Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California

7/31/2019 Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California

1/145

NXMH 57! EDI\KH IMF MIVX\H @C OMYXO\_-----9

UXBBI\_ @C \HE@BBHMFIVO@MU----8

WI\V I> [D_ VDH U_UVHB OU L\@JHM! IMF [DIV OV [OAA

VIJH V@ COT OV-

9- Eiaoc`|moiu Fhivd Whmiavy Ai{----93


3/145

OMV\@FXEVO@M> EDI\KH IMF MIVX\H @C OMYXO\_-

Vdh Eiaoc`|moi E`bbouuo`m `m vdh Cio| Ifbomouv|ivo`m `c Nxuvoeh {iu

huvilaoudhf om

$9/ V` uvxf imf |hsoh{ vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c e|obomia nxuvoeh omEiaoc`|moi v` fhvh|bomh vdh htvhmv v` {doed vdiv w|`ehuu diu cioahf omvdh wiuv! |huxavomk om {|`mkcxa hthexvo`mu `| vdh {|`mkcxa e`msoevo`m`c omm`ehmv wh|u`mu:

$


4/145

Nxfkh I|vdx| Iai|e`m `c vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu E`x|v `c Iwwhiau c`| vdh Momvd

Eo|exov {iu huwheoiaa dhawcxa v` vdh E`bbouuo`m-< Vdh E`bbouuo`mh|u iau`

e`muofh|hf vdh |huhi|ed imf |he`bbhmfivo`mu `c mxbh|`xu `vdh| ieifhboeu

imf `|kimo~ivo`mu {d` dish uvxfohf vdh `wh|ivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd

whmiav ai{! iu {haa iu vdh ai{u `c `vdh| uvivhu-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m e`mshmhf vd|hh wxlaoe dhi|omku! om Uie|ibhmv`! Aù

Imkhahu imf Uimvi Eai|i! imf dhi|f vdh soh{u `c ;< {ovmhuuhu- Vdh

{ovmhuuhu fhue|olhf i uuvhb vdiv ou eaùh v` eàaiwuh- Vdh haiwuhf vobh

lhv{hhm nxfkbhmv imf hthexvo`m om Eiaoc`|moi htehhfu vdiv `c hsh| `vdh|

fhivd whmiav uvivh-5 Eiaoc`|moi m`{ diu vdh ai|khuv fhivd |`{ om vdh mivo`m!

{ovd 3;7 i{iovomk hthexvo`m-6

Vdh omovoia {ovmhuuhu lhc`|h vdh E`bbouuo`m `cch|hf vd`xkdvcxa

w|`wùiau v` iff|huu vdh w|`lahbu `c nxuvoeh! cio|mhuu imf ieex|ie om vdh

ifbomouv|ivo`m c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{- Liuhf xw`m vdho|

|huxavomk om i fhivd nxfkbhmv om Eiaoc`|moi uomeh 9?;;: imf W|`chuu`|u Aomfi H- Ei|vh| imf Bi| LhvdBàim `c vdh Xmosh|uov `c vdh Wieocoe! BeKh`|kh Ued`à `c Ai{ e`mfxevhf |huhi|ed |hki|fomk vdh xuh `ce`bbxvivo`m om Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh |huxavu `c vdou |huhi|ed i|h isioailah `m vdh

E`bbouuo`mu {hluovh! {{{-eecin-`|k! imf {oaa lh uxbbi|o~hf om vdou \hw`|v-

< I|vdx| A- Iai|e`m!\hbhfohu c`| Eiaoc`|moiu Fhivd \`{ Fhifa ej! 47 X-U-E-A- \hs- 3?; $ I Bxavouvivh Uvxf $N`dmNi Eàahkh `c E|obomia Nxuvoeh!


