Report of an Ethnographic Survey 230407 Survey... · 2013. 10. 15. · Report of an Ethnographic...
Transcript of Report of an Ethnographic Survey 230407 Survey... · 2013. 10. 15. · Report of an Ethnographic...
Report of an Ethnographic Survey of Northern and Southern Areas of Pilbara Iron’s Billiard Prospect, either side of Weeli Wolli Creek, Yandicoogina, Pilbara, Western Australia. Bill Day PhD (UWA)
View over extensions to Pilbara Iron’s Yandi mine, towards Weeli Wolli Creek, 23 April 2007
For Pilbara Iron and Gumala Aboriginal Corporation April 2007
i
Contents Map 1: Billiards North………………………………………………………………..ii
Map 2: Weeli Wolli East and Weeli Wolli West…………………………………….iii
Plate 1: Site B07-02, Billiards North, looking northeast……………………………..5
Plate 2: Consultants at Site B07-01…………………………………………………..6
Plate 3: Water Re-injection Bore beside Weeli Wolli Creek………………………....9
Plate 4: Water flowing in Weeli Wolli Creek, southern end of Yandi lease………….9
Figure 1: Indigenous Consultants……………………………………………………..3
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1
2. Indigenous Consultants……………………………………………………………2
3. Previous Ethnographic Research…………………………………………………3
4. Ethnographic Survey Methodology………………………………………………5
5. Women’s Knowledge………………………………………………………………7
5.1 Connection to country through conception…………………………….7
5.2 Botanical Surveys……………………………………………………...…7
6. Recommendations…………………………………………………………………8
7. References………………………………………………………………………...10
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P03572P03572P03572P03572P03572P03572P03572P03572P03572
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B07-03B07-03B07-03B07-03B07-03B07-03B07-03B07-03B07-03
B07-04B07-04B07-04B07-04B07-04B07-04B07-04B07-04B07-04
B07-01B07-01B07-01B07-01B07-01B07-01B07-01B07-01B07-01
WEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EX
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ChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount Whaleback
ParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdoo
JimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebar
BHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO Yandi
Eastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern Range
Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2NammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldi
MarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandoo
Mount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceParaburdoo
West AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest Angelas
YandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicoogina
Mesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa J
Hope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope Downs
Cape LambertDampier
Port Hedland
Billiards 2007 EDPAProposed Heritage Survey Areas
Author:J.Deacon
Report No.:
Projection GDA94 Zone50
Revised:
Dwg No.:PDE0027356v1a_Map1
Drawn:T.C.
Scale:1:20 000@A2
Date:2nd March 2007
Yandicoogina Creek
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BHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO Yandi Yandi VillageWC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061
INNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILI YandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicoogina
MAP INDEX
MAP 1
MAP 2
LEGEND
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Billiards Resource Outline
Watercourse
Contour
Road
Railway
Mine
Spot Height
Tracks
Unsealed Road
HERITAGE LEGEND
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Previous heritage site
Other heritage survey area
Native Title Claim Boundary
DIA site
Proposed Heritage Survey Areas
Avoidance Site
Avoidance Site
Powerline Avoidance Area
New heritage siteOld heritage site
0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6km
Scale: 1:10,000
Billiards 2007 EDPAProposed Heritage Survey Areas
Author:J.Deacon
Report No.:
Projection GDA94 Zone50
Revised:
Dwg No.:PDE0027356v1a_Map2
Drawn:T.C.
