.ground.for.the.development.of.com-puting.grid.infrastructure.in.Poland,.compatible.with.the.European.standards.(currently.a.few.thou-sand.cores.–.about.10.kHEP-SPEC06.and.600.TB.disk.storage.are.allocated.at.the.computing.centers.of.Cracow,.Poznań.and.Warsaw.for.LHC.computing)..It.allows.Poland.to.become.a.full.member.of.the.WLCG.project. (as.distributed.Tier2).–.a.corresponding.Memorandum.of.Understanding.has.been.signed..This.infrastructure.is.used.by.ATLAS,.ALICE,.LHCb,.CMS.and.several.other.experiments.(BELLE,.H1,.ZEUS)..A.small.local.cluster.of.72.cores.has.been.established.at.IFJ.PAN.and.integrated.with.WLCG.that.serves.as.a.Tier3.

the cloud computing for science and economy Project

Contact:. Mariusz. Witek,. Ph.D.. (IFJ. PAN),. Zbigniew. Natkaniec. (IFJ. PAN).. An. initiative. to.explore. the. advantages. of. emerging. elastic. computing. technology. (Cloud. Computing). for. scientific.calculations..The. four-year.project. (No..POIG.02.03.03-00-033/09-00). is. funded.by. the.European.Commission.(85%).and.the.Polish.Ministry.of.Science.and.Higher.Education.(15%).within.the.In-novative.Economy.Program.of.the.National.Cohesion.Strategy..The.project.foresees.also.a.federation.of.elastic.computing.resources.among.regional.universities.of.southern.Poland.and.the.dissemination.of.the.results.to.small.and.medium.enterprises.in.the.area..So.far,.the.achievements.of.the.project.has.included.the.construction.of.a.modern.server.room,.modernization.of.LAN.and.installation.of.about.500.CPU-cores. cluster. in.blade. technology,. including.45.TB.storage..The. full. system.with.doubled.resources.and.software.developed.at.IFJ.PAN.is.to.be.released.for.research.groups.of.IFJ.PAN.at.the.beginning.of.2012.

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X Annexes

A.5 Awards

international and national awards

name of award Awarded for Awarded by Awarded to

2009Prime.Minister.Prize For.outstanding.

achievements.in.scien-tific.research

Prime.Minister Andrzej.Białas

Marian.Mięsowicz.Prize

For.the.work:.“De-scription.of.the.RHIC.p-Spectra.in.a.Thermal.Model.with.Expan-sion”,.Phys..Rev..Lett..87.(2001).272302

The.Polish.Academy.of.Arts.and.Sciences.(PAU)

Wojciech.Broniowski,.Wojciech.Florkowski

Maria.Skłodowska-Curie.Scientific.Award.in.the.Field.of.Physics

For.the.discovery.of.spin-orbital.quantum.entanglement.in.com-pounds.with.orbital.degrees.of.freedom

Division.III,.Math-ematical,.Physical.and.Chemical.Sciences,.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences

Andrzej.M..Oleś

2010The.Bruno.Rossi.Prize For.outstanding.con-

tributions.to.imaging.TeV.Astronomy,.which.addressed.fundamental.questions.related.to.particle.acceleration.and.the.origin.of.the.Cosmic.Rays.through.the.study.of.SNRs,.PWN.and.nearby.AGNs

American.Astrophysi-cal.Society.(AAS)

Felix.Aharonian,.Werner.Hoffmann,.Heinz.Voelk.and.the.H.E.S.S..Collabora-tion.( Jacek.Niemiec,.Michał.Dyrda.from.IFJ.PAN)

the Henryk niewodniczański scientific Award granted by General director and scientific council of ifj PAn

The.Henryk.Niewodniczański.Scientific.Award.for.2009

For.the.series.of.publications.re-garding.the.search.of.Dark.Mat-ter.particles.with.ArDM.detector.in.the.WARP.experiment

Andrzej.Szelc

The.Henryk.Niewodniczański.Scientific.Award.for.the.year.2010

For.the.series.of.3.publications.presenting.a.structural.study.on.the.smectic.E.phase.of.the.nBT.homologous.series.and.a.description.of.vibrational.dy-namics.and.the.glass.transition.for.the.3BT.compound

Małgorzata.Jasiurkowska

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Annexes XI

A.6 conferences

international conferences organized by ifj PAn

title of the conference co-organizers number of participants

2009The.2009.Europhysics.Confer-ence.on.High.Energy.Physics.(HEP.2009),.Cracow

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiello-nian.University,.AGH.Univer-sity.of.Science.and.Technology,.Polish.Physical.Society,.Euro-pean.Physical.Society

649

LUMDETR.2009.–.7th.Interna-tional.Conference.on.Lumines-cent.Detectors.and.Transformers.of.Ionizing.Radiation,.Cracow

254

Cracow.Epiphany.Conference.on.Hadronic.Interactions.at.the.Dawn.of.the.LHC,.Cracow

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiellon-ian.University,.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Polish.Academy.of.Arts.and.Sciences

103

Radon.in.Environment.2009,.Zakopane

73

44..Zakopane.School.of.Phys-ics.–.International.Symposium.“Breaking.Frontiers:.Submicron.Structures.in.Physics.and.Biology”

55

Neutron.Scattering.Spectroscopy.and.Related.Problems,.Krynica

56

The.2nd.Conference.on.Combina-torial.Physics,.Cracow/Zakopane

28

201045..Zakopane.School.of.Phys-ics.-.International.School.on.Nuclear.Physics.“Extremes.on.the.Nuclear.Landscape”

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiel-lonian.University

185

Cracow.Epiphany.Conference.on.Physics.in.Underground.Laboratories.and.Its.Connec-tion.with.LHC,.Cracow

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiellon-ian.University,.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Polish.Academy.of.Arts.and.Sciences

119

NEMEA-6:.Nuclear.Meas-urements,.Evaluations.and.Applications.–.Exploring.the.frontiers.of.nuclear.data.and.measurements,.their.uncertain-ties.and.covariances,.Cracow

JRC-IRMM,.the.OECD.Nu-clear.Energy.Agency

43

Workshop.on.ab.initio.phonon.calculations.III,.Cracow

Pedagogical.University.of.Cracow

39

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XII Annexes

international conferences co-organized by ifj PAn

title of the conference organizers number of participants

2009Cracow.Grid.Workshop.–.CGW’09,.Cracow

AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Academic.Computer.Center.CY-FRONET.AGH,.IFJ.PAN

124

49..Cracow.School.of.Theoret-ical.Physics:.Non-perturbative.Gravity.and.Quantum.Chro-modynamics,.Zakopane

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiello-nian.University,.IFJ.PAN

88

201023rd.International.Liquid.Crystal.Conference,.Cracow

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiel-lonian.University,.Polish.Liquid.Crystal.Society,.International.Liquid.Crystal.Society,.IFJ.PAN

701

JEMS.2010.–.The.Joint.Europe-an.Magnetic.Symposia,.Cracow

Institute.of.Physics.Jagiellonian.University,.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Cra-cow.University.of.Technology,.University.of.Silesia,.IFJ.PAN

500

11th.International.Workshop.on.Meson.Production.and.Proper-ties.and.Interaction,.Cracow

IF.UJ,.Forschungszentrum.Jülich,.INFN.LN.Frascati,.IFJ.PAN

180

10..Cracow.Grid.Workshop.–.CGW’10,.Cracow

AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology,.Academic.Compu-ter.Centre.CYFRONET.AGH,.IFJ.PAN

