1

IARC Technical Report # 7

Report of the NABOS/CABOS 2009 Expedition Activities in the Arctic Ocean

With support from:

NSF

2

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ( I.Polyalov and L.Timokhov )…….…………………………………………..….………....... 5 I. NABOS-09 EXPEDITION, Siberian Arctic, I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn (August-September 2009) …… 7 I.1. INTRODUCTION (I.Polyakov)…………………………………………………………………… 8 I.2. RESEARCH VESSEL …………..………………………………………………………….......... 8 I.3. CRUISE TRACK (V. Alexeev) …………........................................................................................... 11 I.4. SCIENTIFIC PARTY (V. Alexeev) …………....……………………………………………………….… 13 I.5. METEOROLOGICAL/ICE CONDITIONS (V.Ivanov and I.Repina)…………………………………. 14 I.6. OBSERVATIONS ……………………………..……………………………………………………………………. 16

I.6.1. SEA-ICE OBSERVATIONS (T. Alexeeva)………………………………………………………………. 18 I.6.2. OBSERVATIONS OF AIR-SEA INTERACTIONS (I.Repina)….......................................................... 24

I.6.2.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………. 24 I.6.2.2. Instruments………………………………………………………..………………............. 24 I.6.2.3. Results …………………………………………………………….………………… 25

I.6.3. OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS ………………………………………………………................... 30 I.6.3.1. CTD Measurements ………...……………………………………………...………………. 30

I.6.3.1.1. Methods (S.Kirillov and V. Ivanov)……………………………..………………… 30 I.6.3.1.2. Equipment …………...........................................................................….……………..… 30 I.6.3.1.3. Preliminary Results (V. Ivanov and S. Kirillov)…………………………………………… 31

I.6.3.2. Mooring Observations ……………..…..……………………...………………………….. 34 I.6.3.2.1. Introduction (R. Rember and I. Polyakov)………...……………………..…………… 34 I.6.3.2.2. Mooring Design and Equipment (R. Rember and I. Polyakov)………………………… 35 I.6.3.2.3. Mooring Deployments (R. Rember)………………………………………………..…. 36 I.6.3.2.4. Mooring Recovery (R. Rember).…….......................................................................... 41 I.6.3.2.5. Summary (R. Rember and M. Dempsey)…...................................................................... 42

I.6.3.3. Lagrangian Drifters (I. Polyakov, R. Rember, I. Rigor, M. Ortmeyer, R. Krishfield)…………….. 42 I.6.3.3.1. Introduction ……………..…………………………………………..………………… 42 I.6.3.3.2. Hardware……………………………………………………………………………..... 44

I.6.4. HYDROCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS (P. Makkaveev)............................................................... 46 I.6.4.1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………. 46 I.6.4.2. Measured Parameters and Methods……………………………..………………............. 46 I.6.4.3. Preliminary Results ………………………………………………..……………………… 46 I.6.4.4. Preliminary Conclusions ……………..…………………………………………………… 52

I.6.5. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS USING VAISALA RADIOSONDE (V.Alexeev).…… 54 II. CABOS-09 EXPEDITION, Beaufort Sea, I/B Louis S. St-Laurent (September-October 2008)

(M.Dempsey, E. Carmack, I.Polyakov)….…………………………………………………………….. 55

II.1. INTRODUCTORY NOTE…………………………….……………….………………………… 56 II.2. RESEARCH VESSEL…………………..………………………………………………….......... 57 II.3. MOORING RECOVERY AND DEPLOYMENT (M.Dempsey) ....................................................... 58 II.4. PRELIMINARY LOOK AT MOORING DATA (I.Polyakov and M.Dempsey) ................................... 61 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 65 Acknowlegements……………………………………………………………………………………………. 65 APPENDIX: NABOS-09 Station List (S.Kirillov, I.Polyakov) ………………………………….…………………. 66

4

GLOSSARY: AARI: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia APL: Applied Physical Laboratory, University of Washington, USA ASBO: The UK Arctic Synoptic Basin-wide Oceanography programme BAS: British Antarctic Survey, UK BU: Bangor University, UK GI: Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska, USA IABP: International Arctic Buoy Programme IAF: Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia IARC: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska, USA IFM-Geomar: Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Kiel, Germany IORAS: P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia IOS: Institute of Ocean Sciences, BC, Canada IFM-GEOMAR: Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Kiel, Germany LU: Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada NMI: Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway NOCS: National Oceanographic Center, Southampton, UK OM: Oceanetic Measurement Ltd., Sidney, BC, Canada POI: V.I.Il’ichov Oceanographic Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences RAS: Russian Academy of Sciences SAMS: Scottish Associationn of Marine Science, UK UAF: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska, USA UCL: University College London, UK UW: University of Washington, USA WHOI: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA ADCP: Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, an instrument that measures these parameters. BPR: Bottom Pressure Recorder, an instrument that measure these parameters. CTD: Conductivity, Temperature and Depth an instrument that measures these parameters. MMP: McLane Moored Profiler MT: Moscow time (IB “Kapitan Dranitsyn” used MT as local time) SBE: Seabird, a Seattle based company that produces a number of oceanographic instruments

5

PREFACE

In 2009 we conducted our eighth cruise; seven of these cruises (including the last one) were aboard the Russian icebreaker Kapitan Dranitsyn. The NABOS observations provided vital information about the state of the boundary current system, thus closing a substantial observational gap. For example, our observations demonstrated that a strong cooling tendency detected near Svalbard since 2006 is spreading over the Nansen Basin. NABOS observations were particularly important in recent years because of the weak state of arctic sea ice, which precluded deployment of Lagrangian drifters in this part of the Arctic Ocean. New technology allowing survival of buoys deployed in seasonally ice-free areas is emerging, and we successfully deployed several buoys in ice-free areas of the eastern Eurasian Basin during the NABOS 2009 expedition. Note that, because of surface ice and ocean circulation patterns, buoy deployment in the eastern Eurasian Basin provides the longest drift trajectories. Our publication record continued to increase, with more than 30 papers published in or submitted to top scientific journals. Researchers from 41 institutions in nine countries have visited the NABOS data web page. This high demand for NABOS data demonstrates the utility of this program which delivers information valuable for understanding Arctic climate system changes. During our 2009 cruise we successfully deployed five moorings. We also re-deployed our CABOS mooring, thus continuing our multi-year record of observations in the Canada Basin. Unfortunately, we lost one mooring near Svalbard during recovery and were not able to release our mooring at the Laptev slope. In preparation for future field operations, we are working on changes in the mooring design and improvements in the scheme of mooring deployment and recovery. We also hope that in 2010 we will recover our Laptev mooring. Despite these problems, information about Arctic Ocean water-mass changes provided by NABOS is critically needed to understand and assess the ocean's role in climate change; our observations therefore are critical to the Arctic Ocean observational network.

Igor Polyakov Leo Timokhov US Principal Investigator Russian Principal Investigator

6

7

Section I

NABOS-09 Arctic Expedition Icebreaker “Kapitan Dranitsyn” (August 15 – September 7, 2009)

8

I.1. INTRODUCTION (I. Polyakov, IARC)

The 2009 arctic research cruise aboard the icebreaker “Kapitan Dranitsyn” was the eigth expedition under the aegis of NABOS (Nansen Amundsen Basin Observations System) conducted by the International Arctic Research Center (IARC) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) in partnership with the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI, St. Petersburg, Russia), ArcticNet at Laval University (Quebec, Canada), and the Arctic Synoptic Basin-wide Oceanography programme (ASBO) consortium of universities from the United Kingdom. The main goal of the NABOS project is to provide a quantitative assessment of circulation and water-mass transformation along the principal pathways transporting water from the Nordic Seas to the Arctic Basin. A specific feature of the 2009 NABOS cruise, in addition to our “standard” cruise program, was our successful deployment of moorings and accomplishment of conductivity/temperature/depth (CTD) sections in the Saint Anna Trough. New, unique scientific data collected along the Eurasian continental margin under these extreme conditions will be vital for understanding arctic climate change. Five moorings were deployed. Unfortunately, we lost one mooring (M4) near Svalbard during recovery, and communicated with but were not able to release the M1 mooring deployed at the Laptev Sea slope. Our observations suggest that the warm pulse of Atlantic origin water which entered the Arctic Ocean in the early 2000s has passed its peak, and the eastern Arctic Ocean is in transition towards a cooler state.

I.2. RESEARCH VESSEL

The Russian I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn (Figure I.2.1) has been chartered by UAF to carry out oceanographic research over the continental slope of the Siberian Arctic shelf. The ship is operated by the Murmansk Shipping Company located in Murmansk, Russia. I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn is a powerful, conventionally-propelled icebreaker, constructed in 1982. It was intended for work in the conditions of the Northern Sea Route and the Baltic Sea. The vessel was built at Wartsila Shipyard, Helsinki, Finland; on December 2, 1980, she was accepted by the crew and registered under Russia’s flag. In 1994 the icebreaker was remodeled in Finland; later she was re-equipped for passenger operations. In 1999 she was updated in Norway and received a passenger vessel certificate. The icebreaker’s main technical characteristics are presented in Table I.2.1. The ship may be navigated from two positions on the bridge and from an aft auxiliary bridge (ice can also be broken when travelling stern-first). An air curtain system is applied to assist ice-breaking (air at 0.8 kg cm-2 is discharged through vents from forward to amidships 2m above the keel). Ice friction is reduced by polymeric coatings on the ice skirt. A cushioned stern allows close towing when vessels are being assisted through ice. Pumps can move 74 tons of water per minute between ballast and heeling tanks. Fresh water is provided from a vacuum distillation apparatus heated by exhaust gases, which is supplemented by a reverse osmosis apparatus; a maximum of 80 tons per day can be produced. Two helicopters can be carried to assist with ice navigation. Safety equipment includes four fully-enclosed lifeboats and four inflatable life rafts (total capacity 264 persons). The fuel consumption rate is shown in Table I.2.2. The icebreaker is equipped with 3 deck cranes. Two forward cranes can lift 3 tons each, and one at the helicopter deck lifts up to 10 tons.

Figure I.2.1: Icebreaker Kapitan Dranitsyn on NABOS-02 cruise in the northern Laptev Sea.

9

Table I.2.1: The main technical characteristics of I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn Displacement 15000 t (full load) Draft 8.5 m Breadth 26.75 m Length 121 m (waterline), 132.4 m (overall) Height 48.7 m Main engines 6 Wärtsilä-Sulzer 9 ZL40/48 Diesel sets developing 18.5MW (24 200 horse

power) which drive 6 AC generators Propulsion 3 twin DC electric motors, each producing 5400 kW in either direction, turn

the 22m long propeller shafts (one spare shaft is carried) Propellers 3, fixed pitch, 4.3 m diameter with 4 hardened steel blades turn at about 110

to 200 rpm. Spare blades are carried which can be deployed at sea Auxiliary power 5 alternating current generator sets developing 730kW (2200 horse power) Fuel IFO-30 for main diesel sets, MGO for auxiliary generator sets Fuel storage 2800 ton IFO-30 and 600 ton MGO Hull thickness 45 mm where hull meets ice (the ice skirt) and 22-35 mm elsewhere Speed Full: 19 knot (35.2 km/h) with 6 engines; cruising speed: 16 knot (30 km/h)

in calm open water; ice 1.5 m thick may be broken at 1 knot (1.8 km/h), 3 m has been broken by repeated ramming.

Ice class KM*LL3 A2 Operating range 10 500 nautical miles (19 500 km) at 16 knot (30 km/h) Anchors 2 weighing 6 tons each, with 300 m chains, and one spare Crew and passengers 60 and 102

Table I.2.2: Fuel consumption of I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn. (Data provided by Murmansk Shipping Company)

Consumption for main diesel sets (IFO-30) Additional consumption (IFO-30)

Number of Diesels

Fuel Consumption (tons/day) Air Temperature (oC)

Fuel Consumption (tons/day)

1 15.6 +15 2.5 2 31.2 +5 3.5 3 46.8 -10 5.0 4 62.4 -30 6.0 5 78.0 Site Consumption Consumption Rate MGO/IFO 6 93.6 4 ton/day 1/25

A LEBUS double-drum electric oceanographic winch (Figure I.2.2) manufactured by LEBUS Engineering International Ltd., England was additionally deployed on the helicopter deck of the icebreaker in September 2003 in order to operate the CTD profiler, biological nets, and trawl, and to deploy/recover the moorings. Winch electric motor power is 7.3 KW. Each drum capacity is 3500 m of 0.3-inch cable. The left drum is used only for mooring recovery. The right drum with spooling mechanism contains a 3000 m long mechanical cable to carry the CTD probe, nets, and trawl. A HAWBOLDT C15-40 horizontal capstan manufactured by HAWBOLDT Industries (1989) Ltd., Canada, was placed near the LEBUS winch in September 2004 (Figures I.2.3 and I.2.4). The capstan is equipped with an 11.2 KW two-speed Toshiba electric motor and is used for mooring deployment/recovery. The horizontal drum diameter is 40”.

10

Figure I.2.2: LEBUS double-drum oceanographic winch on the helicopter deck.

Figure I.2.3: HAWBOLDT C15-40 horizontal capstan on the helicopter deck.

Figure I.2.4: CTD/Rosette winch and mooring capstan site position on Deck 4 are shown by red rectangles.

11

I.3. CRUISE TRACK (V. Alexeev, IARC)

The icebreaker Kapitan Dranitsyn left Kirkenes, Norway, on August 15, 2009, after the equipment had been loaded and mounted and the expedition team had embarked. The research area included the Eurasian continental margin from Spitsbergen to the East Siberian Sea (Figure I.3.1).

Figure I.3.1: NABOS 2009 cruise map

The operation area partly overlapped the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone (REEZ). By the beginning of the cruise, permission for work within the REEZ had been granted. The work started at the MSams mooring site outside the REEZ (Figure I.3.2). On August 18 the vessel arrived at the MSams location and the mooring was successfully deployed. Mooring M4 was deployed on the same day. The operations continued with the Spitsbergen transect. After two stations an attempt was made to recover mooring M7. Because of the very heavy ice conditions the icebreaker could not create a hole big enough to allow us to extract M7, so we decided to wait until the next morning and continued doing the transect. The next morning another attemot was made to recover M7. After some space in the ice was created the command to open the releases was sent. However, the mooring did not pop up and after three more triangulation attempts the decision was made to abandon the recovery. The general opinion was that the operation had failed due to very heavy ice conditions and strong currents in the area. The rest of transect A was accomplished on August 19. Operations at transect B started in the evening of August 21 and finished the next day with deployment of mooring M11. The operations went on to transect C, which started in the evening of August 22 with CTD casts. This transect was finished the next day together with the deployment of mooring M_M_St._Anna. Deployment of the mooring north of Severnaya Zemplya depended on recovering a set of releases from M7. Since M7 had not been recovered and releases were not available, the operations moved on with transect D near the Novosibiskie Islands. This operation began on August 25 in the evening. Two moorings at this transect (M8 and M3) did not respond (again, as last year) to acoustic signals and were abandoned. The easternmost part of transect D was completed late in the evening of August 26. The remaining part of transect D in the middle of the Laptev Sea began on August 27 with CTD casts. On August 28 an attempt was made to recover M1F (?). The releases responded and the triangulations were done. The command to open the releases was sent, but the mooring did not come out of the water. Further analysis of the situation showed that the mooring stayed attached to the bottom with both releases in “open” position. A possible suggested reason was that the releases got tangled with the nilspin cable or the chain. The decision was made to make another attempt next

12

year using different technology. The condition of mooring M1G was tested. The releases reported that they are in good condition. Transect E was completed on August 29. One ice-tethered profiler (ITP) buoy was deployed on the northern part of transect E outside the REEZ and another ITP buoy was deployed during the transit to transect F. Transect F began on August 30 and was completed on August 31. The decision was then made to conduct 5 CTD stations on transect G, according to the Russian permission. Transect G began on September 1 and was finished the same day. The decision was made to conduct another transect in the northern part of St. Anna Trough according to the Russian permission. Transect H began on September 2 and was completed on September 3 in the evening. After completing transect H, IB Kapitan Dranitsyn departed for Kirkenes to stay within the cruise schedule.

