APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of Human Anatomy and Physiology Experiment by title

“Cold Pressure” that created by:

Name : Aidil Adhani

Reg. No : 071 404 164

Class : ICP Biology

Group : III (Third)

have been checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report is accepted.

Makassar, December 2009

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

(Farida Kasna) (Nirma Arsyad) Reg. No: 061404042 Reg. No: 061404064

Known by,

Lecturer of Responsibility,

(Dr. Mushawir Tayyeb, M.Kes)Reg. No: 196816040520000031002

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Blood circulation system is the system that connected with the circulation

of blood from one place to another place that found in the blood vessels. The

circulation of blood that continuously basically done by the heart which has

function to pump the blood. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood to the wall of

blood vessels. The blood pressure of one place in the certain circulation

determined by some factors, they are amount of blood that found in the blood

that can make the vessel become bigger, activity to pump the blood, and the

resistance to the blood stream. Blood pressure is the quantities that very

important in the hemodynamic. The high of the blood pressure in any kinds of

blood vessel is not same; the artery pressure is higher than the pressure of vein

vessel.

Beside the blood pressure, we also knew the cold pressure term. Cold

pressure nearly same with the blood pressure. It is still talk about the blood

stream and blood pressure. When someone gets temperature more than their body

temperature or low than normal, it will make the changes of the blood vessel.

When in cold temperature, the blood vessel will experience vasoconstriction and

know as the cold pressure. But, if someone in the hot temperature, their blood

vessel will experience vasodilatation to make their body still in homeostasis

condition.

In this case, we will observe the influence of genetic factor and the

environment factor to the blood pressure, especially cold pressure. Based on the

explanation above, we can get more information about the cold pressure. But, as

the biology student we should to do directly observation about the theory that

have got and prove if the genetic factor also has a role in the blood pressure of

someone.

B. Purpose

To know the difference of vasoconstriction effect of people that

genetically will get hypertension or has beginning the process of hypertension.

C. Benefit

After do this observation, the student can get more information about the

differences of vasoconstriction effect of people that genetically will get

hypertension or has beginning the process of hypertension.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

In cold welding, pressure is applied to the work pieces through dies or rolls.

Because of the plastic deformation involved, it is necessary that at least one (but

preferably both) of the mating parts be ductile. Prior to welding, the interface is

degreased, wire-brushed, and wiped to remove oxide smudges. Cold welding can be

used to join small work pieces made of soft, ductile metals. It is now known that the

force of adhesion following first contact can be augmented by pressing the metals

tightly together, increasing the duration of contact, raising the temperature of the

work pieces, or any combination of the above. Research has shown that even for very

smooth metals, only the high points of each surface; called asperities, touch the

opposing piece. Perhaps as little as a few thousandths of a percent of the total surface

is involved. However, these small areas of taction develop powerful molecular

connections; electron microscope investigations of contact points reveal that an actual

welding of the two surfaces takes place after which it is impossible to discern the

former asperity interface. If the original surfaces are sufficiently smooth, attractive

van der Waals forces between contact points eventually draw the two pieces

completely together and eliminate even the macroscopic interface (Anonyma, 2009).

A survival mechanism in people and other mammals constricts blood vessels

in cold weather, to conserve heat and maintain body temperature. But with less room

for blood to move, pressure rises — along with the risk of fatal heart attack and

stroke, which peaks during winter. People especially at risk include those with high

blood pressure, also known as hypertension, and patients with health conditions that

require strict blood-pressure maintenance, such as diabetes and chronic kidney

disease. But even comparatively healthy people aren’t entirely immune. Blood

pressure, considered a key indicator of overall health, is the force blood exerts against

artery walls. The measurement has two components — systolic pressure, taken when

the heart beats, and diastolic pressure, taken between beats. Blood pressure is

measured in millimeters of mercury and is always expressed with systolic pressure

given first (Anonymb, 2009).

According to Tim Dosen (2009), the mechanisms of the development essential

hypertension which have known clearly until this time are:

1. Vasoconstriction which happen too often or in long time caused by the effect from

sympatic nerve system that excessive to the race meeting from outside.

