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Report on inter-agency assessment for the drought affected regions in Puntland Somalia

4 - 10 September 2016

Dead goats in Godqabobev village in Taleex district of Sool region: Credit: OCHA

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Table of contents 1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 Objectives ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 3 Methodology --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 4 Composition of the team ------------------------------------------------------------ 2 5 Summary finding ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 6 Cluster findings ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5

6.1 WASH ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 6.2 Food security ------------------------------------------------------------- 7 6.3 Shelter --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 6.4 Protection ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 6.5 Health ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 6.6 Nutrition ------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 6.7 Education ----------------------------------------------------------------- 11

7 Recommendations-------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 7.1 General--------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 7.2 Cluster --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

8 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14 9 Annex ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15

1. Introduction In August 2016, the government of Puntland, through Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management Agency (HADMA) issued an Appeal in response to ongoing drought in Puntland. Since the start of 2016, three humanitarian appeals have been issued by the government emphasizing the severity of the drought and requesting the humanitarian community and donors to provide assistance to drought affected communities in Puntland. The regional inter cluster coordination group(RICCG) agreed to conduct an inter-agency assessment including HADMA and relevant line ministries in selected drought affected regions of Puntland from 4-12 September 2016. The findings of the assessment are based on data collected using the initial investigation assessment tool that entails the administration of questionnaires, interviews with local authorities, beneficiaries, community representatives, key informants, group discussions and direct observations in each location visited. Five teams composed of UN and NGOs were led by OCHA, UNHCR, HADMA and Save the Children International. Three teams originated from Bossaso while two emanated from Garowe. The failure of two consecutive rains (Gu’ and Deyr in 2015 and also Gu’ in 2016) resulted in severe drought that has affected thousands of people in Puntland, where communities in Bari, Nugaal, Sool, Sanaag and Karkaar regions are the most affected. The Gu rains delayed and the performance was poor in terms of coverage and distribution in most of the areas visited by the assessment teams. This has heightened the already poor conditions which resulted from below-average 2015 Deyr rains, influenced by El Niño.

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2. Objectives of the assessment

• Collect, collate and analyze data on the impact of the drought in affected regions of Puntland. • Identify and inform partners on needs and gaps for immediate response and additional

resource mobilization.

3. Methodology

Initial Investigations Tool was used to collect data including interviews with selected beneficiaries, key informants; focused group discussion (women and men).Direct observation including ranking of problem areas and identification of most vulnerable groups within the community. 4. Composition of teams and locations assessed

The below table 1 depicts the composition of assessment teams and locations assessed by the respective teams.

Table 1: Composition of Assessment teams

Team

Cluster Organization

Locations to be visited

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• Qandala: Karimo, Dhaanka dus & Qaan laaye,Ceel gaal,

• Caluula: Muudiye Protection/Shelter UNHCR

Karimo, Dhaanka dus & Qaan laaye,Ceel gaal and Muudiye

FSC ADESO

Health and Nutrition SRCS

Nutrition HADO

WASH/Nutrition CARE

Qardho, Bander Beyla and Iskushuban

2 Coordination OCHA

Qardho: Cambaar Sare, Xabaal reer, Geri hel.

Bander Beyla: Qodax, Meygaag, Dabqax, Sarmaan and Kulule.

Iskushuban: Xiriiro, Camaan, Mareer, Xamure, Dardaare, Dharjaale, Rako, Dhuudo.Taageer, Qoraxaad.

FSL WFP

WASH CARE

Nutrition SCI

FSL SHILCON

Health SRCS

FSL ADESO

Protection DRC

Nutrition HADO

Shelter NRC

3

Team Badhan and Dhahar

3 Nutrition/Health SCI

Cawsane,Midigale,Qoyan,Damala Xagare,Dharkayn, Dawaco, Balibusle,Gooraan,Kaladhacda, Rad and Laako.