Scale:1:20 000@A2
Date:2nd March 2007
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HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03HDMS-03
B05-02B05-02B05-02B05-02B05-02B05-02B05-02B05-02B05-02
B05-04B05-04B05-04B05-04B05-04B05-04B05-04B05-04B05-04
B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01B05-P01
B05-01B05-01B05-01B05-01B05-01B05-01B05-01B05-01B05-01
B05-03B05-03B05-03B05-03B05-03B05-03B05-03B05-03B05-03
WEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EXWEELI-EX
B07-05B07-05B07-05B07-05B07-05B07-05B07-05B07-05B07-05
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MACMACMACMACMACMACMACMACMACChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannarChannar
Mount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackMount WhalebackParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdooParaburdoo
JimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebarJimblebar
BHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO Yandi
Eastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern RangeEastern Range
Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2Brockman No.2
NammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiNammuldiMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandooMarandoo
Mount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceMount Tom PriceParaburdoo
West AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest AngelasWest Angelas
YandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicoogina
Mesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa JMesa J
Hope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope DownsHope Downs
Cape LambertDampier
Port Hedland
Yandicoogina Creek
Wee
li Woll
i Cre
ek
BHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO YandiBHPIO Yandi Yandi VillageWC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061WC96_061
INNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILIINNAWONGA BUNJIMA & NIAPAILI YandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicooginaYandicoogina
MAP INDEX
MAP 1
MAP 2
LEGEND
853853853853853853853853853&
Billiards Resource Outline
Watercourse
Contour
Road
Railway
Mine
Spot Height
Tracks
Unsealed Road
HERITAGE LEGEND
8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888
Previous heritage site
Other heritage survey area
Native Title Claim Boundary
DIA site
Proposed Heritage Survey Areas
Avoidance Site
Avoidance Site
Powerline Avoidance Area
New heritage siteOld heritage site
0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6km
Scale: 1:10,000
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Report of an Ethnographic Survey of Northern and Southern Areas of Pilbara Iron’s Billiard Prospect, either side of Weeli Wolli Creek, Yandicoogina, Pilbara, Western Australia. April 2007 By Bill Day PhD (UWA) For Pilbara Iron and Gumala Aboriginal Corporation 1. Introduction
The ethnographic survey area consisted of five separate parts totalling 7.4 square
kilometres adjoining previously surveyed areas (see Day 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b,
2005c). The larger section, Billiards North,1 is an L-shaped area straddling Weeli
Wolli Creek on the northern end of the Pilbara Iron (PI) Yandi lease (Map1).
Indigenous consultants with archaeologist Adam Dias located four previously
unmapped artefact scatter sites in this area. These sites have been marked by tape and
will not be disturbed by the proposed drilling. Site P03572 marked on Map 1 was
originally described by Tonkinson and Veth (1986) as a large cave with a scatter of
surface artefacts. However, Dias (2007) was unable to find a cave or any geological
features capable of containing such a cave in the survey area. As Dias (2007) notes,
‘It is likely that the DIA location [for P03572] is a more accurate location.’ This site
is in a rocky gully area, a considerable distance outside the Survey Area and therefore
not considered in this report.
Weeli Wolli East and Weeli Wolli West (Map 2) are four separate areas to the east
and the west of the Weeli Wolli Creek at the southern end of the PI lease. Dias (2007)
notes that one archaeological site was identified in these survey areas. Dias also
noted:
During the course of the Survey the team located a series of steel dropper
posts. These posts appeared to be recent, were tied with pink and white
flagging tape, and were labelled with AMG co-ordinates and an identifying
code beginning BFN or MM. In total over 30 of these posts were observed
1 The Banyjima and Nyiyaparli Consultants objected to natural features being given names like ‘Billiards’ and ‘Snooker.’ They stated that these and similarly imposed names were disrespectful of Aboriginal people.
2
throughout the Survey. The Traditional Owners expressed concerns over the
presence of these posts in un-surveyed land. They desired that their concerns
be a part of the Preliminary advice, and that Pilbara Iron be informed.
Apparently the 30 posts observed by Aboriginal consultants with Dias (2007) were
planted by a team on foot before the area was surveyed for archaeological or
ethnographic sites. It was only by good fortune that the 30 posts did not damage an
unsurveyed site or desecrate an unrecorded ethnographic site.