106

Workshop.on.timing.detectors:.electronics,.medical.and.particle.physics.applications,.Cracow

Cracow.University.of.Tech-nology,.AGH.University.of.Science.and.Technology

46

Symposium.„Surface.and.Interface.of.Advanced.Thin.Films”.SIATF.2010,.Cracow

Pedagogical.University.of.Cra-cow,.Technische.Universität.Darmstadt,.IFJ.PAN

49

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Annexes XIII

international collaboration Meetings organized by ifj PAn

title of the Meeting number of participants

2009PARIS.Collaboration.Meeting.including.PARIS.mini-Workshop.on.perspectives.for.novel.gamma-arrays,.Cracow

50

MAESTRO.Meeting.Review,.Cracow 37

HYCONES.Meeting,.Cracow 11

R3B.Meeting.in.Kraków,.Cracow 16

LLRF.Collaboration.Meeting,.Cracow 24

2010title of the conference co-organizer number of participants

6th.Joint.Working.Groups.Meeting.and.8th.Management.Committee.Meeting.of.the.COST.Action.MP.0601.–.Short.Wavelength.Laboratory.Sources,.Cracow

Management.Committee.of.the.COST.Action.MP.0601

57

FCAL.Collaboration.Meeting,.Cracow

DESY 34

Belle.II.Computing.Workshop,.Cracow

26

international courses and schools organized by ifj PAn


2009NATO.Advanced.Training.Course.on.“Rapid.Diagnosis.in.Population.at.Emergency.and.Risk”,.Cracow/Zakopane

Institute.of.Chemical.Physics,.Russian.Academy.of.Sciences

56

Trans-European.School.of.High.Energy.Physics.“TESHEP09”,.Cracow

IN2P3,.CNRS,.France.Em-bassy.in.Poland,.Ukrainian.Academy.of.Sciences

71

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XIV Annexes

international school co-organized by ifj PAn

title of the school organizers number of participants

2010TESHEP10-Trans-European.School.of.High.Energy.Phys-ics,.Izvorani.Village,.Romania

LAL.CNRS,.IN2P3,.Univ..Paris-Sud.11,.LLR.CNRS,.IRFU.CEA,.LPCCF.IN2P3,.France.Embassy.in.Poland,.Ukrainian.Academy.of.Scienc-es,.IFIN.HH,.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences,.IFJ.PAN

65

national conferences organized mainly by ifj PAn


2009XLII.National.Seminar.on.Nuclear.Magnetic.Resonance.and.Its.Applications,.Cracow

126

V.National.Conference.„Nuclear.Radiochemistry.and.Chemistry”,.Cracow

Institute.of.Nuclear.Chemistry.and.Technology

71

2010

XLIII.National.Seminar.on.Nuclear.Magnetic.Resonance.and.Its.Applications,.Cracow

88

national conferences co-organized by ifj PAn

title of the conference organizers number of participants

2009XL.Meeting.of.Polish.Physi-cists,.Cracow

Institute.of.Physics.of.Jagiello-nian.University,.AGH.Univer-sity.of.Science.and.Technology,.Cracow.University.of.Technol-ogy,.Polish.Physical.Society,.IFJ.PAN

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A.7 ue Programs, consortia, national networks

A. european community framework Programs7. framework Program (fP7) i. Projects in which ifj PAn was/is involved as a contractor:

[E1]. . Program:.CAPACITIES.-.Research.Infrastructures.. Project:.“BalticGridSecondPhase“ (BalticGrid-ii) Combination.of.CP.&.CSA.(2008–2010);.. Coordinator:.KTH,.Sweden.[E2]. . Program:.CAPACITIES.-.Research.Infrastructures.. Project:.“SPIRAL2PreparatoryPhase“ (sP2PP) Combination.of.CP.&.CSA.(2007–2011);.. Coordinator:.GANIL,.France[E3]. . Program:.CAPACITIES.-.Research.Infrastructures.. .Project:.“Designofapan-EuropeanInfrastructureforLargeApparatusstudyingGrandUnifica-

tionandNeutrinoAstrophysics”(LAGunA).CP.Design.Study.(2008–2011);.. Coordinator:.Eidgenossische.Technische.Hochschule.(ETH),.Switzerland[E4]. . Program:.COOPERATION.–.Space.. .Project:. “Human Model MATROSHKA for Radiation Exposure Determination of Astro-

nauts”.(HAMLet).(2008–2011).. Coordinator:.German.Aerospace.Center,.Cologne,.Germany.[E5]. . Program:.COOPERATION.–.NMP.. Project:.“SingleMoleculeWorkstation”.(sMw).(2008–2011).. Coordinator:.TILL.I.D..GmbH,.Germany[E6]. . Program:.PEOPLE.–.IRSES.–.International.Research.Staff.Exchange.Scheme. .Project:.“MagneticResonanceMethodsDevelopmentandApplicationsforLifeSciences” (euro-

canMRi) (2009–2012). Coordinator:.IFJ.PAN,.Poland[E7]. . Program:.CAPACITIES.–.Research.Infrastructures. .Project:.“EuropeanCoordinationforAcceleratorResearchandDevelopment” (eucARd) (2009–2013). Coordinator:.CERN,.Switzerland[E8]. . Program:.CAPACITIES.–.Research.Infrastructures. Project:.“UnionofLightIonCentersinEurope” (uLice) (2009–2013). Coordinator:.Fondazione.Centro.Nazionale.di.Adroterapia.Oncologica.(Fondazione.CNAO),.Italy

ii. Projects to which ifj PAn contributes, but is not a signatory to the contract:

[E9]. . Program:.PEOPLE.–.Marie.Curie.Initial.Training.Network.. Project:.“MarieCurieTrainingNetworkonParticleDetectors”.(Mc-PAd).(2008–2011);.. Coordinator:.CERN,.Switzerland.[E10]. Euratom.Research.and.Training.Program.on.Nuclear.Energy “AssociationbetweentheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(euRAtoM)andtheInstitute

ofPlasmaPhysicsandLaserMicrofusion(IPPLM)inthefieldofnuclearenergywiththeprioritythematicareafusionenergy”.(2009–2012)

. Polish.Coordinator:.IPPLM,.Warsaw,.Poland

6. framework Program (fP6) i. Projects in which ifj PAn was/is involved as a contractor:

[E11]. Integrated.Project.IP. “Methods and Advanced Equipment for Simulation and Treatment in Radiation Oncology”

(MAestRo).(2004–2009);.. Coordinator:.CEA.(Commissariat.à.l’énergie.atomique),.France