Figure I.3.2. CTD sections and mooring sites in the Laptev and East-Siberian seas during the NABOS-09 cruise. Black circles represent CTD stations; red circles denote mooring positions. The red solid line represents the position of the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone. Yellow letters indicate the oceanographic cross-slope sections.

Figure I.3.3. CTD section and mooring site north of the Barents Sea during the NABOS-09 cruise. Black circles represent CTD stations; red circles denote mooring positions. The red solid line represents the position of the Russian Exclusive Economic Zone. Yellow letters indicate the oceanographic cross-slope sections.

13

I.4. SCIENTIFIC PARTY (V.Alexeev, IARC)

# Name Position Affiliation Team Country 1 Alexeev, Vladimir Chief Scientist IARC, UAF Adm USA 2 Alexeeva, Tatiana Team Leader AARI Ice Russia 3 Belcheva, Nina Scientist POI Che Russia 4 Beliveau, Ian Mooring Tech Oceanetic Tec Canada 5 Bieniek, Peter PhD student GI, UAF Met USA 6 Birke, Ewig PhD student IFM-Geomar Hyd Germany 7 Bouchard, Caroline PhD student LU Bio Canada 8 Chechin, Dmitriy PhD student IAP RAS Met Russia

9 Chernyavskaya, Ekaterina PhD student AARI Hyd Russia

10 Dmitrenko, Igor Scientist IFM-Geomar Hyd Germany 11 Folomeev, Oleg Scientist AARI Ice Russia 12 Ilina, Anastasia Ph.D Student AARI Hyd Russia 13 Ivanov, Vladimir Co-Chief Sci. IARC Hyd USA 14 Keen, Peter Technician Oceanetic Tec New Zealand 15 Kemp, John Technician WHOI Tec USA 16 Kirillov, Sergey Co-chief scientist AARI Hyd Russia 17 Lalande, Catherine Team leader LU Bio Canada 18 Legatt, Rebecca Student IARC Hyd USA 19 Makhotin, Mikhail Scientist AARI Hyd Russia 20 Makkaveev, Petr Team leader IO RAS Che Russia 21 Meldrum, David Mooring Tech NOCS Tec UK 22 Nikulina, Anna Scientist AARI Che Russia 23 Pietro, Jeff Mooring Tech WHOI Tec USA 24 Pipko, Irina Team leader POI RAS Che Russia 25 Pnyushkov, Andrey Scientist IARC, UAF Hyd USA 26 Pugach, Svetlana Scientist POI RAS Che Russia

27 Rember, Rob Chief Mooring Tech IARC, UAF Tec USA

28 Repina, Irina Team leader IAP RAS Met Russia 29 Smirnov, Alexander Scientist IAP RAS Met Russia 30 Syromyatina, Margarita Adm. assistant SPb SU Adm Russia 31 Vinogradova, Elena Scientist IO RAS Che Russia 32 Waddington, Ian Mooring Tech NOCS Tec UK

14

I.5. METEOROLOGICAL/ICE CONDITIONS (V.Ivanov, IARC and I.Repina, IFA)

Meteorological conditions during most of the cruise were mild (Figure I.5.1). Mean air temperature along the cruise track was -2.1°C (Table I.5.1), which is typical for the summer season close to the ice edge. Minimum air temperature (-7.3°C) was observed near Cape Arktichesky in an area with high (up to 100%) ice concentration. Wind velocity was moderate (6.0 m/s on average). However, there was a 3-day event (August 28 – September 1) when wind velocity rose over 10 m/s and culminated at 17.9 m/s (Figure I.5.2). This increase of wind speed was caused by passing cyclones, documented by the sea level pressure (SLP) minimum (Figure I.5.1). This was the only episode when meteorological conditions complicated deck operations and contributed to the net being lost.

Figure I.5.1: The time series of the meteorological parameters during the experiment.

15

Figure I.5.2: Winds conditions (time series of wind velocity and direction and distribution of wind direction) during the cruise.

Table I.5.1: Basic atmospheric parameter statistics.

Air temperature,

0С

Relative humidity, %

Air pressure, hPa

Wind velocity, m

s-1

AVG. -2.1 94 1008.1 6.0 Min. -7.3 78 979.2 0.3 Max. 1.9 98 1026,8 17.9

16

I.6. OBSERVATIONS The NABOS-09 program included routine CTD observations, water sampling, recovery and deployment of oceanographic moorings, and hydrochemical, geochemical, ice, and meteorological observations. The operational map of the NABOS-09 I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn cruise is shown in Figure I.3.1; measurements made during the cruise are listed in Table I.6.1.

Table I.6.1: Observations during the NABOS-09 cruise of the I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn

Station # Date dd/mm

Time GMT Lat Lon Depth

m CTD Rosette Moor. Dep.

Moor Rec. Net ITP

KD0109 18.08 05.19 81˚ 27.760’ 30˚ 58.050’ 536 X KD0209 18.08 08.27 81˚ 33.617’ 30˚ 42.425’ 1164 X KD0309 18.08 20.26 81˚ 40.250’ 31˚ 18.417’ >1 km X X KD0409 19.08 01.50 81˚ 46.253’ 31˚ 01.758’ >1 km X X F KD0509 19.08 13.56 81˚ 36.440’ 30˚ 56.747’ >1 km X X KD0609 19.08 16.13 81˚ 32.998’ 30˚ 52.334’ 950 X KD0709 19.08 18.20 81˚ 26.465’ 30˚ 45.881’ 500 X X KD0809 19.08 20.02 81˚ 23.019’ 31˚ 00.345’ 300 X X KD0909 19.08 21.06 81˚ 19.846’ 31˚ 00.358’ 400 X X KD1009 21.08 04.18 82˚ 09.934’ 60˚ 01.903’ 220 X X KD1109 21.08 06.55 82˚ 15.334’ 60˚ 05.374’ 240 X X KD1209 21.08 08.00 82˚ 20.040’ 59˚ 59.540’ 350 X X KD1309 21.08 09.15 82˚ 25.040’ 59˚ 59.010’ 270 X X KD1409 21.08 10.17 82˚ 29.880’ 60˚ 00.250’ 340 X X KD1509 21.08 12.48 82˚ 45.417’ 60˚ 00.775’ 750 X X KD1609 21.08 16.06 82˚ 55.868’ 59˚ 56.664’ 1100 X X KD1709 21.08 20.00 83˚ 10.421’ 60˚ 00.685’ >1 km X X KD1809 21.08 23.42 83˚ 04.202’ 59˚ 48.393’ 2730 X KD1909 22.08 04.25 83˚ 04.256’ 59˚ 53.580’ >1 km X KD2009 22.08 19.22 81˚ 00.277’ 66˚ 41.697’ 500 X X X KD2109 22.08 21.13 80˚ 59.974’ 67˚ 01.272’ 500 X X X KD2209 22.08 23.19 81˚ 00.142’ 67˚ 31.152’ 500 X X X KD2309 23.08 01.21 81˚ 00.409’ 68˚ 00.363’ 580 X X KD2409 23.08 03.35 81˚ 00.598’ 69˚ 24.680’ 550 X X KD2509 23.08 05.26 80˚ 59.925’ 70˚ 49.889’ 610 X X X KD2609 23.08 07.50 80˚ 59.970’ 72˚ 19.099’ 590 X X X KD2709 23.08 09.40 81˚ 00.030’ 73˚ 00.310’ 545 X X X X KD2809 23.08 14.45 81˚ 00.703’ 73˚ 45.614’ 375 X X KD2909 23.08 16.18 81˚ 00.744’ 74˚ 12.707’ 165 X X X KD3009 25.08 17.53 81˚ 05.267’ 137˚ 22.139’ >1 km X X X KD3109 25.08 20.57 80˚ 56.147’ 137˚ 55.888’ >1 km X X X KD3209 26.08 01.49 80˚ 46.906’ 138˚ 42.606’ >1 km X X KD3309 26.08 04.51 80˚ 34.536’ 139˚ 40.037’ >1 km X X KD3409 26.08 08.03 80˚ 21.817’ 140˚ 35.893’ >1 km X X

17

KD3509 26.08 10.57 80˚ 08.462’ 141˚ 28.717’ >1 km X X X KD3609 26.08 15.12 79˚ 56.163’ 142˚ 17.981’ >1 km X X KD3709 26.08 17.25 79˚ 49.960’ 142˚ 44.674’ >1 km X X KD3809 26.08 20.03 79˚ 44.160’ 143˚ 14.148’ >1 km X X KD3909 26.08 22.01 79˚ 37.743’ 143˚ 37.797’ 400 X X KD4009 26.08 23.26 79˚ 31.675’ 144˚ 04.243’ 280 X X KD4109 27.08 18.55 76˚ 51.919’ 125˚ 49.823’ 75 X X X KD4209 27.08 20.40 77˚ 04.090’ 125˚ 48.675’ 200 X X X KD4309 27.08 21.49 77˚ 06.125’ 125˚ 51.903’ 500 X X X KD4409 27.08 23.18 77˚ 09.850’ 125˚ 46.971’ >1 km X X X KD4509 28.08 01.43 77˚ 22.461’ 125˚ 50.189’ >1 km X X X KD4609 28.08 04.27 77˚ 37.247’ 125˚ 50.034’ >1 km X X X KD4709 28.08 07.20 77˚ 53.958’ 125˚ 50.422’ >1 km X X X KD4809 28.08 10.08 78˚ 10.449’ 125˚ 50.661’ >1 km X X X KD4909 28.08 19.34 78˚ 29.573’ 125˚ 45.293’ >1 km X X F KD5009 28.08 21.35 78˚ 40.503’ 125˚ 52.008’ >1 km X X X KD5109 29.08 00.51 78˚ 57.293’ 125˚ 50.758’ >1 km X X KD5209 29.08 03.58 79˚ 12.397’ 125˚ 49.336’ >1 km X X X KD5309 29.08 08.45 79˚ 29.173’ 125˚ 46.716’ >1 km X X KD5409 29.08 11.15 79˚ 46.214’ 125˚ 49.588’ >1 km X X X KD5509 29.08 14.22 80˚ 01.359’ 125˚ 48.425’ >1 km X X X KD5609 29.08 17.37 80˚ 16.197’ 125˚ 48.455’ >1 km X X KD5709 X KD5809 30.08 17.30 82˚ 01.095’ 108˚ 29.700’ >1 km X X KD5909 30.08 20.01 81˚ 51.698’ 107˚ 39.457’ >1 km X X X KD6009 30.08 23.02 81˚ 42.325’ 106˚ 51.930’ >1 km X X KD6109 31.08 02.10 81˚ 29.227’ 105˚ 45.614’ >1 km X X KD6209 31.08 05.00 81˚ 15.750’ 104˚ 49.286’ >1 km X X KD6309 31.08 07.37 81˚ 02.036’ 103˚ 55.611’ >1 km X X KD6409 31.08 10.32 80˚ 49.146’ 103˚ 04.026’ 1900 X X KD6509 31.08 12.56 80˚ 41.698’ 102˚ 35.089’ 300 X X KD6609 31.08 14.44 80˚ 34.722’ 102˚ 12.593’ 300 X X KD6709 31.08 16.50 80˚ 25.372’ 101˚ 50.143’ 250 X X KD6809 01.09 03.43 81˚ 28.932’ 97˚ 02.262’ 215 X X KD6909 01.09 06.24 81˚ 45.459’ 97˚ 46.281’ >1 km X X KD7009 01.09 09.09 81˚ 59.761’ 98˚ 30.982’ >1 km X X KD7109 01.09 12.44 82˚ 14.405’ 99˚ 10.911’ >1 km X X KD7209 01.09 15.42 82˚ 24.995’ 99˚ 43.587’ >1 km X X KD7309 01.09 21.43 82˚ 08.071’ 98˚ 55.551’ >1 km X KD7409 02.09 18.00 81˚ 30.149’ 76˚ 29.118’ >1 km X X KD7509 02.09 19.15 81˚ 40.260’ 76˚ 19.702’ 210 X X KD7609 02.09 22.49 82˚ 00.559’ 76˚ 03.857’ 640 X X

18

KD7709 03.09 00.47 82˚ 00.081’ 75˚ 00.183’ 570 X X KD7809 03.09 02.26 82˚ 00.055’ 73˚ 58.916’ 635 X X KD7909 03.09 04.06 82˚ 00.127’ 72˚ 58.907’ 680 X X KD8009 03.09 05.28 82˚ 00.037’ 71˚ 59.643’ 700 X X KD8109 03.09 07.10 82˚ 00.259’ 70˚ 59.910’ 685 X X KD8209 03.09 08.54 82˚ 00.033’ 69˚ 58.437’ 666 X X KD8309 03.09 10.47 82˚ 00.568’ 68˚ 59.501’ 680 X X KD8409 03.09 12.35 82˚ 00.136’ 67˚ 58.074’ 550 X X KD8509 03.09 14.19 82˚ 00.065’ 67˚ 02.132’ 605 X X KD8609 03.09 15.58 81˚ 57.381’ 66˚ 29.618’ 590 X X KD8709 03.09 17.16 81˚ 55.046’ 65˚ 57.909’ 600 X X KD8809 03.09 18.36 81˚ 53.119’ 65˚ 28.793’ 450 X X KD8909 03.09 19.54 81˚ 50.160’ 65˚ 00.301’ 365 X X

F = failed

I.6.1. SEA-ICE OBSERVATIONS (T. Alexeeva, AARI)

Visual ice observations: Regular sea-ice observations started on August 17, when I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn met the first ice floes east of Svalbard, and were finished on September 02 in the north Kara Sea. Ice zones with homogeneous characteristics were observed daily. Regionally, observations were divided into two subareas. The first is called “in the region” (within the range of horizontal visibility and radar screen area) and the second is called “on the route” (within the zone of three vessel widths on each side). The sea-ice pattern in these two areas is characterized by the following ice-cover parameters: ice concentration (total and partial for all stages of development); stages of development and forms (according to stages or predominance); ridge concentrations; average and maximal hummock heights; predominant ice thickness (en route only); predominant snow height (en route only); surface contamination concentration; ice pressure; percentage of rafted ice (for new and young ice); existence and orientation of openings (leads, cracks) in the ice cover and their average width; meteorological parameters like visibility, snow, fog, and icebergs (height, width, coordinates); polar bears and their footsteps; and seals. For a visual definition of en-route ice thickness, a 2-meter stick attached to a board was used (Figure I.6.1.1). Regular shipborne radar was used to estimate configuration of ice zones within the area of navigation.

19

Figure I.6.1.1. Photos of the ice stick and of the regular ship’s radar image.

At the same time, sea-ice thickness was fixed by a special TV complex. The TV camera was installed on the outside deck near the captain’s bridge and acquired one image every second. All images were processed to select those in which ice floes are overturned in parallel with the camera lens (as in the left photo in Figure I.6.1.1). As a result, about 10 thousand images were selected for the following determination of the sea-ice thickness along the ship’s track.

Satellite information. Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images (Figure I.6.1.2, Table I.6.1.1) were used to determine current ice conditions and to choose the easiest path to the research area in the Kara and Laptev seas. Six ice charts were obtained via e-mail from the AARI for 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 31 August. The resolution of the images is 1000 m. In addition, three weather forecasts for 3-4 days in advance and two wave forecasts were obtained from the AARI.

Figure I.6.1.2. Plan of the oceanographic stations and mooring recoveries/deployments in the Laptev Sea superimposed on satellite images. Ice images, which overlap on the transects, are presented for the date of work on each transect.