Protection ADESO

WASH and Shelter ASAL

FSL FAO

Team

Cluster Organization

Locations to be visited

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1. Taleex & Lasanood districts of Sool region 2. Burtinle district of Nugaal region

Coordination OCHA

Carooley, Tukaraq, Boocame, Fardhidin, Faleyryale,

Jalam, Faratooyo, Meeraysane, Tuula – ooman, and Burtinle,

Health IOM

Nutrition TASS

FSL FAO

FSL NRC

WASH KAALO

Health WRRs

WASH NCA

Protection GRT

Coordination HADMA

Team Garowe, Dangorayo and Eyl Districts of Nugaal region

5 Coordination OCHA

Laqlaajise Qalaanqal, Mayle, Diilin Gubato/Aftogweyne

Qarxis, Ceelbuh, Budunbuto, Uusgure, Suubaan, Wargaduud, Godbolaysu tumay, Godabjiraan, Eyl, Marraya

Health UNFPA

WASH UNICEF

FSL ACF

Nutrition/WASH WVI

Health KAALO

Health SCI

Coordination HADMA

FSC WFP

WASH IRC

Nutrition SRCS

Protection UNHCR

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5. Summary of the findings

The current situation in 62 sampled locations visited by the assessment teams in Bari, Karkaar, Mudug, Nugal, Sanaag and Sool, regions depicts a prolonged drought condition due to failure of rains in the past two seasons The assessment team noted that 150,000 people (25,000 households) are directly affected by the drought while an additional 12,000 pastoralists (2,000 households) were displaced as a consequence.1 However, HADMA estimates that more than 200,000 people (approximately 33,000 households) are directly affected by drought in the worst affected regions. Data from the Early Warning-Early Action database and dashboard confirms the aggravating drought situation in Puntland.2 The 2015/16 Deyr (October-December) rains were poor, followed by a poor 2016 Gu (April-June) rains. The current drought is likely to be exacerbated by the prospect of a poor Deyr 2016/17 rainfall. In most districts, livestock prices (goat) have been declining since February 2016. Field reports indicate severe shortage of pasture and water and consequent deterioration of livestock body conditions and increased livestock deaths. Terms of trade between goat and cereals are also declining in some main markets. The decline is likely to be worsened in the more remote rural markets. Although the majority of the health facilities in the assessed villages were functional, lack of basic supplies and health services, including reproductive health counseling and services, as well as emergency obstetric care. Besides that, a need to support and equip the existing health facilities with the appropriate reproductive health kits, supplies and commodities was identified. Moreover, a need to increase the capacity of health workers and strengthen the referral system was noted. Nutrition screening of under five children using MUAC (Mid-Upper Arm Circumference) indicated a very critical level of nutrition situation with a proxy GAM rate of 33% and a proxy SAM rate of 5%. Water is currently a very expensive and scarce commodity in rural and pastoral communities. Water prices monitored at main markets do not indicate a major increase. However, the assessment revealed that since June 2016, the cost of water has tripled from US$5 for a barrel (200 litres) to $15 as a result of persistent water shortage caused by the failure of the last Gu’ rains. In some locations such as Hursaale, Himilisdiye and other remote pastoral settlements, the price of water has risen from $ 5 to $ 30. Livestock production of meat and milk sharply declined with milk prices increasing from 18,000 Somali shilling to 40,000 Somalia shilling (approximately US$2 per litre), putting the lives of vulnerable people such as children and elderly people at risk. While the occurrence of measles outbreak appears to be more localized, the number of measles cases has spiked in Galkacyo in August and September 2016. In terms of severity, Bari, Nugaal and parts of Sool regions are considered the most affected areas with rural/pastoral communities in remote locations reported to be hardest hit. Additionally, extreme water and pasture shortages were the main concerns expressed by the pastoral communities visited.

1 Figures cover only assessed areas. 2 See annex of the Early Warning-Early Action database and dashboard by FSNAU/FAO

http://dashboard.fsnau.org/

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In all areas assessed, the teams observed that livestock body condition was very weak and unable to reach water points and grazing land. Some local herd owners in the communities visited purchased grains, corn and wheat to sustain their livestock. The communities assessed reported livestock deaths especially in Bari, Nugaal and Sool regions. Large numbers livestock will die if the situation deteriorates further. 98 per cent of the pastoralists interviewed reported that they have lost significant amount of their herds. The teams also observed dead animals in some locations and estimated about 15–30 per cent of livestock death, largely young and lactating animals with increased abortion rates due to starvation and diseases. The problem is also compounded by the serious drop in animal trade and production which are the main livelihood and income sources of rural and pastoral communities. Livestock production of meat and milk sharply declined with milk prices increasing from 18,000 Somali shilling to 40,000 Somali shilling (approximately US$2) per liter. Access to credit/borrowing facility also diminished markedly due to indebtedness as a result of the prolonged drought. However, local people in some of the settlements reported that access to loans for water trucking and food declined as most of the traders stopped giving out credits. Although no major displacement or population in make shift camps was observed, most of the displaced pastoralists joined relatives in nearby towns and villages. 6. Cluster findings