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[E12]. Specific.Targeted.Research.or.Innovation.Project. “Breath-gasanalysisformolecular-orienteddetectionofminimaldiseases”.(BAMod).(2006–2009);.. Coordinator:.Medizinische.Universität.Innsbruck,.Austria.[E13]. NMP.Specific.Targeted.Research.or.Innovation.Projects.–.STREP. “Hydrogenstorageincarboncones”.(HYcones) (2006–2009).. Coordinator:.National.Center.of.Scientific.Research.(NCSR).“DEMOKRITOS”,.Athens,.Greece[E14]. POLICES-STREP. “DevelopmentofMagneticResonanceMeasurementSystemfortheExamination,Characterization

andinvitro-andinvivoObservationofProbesonaMicrometerScale”.(Micro MR) (2007–2010).. Coordinator:.Albert-Ludwigs-Universität.Freiburg,.Germany[E15]. Program:.Marie.Curie.Research.Training.Network. “CrusttoCore:theFateofSubductedMaterial” (c2c).(2007–2011).. Coordinator:.Universität.Bayreuth,.Germany[E16]. Program:.Marie.Curie.Research.Training.Network. “ToolsandPrecisionCalculationsforPhysicsDiscoveriesatColliders” (HePtooLs).(2006–2010);.. Coordinator:.National.Center.for.Scientific.Research.Demokritos,.Greece.[E17]. INTAS. “InstallationandCommissioningoftheATLASTransitionRadiationTracker(TRD)End-caps

attheLHC”.(2006–2009);.. Coordinator:.Lund.University.[E18]. INTAS. “HigherOrderEffectsine+e-AnnihilationandMuonAnomalousMagneticMoment”.(2006–2009);.. Coordinator:.Università.degli.Studi.di.Parma,.Italy[E19]. INTAS “ExperimentalStudyofddRadiativeCaptureinMuonicDeuterium”.(2006–2009). Coordinator:.Delft.University.of.Technology.,.the.Netherlands[E20]. Integrated.Infrastructure.Initiative.(i3);. “DetectorR&DTowardstheInternationalLinearCollider”.(eudet).(2006–2010);. Coordinator:Universität.Hamburg,.Germany

ii. Projects to which ifj PAn contributed, but was not a signatory to the contract

[E21]. Marie.Curie.Research.Training.Network.. .Project:.“Enteringthehigh-precisioneraofflavorphysicsthroughtheallianceoflatticesimula-

tions,effectivefieldtheoriesandexperiment”.(fLAViAnet) (2006–2010);.. Coordinator:.Universitat.de.València.Estudi.General.[E22]. Marie.Curie.Action.–.Host.Fellowship.for.Early.Stage.Research.Training.(EST). “Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the accumulation of radiocaesium by plants”. (MY-

coReMed).(2006–2010);.. .Coordinator:. The. Center. of. Study. on. AM. Monoxenics. of. the. Microbiology,. Université.

Catholique.de.Louvain,.Belgium.[E23]. Network.of.Centers.of.Excellence.(NoE). “MolecularApproachtoNanomagnetsandMultifunctionalMaterials”.(MAGMAnet).(2005–2009);.. .Coordinator:.Consorzio.Interuniversitario.Nazionale.per.la.Scienza.e.Tecnologia.dei.Mate-

riali.(INSTM),.Italy[E24]. Marie.Curie.Research.Training.Network.RTN. “PolarizedHeliumLungImagingNetwork”.(PHeLinet).(2007–2010).. Coordinator:.Université.Claude.Bernard.Lyon.1.[E25]. SUSTDEV.“Priority.Global.Change.and.Ecosystems”.–.STREP.. .Project:.“AEuropeanNetworkforAtmosphericHydrogenobservationsandstudies”.(eurohy-

dros).(2006–2009).. .Coordinator:.Goethe-Universität.Frankfurt.auf.Main,.Institut.für.Atmosphäre.und.Umwelt,.

Germany

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B. other international programs[E26]. Rare.Isotope.Spectroscopic.Investigation.at.GSI.(RisinG).(2004–2009)[E27]. Advanced.Gamma.Tracking.Array.for.Nuclear.Spectroscopy. Project:.“4πgammatrackingspectrometer” (AGAtA).(2003–2015)[E28]. European.Science.Foundation esf. Program:.Research.Networking.Programs.in.Physical.and.Engineering.Sciences. Project:.”TheNewPhysicsofCompactStars”(compstar).(2008–2013).[E29]. European.Cooperation.in.the.Field.of.Scientific.and.Technological.Research cost.-. Action.P19: Project:.“Multiscalemodelingofmaterials”.(2006–2010).[E30]. European.Cooperation.in.the.Field.of.Scientific.and.Technological.Research cost.-. MPNS.Action.MP.0601:.Short.Wavelength.Laboratory.Sources.(2008–2011).[E31]. European.Cooperation.in.the.Field.of.Scientific.and.Technological.Research cost.-. .BMBS.Action.TD.1002:.European.network.on.applications.of.Atomic.Force.Microscopy.to.

NanoMedicine.and.Life.Sciences.(2010–2014)[E32]. European space Agency esA. .Project:“ExperimentMatroshka2ai2b:MeasuringRadiationHazardsinSpace” (MTR-2).

(2005–2009);.. Coordinator:.German.Aerospace.Center,.Cologne,.Germany.[E33]. .Program:.Space.Life.Sciences.and.Space.Science.–.ISS.Combined.Radiation.Dosimetry.

Package.inside.Columbus.module.on.ISS. Project:.“DoseDistributioninsideISS”.(dosis).(2008–2009). Coordinator:.German.Aerospace.Center,.Cologne,.Germany

c. consortia the institute participates in 18 national scientific consortia: Ü seven of them are coordinated by ifj PAn: [K1]. . National.Consortium.for.Hadron.Radiotherapy[K2]. . COPIN.–.National.Consortium.for.the.scientific.collaboration.with.France.IN2P3.Institutes[K3]. . .ILLPL.–.Consortium.of.Polish.scientific.and.educational.establishments.–.carrying.out.research.

with.the.use.of.neutron.beams.and.instrumentation.of.Institute.Laue-Langevin,.Grenoble.[K4]. . PAN-AKCENT.–.National.Consortium.of.the.Institutes.of.Polish.Academy.of.Sciences[K5]. . National.Consortium.of.the.radioactive.isotopes.innovative.applications[K6]. . IONMED.–.Cracow.Research.Center.for.Ion.Engineering [K7]. . .National.Consortium.“Research.and.development.in.the.field.of.technology.for.nuclear.con-

trolled.fusion”

Ü other consortia:

[K8]. . Atomic.Center.„CeAt”.[K9]. . .Consortium.of.Advanced.Technologies.for.Natural.Resources,.Hydrocarbons.and.Renew-

able.Energy.SUPERGO[K10]. IZATEM.–.Interdisciplinary.Center.for.Advanced.Medical.Technologies[K11]. IOITOB.Interdisciplinary.Center.for.Innovative.Techniques.of.Biomedical.Imaging[K12]. National.Consortium.„FEMTOFIZYKA”.(PhemtoPhysics)[K13]. National.Consortium.„XFEL-POLSKA”[K14]. National.Consortium.„Polski.Synchrotron”.(Polish.Synchrotron)[K15]. National.Consortium.for.HESS.Experiment

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[K16]. National.Cyclotron.Laboratory.(NLC)[K17]. National.Consortium.„Cherenkov.Telescope.Array”.[K18]. Joint.Laboratory.for.Isotope.Geochemistry.

we are also a partner in international consortia connected with our participation in the eu framework Program projects.

d. national thematic networks the institute carries out research within 28 thematic national networks Ü six of them are coordinated by ifj PAn:

[S1]. . .POLTIER.–.National.Consortium.of.Scientific.Network.“Polish.calculation.system.for.ex-periments.at.LHC”

[S2]. . Polish.Network.“Neutrons-Emission-Detection”[S3]. . Polish.Network.of.Nuclear.Methods.for.Geophysics.[S4]. . Polish.Network.of.Tools.and.Precision.Calculations.for.High.Energy.Physics[S5]. . Polish.Network.of.Radiation.Protection.and.Nuclear.Safety.[S6]. . POSMAT.–.Polish.Network.“Positron.Annihilation.in.Materials.Research”

Ü other networks:

[S7]. . AIRCLIM-NET.International.Thematic.Scientific.Network.for.Problems.of.Air.Pollution.and.Climate.Change

