report on multile level car parking system

8/17/2019 report on multile level car parking system

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Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System 1

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION


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1.1 Introduction

In today‟s world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is

increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing.

And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up

parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will

help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land.

Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and

thus reducing the space used. Such a system is proposed and designed in this project. In

places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in

reducing wastage of space. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the

requirement. These makes the system modernized and thus space-saving one. This idea is

developed using 8051 microcontroller. Car parking issue has some problems with how to

control the number of the car inside it, how to monitor the movement in/out side of the

parking lot, how to check whether there is a place inside for more cars or not and the safety to

park. The aim of this project is to solve these problems by designing a system to control the

parking area using a microcontroller. The microcontroller serves as a programming tool to

run the whole operation, to reduce the cost in terms of requirement such as job opportunity

and to increase security. Moreover, this system is faster, flexible and can meet market needs.

Human errors are the major source of traffic accidents, therefore building in-car

technologies for checking the parking lot, avoiding accidents and guidance to the parking

facility is turning out to be an integral area for research. The objective of such technologies is

the reduction of the burden on driver, improvement of the traffic capacity, and provision of

reliable and secure car functions [3].

Criteria for the quality multi storey car parks are:

Safety in use Clear visibility Parking-space marking to enable drivers to remember the location of their vehicles Clear views to the outside Good natural lighting and ventilation.


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1.2 Parking Issues in India

India has more than 40 million vehicles. But the traffic on roads and parking space has

been an area of concern in majority of Indian cities. In most of the cases, 40 per cent of the

road space is used for parking rather than for traffic movement on a normal working day.

With affordable cars launching in the market, almost every middle-class family owns a car

which adds to the vehicular population in our country. If this trend is followed, no amount of

space will be enough to accommodate stationary vehicles, which will lead to narrower lanes

for movement of public transport. Indian cities face a severe problem of congestion due to the

runaway growth of personal vehicles. Traffic management in the many cities is marked by

the introduction of a series of one-way traffic systems, which have implications on pedestrian

safety and fuel consumption.

One-way traffic is generally desirable only when complementary roads are available and

the additional traveling distance is not more than 300 meters as per IRC. This ensures that

whenever such systems are introduced, the interests of public transport modes and

pedestrians are duly addressed. Demand for parking in the CBD areas of Indian cities is

twice the supply. Acute shortage of parking supply is seen in commercial areas;

indiscriminate parking impedes the free flow of traffic and causes accidents.

Figure 1-1: Parking problems


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The present situation in some areas of Indian cities is such that the demand for parking is

twice the supply. Shortage of parking hinders the free flow of traffic and can also lead to

accidents. It also causes air pollution, traffic jam and driver frustration. Some of the reasons

for parking problems are:

Low parking prices Weak implementation of parking regulations Number of vehicles is rising day by day The footpaths are not properly constructed so walking environment is not

comfortable. Hence prosperous vehicle owners do not prefer parking their vehicles

three or four meters away.

Vehicle owners are not willing to pay the parking amount and often end up parking on

the streets so building space for parking can seem like a waste.

So to avoid all these problems, researchers recently have turned to applying technologies

for efficient parking management(Joshi, Khan, & Motiwalla, 2012) [4] .These technologies

have helped in solving the parking problems to a great extent. Different technologies are

applied at different places according to the parking environment and the type of parking

requirement in that area.

Figure 1-2: Parking Issues in India

1.3 Parking Solutions Already Prevalent in India

It is used for optimum utilisation of parking space by utilizing vertical space rather

than horizontal space. The growing population and the increase in vehicles have made the

plots expensive and hence the conventional parking has become non-feasible. Car ramps


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also consume a lot of space therefore mechanized car parking systems prove to be feasible.

Multi-level car parking system (MLCPS) has a number of advantages over the conventional

parking system.

1.4 Types of other Parking Solution Currently Available

1.4.1 On street parking

On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be

usually controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking are as

listed below. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5× 2.5 m and that for a

truck is 3.75× 7.5 m.

Figure 1-3: On Street Parking

1.4.2 Off street parking

Off street parking means vehicles are parked off the street itself.

Figure 1-4: Off Street Parking

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1.4.3 Parallel parking

The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here there is no backward movement of

involved while parking or un parking the vehicle. Hence, it is the most safest parking from

the accident perspective. However, it consumes the maximum curb length and therefore only

a minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerbed length. This method of

parking produces least obstruction to the on-going track on the road since least road width is

used.

Figure 1-5: Parallel Parking

1.4.3.1 30 o parking

In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30 o with respect to the roinad alignment.

In this case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel parking. Also there is better

maneuver-ability. Delay caused to the track is also minimum in this type of parking.

1.4.3.2 45 oparking

As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can be parked. Hence compared

to parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number of vehicles can be accommodated

in this type of parking.

1.4.3.3 60 oparking

The vehicles are parked at 60 o to the direction of road. More number of vehicles can be

accommodated in this parking type.