5/145

w|huhmvivo`mu! uxluhyxhmv {ovmhuuhu {h|h iujhf v` |huw`mf v` hahshm cèxu

yxhuvo`mu e`bwoahf l vdh E`bbouuo`m-8

E`bbouuo`mh|u dhi|f vdh vhuvob`m `c nxfkhu! w|ùhexv`|u! imf

fhchmuh ai{h|u ievosha hmkikhf om vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m imf `wh|ivo`m `c

Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{! iu {haa iu ieifhboeu! soevobu `c e|obh!

e`meh|mhf eovo~hmu imf |hw|huhmvivoshu `c ifsèie |kimo~ivo`mu- I v`via `c

33 {|ovvhm uxlbouuo`mu iff|huuomk vdhuh yxhuvo`mu {h|h iau` |hehoshf-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m f`hu m`v soh{ ovu edi|kh om Uhmivh \huàxvo`m M`- 66

iu eiaaomk c`| i nxfkbhmv `m vdh b`|iaov c vdh fhivd whmiav- Vdh

E`bbouuo`mh|u dàf i l|ìf uwhev|xb `c fosh|khmv soh{u `m vdh fhivd

whmiav! u`bh `c {doed i|h |hcahevhf om omfosofxia uvivhbhmvu ivviedhf v` vdou

|hw`|v-

Icvh| ei|hcxa uvxf! vdh E`bbouuo`m comfu ovuhac om cxaa ik|hhbhmv {ovd

Eiaoc`|moi Edohc Nxuvoeh \`miaf B- Kh`|kh om dou e`meaxuo`m vdiv

Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav uuvhb ou fucxmevo`mia-3

Vdh uuvhb ou waikxhf {ovd htehuuosh fhai om vdh iwwòmvbhmvu `c

e`xmuha c`| fo|hev iwwhiau imf dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu! imf i uhsh|h lieja`k

om vdh |hsoh{ `c iwwhiau imf dilhiu whvovo`mu lhc`|h vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh

E`x|v- Omhcchevosh iuuouvimeh c e`xmuha imf vdh| eaiobu c e`muvovxvo`mia

8 Vdh cèxu yxhuvo`mu i|h ivviedhf v` vdou |hw`|v iu Iwwhmfot O-

3 Vhuvob`m `c Eiaoc`|moi Edohc Nxuvoeh \`miaf B- Kh`|kh! Nimxi| 97!


6/145

soàivo`mu i|h uxeehhfomk om chfh|ia e`x|vu iv i sh| dokd |ivh- Vdxu ci|!

chfh|ia e`x|vu dish |hmfh|hf comia nxfkbhmv om 86 dilhiu e`|wxu ediaahmkhu

v` Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav nxfkbhmvu- \haohc om vdh c`|b `c i mh{ kxoav v|oia

`| i mh{ whmiav dhi|omk {iu k|imvhf om 54 `c vdh eiuhu! `| ;7(-;

Vdh Edohc Nxuvoeh vàf vdh E`bbouuo`m vdiv oc m`vdomk ou f`mh! vdh

lieja`ku om wùv e`msoevo`m w|èhhfomku {oaa e`mvomxh v` k|`{ xmvoa vdh

uuvhb ciaau `c ovu `{m {hokdv- [doah u`bh `ww`mhmvu `c vdh fhivd whmiav

bokdv {hae`bh uxed i w|ùwhev! vdh bhblh|u `c vdou E`bbouuo`m lhaohsh

vdiv fòmk m`vdomk {`xaf lh vdh {`|uv wùuolah e`x|uh- Vdh cioax|hu om vdh

ifbomouv|ivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{ e|hivh emoeoub imf

fou|huwhev c`| vdh |xah `c ai{! ome|hiuh vdh fx|ivo`m imf eùvu `c e`mcomomk

fhivd |`{ ombivhu! {hijhm im wùuolah fhvh||hmv lhmhcovu `c eiwovia

wxmoudbhmv!4 ome|hiuh vdh hb`vo`mia v|ixbi htwh|ohmehf l bx|fh| soevobu

ciboaohu! imf fhai vdh |huàxvo`m `c bh|ov`|o`xu eiwovia iwwhiau-

; Uhh Iwwhmfot OO! omc|i- Oc i eiuh ou |hbimfhf c`| i mh{ v|oia `| i mh{ whmiav dhi|omk! vdh fhchmfimv ou|hb`shf c|`b fhivd |`{- Vdh eiuh ou |hvx|mhf v` vdh Uvivh e`x|vu v` uvi|v sh|- Iv vdiv wòmv! vdh|h bi lhi fouwùovo`m l i wahi ifbovvomk v` ahuuh| e|obomia exawiloaov `| ieehwvomk i uhmvhmeh `c aoch {ovd`xv vdhwùuoloaov `c wi|àh $AI@W/! i foubouuia `c edi|khu `| vdh fhivd uhmvhmeh! `| i mh{ kxoav v|oia `| whmiav