[S8]. . .BIONAN.–.Molecular.mechanisms.of.interactions.in.biological.nano-systems.and.in.bio-logically.active.systems.modified.by.nano-compounds

[S9]. . .Pharmacological. and. Genetical. Protection. and. Cytoprotection. in. Pathologies. of. Central.Nervous.System

[S10]. FiTAL.–.Polish.Network.for.Physics.and.Technology.of.High.Energy.Linear.Accelerators[S11]. Physics.and.Chemistry.for.Medicine[S12]. Cracow.Center.of.Physico-Chemical.Research.for.the.Environment.Protection.[S13]. National.Scientific.and.Educational.Network.of.Radiochemical.Laboratories.[S14]. LUMDET.–.Scientific.Network.for.Luminescence.Detection.of.Ionizing.Radiation[S15]. MAGELMAT.–.New.Materials.for.Magnetoelectronics[S16]. MANAR.–.New.Layered.Materials.with.Controlled.Architecture.and.Functionality[S17]. Well.logging.Geophysics.–.Numerical.Modeling.and.Comprehensive.Interpretation[S18]. NanoMedPL.Research.Network.–.Modern.applications.in.nano-medicine.and.nano-technology[S19]. NeutroNET.–.Research.network.of.Polish.academic.and.research.institutions.using.neutron.beams[S20]. .New.Applications.in.Prospecting.and.Exploitation.of.Hydrocarbon.Reservoirs.via.Directional.

and.Horizontal.Wells[S21]. Polish.Network.for.Astroparticle.Physics[S22]. Polish.Network.of.Flavor.Physics[S23]. Polish.Neutrino.Network[S24]. Polish.Network.of.the.Project.”Cherenkov.Telescope.Array”[S25]. Non-Governmental.International.Scientific.Network.–.The.Radon.Center[S26]. Research.Network.“Physics.of.Relativistic.Ions”.[S27]. Polish.Nuclear.Physics.Network[S28]. Gas-prone.Pennsylvanian.Coal-Bearing.Rocks.Beyond.the.Known.Coal.Basins.in.Poland

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B. Research infrastructure

Accelerators and radiation beams

nr. equipment description

1. Isochronous.Cyclotron.AIC-144 Protons.and.α.particles.acceleration.in.energy.range.30–60.MeV,.deuterons.at.15–30.MeV.

2. Van.de.Graaff.Accelerator 2.5.MV.machine,.protons.and.α.particles,.2–100.μA.beams,.micro-probe.facility.with.7.μm.beam.spot.at.100.pA.and.10.μm.at.1.nA..Available.experimental.tech-niques:.μ-PIXE,.μ-RBS,.STIM,.single.proton.irradiation.

3. 14.MeV.Pulsed.Neutron.Generator.with.2-line.detection.system.for.storing.time.distribu-tions.of.the.thermal.neutron.flux

Neutron.yield:.5*108.n/s/4π,.pulse.duration:.25–100.μs,.repetition.time:.0.3–100.ms.

4. Multipurpose.X-ray.microprobe Open.type.X.ray.tube.(Hamamatsu.L9191).with.Ti,.Mo,.Ag.and.W.as.targets,.with.microfocusing.down.to.below.2.μm..μ-CMT,.μ-XRF,.TXRF.and.targeted.irradiations.of.mam-malian.cells..Acceleration.voltage.20-160.kV,.with.maximum.X-ray.intensity.equal.to.3x1011.photons/sr/s.(Ti.target)..Cell.irradiation.facility.using.a.monochromatic.4.5.keV.beam.fo-cused.to.8.μm.spot.with.a.dose.rate.of.~1 Gy/s.per.single.cell.

5. Dual-Beam.Ion.Implantator Primary.ion.beam.(most.elements.available),.magnetic.control,.dM/M=1/350,.~5.mA,.beam.spot.up.to.10×120.mm..Secondary.ion.beam.(all.noble.gases).accelerated.with.5–45.kV,.densities:.~500.mA/cm2.

6. Philips.Industrial.X-Ray.Machine.–.MCN.323.(250.kV,.10.mA)

Modern.HV.stabilization.(16–320.kV),.computer.con-trol.of.X-ray.tube.voltage,.current.and.exposure.time.

7. Radon.calibration.chamber Calibration.of.radon.detectors.within.a.wide.range.of.radon.concentrations;.volume:.600.dm3.

8. Calibration.dosimetry.labora-tory.with.137Cs.beam

137Cs.beam,.kerma.rate.(in.air).0.1.μGy/h–1Gy/h,.auto-matic,.remote-controlled.calibration.bench.with.position-ing.±0.5.mm.

9. Theratron.780E.60Co.unit 60-Co.source,.gantry.rotation.in.2π.angle.range,.maxi-mum.time.exposure.29.99.min,.irradiation.field.between.5×5.cm2.to.35×35.cm2.in.SSD.=.80.cm.

10. A.facility.for.proton.radio-therapy.of.eye.tumors

Uses.60MeV.proton.beam.from.AIC-144.isochronous.cyclotron,.the.range.of.28.mm.in.water,.distal.fall.off.1.7.mm.(90%-10%).and.a.dose.rate.of.about.0.5.Gy/s..Equipped.with.Eye.Therapy.Chair.(Schear.Engineering),.beam.steering.and.control.system.(based.on.modular.PXI.architecture).and.Eclipse.Ocular.Proton.Planning.(Varian.Medical.Systems).treatment.planning.system.

11. Thermonuclear.nanosecond.neu-tron.source.NSNS-2.and.ultrafast.scintillation.probe.UFNSP-1

For.hard.X.radiation.and.thermonuclear.neutrons,.non-commercial.equipment.

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Main infrastructure for solid state physics research

12. AC.Susceptometer./.DC.Mag-netometer.Lake.Shore.7225

Temperature.range.4.2.-.325.K..Magnetic.field.range.-57.kOe.to.57.kOe..AC.magnetic.field.range.1.25.mOe.-.25.Oe;.frequency.range1.Hz.-1.kHz.at.1.Hz.steps.and.1.kHz.to.10.kHz.at.10.Hz.steps.

13. Faraday.type.magnetic.balance.based.on.Cahn.RG.automatic.electrobalance

Flow.cryostat.–.temperature.range.3.5-350.K..Magnetic.field.100.Oe.to.3.5.kOe..Sensitivity.10-7.cm3/g,.samples.mass.down.to.10.mg;.for.measurements.of.weak.magnetic.substances.(diamagnets,.antiferromagnets,.spin-glasses).

14. Adiabatic.Calorimeter Sensitivity.10μK,.temperature.range.15-350.K,.sample.volume.5-6.cm3.

15. X-ray.diffractometer.X’PERT.PRO

Vertical.goniometer,.θ−θ.geometry;.ceramic.Cu.X-ray.tube;.detection.tracks.for.powder.diffractometry.and.reflec-tivity;.low-temp..(80–750).K.and.high.temp..(300–1500).K.chambers;.capillary.spinner.with.focusing.x-ray.mirror;.open.Eulerian.cradle.with.parallel.x-ray.mirror;.strip.detec-tor.X’Celerator.with.secondary.flat.crystal.monochromator.

16. FTIR.spectrometer.EXCALI-BUR.FTS.3000

Resolution:.0.25cm-1;.spectral.range:.Mid-IR.(400-6000).cm-1;.source:.ceramic.air-cooled;.infrared.power:.40.mW.at.the.sample;.temperature.range:.(20-300).K.