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1.4.3.4 Right angle parking

In right angle parking or 90 o parking, the vehicles are parked perpendicular to the direction of

the road. Although it consumes maximum width kerbed length required is very little. In this

type of parking, the vehicles need complex maneuvering and this may cause severe accidents.

This arrangement causes obstruction to the road track particularly if the road width is less.

However, it can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a given kerbed length. It can

be above the ground, underground or both above and underground. The above ground

structures are open-deck parking structures.

1.4.4 Automated Multilevel Parking

It is a building (or part there hereof) which is designed specifically to be for Automobile

Parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place.Is

essentially a Stacked Car Park “Multilevel Car Park” – Term Originated in UK, in US it is

called a “Parking Structure”.

Figure 1-6: Automatic Multilevel Parking

So these are the different car parking systems that are available in India. And of them the

automatic multilevel car parking system is beneficial as compared to all the car parkingavailable.


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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY


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2.1 Literature Survey





help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System

enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used.

There are different types of Automatic Multilevel Car Parkings available in India.

Independent access parking systems Dependent access parking systems Multi-storey car park Fully Automated car parking

Independent access parking systems:

This system allows vehicle access without a valet. The Lift-Sliding Parking System

allows drivers to retrieve their own vehicles, after which another car slides over to take its

place while a mechanical car lift brings up another car [6] .

Figure 2-1: Independent access parking systems

Dependent access parking systems:

This system requires a human attendant (usually a valet). The parking system stacks

two, three, or four vehicles in an area usually occupied by a single car. A trained operator

uses the Lift-Sliding Parking System to raise the vehicle on a mechanical car lift, whichcreates an additional space for another vehicle to be stored below. This process is repeated


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until the system reaches capacity. To retrieve a vehicle, the operator removes the vehicle

below (at grade position) in order to lower the mechanical car lift and return the stacked

vehicle requested. Fully-automatic system and semi-automatic comes under this category.

Figure 2-2: Dependent access parking systems

Multi-storey car park:

A multi-storey car park , also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, or

parking deck is a structure designed Specifically for automobile parking where there are a

number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park.The Multi-storey car parking system can either be fully automatic or semi-automatic and are

suitable for installation in basement and in open spaces outside commercial building,

residential building, shopping malls, restaurants and hotels etc. The unique feature of this

system is that it maximizes the number of cars parked in a given floor space substantially.

Figure 2-3: Multi-storey car park


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Fully Automated car parking:

Automated Car Parking System is a fully computer controlled mechanism [5] which

becomes user friendly as it ensures maximum utilization of space allowing the machines to

park the car in the allocated space. Fully automated parking systems use auto car lifts. They

are designed for high density parking. These parking systems allow for virtually unlimited

stacking capacity and provide fully integrated storage and retrieval functionality. The system

allows the driver to drive up to a Park and Drive Station. After the driver exits the vehicle, a

robotic shuttle transports the vehicle onto the Vehicle Transfer Center, which then transfers

the car to a designated parking stall. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic

car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

Figure 2-4: Fully Automated car parking

In order to accommodate the large volume of vehicles, small cities and towns must develop

their infrastructure. One solution may be a multi-level car parking system to maximize car

parking capacity by utilizing vertical space, rather than expand horizontally. With land in

metros and „a‟ grade cities becoming scarce and dearer, and plots getting smaller,

conventional parking is proving infeasible [6] .

The term multi-level car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many

Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking structure

is used especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the “garage” in a

house. In some places in North America, “parking garage” refers only to an indoor, often


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underground, structure – outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of

regional terms:

Parking garage-is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil

engineers;

Parking deck-is used in the Southeast Parking ramp- is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and

has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York

Parked- is used in Canada and South Africa Parking building- is used in New Zealand.

Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their

work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United

States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium.

United States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a structure

designed for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it does not

need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as op posed to a “parking garage” that requires

mechanical ventilation or sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls. The openings

provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out

within the structure In today‟s time and age, vehicles are a predominant mode of

transportation. With rising number of vehicles and dwindling parking spaces, vehicles parked

along the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common phenomena. With these

parked vehicles encroaching on road space and pedestrian space, traffic congestion and

accidents are inevitable. A well organized parking system which makes maximum use of

available space offers a solution to this situation.

There are two types of parking systems:

Traditional parking systems Multistoried parking systems.

In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel fashion. With

no safety against the theft or protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a space

efficient system either.


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Figure 2-5: Traditional Parking System

Figure 2-6: Multistoried Parking System

Multistoried parking systems are preferred since they multiply parking capacity of a given

area. Various floors are present for parking the vehicles with ramps and staircases provided

for moving between floors. These types of systems are expensive to build and requiremanpower for co-ordination. To make system automated and less expensive, stacking

systems are used. In these systems, lift is available for moving the vehicle from one floor to

another. As shown in fig 2-6, the system has three six floors divided into three columns with

middle column kept free for maneuvering cars. The actual parking of the car is controlled

manually by operator. This type of manual intervention may cause some faults. [10]


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India being the second most populated country with a population of 1.2 billion and

counting, the transportation sector is in an alarming position. Parking vehicles is becoming a

nuisance each passing day forcing people to park their vehicles on roads, thus becoming the

major cause of traffic jams. Automatic multi level car parking system plays a vital role in

avoiding this mess and parking of more and more vehicles is made possible in an arranged

manner. This project aims at construction and designing of the micro controller based multi

level car parking system using IR sensors. This project consists of two IR receiver and

transmitter pair that controls the automatic gates and vehicle detection as it passes through it.