Perhaps the above incident could have been avoided if Aboriginal monitors had been
employed, as recommended by Eddie McDonald in 2003. McDonald (2003d)
suggested that the creeks [around Yandicoogina mine] could be considered to
constitute part of ‘a “cultural landscape” through their interconnections with
habitation, ceremonial and other sites in the area.’ With this in mind, Dr McDonald
(2003d) recommended the use of Aboriginal monitors in future drilling programs
(cited in Day 2004b:11).
Joel Deacon, Pilbara Iron’s Acting Superintendent of Heritage Program Development
and Compliance also explained how a small weather station was to be placed in the
Junction area ‘off the road near the creek’ to monitor the environmental and weather
indicators and ‘make sure everything stays the same.’ The weather station would not
be conspicuous. He confirmed that the Weeli Wolli Creek ‘exclusion zone’ will be
extended the full length of the creek inside the PI lease.
2. Indigenous Consultants
Consulting Anthropologist, Dr Bill Day, with Gumala Aboriginal Corporation
Aboriginal Liaison Officer, Greg Tucker, and Joel Deacon accompanied six
representatives of the Banyjima and Nyiyaparli language groups on this ethnographic
survey, conducted on April 23rd, 2007. Other than Greg Tucker, the Aboriginal
consultants were all women. The choice of Nyiyaparli representatives was agreed by
their representative body, Karlka Nyiyaparli.
A previous ethnographic report has noted the need for women to be consulted in
ethnographic studies (Day 2004b:13). In confirmation of this recommendation, the
3
comments by women in this report add depth to the ethnographic detail that has not
been revealed in previous surveys. It can be argued that consulting only with the men
is an artificial and Westernised interpretation of Aboriginal society (see Turner 1990).
In addition, Senior Aboriginal Consultants in this ethnographic heritage survey
repeated the request that they should be accompanied by a paid younger assistant (see
Day 2004b:13). This would be in keeping with traditional ways of passing on
knowledge of country.
All the Indigenous Consultants gave permission for their names to be used in this
report. The proposed contents and recommendations of this report were discussed
with the consultants, all of whom have authority to speak for the survey area.
Figure 1: Indigenous Consultants
3. Previous Ethnographic Research
A line approximately along Weeli Wolli Creek is the boundary between Banyjima and
Nyiyaparli native title claims. Tindale (1974:255) noted the Banyjima boundary as:
Upper plateau of the Hamersley Range south of the Fortescue River; east to
Weediwolli [sic] Creek near Marillana; south to Rocklea, on the upper
branches of Turee Creek east to the Kunderong Range. In the later years under
pressure form the Kurama, they moved eastward to Yandicoogina and the
Ophthalmia Range forcing the Niabali eastward. They also shifted south to
Turee and Prairie Downs driving out the Mandara tribe, now virtually extinct
[‘Punduwana], a native place not yet located, was their main refuge water in
Aboriginal Consultants Language Group
Greg Tucker Banyjima (Liaison Officer)
Marnmu Smyth Banyjima
Julie Pearce-Tucker Banyjima
Nellie Jones Banyjima
Susie Yuline Nyiyaparli
Hilda Flann Nyiyaparli
Denise Yuline Nyiyaparli
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very dry times; other refuges were in Dales Gorge and at [‘Mandjima]
(Mungina Creek on maps).
Tonkinson (1966:63) discusses the Nyiyaparli origins:
The original inhabitants of the area around Jigalong, including the station to
the north east, were the Njijabali, a group possessing cultural and linguistic
affinities with the Budijara, Gadudjara and related desert people to the east, but
at least as many ties with the more westerly groups… Most Njijabali were
attracted westwards to early European settlements along and beyond the
western fringes of their tribal area, even before Jigalong was established. Later,
almost all the remaining Njijabali followed suit, in response to the increasing
intrusion of their desert neighbours from the east
In 1926, Constable Edgar Morrow (1984:143) pursued two men from Prairie Downs
to Marillana Station. While he rested at ‘Willy Wolly springs’, his companion
suggested ‘that the natives would be at Pug Well, fifteen miles farther on, and five
miles from Marrilana [sic] Station’. Pug Well was used in as a Law Ground in living
memory. Morrow’s account is evidence of ‘a cultural landscape’ through the PI lease
from Weeli Wolli Springs along the creek to Marillana. Morrow continues:
‘It’s a big corroborree [sic] place,’ he said, ‘and it’s pinkeye time now, so likely
there’ll be a crowd camped there.’