20

Table I.6.1.1. Ice conditions along the NABOS-09 cruise track: MY = multi-year ice, FI = fast ice

Transect A (DATE: 18-19.08.2009, KD01-KD07, M4, M7). Total ice concentration was 95% (20% MY ICE,

75% FY ICE). Average ice thickness: MY 120-180 cm, FY 70-120 cm. Leads: ~ 20-25 m width; Ridges concentration: 20-25%

Transect B (DATE: 21-22.08.2009, KD08-KD16, M11) Total ice concentration: 95% (5-15% MY ICE, 75-85% FY ICE, 5% NEW ICE)

Average ice thickness: MY 120-180 cm, FY 80-100 cm Leads: ~ 100-200 m width; Ridges concentration: 10%

21

Transect C (DATE: 22-23.08.2009, KD17-KD28)

Total ice concentration: 0-10%

Transect D (DATE: 26.08.2009, KD29-KD36) Total ice concentration: 90% (50-60% MY ICE, 30-40% FY ICE)

Average ice thickness: MY 120-180 cm, FY 70-90 cm Leads: ~ 40-60 m width; Ridges concentration: 10%

22

Transect E (DATE: 27-29.08.2009, KD37-KD52) Total ice concentration: 50% (20-25% MY ICE, 20-25% FY ICE, 5% NEW ICE)

Average ice thickness: MY 120-140 cm, FY 60-80 cm Ridges concentration: 15-20%

Transect F (DATE: 30-31.08.2009, KD53-KD62)

Total ice concentration: 95% (20% MY ICE, 75% FY ICE) Average ice thickness: MY 120-140 cm, FY 30-70 cm

Leads: ~ 50-200 m width; Ridges concentration: 10-15%

23

Transect G (DATE: 01.09.2009, KD63-KD68)

Total ice concentration: 95% (5-15% MY ICE, 75-90% FY ICE, 0-5% NEW ICE) Average ice thickness: MY 120-140 cm, FY 70-90 cm Leads: ~ 20-50 m width; Ridges concentration: 5-10%

Transect H (DATE: 02-03.09.2009, KD69-KD82)

Total ice concentration: 95% (0-5% MY ICE, 70-85% FY ICE, 10-20% NEW ICE) Average ice thickness: MY 100-140 cm, FY 40-80 cm Leads: ~ 20-50 m width; Ridges concentration: 10%

24

I.6.2. OBSERVATIONS OF AIR-ICE INTERACTIONS (I.Repina, IAF)

I.6.2.1. Introduction The following objectives defined the design of our experiments and the choice of instrumentation.

1. To analyze energy exchange between atmosphere and surface using measurements of turbulent fluxes (latent and sensible heat fluxes, momentum fluxes, carbon dioxide fluxes) in the subsurface layer of the atmosphere.

2. To define the exchange coefficients in the aerodynamic bulk formulas and the surface roughness parameter with respect to the surface type and meteorological conditions.

A suite of observations was carried out during the cruise:

Direct measurements of temperature, horizontal and vertical components of wind speed and humidity, carbon dioxide, and water vapor concentration above ice surfaces under various conditions. The data were used for calculating turbulent fluxes, as well as the surface roughness parameter and atmospheric stability. The measurements were carried out when the ship was moving.

Measurement of sea surface temperature in the infrared (IR) range. Standard meteorological measurements.

I.6.2.2. Instruments To carry out the measurements described above, the following equipment was used:

• A USA-1 Sonic thermo-anemometer (METEK Co.) that measures fluctuations of three components of wind speed and temperature fluctuations at a frequency of 10-50 Hz. • A WINDSONIC I Sonic anemometer (GILL Co.) that measures fluctuations of two components of wind speed at a frequency of 5 Hz. • A YSI MODEL 30M unit for CTD measurements in the sea surface layer. • A HEITRONICS KT19 II-Series IR radiometer to measure skin temperatures of the sea surface. • Gradient Automatic Weather Stations AWS2700 (wind speed, gust, and direction, air

temperature, relative humidity, and air pressure on two levels). • A inclinometer and three axis accelerometers and rate gyros to measure the ship’s motions in

three dimensions. • A GARMIN GPS 17-HVS navigator to measure the ship’s position. • An LI-7500 open-path IR gas analyzer (LICOR Co.), measuring H2O and CO2 at a frequency of

10-20 Hz. • A video camera (web cam) visualizing to the sea surface conditions visual control. The images

were recorded by a laptop computer for subsequent analysis.

The locations of sensors are shown in Figure I.6.2.1 and listed in Table I.6.2.1. When the ship was moving, the turbulence equipment was installed on the bow using a meter boom to optimally reduce the dynamical and thermal ship body effects; measurements were made at a height of 15m. Signals from the turbulence and motion sensors were sent to a PC-based data acquisition system including Labview (National Instruments). The system sampled all of the data at 10 Hz and, after filtering out high-frequency noises and low-frequency trends, ship motion correction was applied to the wind velocity data. The temperature signal is well calibrated and sound virtual temperature effects can be correctedlater. After these correction procedures, 10-minute eddy fluxes and statistics, as well as row turbulence data, were obtained in real-time and filed.

25

Figure I.6.2.1: Turbulent devices installed on the ship. Table I.6.2.1: Instruments installed on the Kapitan Dranitsyn for the NABOS 2005 cruise.

Instrument Location Weather station At the top of the 15m foremast and on the bow IR radiometer On the bow with a 30° to a surface Sonic anemometer USA-1 At the top of the 15m foremast Web-camera On the bow Wind sonic On the deck above bridge GPS Antenna on front face of the deck above the bridge

The sonic anemometer was located at a height of 15m with a high-speed Licor 7500 infrared gas analyzer (water moisture and carbon dioxide measurements). Standard eddy covariance techniques were applied to calculate the turbulent fluxes [Edson et al., 1998]. Additional micrometeorological measurements were necessary to 1) monitor the turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat during the NABOS campaign and 2) to compare these direct measurements with calculated results from simple flux-gradient parameterizations [Foken, 1984]. The technique of skin temperature calibration and calculation from microwave measurements was taken from Cherny and Raizer [1998]

I.6.2.3. Results The onboard measurements were carried out on all icebreaker routes from August 19 to September 2. Based on the measurement data the fluxes of sensible and latent heat, CO2, momentum, and the surface roughness parameter were calculated. During measurements, weakly stable, weakly unstable, and neutral stratification was observed. The observations of sensible and latent heat fluxes and frictional velocity during all measurement periods above different types of ice are presented in Figure I.6.2.2. When the icebreaker was moving through ice, the air temperature was close to the ice surface temperature; where the ice cover was open, exposing sea water, an intensive energy exchange was observed. The positive heat fluxes (from the ocean to the atmosphere) were observed above leads and small clearing zones, but negative fluxes were measured above the perennial ice. The greatest flux variability was noted in the Laptev Sea. Puddles in various stages of freezing were observed in the eastern Laptev Sea at ice concentrations of 0.7-1. In the western Laptev Sea, with air temperatures of -10/-15 0С, the icebreaker crossed a region with a water opening in the ice field that resulted in a variety of turbulent fluxes.

26

Figure I.6.2.2: The behavior of the sensible (H) and latent heat flux (L), frictional velocity (U*) and stability parameter (z/L) for the whole measurement period.

In Figures I.6.2.3 and I.6.2.4 the distributions of sensible and latent heat fluxes in the Laptev Sea compared with the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis are shown. Average fluxes are approximately the same, but observations have higher dispersion values, due to the presence of local leads in the ice in the area of observation.

27

a) b)

Figure I.6.2.3: Sensible heat flux (W m-2) variation in the Laptev Sea from (a) the NCEP reanalysis and (b) observational data, September 22-30, 2009. a) b)

Figure I.6.2.4: Latent heat flux (W m-2) variation in the Laptev sea from (a) the NCEP reanalysis and (b) observational data, September 22-30, 2009.

A comparison of different sensible heat-flux parameterizations with direct measurements indicates that only the use of a hydrodynamic three-layer temperature-profile model achieves enough accuracy for heat flux calculations, as it reliably reproduces the temporal variability of the surface temperature.

Direct measurement of sea surface temperature in ice-covered areas is labor-intensive. The application of contact methods is not always possible, and the presence of heterogeneous surfaces (e.g. a combination of ice floes and openings) leads to large errors. We attempted to restore the surface temperature using remote IR radiometric measurements. In Figure I.6.2.5 the surface temperature and difference between surface and air temperature variations are shown. Breaks in ice cover cause visible surface temperature variations. During August 25-September 2 the ship was crossing the ice fields covered with breaks and leads that caused significant variations of the skin surface temperature.

28

a)

b)

Figure I.6.2.5: Variations of surface temperature during the NABOS cruise. a) The sea-ice surface temperature. b) The difference between surface and air temperature.

Figure I.6.2.6: The behavior of the CO2 flux for the whole measurement period.

Measurements of СО2 fluxes were carried out both along the route of the icebreaker, and at

oceanographic stations. Most parts of the Arctic Ocean absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere (Figure I.6.2.6). The flux above ice is negative (from atmosphere to ice) and is close to 0. The results of direct CO2 flux measurements also confirm the influence of puddles on gas exchange in the Arctic region[Semiletov et al., 2004]. The puddles absorb carbonic gas from the atmosphere, as opposed to solid ice, which retards the gas exchange between ocean and atmosphere.

29

Figure I.6.2.7: (Left) Raw spectra of the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical wind components and the sonic temperature; (Right) cospectra of the downwind and crosswind spectra and cospectra of the sonic temperature flux.

Figure I.6.2.8: Raw cospectra of H2O (upper panel) and CO2 (bottom panel) fluxes. August 22, U=3.5 m s-1, Ta = -1.30C, U*=0.15 m s-1, Hs= -3.24 W m2.

Typical raw spectra of the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical wind components and the sonic temperature measured during August 23 are shown in Figure I.6.2.7 (left). Results show that the turbulent spectral curves have a wide inertial subrange, which obeys the Kolmogorov power law with slope close to -2/3 at high frequencies. Typical cospectra of the downwind and crosswind spectra and cospectra of the sonic temperature flux are shown in Figure I.6.2.7 (right). Turbulent fluxes and appropriate variances at each level are based on one-hour averaging, and were derived through frequency integration of the cospectra and spectra. Typical raw cospectra of the H2O (upper panel) and CO2 (bottom panel) fluxes are shown in Figure I.6.2.8. Turbulent fluxes are based on one-hour averaging and were derived through frequency integration of the appropriate cospectra. H2O flux is upward and CO2 flux is downward.

30

I.6.3. OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS

I.6.3.1. CTD measurements

I.6.3.1.1. Methods (S.Kirillov, AARI; V.Ivanov, IARC)

The locations of CTD stations that form several cross-sections are shown in Figures I.3.2 and I.3.3. A total of 85 CTD casts were made during the NABOS 2009 cruise. Location and time of sampling for the CTD casts are listed in Table I.6.1 and in the Appendix. All oceanographic stations were carried out at six cross-slope sections sequentially distributed along the Eurasian continental slope from the northeast of Svalbard to the East Siberian shelf and at two sections across the St. Anna Trough in the Kara Sea (Figures I.3.2 and I.3.3). Cross-section A (stations KD0109-KD0909) crossing the continental slope northeast of Svalbard was carried out at the beginning of the cruise, August 18-19. Two moorings, M4d and Msams, were deployed at this section (stations KD0109 and KD0209, respectively). One mooring (M7a) was lost during the recovery operation due to the heavy ice conditions. Cross-section B (August 21-22, stations KD1009-KD1909) crosses the continental slope north of Franz Josef Land. One mooring (M11a) was successfully deployed (station KD1809) at this section. Cross-section D (August 25-26, stations KD3009-KD4009) crosses the eastern Laptev Sea continental slope north of Novosibirskiye Islands. Cross-section E (August 27-29, stations KD4109-KD5609) crosses the REEZ from the Laptev Sea continental slope margin to the Arctic Ocean deep interior. The M1F mooring, deployed in 2007 near the position of station VB0807, was not recovered due to a problem with releases. Section F (August 30-31, stations KD5809-KD6709) crosses the northwestern Laptev Sea continental slope at the traverse of the Severnaya Zemlya Islands and Section G (September 1st, stations KD6809-KD7309) was carried out across the continental slope north of Cape Arctichesky. Cross-sections C and H (August 22-23, stations KD1909-KD2909, and September 2-3, stations KD7409-KD8909, respectively) cross the St. Anna Trough in the northern Kara Sea. One mooring (A1a) was deployed at the position of station KD2709.

I.6.3.1.2 Equipment

Continuous CTD profiles were made using a Seabird Profiler SBE19plus. This system continuously measures conductivity, temperature, and pressure at 0.20m intervals (assuming a 4Hz sample rate and a descent rate of ~80 cm/s) in the vertical. The Seabird is calibrated annually. The technical description of sensors, according to the specifications of Seabird Electronics, Inc., is presented in Table I.6.3.1. The full information can be downloaded from http://www.seabird.com/products/spec_sheets/19plusdata.htm.

Table I.6.3.1: Seabird Profiler SBE19plus technical information.

Sensors Range Accuracy Typical stability (per month) Resolution

Conductivity (S/m) 0-9 0.0005 0.0003 0.00005 (most oceanic waters) 0.00007 (high salinity waters)

0.00001 (fresh waters) Temperature (°C) -5 to +35 0.005 0.0002 0.0001

Pressure 3500 m 0.1% of full scale range

0.004% of full scale range 0.002% of full scale range

Oxygen 120% of Surface

Saturation 2% Sat 2%

Fluorometer

31

I.6.3.1.3 Preliminary results (V. Ivanov, IARC; S. Kirillov, AARI)

The spatial variations of water temperature and salinity along sections A, B, G, F, E, and D crossing the continental slope are presented in Figures I.6.3.1 and I.6.3.2. The vertical thermohaline structure at every cast has common arctic features that consist of a low-salinity surface mixed layer, halocline, and intermediate warm salty Atlantic Water (AW).

The warmest intermediate waters were found at the most western transect A located at the Barents Sea continental slope northeast of Svalbard (Figure I.6.3.1). AW core temperatures of up to 3.70°C were measured at ~88 m depth in this area. The heat loss due to lateral and vertical mixing leads to gradual deepening of the AW layer along the Eurasian continental slope. North of Franz Josef Land (Section B, 450 km east of Svalbard) the AW core was traced at 221 m depth with the highest temperature of 2.49°C. Near Cape Arktichesky (Sections G and F) the AW core was found at 219 and 242 m, with water temperatures that decreased to 2.32°C and 2.00°C, respectively. Further to the east the AW cooled more gradually, reaching 1.93°C in the central Laptev Sea at 252 m and 1.78°C north of the New Siberian Islands at 255 m depth.

At sequential sections A through G, the AW layer gradually freshens. The salt was lost by the intermediate waters due to mixing processes and exchange with less-saline surrounding waters. The total salinity decrease in the AW core between sections A and D equals 0.08 psu (from 35.00 to 34.92, Figure I.6.3.2). At all sections, the salinity maximum is ~150 m deeper than the temperature maximum.

Figure I.6.3.1: Vertical distribution of temperature (°C) at the sequential cross-slope sections along the Eurasian Arctic continental slope.