2. Vasoconstriction because the heap of Ca ion in the smooth muscle cytoplasm in

tunica media by the disorder of genetic membrane.

3. Hypervolumi that caused by the kidneys disorder genetically which retension Ca

ion and water. Hypervolumi caused the increasing of heart bulk and make the

blood pressure increased. The increasing of blood pressure because the

hypervolumi will be press the wall of blood vessel and than the vasoconstriction

happened.

Viscosity of blood is caused by the plasma protein and the number of the

blood cell that found in the blood stream. Each change of both factors also will

change the blood pressure. Like in the anemia, the number of blood cell will be

decrease and the blood pressure also will be lower, if heart and vasomotor system is

not work well to balance it. The velocity of blood flow depends on the size of manger

in the blood vessel. Blood in the aorta is move faster. In the artery its velocity is

decrease and lower again in capillary. The pressure can be see when the blood back to

the vein that bigger near the heart (Perace, 1982).

The size of artery is various starts from 25 mm (aorta) until 0.5 mm. in

microscopic, the wall of artery consists of 3 layers. The third layer of artery wall

separated with the internal and external elastic membrane. There are 3 kinds of artery,

big, middle, and small. Big artery (aorta, artery pulmoner, artery innominata, etc) has

the thick of tunica intima, internal elastic membrane, thick of tunica media with

smooth muscle and many fibers. These kinds of artery also called elastic artery.

Middle artery also called muscular artery because their tunica media is very thick

without fibers, the external elastic membrane is clear. While, the small artery has the

external elastic membrane, also called arteriole. Arteriole continuously as capillary

which has not the fibers muscle in their wall (Syaifuddin, 2006).

The blood pressure is very important in blood circulation system and always

needed as the impetus that flow blood in artery, arteriole, capillary, and vein system

until form the fix flow. Heart work as the blood pumped that can moved the blood

from vein to the artery. In close circulation system, the pumped activity of heart

occurs by do the contraction and relaxation until make the change of the blood

pressure in circulation system. In the recording of the pressure in the artery showed

the increase of artery pressure until get the peak about 120 mmHg, this pressure

called systole pressure (Tambayong, 2001).

CHAPTER IIIOBSERVATION METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day/ date : Monday/ December 14th 2009.

Time : At 11.00 pm until 12.15 pm

Place : In Biology Laboratory at 3nd grade FMIPA UNM Makassar.

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools

a. Sphygmomanometer

b. Stethoscope

c. Table

d. Chair

e. Washbasin

2. Material

a. Probandus

b. Water

c. Ice

C. Procedures

Let the probandus sit with relax. After that, paired the bandage of

sphygmomanometer at the upper right arm of the probandus. Next, measure the

blood pressure of the probandus as many 3 times. The diastole pressure which

lowest take as the comparison pressure. After that, the left hand is enter into the

washbasin that filled with water and ice. And then, measure again the blood

pressure as many 3 times. Took the lowest diastole pressure after soaked and

compare with the lowest diastole before. Do this step for the other probandus.

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

No. NameBlood Pressure

Normal (mmHg) Cold (mmHg)

1. Sri Marwah

100/60 110/90

100/60 110/90

100/60 110/90

2. Aidil Adhani

110/70 125/90

110/70 121/75

110/70 121/70

3. Musdalifa

110/80 105/70

110/70 100/70

110/70 110/70

B. Data Analysis

Lowest of cold diastole pressure – Lowest of normal diastole pressure

Normoreactor : 10 - 19 mmHg

Hyporeactor : < 10 mmHg

Hyperreactor : ≥ 20 mmHg

1. Sri Marwah

Lowest of normal diastole : 60 mmHg

Lowest of cold diastole : 90 mmHg

Lowest of cold diastole pressure – Lowest of normal diastole pressure

90 mmHg – 60 mmHg = 30 mmHg (hypereactor)