6.1 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

The teams noted extreme water shortage in the locations visited. The main water sources were the communal water reservoirs known as Berkeds, shallow wells, boreholes in major towns, and earth dams in some small rural settlements. Most of the Berkeds in the areas visited especially, Bari, Sool, Sanaag and Nugaal regions were empty due to poor rainfall in the past 2 years. Additionally, the main boreholes and shallows wells’ yields have significantly declined. 69 per cent of respondents stated that Berkeds are their main water sources, 7 per cent reported shallow wells, 20 per cent mentioned boreholes while 4 per cent cited water springs. WASH cluster noted that 70 per cent of the villages assessed have no access to water owing to the empty and dysfunctional Berkeds, most of which are cracked.

A weak goat in Dharoor village of Bari region left at a nearby hut. Credit: UNFPA

Empty and broken Berkeds in Qalanqal village, Garowe district of Nugaal region Credit: UNFPA/CARE

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According to SPHERE standards, the maximum distance from households to the nearest water point is ½ a kilometer. However, the ongoing drought has caused significant increase in distances to water points. Pastoral households interviewed reported that they trek an average distance of 60 km to access water points for both human and livestock consumption.

Some rural communities even reported covering more distances to the nearest water points, the team noted that an average of 65km distance is covered by villagers in Xidhiidho, Dharjaale, Balidhidin, Mareer and neighboring villages in Bari region. Water is trucked from spring water and boreholes in the far flung locations. In Nugaal region, some communities such as Meyle and Xaarxaarka reported that between 80–100 km is trekked by villagers in search of water for human and livestock.

The meagre water available for human consumption in the assessed areas lacks treatment. Households interviewed stated that they consume water without any form of treatment and that their priority lies in quantities of water obtained and not quality. 27 per cent of the respondents reported that the available water is safe to drink while 73 per cent reported that it is not safe to drink from the available water sources. This analysis can confirm that the majority of people have no access to safe drinking water.

Overall, in all locations, cent of the respondents do not treat water, 11 per cent stated that they treat their water through boiling while 4per cent indicated that they use other traditional methods.

69 per cent of respondent indicated that have access to latrines. However, access to latrines in the rural and pastoral settlements assessed was reported to be as low as 31 per cent. Children defecate openly and adjacent to homesteads, posing risks of faucal-oral disease transmission. Additionally, the team noted that 88 per cent of the people wash their hands with water only while 12 per cent use water and soap to wash their hands.

Furthermore, adoption of good hygiene practices such as bathing and hand washing are hindered by insufficient water. Cases of diarrhea and skin infections among children, largely related to reduced and untreated water, were reported in some of the areas visited such as Camaan, Kulule, Dhuudo, Maygaag and Hursaale villages of Bari region. This is directly attributed to poor personal hygiene emanating from insufficient water supply.

Water is currently a very expensive and scarce commodity in rural and pastoral communities. Since June 2016, the cost of water has gone up from US$5 for a barrel (200 litres) to $15 as a result of persistent water shortage caused by the failure of the last Gu’ rains. In some locations such as Hursaale, Himilisdiye and other remote pastoral settlements, the price of water has risen from $5 to $30 Majority of rural people in the assessed villages reported that they cannot buy water at the current prices and would instead depend on the goodwill of neighbours. If the drought situation continues to deteriorate, this community coping strategy is likely to be abandoned.

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6.2 Food Security and Livelihoods

The effects of prolonged brought has had tremendous impact on the livelihood and food security of drought affected communities. 62 per cent of the communities visited consume 2 meals per day, while 16 per cent consume one meal per day. Only 10 per cent consume 3 meals per day. Skipping meals is a very peculiar coping strategy adopted by pastoralists especially when confronted with prolonged drought.