… In the late afternoon we stopped in the shade of a ten-thousand gallon tank
beside a windmill. This was Pug Well. Two hundred yards away were dozens of
mia mias, and it was evident there were numerous natives camped there.’ 2
Referring to the boundaries of the Hamersley National Park, Lang Hancock, a man
with a vast local knowledge of the region once said: ‘[The park] didn’t include the
main beauty spots … they didn’t include a place near Weeli Wolli Springs … that’s
the sort of thing you’d think they would want to preserve from vandals’ (Duffield
1979:198-9). 2 See also handwritten report by Constable Morrow, Meekatharra 22/1/26. File 8446/1925.
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Plate 1: Tape marking archaeological site B07-02, in Billiards North, looking northeast.
4. Ethnographic Survey Methodology
On the morning of April 23rd, 2007, the consultants were briefed by Joel Deacon, the
Acting Superintendent of PI’s Development and Compliance Heritage Program,
before inspecting the upstream survey area, referred to as Billiards North (Map 1).
The party in two vehicles then followed Weeli Wolli Creek downstream along the
access track to the Weeli Wolli East and Weeli Wolli West Ethnographic Survey
Areas. Although it was not possible to examine these areas on foot, the Indigenous
Consultants agreed that there was no ethnographic objection to the areas being
included in the drilling program.
After driving into the creek, the Banyjima and Nyiyaparli consultants were surprised
to find water flowing from upstream in the usually dry creek bed at about GPS
(Datum GDA94, Zone50) 7473500 mN, 733000 mE (Plate 4). Downstream, a water
re-injection bore on the east bank was noted, in association with surface pipelines
(Plate 3). Finally, the group toured the Junction South East extensions to the Yandi
mine.
6
During the ethnographic survey the consultants were reassured that the ‘exclusion
zone’ in Weeli Wolli Creek (see Day 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2005c) would be
extended to the north and to the south to take in the full length of the creek within the
PI lease. As previously reported, the ‘exclusion zone’ is an area where drilling will
not occur (Day 2004b:10).
The ‘exclusion zone’ recognises the significance to Banyjima and Nyiyaparli people
of the Weeli Wolli Creek and environs, as has previously been recorded (O’Connor
1996; Bradshaw 1999)3. McDonald (2003a:8) writes: ‘It is also important to note that
the Panyjima and Nyiyaparli communities had also objected to plans to drill in the
Weeli Wolli and other creeks in the Yandicoogina area on a number of occasions’
(McDonald 2003b; McDonald and Grove 2003).
The 30 posts noted by Dias (2007) were not observed.4
Plate 2: Native Title Claimant Consultants at Site B07-01. Left to right: Hilda Flann, Denise Yuline, Susie Yuline, Marnmu Smyth, Julie Pearce-Tucker, Nellie Jones and Greg Tucker. 3 See the report by Jan Mayman, ‘The Lost Oasis,’ The Canberra Times (Forum Section), Saturday May 19th, 2007. 4 The Indigenous Consultants asked that fold up chairs be provided on future ethnographic surveys.