32

The thickness of the AW layer traced by the 0°C isotherm remained almost constant from downstream of the northern Barents Sea to the northern central Laptev Sea. The typical thickness over this path was in the range of 700 to 800 m (Figure I.6.3.1) and the lower boundary of the AW layer was ~800-900 m. In the eastern Laptev Sea the AW layer was thicker and the zero-isotherm was not reached even at the deepest cast in section D. Strong seasonality in the AW core temperature complicates analysis of snap-shot transect measurements north of the Barents Sea (section A). The temperature maximum in August 2009 (3.70°C) was ~1.2°C lower than that at the end of October 2008 (4.90°C). However, long-term mooring measurements in Fram Strait [Polyakov et al., submitted] indicate that the temperature minimum there was reached in 2008, while in 2009 a partial recovery to warmer conditions had occurred. As follows from Table I.6.3.2, AW in the Laptev Sea (sections F and E) is colder in 2009 than it was one year before. This fact fits well with the concept that the warm pulse of Atlantic-origin water has passed its peak and the eastern Nansen Basin is recently in transition towards a cooler state [Polyakov et al., submitted]. The measured temperature increase in the East Siberian Sea is less obvious, possibly because the higher temperatures captured at Section D represent the ‘tail’ of a warm anomaly which has already passed the central Laptev Sea (section E). However, this explanation does not match the out-of-phase temperature changes seen at sections E and D from 2006 onwards. Another fact which requires attention is the interannual oscillations of temperature contrast between sections E and D. Taken together, these facts point to the highly variable nature of the local processes controlling AW transformation and amending its pattern, which might be expected in the case of steady cooling-freshening in the boundary current.

Figure I.6.3.2: Vertical distribution of salinity at the sequential cross-slope sections along the Eurasian Arctic continental slope.

33

An interaction between the AW (Fram Strait Branch Water, FSBW) and cold, fresh waters originated/modified in the Barents/Kara seas was captured on transects B and G. At section B a tongue of dense (cold and relatively fresh) water from the nearby shelf intrudes into the FSBW down to a depth of 300m. Low (near freezing point) temperature in the dense water core points to its probable origin in winter polynyas to the north of Franz Joseph Land [Ivanov et al., 2004]. A remnant of this water, modified due to mixing with FSBW, could be identified at the slope down to the depth of ~750m by its salinity of less than 34.90 psu and temperature of less than 1°C. Down-slope cascading of dense water causes compensating on-slope upwelling of FSBW. Rising warm water facilitates heat exchange with the surface mixed layer, making cascading-affected slopes favorable regions for enhanced heat loss from the ocean.

Figure I.6.3.3: Vertical distribution of temperature and salinity at two sections across St.Anna Trough in

the northern Kara Sea. A generally-similar pattern of temperature and salinity distribution, representing shelf-basin interaction, was observed at section G. However, in this case, the origin of the shallow water mass is different than that at section B. Cold and freshened water over the shelf area at section G is the Barents Sea Branch of Atlantic Water (BSBW). Contrary to the FSBW, the BSBW passes through the shallow Barents Sea (maximum depth about 300 m) before entering the Nansen Basin through St. Anna Trough. In winter, intensive sea-to-air heat loss induces thermal convection, which reaches the seabed on shallow banks and cools BSBW to a negative temperature. At transect G BSBW occupies the entire shelf down to a depth of more than 200m. Intensive mixing with FSBW at similar density levels causes intensive interleaving

34

(stations KD69 and KD70). After exiting St. Anna Trough, a denser fraction of BSBW descends deeper than the FSBW warm core. Further downstream, shallow and deep portions of BSBW merge, pushing the FSBW off-slope and producing a stripe of cold (with temperature below zero) and freshened water at the slope (see section F).

Table I.6.3.2: Changes in maximum AW core temperature at different sections since 2002 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 AW core temperature, ˚C

Section F - - - 2.04 2.52 - 2.41* 2.00 Section E 1.42 1.33** 1.78 1.79 1.96 2.10 2.25 1.93 Section D - 1.10 1.42 1.51 1.99 1.86 1.61 1.78 * data from “Akademic Fedorov” ** the AW core is unresolved spatially

Detailed structure of two AW branches was documented in the mouth of St. Anna Trough (Figure I.6.3.3). Two zonal sections were carried out across the St. Anna Trough in the northern Kara Sea at 82°N (Section H) and 81°N (Section C) as a part of the Russian partner’s research program “Arktica”. These sections demonstrate initial interaction of FSBW and BSBW in the narrow St. Anna channel. The FSBW enters St.Anna Trough from the north along the western flank, and then returns back to the Nansen Basin to the east of the channel axis. Existence of a semi-circular trajectory is confirmed by a two-core structure of FSBW at both zonal sections. On its motion around the channel the temperature in the FSBW core drops from 2.54°C (at 82°N) to 2.20°C (at 81°N). However, the temperature maximum in the eastern core of FSBW at 82°N (2.74°C) is higher than the maximum temperature in the western core. One possible reason for this could be propagation of seasonal and intearannual variations in FSBW from Fram Strait downstream. The BSBW in St. Anna Trough is distinguished by the stripe of cold (~ -0.5/-1.0°C) and relatively fresh (~34.81/34.86 psu) water in the eastern part. At section C this water occupies the entire water column from the surface to the bottom. In the eastern part of section H it is split into two fragments by the zone of intensive interaction between FSBW and BSBW. The bottom layer in the eastern part of St. Anna Trough is filled with cold and relatively salty water (salinity is greater than 34.90 psu). The densest component of this water is likely to originate in winter over shallow banks west off Novaya Zemlya [Ivanov et al., 2004]. On its descent from the shallows, dense water entrains BSBW, warms, and freshens. Nevertheless, it is retains its characteristic temperature and salinity signatures. According to Rudels et al. [2000] this densest fraction of the BSBW outflow through St. Anna Trough may contribute to the ventilation of deep waters in the Nansen Basin. I.6.3.2. Moorings observations

I.6.3.2.1. Introduction (R. Rember and I. Polyakov, IARC)

The primary goal of the mooring observations was to observe the temporal of the water circulation and water mass transformations on the Eurasian continental slope. Primary objectives included quantifying the structure and temporal variability of the main water masses and obtaining detailed information about the AW layer dynamics and seasonal variations. A summary of the 2009 NABOS mooring operations is presented in Table I.6.3.3.

35

Table I.6.3.3: Summary of the status of moorings in the NABOS 2009

Mooring No.

Deployment/Recovery Lat./Long. Depth Instruments Status

M1 (F) Recover 78 29.588 N 125 49.092 E 2730m 2 x SBE 37

1 x MMP Left in water, failed to release

M1 (G) Interrogate 78 25.735 N 125 28.527 E 2692m

7 x SBE 37 3 x ADCP 1 x BPR

Remains on deployment

M3 (D) Recover 79 56.109 N 142 19.317 E 1350m

1 x SBE 37 2 x RCM9 6 x Sed. Trap

Confirmed loss in 2008, no response

M4 (C) Deploy 81 33.617N 30 42.844E 1070m

7 x SBE37 1 x ADCP 1 x RCM9

Deployed

M5 Deploy N/A N/A N/A Not deployed

M7 (A) Recover 81 39.640 N 30 11.101 E 2461m 1 x SBE 37

1 x MMP Lost, heavy ice cover

M8 (A) Recover 80 47.030 N 138 47.258 E 2048m

1 x SBE37 1 x MMP 1 x ADCP

Confirmed loss in 2008, no response

M11 (A) Deploy 83 04.202 N 59 48.393 E 2740m 2 x SBE37

1 x MMP Deployed

SAMS Deploy 81 27.738 N 30 57.794 E 527m 4 x SBE37 Deployed

St Anna Deploy 81 01.417 N 73 02.524 E 520m 5 x SBE 37

2 x ADCP Deployed

I.6.3.2.2. Mooring design and equipment (R. Rember and I. Polyakov, IARC) Mooring design and oceanographic equipment are presented in Figure I.6.3.4. The modified avalanche beacons were removed from the mooring design at the beginning of the 2005 field season because they would be needed only for a through-ice recovery, for which we are not equipped, and because this equipment sometimes became entangled during deployments and recoveries. The McLane Moored Profiler (MMP) (Figure I.6.3.5) designed and manufactured by McLane Research Laboratories, Inc., is the main component of NABOS moorings. Technical information and a description are available at http://www.mclanelabs.com. Because of low MMP reliability we decided to use conventional moorings for climate research, thus avoiding gaps in records which may be caused (and were caused) by malfunctioning MMPs. MMP-equipped moorings are still planned for use in process-oriented studies. Conventional moorings consist of Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs) and Seabird SBE37 Microcat CTDs.

36

Figure I.6.3.4: Basic design and equipment of NABOS MMP-based (left) and conventional (right) moorings.

I.6.3.2.3. Mooring deployments (R. Rember, IARC)

SAMS mooring deployment, August 18, 2009. The SAMS mooring consists of three Seabird SBE37s. Final instrument depths and setup parameters are summarized in Table I.6.3.4 and Figure I.6.3.5.

37

Figure I.6.3.5: SAMS mooring design and equipment.

Table I.6.3.4: SAMS mooring as deployed

Instrument Serial # Target H Sampling Regime

SBE 37 7213 75 900 sec

SBE 37 6415 250 900 sec SBE 37 7212 480 900 sec

AR661 B2S DDL 692 500

BIT_0 = 03 BIT_1= 10 CODE TT301 TT201 Ranging 2913 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 03 Release 2914 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 55

M4c mooring deployment, August 18, 2009. The M4c mooring consists of seven Seabird SBE37 Microcat CTDs, an RDI Teledyne 300 khz Workhorse ADCP and an Aanderaa RCM9 current meter. This mooring includes three ‘flying microcats’ suspended from two Nokalon floats above the mooring flotation. Final instrument depths and setup parameters are summarized in Table I.6.3.5 and Figure I.6.3.6.

38

Table I.6.3.5: Mooring M4c as deployed Instrument Serial # Target H Sampling Regime SBE 37 6281 21 900 sec SBE 37 6308 40 900 sec XT 6000 65906 70 Not applicable SBE 37 5551 75 900 sec WH300 ADCP 11187 75 27 x 4m bins, 1 hour sampling int., 50 pings/ensemble SBE 37 3441 105 900 sec SBE 37 4978 215 900 sec RCM9 1149 253 SBE 37 4977 460 900 sec SBE 37 3049 1010 900 sec 8242 release 31371 1065 Rel: 450301; En: 472330; D:472335 8242 release 31450 1065 Rel: 452634; En: 476671; D: 476700

Figure I.6.3.6: NABOS-09 M4c mooring design and equipment.

39

M11a mooring deployment, August 22, 2009. The M11a mooring consists of two Seabird SBE37s and an MMP. This mooring includes one ‘flying microcat’ suspended from two Nokalon floats above the mooring flotation. Final instrument depths and setup parameters are summarized in Table I.6.3.6 and Figure I.6.3.7.

Table I.6.3.6: Mooring M11a as deployed Instrument Serial # Target H Sampling Regime SBE 37 6309 35 900 sec XT 6000 77998 76 Not applicable SBE 37 4975 78 900 sec MMP 12040-01 80-1236 One profile per day 8242 release 31452 2736 Rel: 452672; En: 476765; D:477010 8242 release 31447 2736 Rel: 452556; En: 476530; D: 476555

Figure I.6.3.7: NABOS-09 M11a mooring design and equipment.

St. Anna mooring deployment, August 23, 2009. The St. Anna mooring consists of five Seabird SBE37 Microcat CTDs, two RDI Teledyne 300 khz Workhorse ADCPs, and an Aanderaa RCM9 current meter. Final instrument depths and setup parameters are summarized in Table I.6.3.7 and Figure I.6.3.8.

40

Table I.6.3.7: Mooring deployed at St. Anna Trough

Instrument Serial # Target H Sampling Regime

WH300 ADCP 12667 110 27 x 4m bins, 1 hour sampling int, 50 pings/ensemble SBE 37 4703 160 900 sec SBE 37 3812 180 900 sec SBE 37 6928 240 900 sec SBE 37 3814 300 900 sec WH300 ADCP 3845 350 27 x 4m bins, 1 hour sampling int., 50 pings/ensemble SBE 37 3811 400 900 sec CTD48M+Turbidity 352 480 1800 sec

Oceano 2500 S-DI 006 500

CODE TT301 TT201 ARM/Ranging 1903 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 03 Release 1955 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 55 Release 1956 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 56 Release 1947 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 47 Release 1948 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 48 Release 1949 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 49

Oceano 2500 S-DI 008 500

CODE TT301 TT201 ARM/Ranging 1905 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 05 Release 1955 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 55 Release 1956 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 56 Release 1947 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 47 Release 1948 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 48 Release 1949 BIT_0+BIT_1 + 49

Figure I.6.3.8: St. Anna Trough mooring design and equipment.

41

I.6.3.2.4. Mooring recovery (R. Rember, IARC)

M7 mooring recovery. There were two attempts to recover the M7a mooring. The last previously-known location of this mooring was surrounded by nearly 100% ice. The first attempt, made on August 18, 2009, began with a triangulation of the mooring position. Unfortunately, the Benthos transponder was not operational at the time of the triangulation. Thus, the mooring was located using the Edgetech releases. A 1 km circle was defined around the position and three triangulation points were selected and passed to the bridge. Ice at the location was thick and difficult to negotiate. Upon completion of the three-point triangulation, the mooring team decided that more points were needed to reduce the error in the mooring location. Two more points were determined, but by that time light was fading and the decision was made by the chief scientist to continue on to CTD stations further along the transect line and return to the mooring the next day. On August 19, 2009, one more triangulation point was taken and the decision was made by the scientists on the bridge to release the mooring after breaking ice around the position determined by the mooring team. Unfortunately, even though some time was spent breaking ice, the released mooring came up under an ice flow. Numerous attempts were made to locate the exact ice flow and many were broken/moved; however, the mooring was not located. After 16 hours of attempts to locate the mooring under the ice the decision was made by the chief scientist to abandon the mooring and proceed along the CTD transect line. M3d mooring recovery. An attempt was made on August 25, 2009. First ranging on M3 releases was conducted; there was possibly a response to the enable command, but no other responses. A command was given for the vessel to approach to 1000m from the previously-surveyed position of this mooring and a second enable/ranging attempt was made, with no response on either set of frequencies or releases. The decision was made to move to the mooring position and range from directly above. There was no response to interrogation from either the Benthos deck unit or the Edgetech. Another decision was made to clear ice over the assumed position of the mooring and send release commands anyway in case the releases were capable of responding even if they could not be heard. Release commands were sent with the Benthos unit, but there was neither a response nor a sighting. The release commands were sent a second time; again, there was no response from the mooring. The vessel waited for 10-15 minutes, but since there was no sign of the mooring on the surface, and there had been no response by this mooring the previous year either, the recovery was abandoned. M8a mooring recovery. An attempt was made on August 25, 2009. At the mooring location, ice cover was very light (<10%). Similar to M3d, no response was received from the mooring in 2008. The decision was made to interrogate the mooring from a few selected positions around the suspected mooring position but no responses were detected. Due to the low ice cover, the decision was made to fire both releases and wait. The mooring did not surface and the command was resent. After 20-30 minutes with no replies and no surfacing it was suspected that the releases had failed or the mooring was not on site; thus, the operation was abandoned. M1f mooring recovery. We attempted to recover this mooring on August 28, 2009. A recovery attempt was made in 2008 during which one of the releases was fired and it was determined that the mooring was likely jammed. This mooring location was visited a second time in 2008, but ice prevented a second attempt at recovery. In 2009, the mooring was found in the same location and was determined to be upright with both releases communicating with the deck unit. Very little ice was in the area surrounding the mooring. The decision was made from the bridge to fire the release that had not failed the previous year. After a visual search for the mooring at the surface, the mooring team triangulated on the second release, confirmed its position and fired the release. After another visual search the mooring team triangulated on the mooring a third time and determined that the releases had not released from the anchor. The mooring team believes that the most probable cause of failure is the release being caught on the anchor chain. Ian Waddington’s records reveal that this mooring was deployed anchor-first with 5 m of anchor chain so this is a plausible cause of failure. Both releases were disabled, and dragging for the mooring is planned for 2010.