17. Far-infrared.Fourier-transform.spectrometer.DIGILAB.FTS-14

Temperature.range:.20-300.K,.measurements.between.30-500.cm-1.

18. Positron.Annihilation.Spec-trometers

Two.positron.lifetime.spectrometers.working.in.fast.mode.with.time.resolution.about.320.and.240.ps..Coaxial.HpGe.detector.for.measurements.of.Doppler.broadening.of.annihilation.line..So-called.long.slit.apparatus.permits.coincidence.measurements.of.two.collinear.annihilation.gamma.quanta.at.temperature.range.298.-.610.K.

19. Polarizing.Microscope Works.at.transmission.or.reflection,.heating.stage.in.the.range.–196.to.+.600°C.

20. MW.CVD.reactor MW.power.5.kW,.frequency.2.45.GHz,.working.gases:.H,.CH2,.O,.N,.Ar..Dedicated.to.formation.of.carbon.coatings.

21. Ultra-high.vacuum.setup.for.thin.film.preparation.and.analysis

Multichamber.system.equipped.with.four-source.evaporator,.annealing,.sputtering,.thickness.control.by.quartz.monitors,.and.h.AES/LEED.spectrometer..Base.pressure.10-11.mbar.

22. Vacuum.e-beam.Evaporation.System.(Leybold.Univex.300)

3.x.10-6.torr.base.vacuum..Beam.energy.up.to.6.0.KeV,.3.6.KW.power.supply.

23. Mössbauer.spectrometer Transmission.geometry.and.conversion.electron.geometry..Source.57Co,.works.at.room.temperature.

24. Micro.Raman.Spectrometer Confocal.microscopy;.Two.lasers:.532.nm.and.785.nm,.Spectral.resolution:.1.cm-1,.mapping.in.X–Y.direction.with.resolution.0.1.μm,.depth.profiling.with.resolution.0.1.μm,.low.and.high.resolution.separate.grade.for.both.lasers.

25. Nd:.YaG.laser Quantel.YG.981E.high.energy.laser.with.wavelength.1064/532/355/266.nm,.power.1600/820/490/150.mJ,.resp.,.10.Hz.repetition.rate,.pulse.duration:.10.ns.

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26. Alessi.probe-station Equipped.with.Mitutoyo.microscope,.micromanipulators.of.Alessi.and.Karl.Suss,.Panasonic.CCD.camera,.color.monitor.and.moving.mini-table.with.Mitutoyo.Drive.Unit..Maximum.magnification.200;.XY.range.50mm.with.10.μm.step;.holder.diam..15.cm.

27. Helium.Condensing.Unit Liquid.helium.yield.27-30.l/h,.requires.10.l.of.liquid.nitrogen.per.1.l.of.helium..Peak.power.100.kW.

Main infrastructure for life science research

28. Solid.State.Pulsed.NMR.Spectrometer

High.precision.pulsed.NMR.spectrometer.with.7.T.field.of.89.mm.gap,.rotating.probe,.low.temperature.deu-teron.probehead.and.continuous.flow.cryostat.5-300.K,.equipped.with.second.spectrometric.channel.and.auto-matic.MAS.speed.controller.

29. MR.Imaging.Research.System MR.research.imager.for.small.animals.(rat.&.mouse).based.on.two-channel.digital.spectrometer.(MARAN.DRX).and.4.7.T/310.mm.superconductive.magnet.(Bruker)..The.tomograph.is.equipped.with.high.efficiency.gradient.amplifiers.(Copley).with.three.sets.of.gradient.coils.of.ID’s.60.mm.(500.mT/m),.90.mm.(750.mT/m),.210.mm.(180.mT/m),.RF.coils,.and.animal.handling.system.(anesthesia,.temperature.stabilization,.monitoring.of.animal.functions.during.experiments).

30. Atomic.Force.Microscope.(Xe-120)

X/Y.range:.100.μm,.Z.range:.25.and.10.μm;.noise.level.< 0.5.A.(RMS)..Open.and.close.“liquid.cells”.with.the.temperature.control.from.4ºC.to.70ºC;.AFM.modes:.contact,.non-contact,.lateral.force,.force.spectroscopy,.magnetic.force.and.conductive.AFM.(in.ambient.air).

31. Quantitative.DNA.damage.analysis.system.

Single.cell.gel.electrophoresis.set.up.with.automatic.image.analysis.on.epi-fluorescence.microscope.Olympus.

32. DNA.damage.and.chromo-some.aberration.analysis.system

Image.analysis.systems:.Komet.5.0.and.Chromascan.with.epi-fluorescence.microscope.Nicon.

33. Automatic.chromosome.aber-ration.analysis.system

Two.cytogenetic.microscopes.(Nicon).with.automatic.met-aphase.finders.and.chromosome.image.analysis.systems.

34. ZEISS.Fluorescence.Micro-scope

Full.microscope.equipment.for.classic.and.molecular.cytogenetic.analysis.i.e..FISH.technique.

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Main infrastructure for environmental monitoring and radiation dosimetry

35. Gas.Chromatograph.(GC)Gas.Chromatograph.with.Mass.Spectrometer.(GC/MS)

Two.high-precision.gas.chromatographs.(FISIONS.Inc.).for.measurements.of.freon.and.chlorinated.compounds.in.water.and.in.atmosphere..Gas.chromatograph.(Agilent.Technol.).for.measurement.of.sulphur.compounds.in.breath-gas..Thermal.conductivity.detector.TCD2-NIFED,.VICI.Valco.Instuments.Co..Inc..Hydrogen.generator.HG.2200,.Claind.

36. Low-Background.Spectrome-try.Systems.and.aerosol.collec-tor.systems.for.environmental.studies.in.radioecology.and.environmental.sciences

One.ultra-low-background.and.four.low-background.gam-ma.spectrometers,.low-background.liquid.scintillation.alpha/beta.spectrometer,.seven.semiconductor.alpha.spectrometers,.a.dose.rate.meter.(Permanent.Monitoring.System),.two.high.efficiency.aerosol.collector.systems.(ASS-500).and.aerosol.fraction.collectors.(PM–2.5,.PM–10.HVS–30).

37. Low-background.gamma.spectrometer.with.high.purity.germanium.detector.HPGe

Low-background,.high-sensitive.measurements.of.gamma.isotopes.concentrations,.33%.eff.,.FWHM=1.8keV.

38. High-Performance.Hand-Held.Radiation.Identifier.INSPECTOR.1000

Dose.rate.and.dose.calculation;.source.finding;.nuclide.identification;.spectrum.acquisition.and.analysis..Integrat-ed.GM..External.intelligent.probe.NaI.1.5.×.1.5.in.

39. In-Situ.Spectrometer.IN-SPECTOR.2000

HPGe.Detector.type.Extended.Range.(40%.eff.)..Can-berra.In-Situ.Object.Counting.System.(ISOCS).Portable.MCA.(model.DSA.-1000./GENIE.2000.Software.

40. TRIATHLER.Portable.Liq-uid.Scintillation.Counter

A.compact.and.portable.single-well.instrument.for.LSCmeasurements.

41. The.Radosys.System.200 Advanced.automatic.system.with.dedicated.software.to.analyze.39CR.detectors.

42. BABYLINE.81.survey.meter Measurements.of.a.dose.rate.and.absorbed.dose.in.human.tissues.(0.007.g/cm2.or.0.3.g/cm2,.8.keV.to.10.MeV).

43. Professional.radon.monitors.Al-phaGUARD.PQ2000.and.two.AlphaGUARD.PQ2000Pro)

Radon.concentration.range:.2.÷.2.000.000.Bq/m3,.(Geni-tron.Instruments).