7
5. Women’s Knowledge 5.1 Connection to country through conception
Many Banyjima and Nyiyaparli children are born away from their country but this
does not appear to lessen their connection to their traditional land. Susie Yuline
related how her granddaughter Denise was impregnated by a conception spirit that
came from Weeli Wolli Springs, near the survey area. ‘She got two kids from here,’
says Susie, ‘Little girl seen her here.’ Denise told how she was at Weeli Wolli Creek
to make a video with Curtin University: ‘When we came back, that little spirit came
all the way to the 12 Mile [Hedland Community]. The spirit went to Alma Gray
crying, “I’m looking for my mummy.” Alma said, “What’s your name?” And the
spirit baby said, “In-murra.” So Alma said, “You go to that camp.”’ Susie continued,
‘Alma is a witness – every baby got a witness. A [conception] spirit can go a long
way to find the right person, it still happens.’ Obviously, this is a connection to
country which is especially important to women.5
Susie and others’ connection to their country also comes from distinguishing bodily
features. Her brother Gordon is a kangaroo because he has a mark where the kangaroo
was shot at his conception. Susie was a fish caught by her uncle, indicated by a small
ear lobe, in the place where the fish was hooked. In these ways, traditional owners are
born with a knowledge of and connection to the land from where their mothers were
impregnated, even though they may be born some distance from the area. As the
women said, ‘They got the mark to prove it.’
5.2 Botanical Surveys
Marcia Langton (1998:9)6 described ‘the failure to recognise the critical relevance of
[indigenous knowledge systems] to sustainable environmental management.’ She
cites Michael Dodson: ‘
What I am suggesting is a partnership … between Western knowledge and
‘scientific’ approaches to land and environment management, and indigenous
knowledge and approaches. Such a partnership … should provide the basis for
sound, sustainable environmental management and protection. (Dodson
1996:26) 5 According to Susie Yuline the process is known as Guthulgar or Marili. 6 See also Deborah Bird Rose, Nourishing Terrains, 1996
8
Similarly, the Indigenous Consultants stressed that the hunting, gathering, medicinal
and mythological knowledge of women should become a valued contribution to
botanical surveys. They expressed disappointment that the botanical ‘avoidance areas’
marked on Survey Map 2 had apparently been plotted without using the traditional
expertise of the native title claimants, in particular indigenous women. Although the
three circled areas are not within the survey which is the subject of this report, the
suggestion was made that botanists or ethno-botanists should conduct joint surveys
over a wider area with native title claimants. Several reasons were given to support
the incorporation of this knowledge into pre-mining reports:
• The Indigenous knowledge of local plants was being lost and needs to be preserved.
• Plants of value to native title claimants might be endangered. • The knowledge recorded would assist the production of native title Connection
Reports. • The knowledge might be eligible for intellectual copyright (eg in future
medicinal uses of native plants). • Seed collecting and regeneration of work areas could be part of the process. • Provides jobs and training for native title claimants. • To monitor the effects of water extraction and injection on vegetation around
mine sites and creeks.
6. Recommendations
• There are no ethnographic heritage objections to the proposed Pilbara Iron
drilling program at Billiards North and Weeli Wolli East and West.
• Approval is on the proviso that the ‘exclusion area’ along Weeli Wolli Creek
(as shown on Maps 1 and 2) will be extended along the creek to the northern
and southern boundaries of the Pilbara Iron lease.
• Native Title claimants should be involved in monitoring of drilling and other
preparatory works.
• Native Title claimants, in particular senior women, should be consulted in
surveys of flora and fauna.
• Dewatering and water re-injection research for Junction South East and
Billiards should be incorporated into a wider study of the effects of mining on
the Weeli Wolli Creek system.
9
Plate 3: Water Re-injection Bore Number YRB003PM01 beside Weeli Wolli Creek between
Weeli Wolli East and Weeli Wolli West Survey areas.
Plate 4: Julie Pearce-Tucker inspects water flowing in Weeli Wolli Creek at the southern end of
Pilbara Iron’s Yandi lease, 23 April, 2007.
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7. References
Bradshaw E 1999 Report on the Weeli Wolli Ethnographic Site Complex, Options for Protection. Unpublished report for Hamersley Iron and Gumala Aboriginal Corporation.
Day, W B 2004a Ethnographic Survey of Possible Burial Site at P02175, Yandi Village Walk Trail and Billiards Drilling Project at Weeli Wolli Creek, Yandicoogina. Gumala Aboriginal Corporation and Hamersley Iron.