dhi|omk lhc`|h im`vdh| nx|- Oc ov |huxavu om im`vdh| fhivd uhmvhmeh! vdh w|èhuu `c fo|hev iwwhia imf dilhiue`|wxu whvovo`mu lhkomu imh{-

4 [dhvdh| vdh fhivd whmiav diu i fhvh||hmv hcchev ou i d`va e`mvhuvhf ouuxh- E`bwi|h F|- Wixa \xlom!Vhuvob`m Lhc`|h vdh Uxle`bbovvhh `m vdh E`muvovxvo`m! Eosoa \okdvu! imf W|`wh|v \okdvu `c vdhE`bbovvhh `m vdh Nxfoeoi|! X-U- Uhmivh! Chl- 9!


7/145

Vdh E`bbouuo`m dhi|f b`somk vhuvob`m c|`b vdh wi|hmvu imf `vdh|

|haivoshu `c bx|fh| soevobu {d` i{iov vdh hthexvo`m `c vdh wh|whv|iv`|-

U`bh fhue|olhf vdh imkh| imf c|xuv|ivo`m vdh htwh|ohmeh `sh| e`mvomxomk

fhaiu om vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav- Uhsh|ia dish {iovhf

v{hmv"cosh `| vdo|v hi|u c`| vdh hthexvo`m `c vdh wh|whv|iv`| `c i soeo`xu

bx|fh| `c i u`m `| i fixkdvh|- Bim `vdh|u htw|huuhf `ww`uovo`m v` vdh

fhivd whmiav! i|kxomk vdiv vdh {oaa |hehosh m` e`mu`aivo`m c|`b vdh

hthexvo`m `c u`bh`mh {d` bx|fh|hf i ciboa bhblh|- L`vd soh{u |hehoshf

vdh |huwhevcxa e`muofh|ivo`m `c vdh E`bbouuo`m-

UXBBI\_ @C \HE@BBHMFIVO@MU

Vdou |hw`|v ou fosofhf omv` vd|hh wi|vu- Om Wi|v I! vdh E`bbouuo`m

ofhmvocohu cai{u om Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav uuvhb vdiv |hmfh| ov

fucxmevo`mia! imf |hbhfohu {h xmimob`xua |he`bbhmf v` |hwio| ov-

\hwio|omk vdh uuvhb {`xaf hmilah Eiaoc`|moi v` iedohsh vdh mivo`mia

ish|ikh `c i v{hash hi| fhai lhv{hhm w|`m`xmehbhmv `c uhmvhmeh imf vdh

e`bwahvo`m `c iaa nxfoeoia |hsoh{ `c vdh uhmvhmeh- Om Wi|v L! vdh E`bbouuo`m

`cch|u vdh Ahkouaivx|h! vdh K`sh|m`|! imf vdh s`vh|u `c Eiaoc`|moi omc`|bivo`m

|hki|fomk iavh|mivoshu isioailah v` Eiaoc`|moiu w|huhmv fhivd whmiav ai{-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m bijhu m` |he`bbhmfivo`m |hki|fomk vdhuh iavh|mivoshu- Om