44. Thermoluminescence.2-D.clinical.dosimetry.system.(non-commercial)

TL.reader.equipped.with.a.CCD.camera.for.2-D.readout.of.20x20.cm2.detectors.

45. Automatic.thermoluminescence.reader,.Dosacus,.RADOS

Evaluation.of.40.dosimeters/hour,.dose.range.30.μGy.–.1Gy.

46. Barracuda.X-ray.Multimetr.(RTI.Electronics.AB,.Sweden),.and.Unfors.Xi.Multimeter.(Un-fors.Instruments.AB,.Sweden)

Multimeters.for.measurements.of.kVp,.time,.dose,.dose.rate,.pulses,.pulse.rate,.dose/pulse,.mA,.mAs,.HVL,.total.filtration.and.waveforms.in.X-ray.medical.diagnostics.like.radiography,.fluoroscopy,.mammography,.dental,.pano-ramic.dental.(OPG).and.CT.

47. Therapeutic.dosimeter.UNIDOS. UNIDOS.(type.10001).and.UNIDOS.webline.(type.T10021).electrometers.with.TM31002,.TM23343.TM30010,.TM7861,.TM7862.ionization.chambers,.dosimetric.diode.type.TM60012.and.diamond.detector.

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c. international Phd studies at ifj PAnHead: tadeusz Lesiak, Prof..

doctoral.studies.at.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics.were.launched.in.1984..Currently,.i.e..in.the.academic.year.2010/11,.there.are.85.students,.among.them.5.foreigners.(four.persons.from.

Ukraine.and.one.from.Mexico),.studying.at.IFJ.PAN..In.the.last.two.years,.25.students.have.received.special.grants.for.preparation.of.PhD.theses.awarded.by.the.Polish.Ministry.of.Science.and.Higher.Education.

Prospective.candidates.have.to.be.university.graduates.with.a.M..Sc..degree.in.Physics.or.a.M..Eng..degree.in.a.physics-related.discipline.of.applied.science..The.recruitment.is.performed.yearly..Available.subjects.of.study.span.all.areas.of.research.done.at.IFJ.PAN:.theoretical.and.experimental.investiga-tions.of. fundamental. interactions.(Nuclear.and.High.Energy.Physics),. theoretical.and.experimental.investigations.of.condensed.matter,.atomic.physics,.astrophysics,.foundations.of.physical.theories.and.mathematical.methods.of.physics,.dynamical.systems.in.studies.of.complex.phenomena.in.nature,.com-puter.modeling.of.structural.and.dynamical.properties.of.condensed.matter,.physical.methods.in.inves-tigations.of.polymers,.biological.and.biomedical.applications.of.Magnetic.Resonance.Imaging.and.other.tomography.methods,.manufacturing.of.radioisotopes.for.biomedical.sciences,.application.of.radiation.in.medical.diagnosis.and.therapy,.ultra-sensitive.detection.methods.in.biology,.material.science.and.en-vironment.control,.ion.implementation.in.the.preparation.of.new.materials..The.studies.last.four.years.

In.the.past.26.years.of.activity,.we.have.granted.the.Ph.D..degree.in.physics.to.around.120.young.scientists.(21.in.2009–2010)..The.most.distinguished.results,.to.name.but.a.few,.concerned.the.follow-ing.topics:.hydrodynamic.description.of.particle.production.in.relativistic.heavy-ion.collisions.(Mikołaj.Chojnacki),.studies.of.galactic.halo.dark.matter.with.the.WArP.detector.(Andrzej.Szelc),.properties.of.insulating.materials.from.quantum.calculations.(Yuriy.Natanzon.from.Ukraine).and.studies.of.pluto-nium.sources.in.the.atmosphere.(Renata.Kierepko).

We.cooperate.closely.with.the.Tadeusz.Kościuszko.Cracow.University.of.Technology.and.the.Peda-gogical.University.of.Cracow.and.with.the.University.of.Rzeszów..

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d. education and Popularization

2009

i) cracow’s science festival

our.Institute.had.actively.participated.in.Cracow’s.Science.Festival.organized.14-16.May.2009.on. City. Market’s. Square,. setting. up. four. activities. centers,. dedicated. to. different. research.

areas..2009.Festival’s.motto.was.“Man-Space-Energy”..

(A) cyclotron centre Bronowice (ccB) Project – presentation together with Medical faculty of jagiellonian university

. Ü Eye.proton.radiotherapy.–.new.perspectives.and.challenges.for.oncologic.therapy Ü Hadron.radiotherapy.methods Ü How.one.can.guide.protons.–.what.does.‘gantry”.mean? Ü Proton.radioteraphy.in.Cracow.–.present.situation.and.the.future.plans Ü Cyclotron.Centre.Bronowice.in.2013

(B) Pierre Auger observatory – exploring the universe

Ü Study.of.the.phenomenae.induced.by.the.elementary.particles.of.the.highest.energies

(c) experiments in underground Laboratories – new source of information about the universe

Ü Experiments.conducted.in.San.Grasso.and.Kamioka.Laboratories.by.scientists.from.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics

Ü SUNLAB.(Sieroszowice.Underground.LABoratory).Project.in.Poland

(d) our universe

Ü Cosmology.–.what.does.it.mean? Ü What.are.the.postulates.of.the.cosmologic.Model Ü Geometry.of.the.Universe Ü Universe.and.infinity Ü Dark.matter.and.dark.energy.problems Ü Search.for.the.Extraterrestial.life Ü Life.of.the.Stars

Each.activity.centre.had.its.own.group.of.presenters,.information.brochures,.posters,.and.films..Oral.presentations.have.been.given.on.a.regular.manner.by.20-30.speakers..The.whole.event.was.coordinated.by.Dr.Zbigniew.Hajduk

These.activities.have.been.repeated.during.13th.Science.Picnic.organized.by.Polish.National.Radio.and.Copernicus.Science.Center.in.Warsaw.–.one.of.the.biggest.open-air.event.in.Europe.dedicated.to.popularization.of.science..Present.year’s.motto.“Science.among.stars”.was.closely.associated.with.2009.–.International.Year.of.Astronomy.nominated.by.United.Nations.Organization.

ii) Malopolska Researcher’s night 2009

Malopolska.Researcher’s.night.in.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics.took.place.on.25th.Septem-ber.2009.between.3.p.m..and.12.p.m..within.a.frame.of.a.big.project.European.Researchers.

Night,.partially.subsidized.by.European.Union.

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Two.main.objectives.of.that.event.� to.familiarize.people.with.the.methodology.of.scientist’s.work.� to.present.number.of.practical.applications.resulting.from.the.scientific.research.conducted.in.the.

Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics

There.were.four.major.activities.centers:

1. educational path through the hot research spots in the institute

. .More.than.600.participants.visited.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics.between.3.p.m..and.7.30.p.m..going. through. Proton. Radiotherapy. Unit,. Cyclotron.AIC-144. hall,. Large. Hadron. Collider.Data.Analysis.Room,.Laboratory.of.Radiation.and.Environmental.Biology,.and.many.others

2. scientific coffee room. .Scientific.Coffee.Room.was.an. informal.meeting.between.active. scientists.and. the.audience.

with.externally.moderated.discussions..Range.of.topics.discussed.included.elementary.particle.physics,.nuclear.physics,.solid.state.physics.and.its.application

3. cabaret. .Cabaret.entitled. :.“Newton’s.Curse”.was.a.grand.spectacle.written.and.directed.by.Dr. Jerzy.