LCD display is used to display no of cars present and it will display message “ parking full ” if

no space is available in parking. When a vehicle enters the parking area, the sensors are

activated which open the gate automatically if the lift is free. The second sensor placed in the

lift aligns the lift properly on each floor. The lift takes the vehicle to the assigned floor and

the vehicle is deboarded from the lift section to the assigned parking space in the bay and the

empty lift returns to the entry point for assisting other incoming vehicles. In case the lift is

busy, a buzzer alarm alerts the customer wanting him to wait till the lift returns back to the

ground floor. The seven segment display used gives us the number of vehicles that have

entered the parking area. For car retrieving, the previously generated ID is entered by the

customer that alerts the microcontroller about the vehicle location (where it was parked

earlier) and automatically operates the lift to retrieve the vehicle from there and is brought to

the ground floor where the customer can drive away his car. [7]

The application of RFID technology in parking lots makes parking effective, convenient

and safe. The RFID system is used to park the cars automatically in the multilevel parking

area. The use of RFID tags, readers and antennas makes it easier to automate the 'in and out'

privileges of parking subscribers. Personnel costs will be reduced considerably using this

technology. It will be possible in the future to make unmanned, secure and atomized parking-

lots functioning with RFID technology. There are several techniques present for collection of

data and information about any object.

Bar code technique

It is a data collection technique which contains a twelve digit manufacturing

identification number. It normally uses to speed up the checkout process & keep

better track of inventory. This system is useful at the departmental stores and bar

codes are placed on each item present in that store by UPC. It is a low cost technique,


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but it is slower than RFID. Compared to bar codes in RFID, LOS is not required. Bar

codes are read only where as RFID is read/write.

NFC Technique

It is a subset of RFID, it works like a conventional RFID and provide more security

than both RFID and Bar codes. Its data rate is from 106kbits/s to 424kbits/s. But NFC

has limited range of communication to within centimeters or 2-4 inches. It is also not

possible to replace the manual nature of the check out process. Staff at the checkout

would still need to swipe each NFC tag just like they are doing it with Bar codes.

RFID Technique

RFID is a radio frequency identification system . This is an ADC technology. RFID

technology has inherited the advantages of the previous magnetic card, bar code,

contactless IC card. An RFID system consists of three components: an antenna and

transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag). The antenna

uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When

activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. RFID can read the tag using RF,

meaning that the RFID tag can be read from a distance, right through your clothes,

wallet, backpack or purse. Besides the RFID tag consist of unique ID for each tag.

RFID system draws our attention for this purpose due to several useful features of it

such as non-line-of-sight operation, high speed detection, good transmission range

and performance in dense sensor environment. [8]

Figure 2-7: RFID system communication diagram

For the design of this system as discussed earlier an RFID tag and reader is used. According

to this, RFID Tags are installed in the cars. A door mount antenna is used to track the tag. A

reader is attached to this antenna, which reads the information coded in the tag. To get started

with RFID-based automatic vehicle parking system, the vehicle owner has to first register the


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vehicle with the parking owner and get the RFID tag. When the car has to be parked, the

RFID tag is placed near the RFID reader which is installed near the entry gate of the parking

lot. As soon as the RFID tag is read by the reader, the system automatically verifies the

information data then car is allowed to go inside the parking area. At the same time, the

parking counter increments by one. Similarly, at the time of exit a button at the ground floor

will be manually pressed and parking counter will be decremented at the LCD screen. In this

project necessary precautions have been taken programmatically in case of a parking lot. If

the parking space is not available than further that vehicle which is about to check-in will not

be allowed to let in, thus there won‟t be any time loss to look for parking space. [9]

“Automatic Car Parking System”, we have built a system which will automati cally sense the

entry and exit of cars through the gate and then display the number of cars on the LCD. In

this paper we have taken a model of eight number of car parking system. A microcontroller

has been used to sense the movement of cars and check whether there is a capacity for cars to

park [11] . We use two dc motors, one is for gate and other is for lifting the lifter carrying the

car. Gate is open when motor is rotated clockwise and closed when motor rotated in

anticlockwise. It is also possible to open a gate when any car enters in the parking lot or close

the door when a car exits from it. We use 8 Infra-red sensor, which are mounted as two on

each floor. We built a project with a Parking of two floor. Simultaneously, it will display the

number of cars present in the parking lot on a LCD screen and opens the gate if there is a

space for the car to park. When all the spaces are occupied then LCD displayed NO vacant

space and the gate is not open. The sensing of entry and exit of cars is done through infrared

transmitters and receivers. The infrared transmitter is mounted on one side and the receiver is

placed directly against the transmitter [12] . When a car arrives, the infrared beam is blocked by

the car and the receiver is devoid of infrared. message is sent to the microcontroller according

to it the car is parked. The procedure for the exit of cars is much similar to that of entry. We

use RFID card [13] and RFID card reader. Whenever the car get enter in the parking area it

must show the card to the card reader and detect the card. Then the gate is open car enter into

the parking area ,gate is closed after some delay.