42

I.6.3.2.5. Summary (R. Rember, IARC; M. Dempsey, Oceanetic Measurement Ltd)

The cruise objectives originally set for the mooring team included the deployment of five moorings, three for UAF, one for SAMS, and one for IFM-Geomar, and the recovery of four moorings. In addition, we were tasked with the deployment of two ITP buoys for WHOI and 11 Surface Velocity Profiler (SVP) buoys for the UW, NMI, and CMM. The team were able to successfully deploy four of the five moorings, leaving one of the UAF moorings for 2010. Unfortunately, due to heavy ice, malfunctioning releases, and moorings that were clearly no longer at their original locations, no moorings were recovered. Successful deployments of both ITPs and all 11 SVPs were accomplished. Based on comments made by the mooring team at the conclusion of the 2009 cruise, the following recommendations will be taken into consideration for all future cruises:

• Redesign moorings for heavy ice areas with increased ability to track the released mooring at the surface.

• Increase buoyancy for moorings in high-current regions of the study area. • Obtain a proper large-diameter CTD hydro block. • Include a bridge navigation plotter and GPS heading sensor. • Revise Kapitan Dranitsyn deck layout for winches and containers; explore the possibility of

fitting an A-frame to the deck. • Upgrade CTD container for MOC and instrument shop and convert the MOC to a simple

mechanical workshop. • Add an additional larger storage container to house the CTD.

I.6.3.3. Lagrangian drifters (I. Polyakov and R. Rember, IARC; I. Rigor and M. Ortmeyer, APL/UW; R. Krishfield, WHOI)

I.6.3.3.1. Introduction

At the March 2009 Paris S4D-NABOS Workshop the international community endorsed the strategy of the NABOS field program, including locations of oceanographic sections and moorings and moorings design. The meeting encouraged us to complement Eulerian observations with Lagrangian drifters. Following these recommendations, during our 2009 NABOS cruise we successfully deployed 13 buoys of various types in the eastern Eurasian Basin (Figure I.6.3.9 and Table I.6.3.8). These deployments were particularly important because of the weak state of arctic ice, which precluded deployment of Lagrangian drifters on ice in this part of the Arctic Ocean. New technology allowing survival of buoys deployed in seasonally ice-free areas is emerging and we successfully deployed several buoys in ice-free areas of the eastern Eurasian Basin during the NABOS 2009 expedition (Figure I.6.3.9). Note also that, because of surface ice and ocean circulation patterns, buoy deployment in the eastern Eurasian Basin provides the longest drift trajectories.

43

Figure I.6.3.9: NABOS contribution to various buoy programs in 2009. Red circles: buoys deployed during 2009 NABOS cruise (map from IABP web site).

Table I.6.3.8: Lagrangian drifters as deployed

Buoy Serial # Latitude Longitude Time Owner ITP 36 79°13.368N 125°41.423E 8/29/2009 07:30 WHOI ITP 37 81°55.460N 120°12.538E 8/30/2009 07:20 WHOI SVP 78746 79°13.368N 125°41.423E 8/29/2009 07:30 NMI

SVP 46166 81°55.460N 120°12.538E 8/30/2009 07:20 NMI

SVP 71057 79°13.368N 125°41.423E 8/29/2009 07:30 APL SVP 71058 81°55.460N 120°12.538E 8/30/2009 07:20 APL SVP 71060 81°00.691N 123°39.986E 8/25/2009 08:30 APL SVP 71056 81°01.149N 129°12.612E 8/25/2009 12:10 APL SVP 71059 78°29.691N 125°41.310E 8/28/2009 20:30 APL SVP 96850 81°00.228N 124°15.460E 8/25/2009 10:30 Meteo France SVP 96838 81°03.838N 137°23.241E 8/25/2009 20:00 Meteo France SVP 96849 79°59.496N 125°53.295E 8/29/2009 14:00 Meteo France SVP 96841 81°27.670N 121°30.236E 8/30/2009 01:50 Meteo France

44

I.6.3.3.2. Hardware (R.Rember and I.Polyakov, IARC; I.Rigor and M.Ortmeyer, APL; R.Krishfield, WHOI ) ITP (Ice-Tethered Profiler, Figures I.6.3.10 and I.6.3.12): Two Ice-Tethered Profilers (numbers 36 and 37) were deployed in August 2009 in the Transpolar Drift from I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn. For the first time, these two systems were deployed over the side of the ship in open water incorporating a new style surface package designed to be more robust in Marginal Ice Zone conditions. The ITP profilers are operating on typical sampling schedules of 2 one-way profiles between 7 and 760 m depth each day. Data from the ITPs is broadcast within hours of acquisition and made available on the ITP website at: http://www.whoi.edu/itp/data/.

Figure I.6.3.10: Ice-Tethered Profiler (ITP). Building on the ongoing success of ice drifters that support multiple discrete subsurface sensors on tethers and the WHOI-developed Moored Profiler instrument capable of moving along a tether to sample at better than 1-m vertical resolution, we designed and field tested an automated, easily-deployed ITP for Arctic study. The system consists of a small surface capsule housing a controller interfaced to an Iridium data telemetry unit and inductive modem, a plastic-jacketed wire rope tether extending down 500 to 800 m into the ocean terminated by a ballast weight, and a new variation of the WHOI Moored Profiler (in shape and size much like an Argo float) that mounts on the tether and cycles vertically along it. Communication between the Profiler and surface controller is supported by an inductive modem (utilizing the wire tether and seawater return), and between the surface unit and shore via a satellite link. Figure and caption are from IABP web page: http://iabp.apl.washington.edu/overview_hardware.html

SVP (Surface Velocity Profiler, Figure I.6.3.11): Eleven SVP buoys were deployed in 2009 from IB Kapitan Dranitsyn. Five of them were provided by APL (I. Rigor PI), two were provided by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (S. Eastwood PI) and four buoys were provided by Meteo France (Pierre Blouch PI). The SVP are buoys that have been used for the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) buoys for many years, and given the increasing amounts of open water in the Arctic, the IABP has been using these buoys on sea ice and in the open water with very good success. The basic SVP measure ocean currents (or ice motion) and sea surface temperature, but we have been deploying SVP buoys that have been upgraded with a barometer (SVP-B). Some of these buoys have also been upgraded to include a GPS which is more accurate (better than 5 m) than the Argos positioning (typically +/- 120 m). The basic SVP typically reports for 18 months in the wet ocean, but depending on the deployment conditions, these buoys typically report for about 9-12 months. As always, one of the trade offs for additional instruments (barometer, GPS) is a shorter battery life. Most buoys report via Argos, but many have started using Iridium (e.g. the ITP, and possibly the IMB this year).

45

Figure I.6.3.11: Deployment of an SVP buoy during NABOS-09 expedition from the IB Kapitan Dranitsyn.

Figure I.6.3.12: Deployment of an ITP buoy during NABOS-09 expedition from the IB Kapitan Dranitsyn.

46

I.6.4. HYDROCHEMICAL OBSERVATIONS (P. Makkaveev, IORAS) I.6.4.1. Introduction Hydrochemical measurements were performed at 58 stations on seven cross-sections. Oxygen was measured using 609 water samples; the alkalinity and pH were determined using 530 water samples. Dissolved silicon (Si) was measured using 597 samples; dissolved organic phosphorus (P) was measured using 570 samples; nitrogen (N) contained in nitrates was analyzed from 590 samples, and N contained in nitrites was analyzed from 598 samples. Chlorophyll was measured using 147 samples from the upper water layers. The concentration of dissolved methane was determined in 696 water samples. In addition, samples of air and water were collected for subsequent carbon isotope analysis in a land-based laboratory. Hydrochemical observations were focused on detecting possible changes in the characteristics of Arctic water masses, including oxygen, carbon, and nutrients. One of our objectives was to verify the feasibility of using hydrochemical parameters as AW tracers, thus contributing to our understanding of the role of the Arctic in the global carbon cycle. The hydrochemistry team on board the I/B Kapitan Dranitsyn consisted of Petr Makkaveev (leader) and Elena Vinogradova (both from IORAS), Nina Belcheva, Irina Pipko, and Svetlana Pugach (all from POI), Ekaterina Chernyavskaya (AARI), and Anna Nikulina (St. Petersburg State University).

I.6.4.2. Measured parameters and methods Dissolved oxygen was measured using the Winkler method with colorimetric titration. Dissolved inorganic nutrients N-NO3, N-NO2, Si, and P-PO4 were defined using the colorimetric methods following Bordovsky and Ivanenkov [1992] and VNIRO [1998]. Spectrophotometry was used to detect chlorophyll. The potentiometric (“Tris”-scale) method was used to measure pH, alkalinity was measured according to the Bruevich method of direct colorimetric titration, and methane measurements were based on gas chromotography. For these analyses we used a UV/VIS Double Beam Spectrophotometer; an Econics 003 Colorimeter (Russia); a Metrohm Docimate 765 Titrator (Sweden); a Digitrat 30 Titrator (UK); an Orion 720A Ionometer (USA); an Econics 001 Ionometer (Russia); and an SPI 8610 C Gas Chromatograph. I.6.4.3. Preliminary results Section A (~31oE, Figure I.3.3). The sampling took place when phytoplankton were actively blooming. The oxygen saturation in surface waters was 101 - 106%; the maximum concentration and oxygen saturation of water (up to 425 m and 112%) was observed above the pycnocline. The concentration of phosphate in the upper-ocean mixed layer was quite high, but the nitrogen concentration exerted a limiting effect on phytoplankton growth. The first core of warm AW was at 75–150 m at station KD-07; traces of the second core were observed at ~150 m at station KD-04. The warm AW was characterized by a high concentration of dissolved oxygen. Increased concentrations of nitrite nitrogen and phosphates and decreased concentration of nitrogen (Figure I.6.4.1) indicate that this water has just formed; therefore, isolation of AW from the atmosphere and the development of organic matter oxidation is relatively recent.

47

Figure I.6.4.1: Distribution of dissolved oxygen (mkM kg-1), oxygen saturation (%) and dissolved inorganic nutrients P-PO4, Si, N-NO3 and N-NO2 along section A, 31oE. Section B (~60oE, Figure I.3.3). Biological activity remained high throughout the sampling period. Oxygen saturation in the upper ocean layer was 101–110%. Just as at the previous section A, the maximum oxygen concentration was found at ~25 m. However, the concentration of nutrients (especially nitrate nitrogen) in the upper layer was close to analytical zero (<0.01 mM); this could provide a limiting effect on the development of plankton. Apparently, sampling at section B was conducted in the period of declining photosynthesis when active processes of organic matter oxidation had begun to prevail. The relatively high concentration of nitrite nitrogen provides further evidence for this hypothesis. The core of warm AW was localized in the central and northern parts of the section at ~100–300m. The oxygen concentration, the degree of oxygen saturation, and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the AW layer were higher than in colder waters (Figure I.6.4.2). The southern part of the section was occupied by cold water with low concentration of silicates and a high concentration of phosphates. This observation suggests a down-slope sink of cold, dense waters, which is rather typical of this region.

48

Figure I.6.4.2: Distribution of dissolved oxygen (mkM kg-1), oxygen saturation (%) and dissolved inorganic nutrients P-PO4, Si, N-NO3 and N-NO2 along section B, 60oE. Sections C and H (St. Anna Trough, Figure I.3.3). Biological activity in the water during the period of observations was low; water oxygen saturation of more than 100% was only observed over the pycnocline

49

(~25m). The period of active bloom was over, although the concentration of major nutrients in surface waters was above zero. This might be related to the influence of continental runoff, or (more likely) to the accumulation of nutrients as a result of the oxidation of organic matter that had accumulated during the bloom period. This assumption is further bolstered by the high (up to 0.35 mkg-at/kg) concentration of under-oxidated forms of nitrogen (nitrite) at these sections. The along-section distributions of hydrochemical parameters is complex (Figure I.6.4.3) with numerous layers; this reflects the complex hydrology of the Trough. In the warm AW layer there was a slight increase in oxygen saturation and concentration of nitrate nitrogen.

Figure I.6.4.3: Distribution of dissolved oxygen (mkM kg-1), oxygen saturation (%) and dissolved inorganic nutrients P-PO4, Si, N-NO3 and N-NO2 along section C and H, St.Anna Trough. Section D (~142oE, Figure I.3.2) was located almost on the border between the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea. The biological activity of water was very low, and oxygen saturation of <100% was observed in the upper layer. The concentration of major nutrients was close to analytical zero; the lack of both nitrogen and phosphorus could limit the development of phytoplankton. The extreme southern part

50

of the section was the exception, dominated by the influence of continental runoff (Figure I.6.4.4). The warm AW was observed in the northern part of this section; its core was located at ~200-300m. Hydrochemical characteristics of the AW are very distinct. First, this water was recently ventilated. This is evidenced by the low concentration of nitrite nitrogen and a greater concentration of dissolved oxygen, which was not consumed by the oxidation of organic matter. Second, this water is rich in silicates, and the relatively large proportion of basic nutrients distinguishes this water from other water masses with positive temperatures.

Figure I.6.4.4: Distribution of dissolved oxygen (mkM kg-1), oxygen saturation (%) and dissolved inorganic nutrients P-PO4, Si, N-NO3 and N-NO2 along section D at ~142oE. Section E (~126oE, Figure I.3.2) was in the zone strongly influenced by the Lena River; this influence may be traced as far as station KD51 by the concentration of silicon. Despite the pronounced influence of continental runoff carrying a strong influx of nutrients, the intensity of photosynthesis was low; the oxygen concentration and degree of its saturation were also low. Waters with high temperatures occupied a large part of this section. These waters showed substantial vertical heterogeneity; the chemical composition of the many horizontal layers was difficult to study with the available spatial sampling resolution. These warm waters, on average, had slightly increased oxygen saturation and a high

51

concentration of nitrate nitrogen. Ax=ctive cascading processes occurred in the southern part of this section (Figure I.6.4.5) at stations KD41–KD44. The distribution of hydrochemical parameters clearly identified the shelf-break front. Regression analysis of the concentration of silicates, nitrates, and salinity shows that the local maxima of the silicon concentration in the surface waters and at the shelf break have different origins. River waters with silicon concentration of 30–40 mkM and total alkalinity of ~600–800 mkM contributed substantially to the surface maximum of alkalinity (stations KD45–KD53). The high silicon concentrations below 50 m in the southern part of the section was due to the erosion of unconsolidated sediments from the upper part of the slope. Figure I.6.4.5: The distribution of dissolved oxygen (mkM kg-1), oxygen saturation (%) and dissolved inorganic nutrients Si, N-NO3 and N-NO2 along section E at ~126oE. Section F (~105oE, Figure I.3.2) was carried out during "biological autumn.” The concentration of nutrients in the upper-ocean mixed layer was relatively high and not a barrier to biological production processes. Oxygen saturation with concentrations >100% were found only in the surface waters at stations KD62, KD65, and KD66, due to the high concentration of aquatic organisms (Figure I.6.4.6). The increase in nutrient concentration in the active upper layer was associated with enhanced oxidation as confirmed by high concentrations of nitrite nitrogen (up to 0.26 mkg-at/kg). Higher-temperature (>1oC) water occupied the layer >100m. We found that the high heterogeneity and layer-like structure of these waters was clearly visible not only in the hydrological parameters, but also in the distribution of dissolved oxygen and nitrate nitrogen. The transformation of these waters has led to a reduced level of dissolved oxygen and an increased concentration of mineral nitrogen and phosphorus compared to the surrounding waters. At all other sections, this warm layer was characterized by a higher concentration and saturation of oxygen. At the southern station KD64 we found a completely different chemical state of water, with high concentrations of oxygen, phosphate, and silicate, and and reduced concentrations of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, which can be explained by the impact of shelf waters.