Grebosz.which.gathered.an.unrealistic.number.of.800.visitors..Fundamental.ideas.seen.from.historical.perspective.of.great.discoveries.in.physics.along.with.personal.dramas,.frustrations,.thrillers,.loves.and.hate.intrigues.resulted.in.a.great.,.enthusiastically.received.show

4. Presentation of the scientific-popular films. .Multi.talented.Dr.Jerzy.Grebosz.presented.his.two.films.about.Mysterious.World.of.Atomic.

Nuclei.and.DNA

iii) Regular trips to the institute of nuclear Physics

our. Institute. has. been. visited. by. 28. organized. groups. of. pupils. and. students,. whose. total.number.match.695.participants,.recruited.from.middle.schools,.high.schools.and.universities.

iv) organization and conduction of international Masterclasses: “Hands on Particle Physics” in oświęcim

dr. Henryk. Pałka. has. coordinated. this. extraordinary. event. organized. for. 150. students. and.teachers.in.30th.March.2009.in.Centre.for.Professional.Development.in.Oświecim.area..

v) exhibition – Large Hadron collider – How does it work?

Great,.interactive,.mobile.exhibition.set.up.in.10-18.January.2009.in.University.of.Mining.and.Metallurgy.in.Cracow,.shown.later.on.in.other.polish.towns..The.main.mission.of.that.event.

was.to.illustrate.the.working.principle.of.the.biggest.experiment.in.the.world..Number.of.lectures.were.given.by.scientist.working.in.CERN.laboratory.and.employed.by.our.Institute..Dr.Zbigniew.Hajduk.together.with.Dr.Bartłomiej.Kisielewski.and.Mrs.Jolanta.Olszowska.had.significant.contribution. in.section.dedicated.to.ATLAS.experiment.

vi) Małopolska Physics contest

doc..Wojciech.M..Kwiatek.and.Dr.Krzysztof.Kozak.were.jury.members.in.Malopolska.Physics.Contest.organized.by.Pedagogical.University.of.Cracow.for.high.school.students.

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vii) Popular scientific lectures given by our scientists

Ü. .dr.Jerzy.Grębosz,.dr.hab..Bogdan.Fornal,.dr.Krzysztof.Kozak.–.„Does.Human.brain.enable.us.to.Explorer.the.Nature?;.Talk.show.w.I.LO.w.Tarnowie,.17.12.2009.(300.participants)

Ü. .dr.Paweł.T..Jochym.–.„Wikipedia,.does.it.know.everything?”,University.for.Children,.Depart-ment.of.Mathematics,.Jagiellonian.University.(400participants).,.19.12.2009

Ü. .dr. Henryk. Pałka.„. CERN,. LHC. and. elementary. particle. physics”,. e-Academy. In. Krakow,.18.06.2009

Ü. .prof..dr.hab..Urszula.Woźnicka.–.„.Thermonuclear.Fusion.–.energy.for.the.Future?,.90-Anni-versary.of.Polish.Electrician.Society,.Baranów.Sandomierski,.27.08.2009

Ü. .dr. inż.. Jadwiga.Mazur.–.„Nuclear.radiation.around.us,. radioactive.Radon”,.Physics.Teachers.Sumer.School,.Stryszawa,.17.06.2009.and.12.08.2009

Ü. .dr.Krzysztof.Kozak.„Two.face.of.Atom.–.militar.i.civil”,.Physics.Teachers.Sumer.School,.Strys-zawa,.17.06.2009.oraz.12.08.2009

Ü. .dr.Joanna.Jałocha.–.„Life.of.Stars”,.2.lectures.for.high.school.students.given.In.the.Institute.of.Physics,.Jagiellonian.University,.Krakow,.10.02.2009

Ü. dr.Sebastian.Kubis.–.„Neutron.stars.and.co.”.w.XLI.Liceum.Ogólnokształcącym.w.Łodzi,.27.11.2009Ü. .prof.. dr. hab.. Marek. Kutschera. –.„Planets. In. the. Universe”,. lecture. for. Feniks. Project,. Biały.

Dunajec,.03.09.2009Ü. .dr.Sławomir.Stachniewicz.–.„Problems.with.Solar.Neutrinos.and.Sun.models”,.Youth.Astro-

nomical.Observatory,.Niepołomice,.06.02.2009Ü. .dr.Sławomir.Stachniewicz.–.„Introduction.to.Cosmology”,.Polish.Astronomical.Society.Kra-

kow,.11.02.2009Ü. .mgr.Iwona.Wyskiel.(Phd.Student.NZ41).–.„Hydrodynamical.model.of.heavy.ions.collisions””,.

IV.Young.Physicists.Conference,Rzeszów.,.05.06.2009Ü. .dr.hab..inż..Marta.Wolny-Marszałek.–.„.Short.Introduction.to.spintronics”,.Studenckie.Koło.

Naukowe.Fizyków.„Bozon”,.University.of.Mining.and.Metallurgy,.17.03.2009Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–.„Physics.of.the.guitar”,.lecture.in.VII.LO,.Kra-

kow,.29.01.2009Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–.„How.not.to.talk.about.physics”,.Student.Sci-

entific.Club.„Bozon”,.University.of.Mining.and.Metallurgy,.24.02.2009.and.Scientific.Piwnic.at,.Brenna,.23-26.04.2009

Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–.„Physics.of.Music”,.Children.Workshop.War-szawa-Miedzeszyn,.05-07.03.2009

Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–.„Small.is.beautiful.–.a.few.words.abort.nanote-chnology”.Children.Workshop.Warszawa-Miedzeszyn,.08.03.2009

Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–.„Newton’s.greatest.mistake.–.playing.with.dif-fraction”,.workshop.for.talented.children.,.Świder,02-09.05.2009

Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–.„.Does.Physics.discriminate.small.…objects”.VIII.National.session.of.student.scientific.clubs,.Jagiellonian.University,.Kraków,.07.11.2009

Ü. .mgr.inż..M..Krupiński.(Phd.Student.NZ53).–„Talking.abort.physics.while.drinking.tea,.coffe.or.beer”.Student.Scientific.Club.„Kwark”,.Cracow.Technical.University,.19.11.2009

Ü. .dr.S..Kwieciński.–Lecture.„What.can.we.learn.from.Nicolaus.Copernicus”,.Children.University,.Department.of.Mathematics,.Jagiellonian.University,.Cracow,.18.11..2009.(400participants)

Ü. .dr.inż..B..Wzorek.–.„.Breathing.tests.used.for.medical.diagnosis.with.application.of.gaseous.chromatography”,.Profesor’s.Club.AMICUS,.University.of.Mining.and.Metallurgy.,.14.05.2009.(50.participants).

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2010

i) cracow’s science festival

2010.Science.Festival.organized.12-15.May.on.City.Market.Square.was.focused.on.Technology,.Art.and.Life..Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics,.represented.by.Dr.Zbigniew.Hajduk.and.co-workers.

set.up.inter-active.centers.associated.with.main.topic.

(A) technology section:

Ü What.vacuum.does.with...? Ü What.do.we.do.with.thin.films? Ü How.„thin”.is.thin.film? Ü How.does.crio-pump.work? Ü How.does.vacuum.pump.work? Ü How.does.computer.hard.disk.work?