42 per cent of the communities assessed reported that their main sources of food are borrowing/credit and gifts from relatives. Similarly, the same percentage of households assessed reported that they depend on market purchase and own stocks. However, all the communities assessed confirmed that loans, borrowings and credit facilities have been overstretched and traders no longer have the capacity to sustain the provision of food and other essential items through loans or credit, due to lack of repayment from pastoralists who have been hard hit by the drought. This trend will decrease access to food and will render pastoralists food insecure if the situation is not immediately addressed.

94 per cent of the communities assessed raised concerns about livestock diseases and approximately 60 per cent of the reported diseases are respiratory related diseases such CCPP (Sambab) and parasitic diseases such as tick borne diseases. Malnutrition and starvation related diseases were common according to the team findings.

According to the findings of the assessment, 98 per cent of the communities assessed reported that each household lost approximately 30 per cent of their livestock due to drought and animal diseases. The teams observed that majority of livestock were weak and could not reach water points, thus forcing pastoralists to incur heavy debts to pay for supply of water trucks to maintain and sustain the survival of their livestock. The assessment teams also observed corpses of dead animals in some communities, while in other areas, livestock deaths had slowly progressed for the last six months, targeting mainly young, old and lactating animals. The communities fear that animal death toll could rise if the rains delay.

Only 34per cent of the households in the assessed areas received Cash Based Interventions (CBI) in the last 12 months; while 64 per cent indicated that they have not received any Cash and Voucher during the last 12 months. The percentage of households that received CBI is in line with partners’ cash and voucher intervention strategy for drought affected populations in Bari, Sool, Sanaag and Nugaal regions in the last 7 months. These interventions targeted the most food insecure and affected populations during the time of assessment and intervention.

The assessment established that 26 per cent of households assessed encountered fuel shortage for cooking purposes, indicating the extent to which environmental degradation and reduction in trees are pursued by local communities, as a result of deforestation done through charcoal burning, overuse and lack of proper resource management and conservation practices.

Data is collected on the number of days in the last 7 days a household consumed specific food items. A seven day recall period is used to make the food security situation as precise as possible and to reduce any recall bias. Out of a total of 40 households interviewed, 4 households per village, the food consumption scores are as follows:

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Table 2: FCG–Number of days food groups consumed

Source: FSC/assessment team

6.3 Shelter and NFIs Assessment teams observed that displacement occurred especially amongst pastoralists from worst drought stricken areas to less drought affected areas. This trend was observed especially in parts of Bari, Sool and Sanaag regions. Some families who moved live collectively with host community families. Families who could not migrate or construct shelters on their own because of high cost, put up make shift settlements adjacent to land owned by relatives. 99 per cent of drought affected populations in assessed areas of Bari and Sanaag reported that they have did not receive shelter/NFIs related assistance from humanitarian organizations in the past year. The main challenge faced by poor host families and displaced households living collectively in villages is lack of NFIs. Financial constraints caused by protracted drought has rendered these people incapable of buying basic goods from the market. Approximately 98 per cent of the communities interviewed in both Bari and Sanaag regions stated that people who are affected by the drought lack blankets, sanitary cloth, bed mats, kitchen sets, plastic sheets and jerry cans. 36 per cent revealed that their shelters have been partially destroyed, making them susceptible to heavy winds and intense heat as the drought protracts. The affected population lack basic plastic sheet or emergency shelter assistance. 99 per cent of the assessed locations reported that the cause of shock is drought, while 3,720 people (620 HHs) were displaced in Sanaag region due to drought in 8 different locations. On the other hand, 47,580 people (7930 HHs) were affected by drought in Sanaag while 81,480 people (13,850 HHs) were affected in Bari region.

Vegetables

: Onion, Tomato

1 3 6 3 1 4 0 7 4

2 2 5 2 1 5 0 7 7

3 1 5 3 1 5 0 7 7

4 1 6 2 0 3 0 6 6

5 4 7 3 0 3 0 7 7

6 7 7 3 0 4 0 7 7

7 11 7 4 0 3 0 7 7

8 7 7 2 0 5 0 7 7

9 2 7 3 1 3 0 7 7

10 1 7 3 2 5 0 7 7

11 1 7 4 2 5 0 7 7

All 40 6 3 1 4 7 7

Milk

Poor food consumption

Borderline Consumption

Acceptable Consumption

NO No HH FCS

Classification by the analysis on the cluster description

Creel Tubers

PulsesMeat & Fish , Organ meets

Fruit Oil Sugar

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6.4 Protection

All communities assessed indicated that majority of the remote areas rely on community security rather than other forms of law and order enforcements such as police or army. Persons with disabilities were present in all the assessed locations, while people with chronic illness are reported in almost 80 per cent of the assessed locations. Older persons considered as destitute were found in every location that was assessed. The assessment teams did not find any survivors of sexual violence, confirming that GBV cases are very low in remote settlements. About 40 per cent of the assessed communities are headed or cared for by older persons who themselves need care. The assessment teams concluded that persons living with HIV/AIDS were not reported in any of the locations assessed. 6.5 Health