Case 1: A lift mechanism is used to park the car on the first floor which is implemented using

motor. Motor is rotated clockwise it stops when it reaches on the first floor. A car is parkedon the first floor according to the priority basis.


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Figure 2-8: When Space Is Available On First Floor

Case 2: When all the cars parked on the first floor as well as second floor i.e no space is

available, then it displays no space.[14]

Figure 2-9: When No Space Is Available


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CHAPTER 3: RELATED THEORY ON AMCPS


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3.1 Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System





help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System

enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used.

Types of automatic multilevel car parking system:

3.1.1 STACKER SYSTEMS

Figure 3-1: Stacker Systems

Car parking stacker is a simple method of parking two cars on a floor space for one car. Thisis a semi automated system where one car will be parked on a Pallet and then lifted up to park

the second car. Safety of cars is ensured with the help of sensors.

Features

Semi automated system

Advanced Safety Features

Installation feasibility

Easy to Operate

Doubled parking space

Low maintenance


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3.1.2 ROTARY SYSTEMS

Figure 3-2: Rotary Systems

Rotary car parking system works similar to a giant wheel mechanism. Floor space of 3 cars

can be used for parking cars from 8 to 14.

Features

Fully Automated car parking

system

Easy in operation

Human & car safety is ensured

Low maintenance

Floor space utilization of 3 to 5

times

3.1.3 TOWER SYSTEMS

Figure 3-3: Tower Systems

Elevator (Tower) type car parking system is used where minimum space is available.Floor space of 7 mtr

X 7 mtr can be used for multi level car parking and the no. of cars is depending upon the height of Tower.

Max. height of 70 mtrs used where 70 cars can be parked.


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Features

Fully Automated Car Parking System

Various type Accessibility can be used like smart cards, Parking tickets, PIN Code,

etc. No driving through ramp for parking.

Safe and easy to operate.

Turn Table System (optional) available to avoid reverse driving during car drive

out.

3.1.4 CART TYPE SYSTEMS

Figure 3-4: Cart Type Systems

Chess Type Parking is a fully automated system. Cars parked on pallet will be moving on roller conveyors

to different parking spaces. Customized Software will be developed depending on no. of levels, no. of car

parking spaces and no. of elevators.

Features

Fully Automated Car Parking System

Various type Accessibility can be used like smart cards, Parking tickets, PIN Code, etc.

No driving through ramp for parking.

Safe and easy to operate.


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3.1.5 PUZZLE SYSTEMS:

Figure 3-5: Puzzle Systems

The Puzzle Type Car Parking System is very useful where multiple entrances / exits are

required. Floor space for surface parking can be multiplied with 2 to 5 times, depending on

the height availability. This system reduces the construction cost and multiplies the no. o

car parking which helps in cost reduction. For example parking space for 8 cars can be used

for parking of 36 cars on a Puzzle System with height of 11 Mtrs. Widely used in basement

of buildings for multi level parking.

Features

Automated / Manual Control system for Operation is available.

Human and car safety is ensured with sensors.

Multiple Car Entrances

Suitable for Underground (basement) as well as above the ground


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need for energy intensive ventilating systems as the cars are not being driven inside the parking lot.

Cladding can be specially selected to match the building‟s facade.

Safety of vehicle:

MLCPS provide complete safety to a vehicle as parked cars are not accessible to anyone else.

Damages or a dent to the car is avoided while parking through narrow drive ways.

Environment friendly:

Environmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer. One of the greatest benefits related to

conventional underground or open space parking, is the saving of ground space. Outdoor space

saved can be put to good use with gardens and landscaping or additional buildings. It also

significantly reduces noise and other pollutants.

Benefit to a driver :

Car driving now can become a pleasant experience. Mechanical car parking systems makes parking

easier and less stressful as the driver does not have to drive through the entire parking lot looking

for a place to park, nor do they have to attend the car when it is parked, thus saving a lot of time.

Difficulty in parking in a tight corner is also eliminated.

Benefit to builder:

By using MLCPS, floor area and the volume of the stilt/ garage can be used much more efficiently.

It reduces the space needed to park the same number of cars or allow car parking where previously

there would have been no room. This in turn means more financial gains by saving precious real

estate space.