(B) Life section:

Ü Cyclotron.AIC-144.–.how.it.was.made.and.it.is.used.for? Ü Atomic.Force.Microscopy.in.biology.and.medicine Ü Shadow.theater.–.how.does.X-ray.Computer.Tomography.work? Ü Structure.of.the.Universe.–.computer.animation

ii) Malopolska Researcher’s night 2010 in the institute of nuclear Physics

our.institute.organized.four.different.activities,.during.Malopolska.Researcher’s.Night.on.24th.of.September.2010

(A) innovative technologies of 21st century. The.visitors.could.become.familiar.with.the.following.exhibitions.and.inter-active.sites:

Ü cyclotron.and.proton.radiotherapy.unit Ü Linear.Van.de.Graff.accelerator Ü Radioactivity.monitoring.laboratory Ü Large.Hadron.Collider.–.experiments Ü Magnetic.Resonance.Imaging.Laboratory Ü ITER.Project.–.Energy.for.future.generations;.thermonuclear.fusion

(B) Meet the science and the scientists. .Conference.-.„Oxford.debate”.organized.for.secondary.school.students.from.Malopolska.re-

gion.focused.on.topic:.„Nuclear.Energy.–.chance.for.Poland’s.economical.development”

(c) „ see, touch and understand”. .Set.of.simple.physics.experiments.and.demonstrations.organized.in.foyer.of.Cinema.„Kijów”.

addressed.to.the.wide.range.of.visitors.aged.3-99.

(d) Theater-cabaret performance „star Gate – reactivation”. .Jerzy.Grebosz.took.us.to.the.Platon’s.world.of.Ideas.which.experiences.a.dramatic.war.between.

wave.and.corpuscular.nature.of. light..Intrigues,.unexpected.plots.and.turning.points,.where.the.

fig. 2ScienceFestivalattheMainSquareinCracow.

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audience.can.actively.participate.was.truly.an.unforgettable.experience..Can.innovative.technologies.of.the.21st.century.save.our.civilized.world.–.was.an.unspoken.question.stated.there..This.spectacu-lar.event.was.preceded.by.projection.of.the.film.about.the.main.scientific.project.conducted.in.the.Institute.of.Nuclear.Physics..The.film.was.directed.and.produced.by.Jerzy.Grebosz.

iii) 14th science Picnic organized by Polish national Radio and copernicus science center in warsaw in 12th june 2010

our.representatives.gave.lectures.on.“.Two.faces.of.an.atom”.(Dr.Krzysztof.Kozak)and.Large.Hadron.Collider.as.well.as.practical.demonstrations.of.the.radioactivity.measurements.(Dr.

Jadwiga.Mazur,.Dr.Krzysztof.Kozak,.Hayk.Hovhannisyan)

iv) Participation in Project inteRBLok and e-learning Academy of the future

dr.Krzysztof.Kozak.and.Dr.Janina.Mazur.prepared.program.and.lectures.dedicated.for.middle.school.pupils.within.a.frame.of.European.Union.Program.INTERBLOK.–.interdisciplinary.

program.for.teaching.mathematics,.sciences.and.information.technology..They.presented.also.a.detailed.concept.of.Virtual.Physics.Laboratory.for.e-learning.Academy.of.the.Future.–.program.partially.subsi-dized.by.European.Union.

v) Awards

first.place.and.„Golden.Copernicus”.statue.in.the.category.of.the.Best.Film.for.Middle.Schools.–.2010.For.the.film:.„Exploring.the.mystery.of.DNA”.

Organizers. and. audience. award. –. at. the. 1st. Festival. of. Films. for. Education..(Social-Cultural.Initiatives.Foundation,.Warsaw).Dr.Jerzy.Grębosz.

vi) Popular scientific lectures presented by our scientists

Ü Michał. Krupiński. –. “How. one. can. put. 50TB. data. on. the. hard. disk?. 4. March. 2010.Workshop.of.the.National.Funds.for.Children,.Warsaw

Ü Michał.Krupiński.–.“To.measure.–.unmeasurable.–.determining.the.Planck.Constant.9.March.2010:.Workshop.of.the.National.Funds.for.Children,.Warsaw.

Ü Michał. Krupiński. –. “Make. radioactivity. –. user. friendly”Workshop. for. talented. children,.Świder,29.05-06.06.2010.

Ü dr.Stanisław.Kwieciński.–.„Can.Physicist.help.medical.doctor?”.Teachers’.Workshop.organized.by.ERA.Publishing.Company,.Krakow,.10th.May.2010

Ü Prof..dr.hab..Barbara.Wosiek.–.Large.Hadron.Collider.–.window.to.the.micro.worldddddd”..Disputationes.Academicae/Collegium.Novum.Jagiellonian.University,.Cracow.28.04.2010

Ü dr.Krzysztof.Kozak.-.„Nuclear.Power.Plant.–.technology.and.safety.based.on.french.experi-ence,.BUDMA-2010,.Poznań,.Poland.

Ü mgr.Dominik.Grządziel.Workshops.on.Radioactivity,.University.for.Children.,.KrakowÜ Dominik.Grządziel.laboratory.work.on.Nuclear.Physics,for.graduate.students.of.British.Inter-

national.School.of.Cracow.(2.x.3h)Ü dr.Stanisław.Kwieciński.“Magnetic.Resonance.Tomography.–.how.physicist.can.resolve.medi-

cal.problems”.lecture.for.Feniks.Project,.Kielce,.June.2010.

Konrad,.Huyghens,.Eleonora.and.Kuszelas.(S..Kwieciński,.M..Kowalski,.U..Woźnicka.and.P..Zieliński)

The.Stargate.Delegates.and.the.Cyclotron.Operator.(B..Fornal,.J..Styczeń.and.K..Guguła)

Wave.motion.ballet

The.ring.of.the.space-time.tunnel

“Newton’s.Curse”.

finale.– bows

Presentation.of.the.award.in.the.contest.(2009).(P..Olko.and.W..Kwiatek)

Hooke.and.Newton.(M..Skrzypek.and.A. Horzela)

“The.T

reas

ure.M

ap”.

cont

est.(

2009

)

Dr..

Kon

rad..

(S..K

wie

cińs

ki)

Laplace’s.Demon.(B..Dulny)

Prof..Kuszelas.(P..Zieliński)Scientific.Café.(2009)

The.audience.in.front.of.the.Institute.(2009)

The.Liquidator.(Wojciech.Zając)

The.stage.in.Piwnica.pod.Baranami..(The.Cellar.under.the.Rams).club.(2009)

Newton.and.Huyghens.(A. Horzela.and.M..Kowalski)

Eleonora.and.Prof..Szafraniec.(U..Woźnicka.and.M..Turała)

Dorota.and.Engineer.Widerski.(M/B..Olbromska.and.M..Wolter)

Visiting.the.Cyclotron.(2009)

The.poster.of.Researcher’s.Night

Konrad.and.Aniela.(S. Kwieciński.and.I..Szumiec)

“Newton’s.Curse”.finale.–.bows

Director.of.the.play.–.Jerzy.Grębosz

The.muse.Urania.(B..Brzezicka)

The.Liquidator.and.Aniela.(W..Zając.and.I..Szumiec)

Konrad,.Eleonora,.Hooke.and.Newton.(2009)

Wave.motion.ballet

The.audience.in.front.of.the.Institute.(2009)

ISSN: 1425–3763

"Liquid.crystal.images.as.seen.by.the.polarizing.microscope.in.the.Department.of.Structural.Research.at.IFJ.PAN"

REPORT ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 2009–2010 - … · his.Ph..D..as .“doctor.of ......

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Transcript of REPORT ON RESEARCH ACTIVITIES 2009–2010 - … · his.Ph..D..as .“doctor.of ......