The data on health vary from region to region due to the availability and functionality of health facility in each region. For example, data from 26 locations in Nugaal and Sool regions show that 53 per cent of the locations visited had functional health facilities. This is contrary to the data from 37 settlements in Bari and Sanaag regions where 86 per cent have health facilities with 66per cent of them functional and 34per cent not functioning.

Below is health cluster analysis on health findings by the assessment team for the 37 villages that were assessed in Bari and Sanaag regions. Most of the villages have health facilities although some of them are not functional especially those in Sanaag region. 86 per cent of the assessed villages have health facilities, while the remaining 14 per cent have no form of health facilities. These villages are Laako in Sanaag, and Himistiyo, Qoraxaad, Xamure and Hursale in Bari region. As the graph shows, health facilities in 66 per cent of the villages are functional. These

villages are mainly in Bari region where Save the Children International is implementing a Joint Health and Nutrition Program (JHNP). However, health facilities in 34 per cent of the assessed villages are non-functional mainly in Sanaag region. The assessment teams observed that physical structures exist but services are not provided to the communities due to lack of funding.

Among the assessed health facilities in the villages in the eastern regions of Karkaar, Bari and Sanaag, the teams observed a lack of basic supplies and health services, including reproductive health counselling and services, kits and supplies, and emergency obstetric care. Besides that, the referral system from primary to secondary health care was considered poor due to logistical drawbacks (i.e. lack of transportation), although there are fully functional

66%

34%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Fuctional Not Functional

Functional Vs Not Functional

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regional hospitals providing free emergency obstetric care and maternal and new-born health services with the support of UNFPA. In addition, there is limited professional development (CPD) or capacity building for doctors, nurses and midwives. The teams also observed lack of psychological support and counselling for addressing the depression and mental trauma related to the crisis. Nevertheless, settlements in the Nugaal and Sool region did report access to reproductive health services, including ante/post-natal and birth spacing counselling, in the framework of the routinely provided integrated reproductive health community outreach campaigns, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of UNFPA. More worrying is the fact that in the locations assessed, privately owned rooms are rented to serve as health facilities. In bigger villages, public infrastructure are substituted for the purpose. In parts of Sool region for example, the services are either totally non-functional or not regularly functioning due to unavailability of supplies and trained health personnel. Most of these settlements reported regular access to routine immunization campaigns supported by UNICEF and the Ministry of Health. Additionally, the teams observed that Taleh, Carooley, Dan, Fardhadin in Sool and Hayanle and Meyla villages in Nugaal region face challenges relating to maternal and reproductive health care including limited availability of trained midwives and nurses, resulting in their reliance on traditional birth attendants. The problems are also compounded by the fact that the distance between towns and health facilities or hospitals is around 80-87 kilometres. Most of the obstetric complication cases are referred to Garowe or Laascaanod hospitals.

6.6 Nutrition

As with the health findings, there was a slight disparity between the data from Bari/Sanaag regions and that of Nugaal and Sool regions. The overall analysis of both data showed evidence of acute malnutrition among children and women. However, cluster analysis and data from Sool region showed limited access to TSFP/OTP (targeted supplementary feeding programme/out-patient therapeutic programme) services compared to other regions such as Nugaal and Bari regions. Limited access to food and income at household level, especially rural and pastoral communities who mainly rely on livestock and its products as their main income and food source, could be a possible factor that engenders the prevalence of malnutrition with the potential to put more children at risk according to the nutrition screening done by the assessment teams.