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CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION


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4.1 8051 Microcontroller:

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes o

in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high -density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and

pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory programmer. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of

Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a

six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to

continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling

all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. [15]

Figure 4-1: Microcontroller 89S52

1. Internal ROM and RAM

2. I/O ports with programmable pins

3. Timers and counters

4. Serial data communication [16]


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Figure 4-2: Internal structure of 89S52 microcontroller

Diagram on next page shows the pin configuration of the 89S52, where the function of each pin is written

next to it, and, if it exists, the dual function is written between brackets. Note that the pins that have dual

functions can still be used normally as an input/output pin. Unless the program uses their dual functions,

all the 32 I/O pins of the microcontroller are configured as input/output pins.


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Figure 4-3: Pin configuration of 89S52 microcontroller

Main sections of our project are:

RFID section LCD Display section Motor driver section

4.1.1 RFID SECTION:

RFID Reader Module

An RFID (Radio-frequency identification and detection) reader is a device which is used to

communicate with RFID tags by receiving and transmitting signals. These signals use radio waves for

wireless communication. RFID tag is applied to products, individuals or animals to identify and track

them. The identification is done through a unique serial number. [17] This topic covers the interfacing of a

passive RFID system with AT89S52.This is a low frequency (125Khz) RFID reader with serial output

with at range of 8-12cm. It is a compact units with built in antenna and can be directly connected to the PCusing RS232 protocol. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is a method in which electromagnetic

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waves are used for transmitting data for the purpose of identifying tags attached to objects. An RFID

system consists of a transmitter (tag) and a reader.The tag is encrypted with a unique code and the

reader scans this code for the identification purpose. The tags are generally of two types: active and

passive. Active tags have a battery fitted to it and it transmits the unique code periodically or in the

proximity of the reader. Passive tags are powered using the electromagnetic induction from the signal

transmitted by the reader. [18] Typical applications of RFID are access control systems, ID cards, human

identification, animal identification, payment systems, tagging books, replacing bar codes, tagging

merchandise in stores etc . RFID tags are available in different shapes but the most common shape is in the

form of a card. The RFID readers are available in the market in the form of a module with all the

supporting hardware. This article is about interfacing RFID to 8051 microcontroller. The images of a

typical RFID card and reader are shown below.

Figure 4-4: RFID card and reader

The RFID card is available in different sizes and shapes and the most commonly used type is shown

above. The image of a typical RFID reader module is also shown above. Basically it contains a

semiconductor memory for storing the unique ID code, modulating circuit and a coil. The coil acts as the

power source by means of electromagnetic induction while in the vicinity of the reader and it also serves asthe antenna for propagating the ID code. [19] The modulating circuit modulates the unique code into the

transmitted wave. The reader basically contains a coil and an electronic circuit. The coil serves as exciter

for the card and also the antenna for receiving the signal propagated by the card. The electronic circuit

demodulates this signal and converts it into a form suitable for the next stage (microcontroller).

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Features

Serial and TTL output. Along with two RFID cards. Excellent read performance without an external circuit . Compact size and cost-effective .[20]

Figure 4-5: EM-18 RFID module

4.1.2 LCD DISPLAY SECTION:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light

modulating properties of liquid crystals. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than

CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment.

It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals

and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color. [21]


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Figure 4-6: 16X2 LCD Display

Pin Diagram:

Figure 4-7: LCD pin description


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Pin Description:

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor V EE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7

8-bit data pins

DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3

11 DB4

12s DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight V CC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Table 5-1: Pin description of LCD

4.1.3 MOTOR DRIVER SECTION:L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to

drive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors

simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D

IC. [22]

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Figure 4-8: motor driver L293D pin configuration

It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be flown in either

direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise

or anticlockwise direction, Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.In a single l293d chip there

two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor independently. Due its size it is very

much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D

motor controller. [23]

Figure 4-9: IC L293D


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CHAPTER 5: SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION


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5.1 KEIL MICROVISION SOFTWARE

Keil MicroVision is a free software which solves many of the pain points for an

embedded program developer. This software is an integrated development environment (IDE),

which integrated a text editor to write programs, a compiler and it will convert your source code

to hex files too. Usually it is called “ burn ing software ” into the controller. Before “burning a

program” into a controller, we must do certain prerequisite operations with the program. This

includes writing the program in assembly language or C language in a text editor like notepad,

compiling the program in a compiler and finally generating the hex code from the compiled

program. Earlier people used different softwares/applications for all these 3 tasks. Writing was

done in a text editor like notepad/wordpad, compiling was done using a separate software

(probably a dedicated compiler for a particular controller like 8051), converting the assemblycode to hex code was done using another software etc. It takes lot of time and work to do all

these separately, especially when the task involves lots of error debugging and reworking on the

source code.

Here is simple guide to start working with Keil uVision which can be used for

Writing programs in C/C++ or Assembly language

Compiling and Assembling Programs Debugging program

Creating Hex and Axf file

Testing your program without Available real Hardware (Simulator Mode)

This is simple guide on Keil uVision 4 though also applicable on previous versions also.