2. Aidil Adhani

Lowest of normal diastole : 70 mmHg

Lowest of cold diastole : 70 mmHg

Lowest of cold diastole pressure – Lowest of normal diastole pressure

70 mmHg – 70 mmHg = 0

3. Musdalifa

Lowest of normal diastole : 70 mmHg

Lowest of cold diastole : 70 mmHg

Lowest of cold diastole pressure – Lowest of normal diastole pressure

70 mmHg – 70 mmHg = 0

C. Discussion

Based on the observation result that got, we can see the cold pressure of

each probandus. In our group, there is one probandus (sri marwah) which has

hyperreactor of cold pressure. She has the diastole pressure comparison after and

before the treatment equals 30 mmHg. This value is including in hyprreactor

pressure. The other probandus (Aidil and Musdalifa), get the last value of the

cold pressure equals to 0. This value is not suitable with the determination value

of cold pressure. The mistake of the measurement is the reason for this result or

the condition of the vasoconstriction is was over or missed when the

measurement done.

In this observation, we want to know the effect of vasoconstriction to the

blood pressure of someone. Where the vasoconstriction is the narrow of blood

vessel. So, when the blood vessels become narrow will help us to keep the

constantly of body temperature (hot temperature) in cold condition. If someone

has the blood pressure higher than the normal it means that they in hypertension

condition. The hypertension is can influence by the environment and the genetic

factors. Vasoconstriction because the heap of Ca ion in the smooth muscle

cytoplasm in tunica media by the disorder of genetic membrane. Hypervolumi

that caused by the kidneys disorder genetically which retension Ca ion and water.

Hypervolumi caused the increasing of heart bulk and make the blood pressure

increased. The increasing of blood pressure because the hypervolumi will be

press the wall of blood vessel and than the vasoconstriction happened. The other

factors that influenced to the blood pressure of someone are the position, age,

nutrition that consumed, activity in daily, also the sex. These factor is can make

someone in hypotension, hypertension or in normal condition.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Based on the observation result that have got, so we can conclude that the

difference effect of vasoconstriction can influenced to the blood pressure of

someone that genetically experience hypertension like Sri marwah which has

diastole pressure 30 mmHg.

B. Suggestion

1. The apprentice should to attention the instruction from the assistant along the

observation done.

2. The assistant should to guide the apprentice along the observation.

3. The laboratory should in clean condition to make the apprentice comfort to

do the observation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonyma. 2009. Cold Welding. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_welding. Accessed at December 16th 2009.

Anonymb. 2009. Cold Weather Hikes Blood Pressure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold _weather_Hikes_blood_pressure . Accessed at December 16th 2009.

Pearce, Evelyn. 1982. Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Paramedis. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Syaifuddin. 2006. Anatomi dan Fisiologi untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan Edisi 3. Jakarta: EGC.

Tambayong, Jan. 2001. Anatomy dan Fisiologi untuk Keperawatan. Jakarta: EGC.

Tim Dosen. 2004. Penuntun Praktikum Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia. Makassar: FMIPA UNM.