52

Figure I.6.4.6: Distribution of dissolved oxygen (mkM kg-1), oxygen saturation (%) and dissolved inorganic nutrients P-PO4, Si, N-NO3 and N-NO2 along section F at ~105oE. I.6.4.4. Preliminary conclusions The timing of the 2009 Kapitan Dranitsyn cruise covered the transition from the active phase of the summer bloom (sections A and B) to the "biological autumn" (sections F and St. Anna Trough). This could be traced by the reduction of the dissolved oxygen concentration and saturation and by nutrient dynamics. The AW layer was characterized by higher oxygen concentration and saturation and by a higher concentration of nitrate nitrogen. The AW layer was not uniform, and the hydrological parameters trace its layer structure with layer thickness up to 10m which is typical for the Arctic seas. It is evident from Table I.6.4.1 that samples from the AW core were taken at less than 50% of stations. In many cases, the AW water characteristics were substantially modified due to interactions with shelf waters. Analysis of such materials requires sufficiently long observations to enable statistical analysis. Examining spatial variations of hydrochemical characteristics of the AW layer (Figure I.6.4.7) for

53

"warm" water we concluded that: Spatial variations of nutrients and oxygen show that characteristics of the easternmost and

westernmost AW sections differ significantly from those measured at the other sections. For the sections within a 60–125oE zonal belt we found an eastward decrease of dissolved oxygen

concentration and increase of nitrate nitrogen concentration, indicative of the "aging" of water as it propagates from the origin eastward. Variability of dissolved silica and phosphate is more complex, and depends more on organic matter influx affected by the active bloom in the photic layer.

Table I.6.4.1: Depth and temperature of water samples versus AW core depth and temperature.

Figure I.6.4.7: Average concentrations of oxygen, nitrates, and silicates in the AW core.

Section Station AW core depth (m)

AW core temperature

(oC)

Depth of sampling (m)

Temperature (oC) at the depth of sampling

A KD 07 88 3.70 100 3.54 KD 15 175 2.51 200 2.45 B KD 17 222 2.49 250 2.42 KD 23 114 2.35 100 2.16 St. Anna Trough KD 25 110 2.20 100 2.16

D KD 30 272 1.61 251 1.54 KD 45 273 1.83 202 1.58 KD 47 251 1.87 250 1.87 KD 49 246 1.77 250 1.76 KD 51 254 1.82 250 1.64 KD 53 261 1.83 302 1.70

E

KD 55 273 1.92 250 1.80 KD 58 242 2.00 250 1.99 KD 60 201 1.85 200 1.85

F

KD 62 219 1.96 200 1.84 KD 79 84 2.50 100 2.32 St.Anna Trough KD 84 137 2.47 200 2.31

54

I.6.5. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS USING VAISALA RADIOSONDES (V. Alexeev, IARC) No radiosondes were launched during the NABOS 2009 campaign for the following reason. Two radiosondes were ordered by U.Bhatt (UAF) and I.Ezau (Bergen University) from Vaisala in late June – early July 2009. However, neither order arrived in Kirkenes before the Kapitan Dranitsyn departed. Further inquiries before the departure showed that Vaisala did not order the sondes from the country of production, for unknown reason. We cancelled our order of helium, and I.Ezau and U.Bhatt canceled their radiosonde orders. However, the sondes did arrive in Kirkenes a few days after our departure. We decided to send the sondes back to Vaisala because they need to be stored properly.

55

Section II

Expedition to the Beaufort Sea aboard the Canadian Coast Guard

Icebreaker Louis S. St-Laurent (September-October 2009)

Mike Dempsey2, Eddy Carmack1, and Igor Polyakov3

1 - Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada

2 - Oceanetic Measurement Ltd., Sidney, BC, Canada

3 - International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska, USA

56

II.1. INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Canadian Basin Observation System (CABOS) mooring (Figure II.1) has been deployed on Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS) arctic cruises on behalf of IARC every year since 2003, except in 2007. The location of the mooring has varied due to ice conditions, but it has been continuously placed to monitor the flow of AW around the southeast slope of the Canada Basin. The mooring is part of a string of moorings deployed by IARC to observe the movement of AW through the Arctic and to measure the heat flux to upper waters. The NABOS consists of a series of MMP and conventional moorings located around the shelf break of the Eurasian Basin. The CABOS mooring provides complementary data in the Canada Basin for the NABOS array. In 2008 the CABOS mooring was recovered and deployed. The recovery of the CABOS G 2008 mooring and deployment of the CABOS H 2009 mooring were accomplished quickly with the help of many others. The assistance of a trained and motivated deck crew was much appreciated. Expert handling kept the ship precisely on station during recovery and deployment. Many thanks also to Kris Newhall, Jim Dunn, and Rick Krishfield of WHOI for their help and the use of their Lebus dual-capstan traction winch.

Figure II.1. Map with CABOS mooring location.

57

II.2. RESEARCH VESSEL A brief description of the ship used for CABOS mooring deployment and recovery is taken from the web page http://www.ccg-gcc.gc.ca/vessels-navires/details_e.asp?id=A-1 and is shown in Table II.1.

Table II.1. Canadian Coast Guard (CCGS) LOUIS S. ST-LAURENT Official No: 328095

Type: Heavy Gulf Icebreaker

Port of

Registry:

Ottawa

Region: Maritimes

Home Port: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia,

Canada

Call Sign: CGBN

When Built: 1969

Builder: Canadian Vickers, Montreal, Québec, Canada

Modernized: 1988 - 1993 - Halifax Shipyard & 2000 new props

Certificates Complement

Class of Voyage: Home Trade I Officers: 13

Ice Class: 100 A Crew: 33

MARPOL: Yes Total: 46

IMO: 6705937 Crewing Regime: Lay Day

Available Berths: 53

The program for the extended cruise of the Canadian icebreaker in 2009 included several mooring deployments and recoveries for several scientific programs and a CTD survey, including CABOS mooring recovery and deployment (see Figure II.1 for mooring location).

58

II.3. MOORING RECOVERY AND DEPLOYMENT (M. Dempsey,O.M.)

Table II.2. 2009 Operations, CABOS mooring

Investigator Recovery Recovery Recovery Deployment Deployment Deployment

Depth (m) Location Time (UTC) Depth (m) Location Time (UTC)

UAF/IARC 1114 71° 49.702’N 20 September 2009, 17:16

71° 49.702’N

I. Polyakov 131° 46.591’W 131°46.590’ W.

UAF/IARC 1129 m 71° 49.708’ N 14 October 2009, 01:42

I. Polyakov 131° 46.604’ W Chronology of recovery: 20 September 2009. All times UTC. Conditions: 8/10ths first year and new ice. 15:15 Standing off from ice until foredeck set up complete. 15:37 Send enable command 376614 to Edgetech 8242 s/n 28388. 12 pings received. No ranges received;

MCAL (Mooring Calibration) software glitch? 15:48 Manual control on 8011A. SR 1164. 15:50 Ranges now received on MCAL. 15:54 Ranges converging on last year’s position. 16:30 Complete 300° of a circle with 50 m spacing between pings, 44 points. Calculated position is 71

49.700’ N 131 46.589’ W, RMS error 4.0. 17:00 Position ship 150m downwind from calculated position in area totally free of ice. 17:04 Send release command 354547 to release 28388. 17:05 Mooring sighted 150m to starboard. 17:20 Latch onto top of mooring and pull up flying Microcat s/n 6157, SS37 steel float, 2 Benthos

spheres, and Microcat s/n 6158 onto deck. 18:05 MMP s/n 1194 pulled up onto deck. 18:08 Acoustic releases pulled up onto deck. The data collected by these instruments were all downloaded, and all contained complete data records. The MMP 11494 worked almost flawlessly for 424 of 426 days it was deployed. Raw MMP data (courtesy of Rick Krishfield, WHOI) are displayed below. Deployment parameters: MMP s/n 12047 set up parameters ID M| Mooring ID = 010 Start Z| Scheduled start = 10/14/2009 12:00:00 Schedule I| Profile start interval = 002 00:00:00 [DDD HH:MM:SS] R| Reference date/time = 10/15/2009 10:00:00 B| Burst Interval = Disabled N| Profiles per burst = Disabled P| Paired profiles = Disabled F| Profiles / file set = 1

59

Stops S| Shallow pressure = 50.0 [dbar] D| Deep pressure = 1110.0 [dbar] H| Shallow error = 60.0 [dbar] E| Deep error = 40.0 [dbar] T| Profile time limit = 01:28:20 [HH:MM:SS] C| Stop check interval = 5 [sec] L| Fluorometer = Disabled O| OBS Turbidity = Disabled RTCRTC: 10/13/2009 13:42:44 WDC: 10/13/2009 13:42:44 11.5 Vb -1 mA Sensor warm-up will begin at 10/14/2009 11:58:00 Initial dive to bottom stop will begin at 10/14/2009 12:00:00. System is ready to deploy. Sample SBE37 Microcat setup. All 3 Microcats on the mooring are set up similarily. SBE37SM-RS232 V 3.0b 6015 S>startdatetime=10012209909120000 <start dateTime = 12 Oct 2009 12:00:00/> <!--start logging at = 12 Oct 2009 12:00:00, sample interval = 900 seconds--> SBE37SM-RS232 3.0b SERIAL NO. 6015 06 Oct 2009 08:41:01 vMain = 6.92, vLith = 3.23 samplenumber = 0, free = 559240 not logging, waiting to start at 12 Oct 2009 12:00:00 sample interval = 900 seconds data format = converted engineering output salinity transmit real-time = no sync mode = no pump installed = no Chronology of deployment: October 14, 2009. All times UTC. Conditions: 1ft pancake ice, no wind, low swell, partially cloudy. 17:20 Releases, bottom glass spheres, and anchor ready to sling into position. 17:25 SBE37 Microcat s/n 6015 in the water. 17:45 MMP s/n 12047 lowered into water on bottom bumper. 18:34 SBE37 Microcat s/n 6158 lowered into water. 18:40 SBE37 Microcat s/n 3380 (flying Microcat) lowered into the water. 18:41 Mooring suspended on pelican hook off crane. 18:42 Mooring released. GPS position on bridge 71 49.708’N 131 46.604’W. Corrections made for

draught and sound speed (calculated from September 20 rosette cast) gave corrected sounder depth of 1129 m (1120 +9 - sound velocity 1457m/s).

18:57 71° 49.694’ 131° 46.788’ Enable command 376617 sent to release 28388; 14 pings replied. SR 1124, 1124, and 1125 m. Send disable command 376637.

19:00 71° 49.699’ 131° 46.875’ Enable command 220475 sent to release 29336; 14 pings replied. SR 1133, 1134, and 1134 m. Send disable command 220504.

19:01 Confirm both releases disabled and stand off 500 m for rosette cast.

60

Figure II.2. CABOS mooring design and equipment as deployed in 2009.

61

II.4. PRELIMINARY LOOK AT MOORING DATA (I. Polyakov, IARC and M. Dempsey,O.M.) This mooring was deployed in September 2008 and spent one year in the water. It included one MMP profiling within the depth range of 51–1109m and three SBE37 microcats deployed at ~27m (flying microcat), 50 and 1110m. The MMP appeared to be almost perfectly ballasted and apart from a couple of profiles during which the profiler had problems, all the records appear good (see Figures II.3 – II.5)

Figure II.3. Water temperature (top panel) and salinity (bottom panel) from the MMP profiler covering

the duration of the deployment

An example of the MMP record obtained from September 2008 – September 2009 in the Canada Basin is shown in Figure II.3. Water temperatures in the AW layer were about 0.4-0.6°C, close to typical climatic values (Figure II.3), while salinity increased from ~31 psu in the upper part of the record to ~35 psu near the bottom. Problems with data centered at ~520 and 553 Julian day in the deep part may be clearly seen in the record. Several eddy-like structures may be seen in the records of temperature and salinity (Figure II.3). Temperature and salinity profiles are shown in Figure II.4 and current profiles are shown in Figure II.5. The plots show low temperatures in the upper ocean, a subsurface potential temperature maximum at ~400 m, and a surface salinity minimum with salinity increasing rapidly with depth to ~34.9-35 psu. Interestingly, throughout the entire year much stronger variability is found in the upper 300-400m layer.

62

Figure II.4. Temperature (left) and salinity (right) profiles for September 2008 – September 2009.

A great deal of variability is apparent from the current profiles; in the upper 200-250m part of the record, the current speed varies from 0 to 20-30 cm/s with a maximum reached at 180-200 m depth (Figure II.5). Much weaker currents, not exceeding 5-7 cm/s, are found in deeper parts of the profiles.

63

Figure II.5. Raw current velocity data for the whole deployment.

. Figure II.6. Diagmostic data for MMP operation. Clockwise from top left: min/max pressure, average

volts, absolute speed, and average motor current.

There were three SBE-37 microcats on the recovered mooring. All sensors show the fortnightly tide, and what are apparently open water events during the "winter". The “flying” microcat #6157 captured the higher current (mooring top depressed) and mixing events very nicely (Figure II.7). These events were also captured, with less excursion, at the other two depths. Note that there is a drift of ~0.9 db in the pressure sensor of the bottom microcat #6015 during the deployment. The spec for the sensor is 0.05%/yr, so given a deployment of 15 months, the drift could be as much as 1.9 db; therefore, it is still within the instrument’s accuracy range. The scale was chosen for clarity in displaying the three parameters, but in this case it does exaggerate the p sensor drift.

64

Figure II.7: Time series of water temperature (red), salinity (blue) and pressure (black) from three CABOS microcats.

65

REFERENCES Bordovsky, O. K., and Ivanenkov, V.N. (1992), Modern methods of hydrochemical studies of the ocean,

Moscow, IORAS, 200 p. Cherny, I.V, and Raizer V.Yu. (1998), Passive microwave remote sensing of ocean, UK, Wiley, 300 p. Edson, J. B., Hinton, A.A., Prada, K.E., Hare, J. E., and Fairall, C.W. (1998), Direct covariance flux

estimates from mobile platforms at sea, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 547-562. Foken, T. (1984), The parametrization of the energy exchange across the air-sea interface, Dynam. Atmos.

Oceans., 8, 297–305. Ivanov, V.V., Shapiro, G.I., Huthnance, J.M., Aleynik, D.L., and Golovin, P.N. (2004), Dense water

cascades around the World Ocean, Progr. Oceanogr., 60, 47-98. Authorname(s) (1998), Methods of hydrochemical analysis of the major nutrient components, Moscow,

VNIRO, 119 p. Polyakov, I. V., and Co-Authors (2010), Fate of early-2000's Arctic warm water pulse, Bulletin of

American Meteorological Society (submitted). Rudels, B., Muench, R.D., Gunn, J., Schauer, U. and Friedrich, H.J. (2000), Evolution of the Arctic

Ocean boundary current north of the Siberian shelves, J. Marine Syst., 25, 77-99. Semiletov, I., Makshtas, A., Akasofu, S.-I., and Andreas, E.L. (2004), Atmospheric CO2 balance: the role

Arctic sea ice, Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L05121.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported by IARC/UAF. We would like to thank NSF, JAMSTEC, ArcticNet, NERC and Shell for providing financial support. Deployment of the CABOS mooring was accomplished with the help of many colleagues from IOS and WHOI.