These are the simple steps to get off the mark your inning!

Step 1 : After opening Keil uV4, Go to Project tab and

Create new uVision project

Now Select new folder and give name to Project.


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Figure 5-1: Step 1 of KEIL programming

Step 2 : After Creating project now Select your device model .


Step 3 : so now your project is created and Message window will appear to add startup file of your

Device click on Yes so it will be added to your project folder


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Click output tab here & check create Hex file if you want to generate hex file.Now click on ok

so it will save changes.


Step 7: Now Expand target and you will see source group.Right click on group and click on Add

files to source group

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Now add your program file which you have written in C/assembly.You can see program file

added under source group.

Step 8 : Now Click on Build target .You can find it under Project tab or in toolbar.It can also be

done by pressing F7 key.


Step 9 : you can see Status of your program in Build output window[24]


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CHAPTER 6: FLOWCHART


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IF ID NO IS INVALID

IF VALID ID NO

Figure 6-1: Flowchart for parking the vehicle

START

AFTER SCANNING RFIDCARD GATE WILL NOT OPEN VEHICLE WILL NOT BEALLOWED TO ENTER INTO CAR PARKING SLOT

GATE OPENS AND VEHICLE WILL BEALLOWED TO ENTER INTO CAR PARKING

SLOT

16X2 LCD DISPLAY WILL DISPLAYA MESSAGE “PARKING FULL”

END

LCD COUNT WILL BEINCREMENTED BY 1

IF PARKING IS NOT AVAILABLEIF PARKING IS

AVAILABLE

ELEVATOR WILL PARK THE CARIN THE EMPTY SLOT


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IF NOT VALID THEN

IF VALID ID NO

Figure 6-2: Flowchart for retrieving the vehicle

START

ACCORDING TO ID NO AFTERUSER SCANS RFID CARD ELEVATOR WILL NOT BRING THE VEHICLEBACK FROM PARKING SLOT

ELEVATOR WILL BRING THE VEHICLEFROM THE RESPECTIVE PARKING SLOT

ELEVATOR WILL BRING THE CARAT THE ENTRY AND GATE WILL

OPEN

END

LCD COUNT WILL BEDECREMENTED BY 1


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6.1 Description of flowchart:

6.1.1 While parking the vehicle:

As soon as the car appears near the parking gate the person inside the vehicle will have a

card and he will scan the card on the RFID reader module. If the unique code is correct then

only the vehicle will be allowed to enter into the parking system if not then car will not be

allowed to enter. After scanning RFID card the gate will open and the vehicle will be placed

on the elevator.

On the LCD display count will be incremented to indicate the entry of a new vehicle. The

elevator will place the vehicle wherever there is space in the parking slot. If in case the

parking is full then LCD will display a message “PARKING FULL”. So the person need not

wait there unnecessarily wasting time.

6.1.2. While retrieving the vehicle:

For retrieving the vehicle the person who needs the vehicle will scan the RFID card and if it

is valid then the elevator will bring the respective vehicle from the parking location if unique

code is not correct then elevator will not bring the vehicle. Once the elevator brings the car

from the location LCD count will be decremented to indicate a parking location is emptied.

And the gate will open if RFID is properly scanned with proper code and person and take

his/her vehicle.


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CHAPTER 7: BLOCK DIAGRAM


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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 7-1: Block Diagram

7.1 MICROCONTROLLER 8051:

The microcontroller used in the project is 8051. This part is the heart of the project. It

checks for the entry and exit of car. When it detects the car from the entry gate then it checks

whether there is any vacant space in the parking lot. If there is vacant space then it opens the doorand increases the overall count in the parking lot by one. And if it detects the car from the exit

gate then it decrement the count by one.

7.2 DC MOTOR:

DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils

or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Here the DC motor is mainly used to manage the

movement and the positioning of elevator.

8 0 5 1

POWERSUPPLY

DC

MOTOR

ELEVATOR

LCD(16X2)

RFIDCARD

READER

RFIDCARD


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7.3 RFID CARD READER:

RFID is a radio frequency identification system. In our project RFID card will be scanned

by the RFID reader and then only the entry will be provided in the car parking system. Vehicles

with invalid tag will not be allowed to enter the car parking system so it provides more security to

the system.

7.4 ELEVATOR:

The elevator in our project plays a very important role because it is used to park the cars

automatically. No problems like accidents would occur as the human error is not at all involved.

7.5 16X2 LCD DISPLAY:

It is an intelligent LCD module, as it has inbuilt controller which convert the alphabet and

digit into its ASCII code and then display, this LCD will display the total number of cars ,empty

space and no vacant space. If the parking is full then it displays a message that the parking is full

so that the user does not have to waste the time in finding the empty slots for parking.