The nutrition situation in Sool and Nugaal regions depicts ‘very critical’ as shown in the mass screening data. The cluster made comparison with FSNAU survey on the assessed villages in Sool and Nugaal region, with the following findings: Out of the 26 villages captured by the SIRNA mass screening, only 3 of the villages were actually selected and assessed by FSNAU 2016 Gu assessment. Though the Nutrition values for both assessments are different, the findings for the two villages (Falayryale and Qarxis) is comparable. The difference in Proxy GAM findings in Bocame village of Sool region is staggering. The mass screening highlighted 21% proxy GAM while FSANU assessment did not find either MAM or SAM children. The findings of the assessment in Sanaag and Bari also showed evidence of acute malnutrition in children. Nutrition screening of under five children using MUAC (Mid-Upper Arm Circumference) indicated a very critical level of nutrition situation with a proxy GAM rate of 33% and a proxy SAM rate of 5%.

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Access to therapeutic (OTP/SC) and supplementary (TSFP) nutrition programmes to address acute malnutrition was also low in Sool, Sanaag and Bari regions. The result of Sool, Sanaag and Bari shows that 48% of assessed communities have no access to nutrition interventions and the remaining 52% have accessed to either of the two nutrition programmes namely OTP or TSFP.

According to the qualitative findings, the drought badly affected the feeding practice of children under 2 years of age. In all the assessed villages and towns, there was a drastic change in feeding practices. 6.7 Education

In 45 out of the 62 villages visited by the assessment teams, schools or some form of a learning space such as a Madrasa/Quranic school exist.

This finding is based on the responses by communities to the following question: is there a school or a learning space in the village? The fact that majority responded in the affirmative (‘yes’) does not mean they all have formal education or school. However, many villages, especially smaller ones, have Madrasas only and not formal schools.

Additionally, about 62 per cent of households interviewed indicated that school aged children go to school against 38 per cent who indicated that school aged children are not going to school. When asked about the reason why school aged children are not going to school, 32 per cent of them noted that they are unable to pay school fees largely because of the effects of the drought. 9 per cent of the community indicated the lack of or limited space as the reason for not attending school. Relating to teachers’ availability, 77 per cent of those interviewed responded that there are teachers in the schools or learning spaces. The majority indicated lack of safe drinking water in the schools or the learning spaces, while only 30 per cent said there is safe drinking water in the school. Similarly, only 17 per cent of the respondents noted that the schools have school feeding program against 80 per cent who said there is no school feeding program in the schools. The communities stressed the need for school feeding program at this critical time during the key informant interviews and meeting with community leaders

Availability of safe drinking water and school feeding programs at schools and learning spaces

72%

62%

77%

Schools, teachers & school aged children

% of school or learning space in the viilage

% of hh with school aged children going to school

% of teachers availability

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Chart: Safe drinking water availability in schools or learning spaces

School feeding availability at schools or learning spaces 7. Recommendations

7.1 General • Training and sensitizing communities on the importance of peace and conflict resolution

processes. • Construct and or rehabilitate crucial roads that link communities to enhance accessibility

to remote areas especially during emergencies. 7.2 Recommendations by Cluster WASH • Undertake urgent water trucking for human consumption in the worst drought affected

villages especially in Iskushuban, Alula, Qandala in Bari region and Badhan district of Sanaag region.

• Sensitization of the community on the essentials of water purification like boiling and chlorination.

• Provision of water containers for collection and storage.

30%

70%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

% of safe drinking water available in school % of safe drinking water not available in school

% of safe drinking water avaialability in schools

17%

80%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

% of feeding programme available in schools % of feeding programme not available in schools

% of school feeding program availability in schools

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• Rehabilitate/construct communal Berkeds in locations that largely depend on rain water and water trucking. These include locations such as Kulule, Dhaantab, Garansare and Mareer in Bari region.

• Rehabilitate boreholes and shallow wells in locations with high potential such as Meygaag, Rako, Baargaal, Biyogaduud and Dharjaale in Bari region.

• Provide hygiene kits to areas where diarrhea and skin infections have been reported such as Camaan, Kulule, Dhuudo, Meygaag and Hursaale in Bari region.

• Promotion of awareness raising campaigns on sanitation and hygiene in the drought affected areas to minimize the incidences and decrease in recurring disease related to poor sanitation and hygiene.

• Support community water trucking with funds for both humans and livestock in the worst affected areas in Nugaal, Bari, Sool and Sanaag regions.