66

APPENDIX: NABOS-09 Station List (S. Kirillov, AARI; I. Polyakov, IARC) Station Number: KD0109 Data: 18/08/09 Time of beginning: 04:11 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 26,995’ N Longitude: 030˚ 58,316’ E Depth: _500 m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder 04:03 05:03 φ= 81˚ 26,995’ λ=030˚ 58,316’

φ= 81˚ 27,876’ λ=031˚ 00,282’ 445

536

2 CTD/Rosette

3 Mooring deployment 05:19 06:30 φ= 81˚ 27,865’

λ=030˚ 59,924’ φ= 81˚ 27,76’ λ=030˚ 58,05’ Sampling levels:

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD0209 Data: 18/08/09 Time of beginning: 08:19 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 26,995’ N Longitude: 030˚ 58,316’ E Depth: _500 m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder 08:19 08:26 φ= 81˚ 33,994’ λ=030˚ 50,370’

φ= 81˚ 33,979’ λ=030˚ 50,064’

2 CTD/Rosette

3 Mooring deployment 08:27 φ= 81˚ 33,977’

λ=030˚ 50,039’ φ= 81˚ 33,617’ λ=030˚ 42,425’ 1164m

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD0309 Data: 18/08/09 Time of beginning: 20:26 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 40,250’ N Longitude: 031˚ 18,417’ E Depth: _>1000 m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:26 21:28 φ= 81˚ 40,250’ λ=031˚ 18,417’

φ= 81˚ 40,248’ λ=301˚ 15,876’

Sampling levels: 5, 10,25,50,75,100,150,

200, 250,300,400, 500,750,1000m

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

67

5 Nets Station Number: KD0409 Data: 19/08/09 Time of beginning: 01:50 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 46,253’ N Longitude: 031˚ 01,758’ E Depth: _>1000 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 01:50 02:54 φ= 81˚ 46,253’ λ=031˚ 01,758’

φ= 81˚ 46,175’ λ=031˚ 00,778’

Sampling levels: 10, 25,50,75,100,150,

200,250,300,400,500600,750,1000m

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering Failed

5 Nets Station Number: KD0509 Data: 19/08/09 Time of beginning: 13:56 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 36,440’ N Longitude: 030˚ 56,747’ E Depth: _>1000 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 13:56 14:58 φ= 81˚ 36,440’ λ=030˚ 56,747’

φ= 81˚ 36,338’ λ=030˚ 56,364’

Sampling levels: 10, 25,50,75,100,150,200, 250,300,400,500,600,

750, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD0609 Data: 19/08/09 Time of beginning: 15:53 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 33,142’ N Longitude: 030˚ 50,195’ E Depth: _950 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 16:13 17:19 φ= 81˚ 32,998’ λ=030˚ 52,334’

φ= 81˚ 32,052’ λ=030˚ 53,028’

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

68

5 Nets

Station Number: KD0709 Data: 19/08/09 Time of beginning: 18:07 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 26,477’ N Longitude: 030˚ 46,221’ E Depth: _500 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 18:20 18:54 φ= 81˚ 26,465’ λ=030˚ 45,881’

φ= 81˚ 26,436’ λ=030˚ 45,068’

Sampling levels: 5,25,50,100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD0809 Data: 19/08/09 Time of beginning: 19:45 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 23,028’ N Longitude: 030˚ 00,741’ E Depth: _300 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:02 20:19 φ= 81˚ 33,994’ λ=030˚ 50,370’

φ= 81˚ 33,979’ λ=030˚ 50,064’

Sampling levels: 5,10,25,50,75,100125, 150, 175m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD0909 Data: 19 /08/09 Time of beginning: 21:06 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚19,846’ N Longitude: 030˚ 59,906’ E Depth: _400 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 21:06 21:21 φ= 81˚ 19,846 ’ λ=030˚ 00,358 ’

φ= 81˚19,836’ λ=030˚ 59,906’

Sampling levels: 5,10,25,50,75,100,

125, 150, 175m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets

69

Station Number: KD1009 Data: 21 /08/09 Time of beginning: 04:04 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚09,88’ N Longitude: 060˚ 01.96’ E Depth: 220_ m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end Beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 04:18 04:33 φ= 82˚09,934’ λ=060˚01,903’

φ= 82˚ 09,98’ λ=060˚01,84 ’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD1109 Data: 21 /08/09 Time of beginning: 6:42 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 15,32’ N Longitude: 060˚ 05,36’ E Depth: 240 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 06:55 07:12 φ= 82˚ 15,334’ λ=060˚ 05,374’

φ= 82˚ 15,38’ λ=060˚ 05,11’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD1209 Data: 21/08/09 Time of beginning: 07:50 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 20,04’ N Longitude: 059˚ 59,56’ E Depth: _350 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 8:00 8:19 φ= 82˚ 20,04’ λ=059˚ 59,54’

φ= 82˚ 20,136’ λ=059˚ 59,091’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

70

5 Nets Station Number: KD1309 Data: 21/08/09 Time of beginning: 9:06 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 24, 98’ N Longitude: 059˚ 59, 09’ E Depth: _270 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 9:15 9:34 φ= 82˚ 25,04’ λ=059˚ 59,01’

φ= 82˚ 25,173’ λ=059˚ 59,023’ Sampling levels: 10,25,

50,100,150,200, 250m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD1409 Data: 21/08/09 Time of beginning: 10:07 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 29,84’ N Longitude: 060˚ 00,34’ E Depth: 340_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning End Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 10:17 10:39 φ= 82˚ 29,88’ λ=060˚ 00,25’

φ= 82˚ 29,97’ λ=060˚ 00,14’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD1509 Data: 21/08/09 Time of beginning: 12:38 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 45,00’ N Longitude: 060˚ 00,00’ E Depth: _750 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 12:48 13:45 φ= 82˚ 45,417’ λ=060˚00,775’

φ= 82˚ 45,538’ λ=060˚ 00,931’

Sampling levels: 10,25, 50,75,100,150,200,250300, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets

71

Station Number: KD1609 Data: 21 /08/09 Time of beginning: 15:53 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 55,647 ’ N Longitude: 059˚ 56,11’ E Depth: _1100 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 16:06 17:17 φ= 82˚ 55,868’ λ=059˚ 56,664’

φ= 82˚ 56,523’ λ=059˚ 56,941’

Sampling levels: 10,25,50 75,100,150,200,250,300,400,500,600,750,1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD1709 Data: 21/08/09 Time of beginning: 19:34 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 83˚ 10,191’ N Longitude: 060˚ 01,796’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:00 21:02 φ= 83˚ 10,421’ λ=060˚ 00,685’

φ= 83˚ 10,487’ λ=060˚ 00,744’

Sampling levels: 10,25,50 75,100,150,200,250,300,400,500,600,750,1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD1809 Data: 21/08/09 Time of beginning: 23:42 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 83˚ 03.777’ N Longitude: 059˚ 39,603’ E Depth: _2550 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder 2 CTD/Rosette

3 Mooring deployment 23:42 02:53 φ= 83˚ 03.777’

λ=059˚ 59,603’ φ= 83˚ 04,240’ λ=059˚ 48,752’ 2730m φ= 83˚ 04,202’

λ=059˚ 48,393’

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets

72

Station Number: KD1909 Data: 22/08/09 Time of beginning: 04:22 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 83˚ 04,256’ N Longitude: 059˚ 58,243’ E Depth: _2700 m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 04:25 05:37 φ= 83˚04,256 ’ λ=059˚ 53,580’

φ= 83˚ 04,263’ λ=059˚ 58,243’

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD2009 Data: 22/08/09 Time of beginning: 19:05 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 00,061’ N Longitude: 066˚ 40,241’ E Depth: _ 500 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end Beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 19:22 19:56 φ= 81˚ 00,277’ λ=066˚ 41,697’

φ= 81˚ 00,921’ λ=066˚ 43,859’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 20:10 20:37 φ= 81˚ 00,921’ λ=066˚ 43,859’

φ= 81˚ 00,805’ λ=066˚ 40,724’

Station Number: KD2109 Data: 22/08/09 Time of beginning: 21:13 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 59,974’ N Longitude: 067˚ 01,272’ E Depth: _500 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 21:13 21:48 φ= 80˚ 59,974’ λ=067˚01,272 ’

φ= 80˚ 59,733’ λ=067˚ 06,148’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300,350,400,450, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 22:21 22:34 φ= 80˚ 59,416’ λ=067˚11,152’

φ= 80˚ 59,260’ λ=067˚ 10,234’

73

Station Number: KD2209 Data: 22/08/09 Time of beginning: 23:19 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 00,142’ N Longitude: 067˚ 31,152’ E Depth: _560 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 23:19 23:50 φ= 81˚ 00,142’ λ=067˚ 31,152’

φ= 81˚ 00,308’ λ=067˚ 35,057’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300,350,400,450, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 00:06 00:22 φ= 81˚ 00,210’ λ=067˚ 34,112’

φ= 81˚ 00,097’ λ=067˚ 31,911’

Station Number: KD2309 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 01:21 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 00,409’ N Longitude: 068˚ 00,363’ E Depth: 580_ m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 01:21 01:56 φ= 81˚ 00,409’ λ=068˚ 00,363’

φ= 81˚ 01,092’ λ=068˚ 00,719’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300,350,400,450, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD2409 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 03:35 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 00,598’ N Longitude: 069˚ 24,680’ E Depth: _550 m Ice:

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 03:35 04:12 φ= 81˚ 00,598’ λ=069˚ 24,680’

φ= 81˚ 01,140’ λ=69˚ 25,480’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300,

350,400,450,500, 550m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets

74

Station Number: KD2509 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 05:21 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 59,72’ N Longitude: 070˚50,42 ’ E Depth: 610_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 05:26 06:09 φ= 80˚ 59,925’ λ=070˚ 49,889’

φ= 81˚ 00,292’ λ=070˚ 52,606’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 450, 500, 550m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 6:13 06:31 φ= 80˚ 00,16’ λ=070˚52,83’

φ= 80˚ 59,907’ λ=070˚ 50,915’

Station Number: KD2609 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 07:45 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 59,97’ N Longitude: 072˚ 18,95’ E Depth: 590_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder 9:45 φ= 81˚00,08 ’ λ=073˚ 00,81’ 520m

2 CTD/Rosette 7:50 8:26 φ= 80˚ 59,970’ λ=072˚ 19,099’

φ= 81˚ 00,540’ λ=072˚ 22,148’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 350,400,450,500,550m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 8:33 8:52 φ= 81˚ 00,52’ λ=072˚ 21,56’

φ= 81˚ 00,812’ λ=072˚ 20,259’

Station Number: KD2709 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 9:36 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 00,01’ N Longitude: 072˚ 59,96’ E Depth: 545_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 9:40 10:13 φ= 81˚ 00,03’ λ=073˚ 00,31’

φ= 81˚ 00,571’ λ=073˚ 03,152’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,350,400,450,500m.

3 Mooring deployment 10:19 φ= 81˚ 00,701’

λ=073˚ 03,487’

4 Mooring recovering

75

5 Nets 13:15 13:33 φ= 81˚ 02,44’ λ=073˚ 03,45’

φ= 81˚ 02,787’ λ=073˚ 01,742’

Station Number: KD2809 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 14:27 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 00,192’ N Longitude: 073˚ 43,875’ E Depth: _375 m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 14:45 15:18 φ= 81˚ 00,703’ λ=073˚ 45,614’

φ= 81˚ 01,625’ λ=073˚ 48,052’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300, 350m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD2909 Data: 23/08/09 Time of beginning: 15:56 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 00,416’ N Longitude: 074˚ 10,749’ E Depth: _165 m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 16:18 16:42 φ= 81˚ 00,744’ λ=074˚ 12,707’

φ= 81˚ 01,126’ λ=074˚ 15,362’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125,

150, 160m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3009 Data: 25/08/09 Time of beginning: 17:50 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 05,266’ N Longitude: 137˚ 22,155’ E Depth: _650 m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 17:53 18:39 φ= 81˚ 05,267’ λ=137˚ 22,139’

φ= 81˚ 05,249’ λ=137˚ 22,311’

Sampling levels: 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,

400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 19:23 19:44 φ= 81˚ 05,249’ λ=137˚ 22,311’

φ= 81˚ 05,074’ λ=137˚ 20,714’

76

Station Number: KD3109 Data: 25/08/09 Time of beginning: 20:57 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 56,147’ N Longitude: 137˚ 55,888’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 10%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:57 21:54 φ= 80˚ 56,147’ λ=137˚ 55,888’

φ= 80˚ 55,904’ λ=137˚ 56,741’

Sampling levels: 10,25, 50,100,150,200,250,300,

400,500,600,700,800, 900,1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 22:07 22:29 φ= 80˚ 55,966’ λ=137˚ 58,476’

φ= 80˚ 55,503’ λ=137˚ 55,200’ 180m

Station Number: KD3209 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 01:32 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 46,958’ N Longitude: 138˚ 43,140’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 01:49 02:50 φ= 80˚ 46,906’ λ=138˚ 42,606’

φ= 80˚ 46,672’ λ=138˚ 41,005’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3309 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 04:47 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 34,537’ N Longitude: 139˚ 40,026’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 95%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 04:51 05:52 φ= 80˚ 34,536’ λ=139˚ 40,037’

φ= 80˚ 34,867’ λ=139˚ 40,066’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

77

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3409 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 07:59 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 21,82’ N Longitude: 140˚ 35,76’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 08:03 09:03 φ= 80˚ 21,817’ λ=140˚ 35,893’

φ= 80˚ 21,812’ λ=140˚ 35,893’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3509 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 10:52 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 08,52’ N Longitude: 141˚ 28,61’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 40%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 10:57 11:58 φ= 80˚ 08,462’ λ=141˚ 28,717’

φ= 80˚ 09,059’ λ=141˚ 28,651’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 12:20 12:36 φ= 80˚ 07,216’ λ=141˚ 31,513’

φ= 80˚ 07,440’ λ=141˚ 32,118’

Station Number: KD3609 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 15:10 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 56,163’ N Longitude: 142˚ 14,123’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 40%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 15:12 16:18 φ= 79˚ 56,163’ λ=142˚ 17,981’

φ= 79˚ 56,604’ λ=142˚ 14,582’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

78

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3709 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 17:13 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 49,866’ N Longitude: 142˚ 44,44’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 17:25 18:40 φ= 79˚ 49,960’ λ=142˚ 44,674’

φ= 79˚ 50,376’ λ=142˚ 46,105’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3809 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 20:03 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 44,16’ N Longitude: 143˚ 12,7’ E Depth: 800_ m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:03 20:44 φ= 79˚ 44,160’ λ=143˚ 14,148’

φ= 79˚ 44,200’ λ=143˚ 16,388’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,400,500,600,700m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD3909 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 22:21 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 37,743’ N Longitude: 143˚ 37,797’ E Depth: 400_ m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 22:01 22:34 φ= 79˚ 37,743’ λ=143˚ 37,797’

φ= 79˚ 37,516’ λ=143˚ 38,407’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350m.

3 Mooring deployment

79

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD4009 Data: 26/08/09 Time of beginning: 23:20 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 31,789’ N Longitude: 144˚ 04,246’ E Depth: 280_ m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 23:26 23:43 φ= 79˚ 31,675’ λ=144˚ 04,243’

φ= 79˚ 31,414’ λ=144˚ 04,907’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 175, 200, 250m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD4109 Data: 27/08/09 Time of beginning: 18:50 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 76˚ 51,919’ N Longitude: 125˚ 49,823’ E Depth: 75_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 18:55 19:06 φ= 76˚ 51,919’ λ=125˚ 49,823’

φ= 76˚ 51,860’ λ=125˚ 50,089’ Sampling levels:

5, 10, 25, 50m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 19:11 19:40 φ= 76˚ 51,804’ λ=125˚ 50,177’

φ= 76˚ 52,443’ λ=125˚ 51,067’

Station Number: KD4209 Data: 27/08/09 Time of beginning: 20:39 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 77˚ 04,090’ N Longitude: 125˚ 48,675’ E Depth: 200_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:40 20:54 φ= 77˚ 04,090’ λ=125˚ 48,675’

φ= 77˚ 04,044’ λ=125˚ 48,905’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200m.

