Report Ni Avir (New)

8/6/2019 Report Ni Avir (New)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/report-ni-avir-new 1/19

By Marivir Ann B. GonzalesBy Marivir Ann B. Gonzales



Heredity and Maturation The process by which an individual develops from a single-

celled organism into an adult human being is guided bygenetic controls and follows a definite pattern.

Human developmentHuman development

During conception, the male and female germ cells (sperm fromthe father and the egg from the mother), technically known as

GametesGametes, unite to form a single cell called the ZygoteZygote.

Every cell in the body contains a set of biological blueprints thatenables it to perform its essential functions.



where biological blueprints are found

a strandlike structure found in nucleiof all cells

made up of several simpler components arranged in the form of a

double helix

segments of DN A that serve as the

basic units of heredity

Determines many aspects of our

biological make-up through complex

combinations



-Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes,

existing in pairs.

-When such cells divide, the chromosomes

pairs split, and after the cells have separated,

each chromosomes replicates itself so that

the full number is restored

*Mitosis happens on body cells



* In contrast, the SpermSperm and OvaOva, the male and

female sex cell / gametes contain only 23

chromosomes

S erm

(23chromosomes)

O a

(23chromosomes)

Fertilizedo

um

(46chromosomes)

Since the fertilized egg receives exactly half of its chromosomes from the

father and exactly half from the mother, the child does not inherit more

characteristics from the parent of his own sex.



The characteristic of sex itself is determined by the male gametesalone.

Females only have XX--chromosomeschromosomes, which is the sex determiningchromosome, a mature male reproductive cell may contain either anX-chromosome or Y-chromosome.

If male reproductive cell is:a. X-chromosome, the child is a girl (XX)

b. Y-chromosome, the child is a boy (XY)

DevelopmentDevelopment Systematic and orderly change organisms experience as they live

and either lose or gain abilities Refers to the quality of behavior

MaturationMaturation Refers to the state of body and its readiness for behavior



HeredityHeredity Transmission of traits from parents to offspring

Controls the level of efficiency

GenesGenes Submicroscopic particles in chromosomes

Unit carriers of heredity

Their chemical influence is exerted most directly upon the jelly-

like substance called CytoplasmCytoplasm,, which surrounds the nucleus. Genes and some environmental conditions influence cells to

become Neurons, Muscle fiber or bone structure, and so on.

Determines the sex of a fertilized egg

Dominant and Recessive GenesDominant and Recessive Genesoo Dominant geneDominant gene ± whose characteristic will be dominant when

paired with another gene

oo Recessive geneRecessive gene ± whose characteristic will not be produced whenpaired with a dominant gene



MutationMutation ± changes in the genes passed down from heredity

SexSex--linked traitslinked traits ± produced by genes responsible for determining sex Baldness

Color blindness

Hemophilia

Physical traitsPhysical traits Height

General body contour

Weight

Facial appearance

Texture and distribution of hair

Instinctive behavior Instinctive behavior ± an inherited pattern of activity thatappears totally at the first appropriate opportunity and isinitiated by a stimulusstimulus



Prenatal DevelopmentPrenatal Development

MonozygoticMonozygotic (Identical Twins) ± splitting of onezygote into two separate cells which develop into two

individual organisms. (Same heredity)

DizygoticDizygotic (Fraternal Twins) ± develop from two

separate zygotes, each produced by the union of a

separate sperm cell with a separate egg cell. (Different

heredity)



Environment EnvironmentEnvironment

includes all the conditions in the world that influence

behavior, growth, development or life process ExternalExternal (air, trees, houses)

InternalInternal (lymph fluids, blood)

SocialSocial (includes the other human beings who in any way

influence us)

Human traits and characteristics are determinedHuman traits and characteristics are determined

through the interaction of heredity and environment.through the interaction of heredity and environment.



The relationship between heredity and environment

in producing the level of an individual¶s biological,psychological and social development at any given

time can be expressed by the formula:

Heredity ± determines how high a level of development a given environment

can bring about in a given period of time

Environment ± determines how effective a certain heredity can be in influencing

development over a period of time

Heredity Environment TimeDevelopmentLevel



MaturationMaturation ± the result of bodily changes

determined by heredity acting over a period of time

Functions of environment in determining an

individual¶s developmental behavior are:

a. The environment supplies the stimuli set off patterns

of response already prepared by maturation

b. The environment provides situations which are

conducive to the person¶s learning new patterns or

altering old ones.



Types of Genetic Disorders and Diagnostic

Tools Used in Detecting Fetal Problems

1. Diagnostic tool: Amniocentesis1. Diagnostic tool: Amniocentesis ± may be done

from the 15th week of pregnancy onwards. It entails

inserting a needle through the mother¶s abdomen,piercing the amniotic sac and withdrawing a

sample of amniotic fluid.

Amniocentesis is a technique used to detect genetic

defects by the presence of certain chemicals or

abnormal cells in the fluid surrounding a fetus.

It could cause the mother to miscarry the fetus.



Genetic Disorders Detected:Genetic Disorders Detected:

a)a) SpinaSpina BifidaBifida ± failure of the spinal column to encloseproperly; this is caused by the interaction of severalgenes. This can cause mental retardationmental retardation.

b)b)Ph

enylketonuriaPh

enylketonuria ((PKUPKU

)) ±

results from the body¶sfailure to break the amino acid phenylalanine, which thenaccumulates and affects the nervous system and causesmental retardationmental retardation.

To prevent PKU the infant is placed on a special diet.

Fetus

Amniotic fluid

Amniotic fluidwithdrawn



2.2. Diagnostic tool: UltrasoundDiagnostic tool: Ultrasound ± uses sound waves to

produce an image that enables a physician to detect

structural abnormalities. A doctor can estimate fetal age and sex as well the

presence of twins.



Maturational Process Maturation follows an orderly sequence; proceeds

along physiological gradients

CephalocaudalCephalocaudal SequenceSequence ± from the head regiontowards the feet

ProximodistalProximodistal SequenceSequence ± from the trunk to the

extremities

There are noticeable differences in the rate, pattern

and extent of individual development, although a

general sequence is followed.



As maturation

progresses««there is gradual

narrowing and refinement of

behavior

After behavior has reached a certain stage of

differentiation and refinement, the tendency to

integrate small and unitary responses into larger andmore useful patterns of behavior follows.

Ability or readiness for learning is determined by

maturation.



In Vitro Fertilization initiated by obstetrician Patrick SteptoePatrick Steptoe and

reproductive physiologist Robert EdwardsRobert Edwards, who

were responsible for the birth of the first test tubebaby, Louise BrownLouise Brown, in 1978.

In Vitro Fertilization ProcessIn Vitro Fertilization Process ± is the mating of egg

and sperm in a laboratory dish.



Check if the ova are

ripe

The surgeon inserts a

LaparoscopeLaparoscope into the pelvic

area of the female through a

small abdominal incision

Through the long, hollow

incision, the eggs and

surrounding fluid are gently

suctioned.

nce extracted, the

follicular fluid is examined if

it contains an egg (1/1000

of an inch)

The ova are carefully washed, placed

in a petri dish, containing a solution of

nutrients, and then deposited in an

incubator for 4 to 8 hours.

The sperm from the male is

placed in the solution

where the eggs are.

If everything goes well, the

embryo is placed in the

woman¶s uterus. The results

will be known within 2 weeks.

If the embryo

fails to attach

itself,

menstruation

occurs, then it

is a failure.

If the embryo implants

itself on the uterine

wall, menstruation

does not occur, and

pregnancy is

achieved.

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