Day, W B 2004b Report of an Ethnographic Heritage Survey for Junction South East Extensions to Pilbara Iron’s Yandi Mine, Weeli Wolli Water Monitoring Bores and Quail Siding, Yandicoogina, Pilbara, Western Australia. Gumala Aboriginal Corporation and Pilbara Iron. Day, W B 2005a Report of an Ethnographic Heritage Survey of Junction South East Mine Expansion Areas at Pilbara Iron's Yandicoogina Mine, Western Australia. Prepared for Pilbara Iron and the Gumala Aboriginal Corporation. Day, W B 2005b Report of an Ethnographic Heritage Survey for Evaluation Drilling Programs, Mine Expansions and Water Monitoring at Junction South East and Billiards, Yandicoogina, Western Australia. Prepared for Pilbara Iron and the Gumala Aboriginal Corporation. Day W. B. 2005c Report of an Ethnographic Survey of the Yandi Access Road and Evaluation Drilling Areas at Billiards and Junction South West, including Junction Well. Prepared for Gumala Aboriginal Corporation and Pilbara Iron. Duffield, R 1979 Rouge Bull: the story of Lang Hancock, King of the Pilbara. Sydney: William Collins. Dias, A 2007 Draft of A Preliminary Advice of an Archaeological Survey of Yandi Billiards 2007 EDP. Archae-aus.
McDonald, E 2003a Draft Preliminary Report on the Ethnographic Survey of Billiards Drilling Project and Weeli Wolli Creek, Yandicoogina. Perth, WA: Ethnosciences.
McDonald, E 2003b Draft Report of a Community Consultative Process and an Ethnographic Survey for Aboriginal Sites Yandi Mine Expansion Development, Yandicoogina, Pilbara, Western Australia. Unpublished Report for Gumala Aboriginal Corporation and Hamersley Iron. McDonald, E 2003c Report of Archaeological Site Inspections and Ethnographic Consultation, 2003/2004 Yandicoogina Evaluation Drilling Program and Mine Expansion, Yandicoogina, Pilbara, Western Australia. Prepared for Hamersley Iron and Gumala Aboriginal Corporation.
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McDonald, E 2003d Letter to Ms S. Smalldon, Specialist Archaeologist, Hamersley Iron. February 3, 2003. McDonald, E and D Grove 2003 Draft Report of an Ethnographic Survey of the Yandi Evaluation Drilling Program, Yandicoogina, Pilbara, Western Australia. Prepared for Hamersley Iron and the Gumala Aboriginal Corporation.
Dodson, M 1996 ‘Indigenous peoples, social justice and rights to the environment.’ In Sultan et al, Ecopolotics IX Conference: Perspectives on Indigenous people’s management of the environment resources. Darwin: Northern Land Council. Langton, M 1998 Burning questions: emerging environmental issues for indigenous peoples in northern Australia. Darwin: NTU Centre for Indigenous Natural and Cultural Resource Management. Morrow, E 1984 The Law Provides. Victoria Park: Hesperian Press (reprint) O’Connor, R 1996 Report on Aboriginal Consultative Meetings and Ethnographic Surveys Pertaining to the Junction Deposit Mine Site and Yandicoogina to Marandoo Railway. Hamersley Iron. Rose, D B 1996 Nourishing terrains: Australian Aboriginal views of landscape and wilderness. Canberra: Australian Heritage Commission. Tindale, N B 1974 Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: the terrain, environmental controls, distribution, limits and proper names. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tonkinson, R 1966 Social Structure and Accumulation of Aborigines in the Western Desert, Unpublished MA thesis, University of Western Australia. Tonkinson, B. and Veth P. 1986 Report of a survey for Aboriginal sites in the vicinity of Yandicoogina Creek, Pilbara, North-west Australia. Unpublished Report. Turner, J 1990 ‘We Womans Really Knows a Lot’: Aboriginal Gender Relations in Contemporary Organisational Negotiations, Roebourne, Western Australia. MA Thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Western Australia.