3 Mooring deployment

80

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 21:03 21:20 φ= 77˚ 03,695’ λ=125˚ 48,368’

φ= 77˚ 03,105’ λ=125˚ 51,791’

Station Number: KD4309 Data: 27/08/09 Time of beginning: 21:49 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 77˚ 06,125’ N Longitude: 125˚ 51,903’ E Depth: 500_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 21:49 22:20 φ= 77˚ 06,125’ λ=125˚ 51,903’

φ= 77˚ 06,173’ λ=125˚ 51,571’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,350,400,450,500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 22:28 22:44 φ= 77˚ 06,286’ λ=125˚ 50,730’

φ= 77˚ 06,193’ λ=125˚ 48,044’

Station Number: KD4409 Data: 27/08/09 Time of beginning: 23:18 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 77˚ 09,850’ N Longitude: 125˚ 46,971’ E Depth: 600_ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 23:18 23:59 φ= 77˚ 09,850’ λ=125˚ 46,971’

φ= 77˚ 10,053’ λ=125˚ 46,399’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,400,500,600,700m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 00:05 00:30 φ= 77˚ 09,906’ λ=125˚ 46,364’

φ= 77˚ 08,964’ λ=125˚ 46,438’

Station Number: KD4509 Data: 28/08/09 Time of beginning: 01:43 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 77˚ 22,461’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,189’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 10%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

81

2 CTD/Rosette 01:43 02:44 φ= 77˚ 22,461’ λ=125˚ 50,189’

φ= 77˚ 23,091’ λ=125˚ 50,460’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 02:56 03:11 φ= 77˚ 22,797’ λ=125˚ 49,206’

φ= 77˚ 22,428’ λ=125˚ 47,664’

Station Number: KD4609 Data: 28/08/09 Time of beginning: 04:25 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 77˚ 37,251’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,011’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 10%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ments

1

Comments 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 04:27 05:28 φ= 77˚ 37,247’ λ=125˚ 50,034’

φ= 77˚ 37,29’ λ=125˚ 48,94’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 05:36 06:00 φ= 77˚ 36,69’ λ=125˚ 49,77’

φ= 77˚ 36,228’ λ=125˚ 51,538’

Station Number: KD4709 Data: 28/08/09 Time of beginning: 07:18 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 77˚ 53,962’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,440’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 20%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 07:20 08:23 φ= 77˚ 53,958’ λ=125˚ 50,422’

φ= 77˚ 54,28’ λ=125˚ 50,39’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,400,500,600,635m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 08:31 09:00 φ= 77˚ 54,28’ λ=125˚ 52,98’

φ= 77˚ 54,71’ λ=125˚ 57,19’

Station Number: KD4809 Data: 28/08/09 Time of beginning: 10:05 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 78˚ 10,446’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,645’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 20%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

82

2 CTD/Rosette 10:08 11:09 φ= 78˚ 10,449’ λ=125˚ 50,661’

φ= 78˚ 10,63’ λ=125˚ 50,49’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 11:28 11:47 φ= 78˚ 10,185’ λ=125˚ 45,322’

φ= 78˚ 09,875’ λ=125˚ 43,459’

Station Number: KD4909 Data: 28/08/09 Time of beginning: 18:23 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 78˚ 29,503’ N Longitude: 125˚ 45,968’ E Depth: _1800 m Ice: 20%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 18:34 20:30 φ= 78˚ 29,573’ λ=125˚ 45,293’

φ= 78˚ 29,870’ λ=125˚ 40,151’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1500, 1700m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD5009 Data: 28/08/09 Time of beginning: 21:35 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 39,567’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,00’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 40%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 21:35 22:34 φ= 78˚ 40,503’ λ=125˚ 52,008’

φ= 78˚ 41,378’ λ=125˚ 49,552’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,400,500,600,700m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 23:04 23:17 φ= 78˚ 41,596’ λ=125˚ 48,705’

φ= 78˚ 41,407’ λ=125˚ 50,321’

Station Number: KD5109 Data: 29/08/09 Time of beginning: 00:51 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 78˚ 57,293’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,758’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

83

2 CTD/Rosette 00:51 01:50 φ= 78˚ 57,293’ λ=125˚ 50,758’

φ= 78˚ 57,625’ λ=125˚ 50,506’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD5209 Data: 29/08/09 Time of beginning: 03:55 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 12,402’ N Longitude: 125˚ 49,372’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 03:58 05:03 φ= 79˚ 12,397’ λ=125˚ 49,336’

φ= 79˚ 12,45’ λ=125˚ 47,07’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring dep-loyment, ,ITP 05:04 06:38 φ= 79˚ 12,45’

λ=125˚ 47,04’ φ= 79˚ 12,69’ λ=125˚ 47,47’

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD5309 Data: 29/08/09 Time of beginning: 08:33 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 29,03’ N Longitude: 125˚ 42,23’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 95%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 08:45 09:47 φ= 79˚ 29,173’ λ=125˚ 46,716’

φ= 79˚ 29,82’ λ=125˚ 43,41’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD5409 Data: 29/08/09 Time of beginning: 11:10 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 79˚ 46,14’ N Longitude: 125˚ 50,11’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 5%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

84

2 CTD/Rosette 11:15 12:22 φ= 79˚ 46,214’ λ=125˚ 49,588’

φ= 79˚ 45,542’ λ=125˚ 44,210’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 12:27 12:44 φ= 79˚ 45,339’ λ=125˚ 44,145’

φ= 79˚ 44,802’ λ=125˚ 44,442’

Station Number: KD5509 Data: 29/08/09 Time of beginning: 14:20 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 01,359’ N Longitude: 125˚ 48,471’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 5%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 14:22 15:37 φ= 80˚ 01,359’ λ=125˚ 48,425’

φ= 79˚ 59,872’ λ=125˚ 39,547’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets 15:37 16:14 φ= 79˚ 59,872’ λ=125˚ 39,547’

φ= 80˚ 00,991’ λ=125˚ 41,540’

Station Number: KD5609 Data: 29/08/09 Time of beginning: 17:30 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 16,195’ N Longitude: 125˚ 48,389’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 5%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 17:37 18:55 φ= 80˚ 16,197’ λ=125˚ 48,465’

φ= 80˚ 15,662’ λ=125˚ 34,837’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD5809 Data: 30/08/09 Time of beginning: 5:11 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 01,095’ N Longitude: 108˚ 29,700’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 100%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

85

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 17:30 18:39 φ= 82˚ 01,095’ λ=108˚ 29,700’

φ= 82˚ 00,947’ λ=108˚ 31,401’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD5909 Data: 30/08/09 Time of beginning: 19:51 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 51,701’ N Longitude: 107˚ 39,434’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 40%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 20:01 21:01 φ= 81˚ 51,698’ λ=107˚ 39,457’

φ= 81˚ 51,102’ λ=107˚ 42,663’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6009 Data: 30/08/09 Time of beginning: 22:52 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 42,77’ N Longitude: 106˚ 50,91’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 10%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 23:02 00:05 φ= 81˚ 42,325’ λ=106˚ 51,930’

φ= 81˚ 41,791’ λ=106˚ 58,889’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6109 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 02:10 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 29,55’ N Longitude: 105˚ 48,34’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 40%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

86

2 CTD/Rosette 02:10 03:18 φ= 81˚ 29,227’ λ=105˚ 45,614’

φ= 81˚ 28,193’ λ=105˚ 45,722’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6209 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 04:55 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 15,84’ N Longitude: 104˚ 48,37’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 05:00 06:03 φ= 81˚ 15,750’ λ=104˚ 49,286’

φ= 81˚ 15,150’ λ=104˚ 46,660’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6309 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 07:31 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 02,090’ N Longitude: 103˚ 55,630’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 85%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 07:37 08:40 φ= 81˚ 02,036’ λ=103˚ 55,611’

φ= 81˚ 02,110’ λ=103˚ 54,407’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6409 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 10:23 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 48,97’ N Longitude: 103˚ 02,870’ E Depth: _1100 m Ice: 50%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

87

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 10:32 11:33 φ= 80˚ 49,146’ λ=103˚ 04,026’

φ= 80˚ 49,210’ λ=103˚ 13,40’

Sampling levels: 10,25,50, 100,150,200,250,300,400,

500,600,700,800m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6509 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 12:45 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 41,839’ N Longitude: 102˚ 34,472’ E Depth: _300 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 12:56 13:25 φ= 80˚ 41,698’ λ=102˚ 35,089’

φ= 80˚ 41,332’ λ=102˚ 36,414’

Sampling levels: 5,10, 25, 50, 75, 100,125,150,

175,200,250,300m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6609 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 14:40 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 34,728’ N Longitude: 102˚ 12,579’ E Depth: 300_ m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 14:44 15:10 φ= 80˚ 34,722’ λ=102˚ 12,593’

φ= 80˚ 34,342’ λ=102˚ 13,421’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125,

150,175,200,250,300m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6709 Data: 31/08/09 Time of beginning: 16:28 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 80˚ 25,870’ N Longitude: 101˚ 48,804’ E Depth: 250 m Ice: 100%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

88

2 CTD/Rosette 16:50 17:21 φ= 80˚ 25,372’ λ=101˚ 50,143’

φ= 80˚ 25,117’ λ=101˚ 50,010’

Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6809 Data: 01/09/09 Time of beginning: 03:43 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 28,932’ N Longitude: 097˚ 02,262’ E Depth: 215_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD|Rosette 03:43 04:00 φ= 81˚ 28,932’ λ=097˚ 02,262’

φ= 81˚ 28,800’ λ=097˚ 01,740’ Sampling levels: 10, 25,

50, 100, 150, 200m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD6909 Data: 01/09/09 Time of beginning: 06:20 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 45,454’ N Longitude: 097˚ 46,293’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 95%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 06:24 07:24 φ= 81˚ 45,459’ λ=097˚ 46,281’

φ= 81˚ 46,050’ λ=097˚ 46,630’

Sampling levels: 10,25,50, 100,150,200,250,300,

400,500,600,700,800m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7009 Data: 01/09/09 Time of beginning: 09:04 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 59,720’ N Longitude: 098˚ 30,620’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 95%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

89

2 CTD/Rosette 09:09 10:13 φ= 81˚ 59,761’ λ=098˚ 30,982’

φ= 81˚ 59,840’ λ=098˚ 33,910’

Sampling levels: 10,25,50, 100,150,200,250,300,400,

500,600,700,800,900,1000m

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7109 Data: 01/09/09 Time of beginning: 12:40 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 14,407’ N Longitude: 099˚ 10,927’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 12:44 13:52 φ= 82˚ 14,405’ λ=099˚ 10,911’

φ= 82˚ 14,051’ λ=099˚ 07,041’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7209 Data: 01/09/09 Time of beginning: 15:35 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 24,994’ N Longitude: 099˚ 43,619’ E Depth: _1000 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 15:42 16:50 φ= 82˚ 24,995’ λ=099˚ 43,587’

φ= 82˚ 25,136’ λ=099˚ 41,299’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7309 Data: 01/09/09 Time of beginning: 21:43 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 08,071’ N Longitude: 098˚ 55,551’ E Depth: 1000_ m Ice: 80%

# Research Time, GMT GPS Position Com-

90

Time, GMT GPS Position # Activity beginning end beginning end

ment1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 21:43 22:43 φ= 82˚ 08,071’ λ=098˚ 55,551’

φ= 82˚ 07,820’ λ=098˚ 59,507’

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7409 Data: 02/09/09 Time of beginning: 17:53 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 30,148’ N Longitude: 076˚ 29,124’ E Depth: _ m Ice: 0%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end Com-

ment 1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 18:00 φ= 81˚ 30,149’ λ=076˚ 29,118’

φ= 81˚ 30,173’ λ=076˚ 27,341’ Sampling levels:

10, 25, 50, 100m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7509 Data: 02/09/09 Time of beginning: 19:15 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 40,260’ N Longitude: 076˚ 19,702’ E Depth: _210 m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 19:15 19:26 φ= 81˚ 40,260’ λ=076˚ 19,702’

φ= 81˚ 40,263’ λ=076˚ 19,716’ Sampling levels: 5, 10, 25,

50,75,100,125,150,175m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7609 Data: 02/09/09 Time of beginning: 22:49 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,432’ N Longitude: 076˚ 02,826’ E Depth: 640_ m Ice: 70%

# Research Time, GMT GPS Position Com-

91

Time, GMT GPS Position # Activity

beginning end beginning end ment

1 Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 22:49 23:04 φ= 82˚ 00,559’ λ=076˚ 03,857’

φ= 82˚ 00,894’ λ=076˚ 07,090’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7709 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 00:47 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,081’ N Longitude: 075˚ 00,183’ E Depth: 570_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 00:47 01:18 φ= 82˚ 00,081’ λ=075˚ 00,183’

φ= 81˚ 59,939’ λ=075˚ 00,379’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200,

250, 300, 400, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7809 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 02:16 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,044’ N Longitude: 073˚ 59,394’ E Depth: 635_ m Ice: 50%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 02:26 03:01 φ= 82˚ 00,055’ λ=073˚ 58,916’

φ= 82˚ 00,170’ λ=073˚ 57,258’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300,

350, 400, 450, 500, 550m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD7909 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 04:01 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT)

92

Latitude: 82˚ 00,110’ N Longitude: 072˚ 59,04’ E Depth: 680_ m Ice: 50%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 04:06 04:44 φ= 82˚ 00,127’ λ=072˚ 58,907’

φ= 82˚ 00,150’ λ=072˚ 57,830’

Sampling levels:10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,

350, 400, 450, 500, 550m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8009 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 05:33 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,010’ N Longitude: 071˚ 59,740’ E Depth: 700_ m Ice: 50%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 05:38 06:17 φ= 82˚ 00,037’ λ=071˚ 59,643’

φ= 82˚ 00,250’ λ=072˚ 00,730’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8109 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 07:01 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,190’ N Longitude: 070˚ 59,960’ E Depth: _685 m Ice: 80%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 07:10 07:47 φ= 82˚ 00,259’ λ=070˚ 59,910’

φ= 82˚ 00,580’ λ=071˚ 01,050’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8209 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 08:50 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT)

93

Latitude: 82˚ 00,010’ N Longitude: 069˚ 58,780’ E Depth: 666_ m Ice: 95%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 08:54 09:32 φ= 82˚ 00,033’ λ=069˚ 58,437’

φ= 82˚ 00,270’ λ=069˚ 59,030’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8309 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 10:42 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,570’ N Longitude: 068˚ 59,620’ E Depth: _680 m Ice: 95%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 10:47 11:23 φ= 82˚ 00,568’ λ=068˚ 59,501’

φ= 82˚ 00,610’ λ=068˚ 59,520’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8409 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 12:29 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 82˚ 00,135’ N Longitude: 067˚ 58,073’ E Depth: 663_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 12:35 13:15 φ= 82˚ 00,136’ λ=067˚ 58,074’

φ= 82˚ 00,193’ λ=067˚ 57,508’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,

300, 350, 400, 450, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8509 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 14:15 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT)

94

Latitude: 82˚ 00,026’ N Longitude: 067˚ 02,570’ E Depth: 605_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 14:19 14:59 φ= 82˚ 00,065’ λ=067˚ 02,132’

φ= 82˚ 00,207’ λ=067˚ 01,387’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8609 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 15:45 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 57,381’ N Longitude: 066˚ 29,618’ E Depth: 590_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 15:58 16:27 φ= 81˚ 57,381’ λ=066˚ 29,618’

φ= 81˚ 57,560’ λ=066˚ 28,770’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300, 400, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8709 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 17:08 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 54,946’ N Longitude: 065˚ 58,230’ E Depth: 600_ m Ice: 90%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 17:16 17:54 φ= 81˚ 55,046’ λ=065˚ 57,909’

φ= 81˚ 55,143’ λ=065˚ 52,331’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150,

200, 250, 300, 400, 500m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8809 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 18:29

95

dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 53,009’ N Longitude: 065˚ 29,144’ E Depth: 450_ m Ice: 70%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 18:36 19:08 φ= 81˚ 53,119’ λ=065˚ 28,793’

φ= 81˚ 53,002’ λ=065˚ 28,722’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets Station Number: KD8909 Data: 03/09/09 Time of beginning: 19:45 dd/mm/yy hh:mm (GMT) Latitude: 81˚ 56,040’ N Longitude: 065˚ 00,508’ E Depth: 365_ m Ice: 85%

Time, GMT GPS Position # Research

Activity beginning end beginning end

Com- ment

1

Comment 2

1 Echo-sounder

2 CTD/Rosette 19:54 20:33 φ= 81˚ 50,160’ λ=065˚ 00,301’

φ= 81˚ 50,433’ λ=064˚ 59,698’

Sampling levels: 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200,

250, 300, 350m.

3 Mooring deployment

4 Mooring recovering

5 Nets