7.6 POWER SUPPLY:

Power supply of 5V is required for the microcontroller working and DC motor mainly requires

12V power supply respectively which can be obtained by using 7805 and 7812 respectively

together in the same power supply


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CHAPTER 8: INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52


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8.1 MOTOR DRIVER L293D INTERFACED WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Figure 8-1: Motor driver interfaced with AT89S52

FOR MOTOR 1

#include /* special function register declarations */

/* for the intended 8051 derivative */

#include /* prototype declarations for I/O functions */

//L293D Pin Defines

sbit E1 = P1^4;

sbit I1 = P1^3;

sbit I2 = P1^2;

void MSdelay(unsigned int rtime)

{


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unsigned int r,s;

for(r=0;r


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Following are the changes that are to be made for more motors used. Code will remain the same

only ports will change

FOR MOTOR 2

//L293D Pin Defines

sbit E1 = P1^7;

sbit I1 = P1^6;

sbit I2 = P1^5;

FOR MOTOR 3

//L293D Pin Defines

sbit E1 = P3^7;

sbit I1 = P3^6;

sbit I2 = P3^5;

FOR MOTOR 4

//L293D Pin Defines

sbit E1 = P3^4;

sbit I1 = P3^3;

sbit I2 = P3^2;

FOR MOTOR 5

//L293D Pin Defines

sbit E1 = P2^7;

sbit I1 = P2^6;

sbit I2 = P2^5;


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8.2 LCD AND RFID INTERFACED WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Figure 8-2: LCD and RFID interfaced with AT89S52

#include

unsigned int data_out,command=0x80,temp;

sfr lcd_data_pin=0x80; //P0 port

sbit rs=P2^0; //Register select

sbit rw=P2^1; //Read/Write

sbit en=P2^2; //Enable pin

unsigned char card_id[12];

void delay(unsigned int count) //Function to provide delay

{

int i,j;

for(i=0;i


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lcd_data(disp[x]);

}}

void lcd_ini() //Function to initialize the LCD

{

lcd_command(0x38);

delay(5);

lcd_command(0x0F);

delay(5);

lcd_command(0x80);

delay(5);

}

void recieve() //Function to recieve data serialy from RS232

{

unsigned char k;

for(k=0;k


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int l;

TMOD=0x20; //Enable Timer 1

TH1=0XFD;

SCON=0x50;

TR1=1; // Triggering Timer 1

lcd_ini();

lcd_command(0x10);

lcd_string("welcum 2 parking:");

lcd_command(0xC0); //Place cursor to second position of first line

lcd_string("scan your card:");

delay(200);

while(1)

{

recieve();

lcd_command(0xC1); //Place cursor to second position of second line

for(l=0;l


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8.3 POWER SUPPLY SECTION FOR MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Figure 8-3: Power supply section for AT89S52


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CHAPTER 9: PCB LAYOUT OF PROJECT AMCPS


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CHAPTER 10: DETAILS ABOUT


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10.1 ADVANTAGES:

LESS REQUIREMENT OF SPACE:

Since it is a multilevel parking structure it requires less space and it can accommodate

more no of cars as compared to the normal car parking system.

NO HUMAN ERROR:

As this is purely a automated multilevel car parking human error is not involved so many

problems like accidents can be avoided by using this car parking system.

MORE ACCOMODATION:

As it is a multilevel car parking system more no of cars can be easily accommodated in a

small area.

ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY :It requires less space and some amount of pollution is reduced as the user need not find the

parking area and park there instead it is done by elevator automatically.

10.2 DISADVANTAGES:

9 COSTLY:

As it is a multilevel car parking system the cost required to construct it would be more

than the normal car parking system.

POWER SUPPLY:

As to drive the entire multilevel car parking system more amount of power supplyrequired is more and if power fails then the entire system stops working.


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COMPLEX:

It is more complex to design the infrastructure of multilevel car parking system as

compared to the normal parking system

MAINTENANCE:

Multilevel car parking system facilitates support for hundreds and thousands of vehicles

that enter the parking slot so the structure deteriorates much faster so the maintenance

required is much more in this case.

10.3 APPLICATIONS:The multilevel car parking system find many applications in:

At industrial areas At malls At residential area


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CHAPTER 11: RESULTS OF AMCPS


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CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE


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12.1 CONCLUSION:

The Proposed designed in this paper has been successfully completed and tested with

integration of the features of every hardware component for its development. The main purpose o

our project is to build up a automatic car parking system demo. To face the challenge o

automation in practical, we need a vast knowledge. In this project, we worked with

Microcontroller based control system. We also tried to differentiate among different types o

automation and control systems. In here we also tried to give proper security of the vehicle. To

increase the knowledge about automation, this project will obviously be very helpful.

Nonetheless, this project can further be modified or developed any time to offer more flexibilities

and facilities. It reduces traffic and pollution problem to great extent. We can park more cars in

small space. We also reduce time and cost required for conventional parking system with high

degree of security. So we conclude by saying

“ DEMAND FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT, SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN SOLUTIONS”.