Cold weldingFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchCold or contact welding was first recognized as a general materials phenomenon in the 1940s. It was then discovered that two clean, flat surfaces of similar metal would strongly adhere if brought into contact under vacuum.Cold welding is a solid-state welding process in which joining takes place without fusion at the interface of the two parts to be welded. Unlike in the fusion-welding processes, no liquid or molten phase is present in the joint.ProcessIn cold welding, pressure is applied to the workpieces through dies or rolls. Because of the plastic deformation involved, it is necessary that at least one (but preferably both) of the mating parts be ductile. Prior to welding, the interface is degreased, wire-brushed, and wiped to remove oxide smudges. Cold welding can be used to join small workpieces made of soft, ductile metals.It is now known that the force of adhesion following first contact can be augmented by pressing the metals tightly together, increasing the duration of contact, raising the temperature of the workpieces, or any combination of the above. Research has shown that even for very smooth metals, only the high points of each surface, called asperities, touch the opposing piece. Perhaps as little as a few thousandths of a percent of the total surface is involved. However, these small areas of taction develop powerful molecular connections; electron microscope investigations of contact points reveal that an actual welding of the two surfaces takes place after which it is impossible to discern the former asperitic interface. If the original surfaces are sufficiently smooth, attractive van der Waals forces between contact points eventually draw the two pieces completely together and eliminate even the macroscopic interface[citation needed].Exposure to oxygen or certain other reactive compounds produces surface layers that reduce or completely eliminate the cold welding effect. This is especially true if, for example, a metal oxide has mechanical properties similar to those of the parent element (or softer), in which case surface deformations do not crack the oxide film. The reason cold welding does not normally occur between metals on earth is because there is a very fine layer of oxidized metal due to the atmosphere. Even when a metal is put into a vacuum, this layer does not disappear without wire-brushing.[edit] ApplicationsApplications include wire stock and electrical connections (such as Insulation-displacement connectors).[edit] In spaceMechanical problems in early satellites were sometimes attributed to cold welding. However, in 2006, Henry Spencer stated that the phenomenon of spontaneous cold welding in outer space is "basically a myth", pointing out that "there are no

documented cases of it actually occurring in orbit, except in experiments deliberately designed to provoke it (with susceptible materials, great care to avoid contamination, and deliberate mechanical removal of oxide layers, etc.

Cold Weather Hikes Blood Pressure

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

A survival mechanism in people and other mammals constricts blood vessels in cold weather, to conserve heat and maintain body temperature. But with less room for blood to move, pressure rises — along with the risk of fatal heart attack and stroke, which peaks during winter.Many of these deaths could be prevented with simple precautions, says University of Florida blood pressure expert Zhongjie Sun, M.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor of physiology and medicine who has just uncovered a new facet of the mysterious mechanism after identifying a gene that triggers cold-induced high blood pressure in mice. UF researchers describe their findings in the current issue of the American Journal of Physiology — Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology.“Everyone should bear in mind that cold temperature is a risk factor (for heart attack and stroke),” Sun said.People especially at risk include those with high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, and patients with health conditions that require strict blood-pressure maintenance, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease. But even comparatively healthy people aren’t entirely immune, he said.“Patients with hypertension should be very careful when they go out (in the cold),” Sun said. “But normal people should take precautions as well.”Blood pressure, considered a key indicator of overall health, is the force blood exerts against artery walls. The measurement has two components — systolic pressure, taken when the heart beats, and diastolic pressure, taken between beats. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury and is always expressed with systolic pressure given first.How much will your blood pressure increase in cold? The answer depends on variables such as the current temperature and wind chill, the temperatures you’re accustomed to, how long you’re exposed and your health, dress and activity level, Sun said. But it doesn’t take much; a previous study by Sun and his colleagues showed just five minutes’ exposure to a temperature of 52 degrees Fahrenheit can cause pressure to rise substantially. And a common medical evaluation known as the cold pressor test shows that a person who plunges one hand into freezing water for one minute will experience a rise in blood pressure lasting up to two hours.People — and their furry mammalian counterparts — living in warmer climates aren’t immune to cold-induced blood-pressure change, either, he said. UF researchers found that a control group of 12 healthy mice kept at a constant 41 degrees Fahrenheit around the clock experienced a 50 percent increase in blood pressure after five weeks, he said.“That’s not terribly cold,” he said. “It’s about the average temperature of a Gainesville winter.”

The study’s major finding was that 12 genetically engineered mice that lacked a receptor activated by the vessel-constricting hormone angiotensin II experienced only an 11 percent blood pressure increase under the same conditions, Sun said. The results show, for the first time, that the receptor plays a key role in cold-induced blood pressure increases. The finding could point the way toward new treatment and prevention strategies that may eventually save lives, he added.The receptor, known as angiotensin II receptor type 1A, or AT1A, is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure in mammals, he said. AT1A receptors are located in the heart, blood vessels, kidneys and brain. The drug losartan blocks the receptors from receiving angiotensin and commonly is prescribed to treat hypertension.