• Distribution of household hygiene kits and awareness raising and education on hygienic practices in rural settlements in Nugaal particularly Yombeys, Laqlajisle, Gubato, Aftugweyne, Wargaduud, Suubaan, Godbaleysku tumay, Diilin–maaxato.

• Provision of solar system to bring water to the village and construction of new water tank in Falayryale village in Sool region

• Construction/development of a new borehole in Meyle district of Nugaal region. • Rehabilitation of Spring Water system in Marraya through provision of new water pump,

400 PCs of pipeline at class B need to be rehabilitated out of 1200 PCs and repairing of the control panel which is not functioning

• Rehabilitation of borehole generator room and the water tank in Bocame of Sool region • Rehabilitation of the shallow well and further drilling of the shallows in Holhol and

Dhubudhubuq villages in Sool region. Food Security and livelihoods • Undertake urgent water trucking for animal consumption in the worst drought affected

villages particularly in Iskushuban, Alula, Qandala of Bari region and Badhan district of Sanaag region.

• Cash for work (CFW), Food for work (FFW) and Blanket Supplementary feeding programmes to be implemented in drought affected areas.

• Provide and administer veterinary drugs and vaccination of livestock in a timely manner. • Provision of relief food for pastoralist in northern Inland Pastoral livelihood of Bari

region. • Assistance such as cash based interventions CBIs for all groups of persons including

persons with chronic illness, destitute older persons, families headed by older persons. • Provision of fishing materials and skills training through cash and voucher for fishing

communities in Marraya and nearby villages in Eyl district. • Support small farmers of cash crops through provision of tools and farm inputs including

pesticides in Bocame town of Sool region.

Shelter and NFI • Distribution of NFIs to vulnerable people in worst drought affected areas especially

pastoralist who move from place to place with their herds. • Provision of emergency shelter to drought affected families hosted by poor host

community members. Assessment findings depicts that the areas of most need include: Balibusle, Buraan, Dharkeyn in Sanaag and Dhuudo, Camaan and Rako in Bari region.

Protection • Building police stations to contribute to community security. • Establish community service measures that protect persons with specific needs such

children, women, elderly, and persons with disabilities.

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Health • Health support through mobile teams • Provision of essential drugs to address chronic diseases such as diabetes and

hypertension. • Establishment of an effective plan for increasing nomadic community’s access to basic

health services, including reproductive health services and counseling, and emergency obstetric care.

• Extension and expansion of UNFPA-supported integrated reproductive health outreach campaigns to drought affected areas in other regions.

• Expansion of the number of health personnel to control the workload of staff and to improve the quality of services.

• Support and equip the existing health facilities with the appropriate reproductive health supplies and commodities, and to increase the capacity of health workers.

• Establish referral systems to engender immediate response for the complicated cases. • Extension of health facility both service and infrastructure, establishment of outreach

program, support of transportation for referral cases, Staff motivation incentives and capacity building, Community awareness rising for prevention of communicable disease where recommended all areas there is health facility.

Nutrition • Scale up nutrition interventions in drought affected communities and integration of

nutrition projects both Outpatient Therapeutic Programmes (OTP) and Target Supplementary Feeding Program (TSFP) in drought areas is recommended to increase access and ensure effective management of acutely malnourished children and women in the affected communities.

• Promote infant and young children’s feeding practice; this will contribute to the prevention of acute malnutrition for under 2 years children during drought.

• Address the underlying causes of malnutrition among women and children through food distribution and unconditional cash transfer.

• Scale up nutrition interventions in Sool region and other remote areas in Bari, Nugaal and Mudug regions.

Education • Integrated response with other sectors such as WASH, nutrition and food security to

prioritize school feeding and water supply in schools to ensure retention of children and teachers

• In case of mass displacement, construction of temporary learning spaces and emergencies teacher incentives

8. Conclusion

The conclusion of the assessment teams is that the impact of the drought, which has been heightened by the failure of two rainy season Deyr and Gu, continues to be felt across vulnerable communities in Puntland. There are indications that the Gu rains which has been delayed this year will be below normal, further exacerbating the already fragile situation. Urgent action is required to prevent a brewing crisis from becoming a full blown humanitarian disaster.

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Annex 1

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Figure 1: The Early Warning-Early Action Trigger Mechanism and Accountability Framework

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Annex 2

Assessment area coverage