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12.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

The basic idea behind a solar parking lot is simply to incorporate solar panels into a

carport, which is basically an open-sided shed with a roof. Solar carports can be small enough to

fit a single car at a residence, or scaled up for commercial and institutional purposes. The main

benefit, of course, is to generate renewable energy that can be used to lower utility costs on site,

for example at a mall or office complex. Depending on the scale, the installation could also yield

excess energy in the form of electricity for sale. A solar carport can also help reduce the “heat

island” effect of parking lots and contribute to a cooler community, and by providing protection

from the elements it can help enhance vehicle lifespan.

Solar typically meets up to 35 per cent of a space‟s total power requirements and can

typically save up to 15 per cent in energy costs. These „sustainable car parks‟ also have short pay

back periods (five to eight years) and offer multiple benefits by providing both shade and

electricity.

Figure 12-1: Future scope of AMCPS


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REFERENCES

1. Meenakshi Sanadhya, Fahad UL Hassan, Unaib Bhat, Yasir Koul ,“ Microcontroller

Based Multilevel Car Parking System”, Indian Streams Research Journal

vol.1,Issue.X/Nov13

2. A.Albagul, K.Alsharef, M.saad, Y.Abujeeta ,“ Design & Fabrication of Automatic

Multilevel Car Parking System”, Department of control Engineering, Baniwalid LIBYA

3. R.J. Oyentaryo, M. Pasquier, "Self-trained automated parking system", Control,

Automation, Robotics andVision Conference, 8th ICARCV, pp. 1005- 1010, 6-9 Dec.2004.

4. P. Joshi, M. R. Khan and L. Motiwalla, Global Review of Parking Management Systems

and Strategies, (2012).

5. Automotion Parking system (press release) AutoMotion Introduces First Fully Automated

Parking Garage in N.Y.C.Monday December 18, 2:30 pm ET.

6. Hitendra wasnik, Dr. R.D. Askhedkar, Dr.S.K.Choudhary “Design and Computer

Simulation of Five Stack Semi-automatic Car Parking System, paper 1010149 has been

accepted for publication in IJERIA On Sat, Sep 10, 2011 at 10:51 PM.

7. MEENAKSHI SANADHYA, FAHAD UL HASSAN, UNAIB BHAT ,YASIR

KOUL“ MICROCONTROLLER BASED MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM ” , Indian

Streams Research Journal Vol.1,Issue.X/Nov 13

8. Du Shaobo et al, “The Research and Design of Intellectual Parking System Based on

RFID”, 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2012,

PP 2427-2430

9. Ekta Soni, Karamjeet Kaur, Anil Kumar , “Design And Development Of RFID Based

Automated Car Parking System” , The International Journal of Mathematics, Science,

Technology and Management (ISSN : 2319-8125) Vol. 2 Issue 2 Sep 2008

10. Automotion Parking system (press release) AutoMotion Introduces First Fully Automated

Parking Garage in N.Y.C.Monday December 18, 2:30 pm ET.

11. R. Mithari, S.Vaze , and S. Sanamdikar, Automatic Multistoried Car Parking System,

IJITAM ,Volume-1, Issue-6 , March, 2014.

12. M.A.Mazidi,Janice, Gillispie Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller And Embedded System.


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13. J. Lim, S.Kim, H. Oh, and D.Kim, A Designated Query Protocol for Serverless Mobile

RFID Systems with Reader and Tag Privacy, TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY.

14. Ankit Gupta, Ankit Jaiswar, Harsh Agarw al, Chandra Shankar, “ Automatic Multilevel Car

Parking”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research Vol.3, Issue2, pp:

(438-441), Month: April- June 2015.

15. "The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications" by

Kenneth J Ayala.

16. "The 8051 Microcontrol ler & Embedded Systems"-- by Mohammed Ali

Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi

17. Ranger, Steve. “NATO tests RFID to prevent friendly fire”.Doc [Accessed: Sept 2013].

18. United States Department of Defense, "Suppliers‟ Passive RFID Information Guide,

Version 9.0". Doc [Accessed: Sept 2013].

19. Gilbert,Alorie."US Military invests in Active RFID".Doc, Interview with Alan

Estevez. [Accessed: Sept 2013]

20. RFID Dominant Semiconductors “RFID Applications,[Online] Available at: [ Accessed:

Oct2013]

21. http://www. best-microcontroller-projects .com/serial-lcd.html

22. Al Williams (2002) . Microcontroller projects using the Basic Stamp (2nd ed.). Focal Press.

p. 344. ISBN 978-1-57820-101-3 .

23. "The Half-bridge Circuit Revealed" Tom Ribarich (2012)

24. “www.MicroDigitalEd.com ” ,September 2003.

http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.htmlhttp://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.htmlhttp://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.htmlhttp://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.htmlhttp://books.google.com/books?id=E0_07GfXo2wC&pg=PA344http://books.google.com/books?id=E0_07GfXo2wC&pg=PA344https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-101-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-101-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-101-3http://www.microdigitaled.com/http://www.microdigitaled.com/http://www.microdigitaled.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-101-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/books?id=E0_07GfXo2wC&pg=PA344http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.html


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