8


8/145

Wi|v E! vdh E`bbouuo`m w|huhmvu |he`bbhmfivo`mu |haivomk v` bouehaaimh`xu

iuwhevu `c vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{- [h {h|h m`v

ilah v` |hied xmimob`xu ik|hhbhmv xw`m iaa `c vdhuh |he`bbhmfivo`mu! imf

fouuhmvu i|h m`vhf {dh|h iwwaoeilah- E`bbouuo`mh| Nh|| L|`{m! Ivv`|mh

Khmh|ia `c Eiaoc`|moi! ik|hhu om w|omeowah {ovd u`bh `c vdh E`bbouuo`mu

|he`bbhmfivo`mu iu uhv c`|vd om dou uhwi|ivh uvivhbhmv- E`bbouuo`mh|

[oaaoib L|ivv`m! Edohc `c Wàoeh c`| vdh Eov `c Aù Imkhahu! iluviomu c|`b

vdh uwheocoe |he`bbhmfivo`mu om vdou \hw`|v! imf {oaa ouuxh i uhwi|ivh

htwaimiv`| uvivhbhmv-

Wi|v I> [dy vdh uyuvhb ou l|`jhm! imf {div ov {oaa vijh v` cot ov-

Om 9?;4! vdh wh`wah `c vdh Uvivh `c Eiaoc`|moi htw|huuhf vdho| uxww`|v

c`| vdh fhivd whmiav imf! iee`|fomka! vdh fhivd whmiav ou vdh ai{ `c vdou

Uvivh- D`{hsh|! ov ou vdh ai{ om mibh `ma! imf m`v om |hiaov-

[h ex||hmva dish i fucxmevo`mia uuvhb- Vdh aiwuh `c vobh c|`b

uhmvhmeh `c fhivd v` hthexvo`m ish|ikhu `sh| v{` fheifhu om Eiaoc`|moi- Nxuv

v` jhhw eiuhu b`somk iv vdou umioau wieh! {h uwhmf ai|kh ib`xmvu `c

vitwih|u b`mh hied hi|> l e`muh|sivosh huvobivhu! {haa `sh| `mh

dxmf|hf boaao`m fàai|u immxiaa- Vdh ciboaohu `c bx|fh| soevobu i|h e|xhaa

fhaxfhf omv` lhaohsomk vdiv nxuvoeh {oaa lh fhaosh|hf {ovd comiaov fx|omk vdho|

aochvobhu- Vdùh e`mfhbmhf v fhivd om soàivo`m `c ai{ bxuv {iov hi|u

3


9/145

xmvoa vdh e`x|vu fhvh|bomh vdh i|h hmvovahf v` i mh{ v|oia `| whmiav dhi|omk-

Vdh uv|iom waiehf l vdhuh eiuhu `m `x| nxuvoeh uuvhb! om vh|bu `c vdh vobh

imf ivvhmvo`m vijhm i{i c|`b `vdh| lxuomhuu vdiv vdh e`x|vu bxuv e`mfxev

c`| `x| eovo~hmu! ou dhis- V` |hfxeh vdh ish|ikh aiwuh c vobh c|`b uhmvhmeh

v` hthexvo`m l diac! v` vdh mivo`mia ish|ikh `c 9< hi|u! {h {oaa dish v`

uwhmf mhi|a v{oeh {div {h i|h uwhmfomk m`{-

Vdh vobh diu e`bh v` iff|huu fhivd whmiav |hc`|b om i c|imj imf

d`mhuv {i- V` cxmevo`m hcchevosha! vdh fhivd whmiav bxuv lh ei||ohf `xv

{ovd |hiu`milah fouwived! lxv iv vdh uibh vobh om i bimmh| vdiv iuux|hu

cio|mhuu! ieex|ie imf m`m"foue|obomivo`m- Vdh Eiaoc`|moi E`bbouuo`m `m

vdh Cio| Ifbomouv|ivo`m `c Nxuvoeh xmimob`xua |he`bbhmfu vdh càa`{omk

uvhwu v` iedohsh vdh kìau `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{>

9- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh Eiaoc`|moi Ahkouaivx|h

obbhfoivha iff|huu vdh xmisioailoaov `c yxiaocohf! e`bwhvhmv ivv`|mhu

v` ieehwv iwwòmvbhmvu v` dimfah fo|hev iwwhiau imf dilhiu e`|wxu

w|èhhfomku om Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav eiuhu>

I- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh lieja`k `c eiuhu i{iovomk

iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha v` dimfah fo|hev iwwhiau om fhivd whmiav eiuhu

lh haobomivhf l htwimfomk vdh @ccoeh `c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| v` im

;


10/145

ixvd`|o~hf uv|hmkvd `c ;4 ai{h|u- Vdou {oaa |hyxo|h i 55( ome|hiuh om

vdh @UWF Lxfkhv! v` lh wdiuhf om `sh| i vd|hh hi| wh|o`f-?

L- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh lieja`k `c eiuhu i{iovomk

iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha v` dimfah dilhiu e`|wxu w|èhhfomku om fhivd

whmiav eiuhu lh haobomivhf l htwimfomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi Dilhiu E`|wxu

\hu`x|eh Ehmvh| v` im ixvd`|o~hf uv|hmkvd `c 987 ai{h|u- Vdou {oaa

|hyxo|h i 877( ome|hiuh om vdh EDE\E Lxfkhv! v` lh wdiuhf om `sh| i

cosh hi| wh|o`f-97

E- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh uviccomk `c vdh @ccoehu `c vdh

Ivv`|mh Khmh|ia {doed dimfah fhivd whmiav iwwhiau imf dilhiu

e`|wxu w|èhhfomku lh ome|hiuhf iu mhhfhf v` |huw`mf v` vdh ome|hiuhf

uvicc `c vdh @ccoeh `c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| imf vdh Eiaoc`|moi

Dilhiu E`|wxu \hu`x|eh Ehmvh|-

F- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv cxmfu lh bifh isioailah v` vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v v` hmux|h vdiv iaa iwwòmvbhmvu `c w|osivh

e`xmuha v` |hw|huhmv fhivd |`{ ombivhu `m fo|hev iwwhiau imf dilhiu

e`|wxu w|èhhfomku e`bwa {ovd ILI Kxofhaomhu 6-9$I/! imf i|h cxaa

e`bwhmuivhf iv |ivhu vdiv i|h e`bbhmux|ivh {ovd vdh w|`souo`m `c dokd

yxiaov ahkia |hw|huhmvivo`m imf |hcahev vdh htv|i`|fomi|

? E`bbouuo`mh| Dh|uhj iluviomu c|`b vdou |he`bbhmfivo`m-

97 E`bbouuo`mh| Aix|hmeh iluviomu c|`b vdou |he`bbhmfivo`m-

4


11/145

|huw`muoloaovohu om fhivd whmiav |hw|huhmvivo`m- Caiv chh e`mv|ievu

ud`xaf m`v lh xvoao~hf xmahuu im d`x|a iavh|mivosh ou isioailah! imf im

w`vhmvoia e`mcaoevu `c omvh|huv lhv{hhm vdh ai{h| bitobo~omk dou `| dh|

|hvx|m imf uwhmfomk c`| mhehuui| omshuvokivo`m! imf htwh|v iuuouvimeh

imf `vdh| htwhmuhu i|h haobomivhf-


12/145

yxiaov ahkia |hw|huhmvivo`m imf |hcahev vdh htv|i`|fomi| |huw`muoloaovohu om

fhivd whmiav |hw|huhmvivo`m-

Wi|v L> Isioailah Iavh|mivoshu-

Vdh |hbhfohu {doed vdh E`bbouuo`m diu w|`wùhf om Wi|v I {oaa |hyxo|h vdh

mh{ omshuvbhmv `c iv ahiuv &?8 boaao`m fàai|u wh| hi|- [h |he`kmo~h vdiv

{h eiaa c`| vdou omshuvbhmv om vdh cieh `c i lxfkhv e|ouou `c k|hiv bikmovxfh

c`| Eiaoc`|moi- Vdh E`bbouuo`m diu htibomhf v{` iavh|mivoshu isioailah v`

Eiaoc`|moi v` |hfxeh vdh eùvu obwùhf l Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{-

Co|uv! v` |hfxeh vdh mxblh| `c fhivd whmiav eiuhu om vdh uuvhb l

mi||`{omk vdh aouv `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu vdiv bijh `mh haokolah c`| vdh

fhivd whmiav! imf uhe`mf! v` |hwaieh vdh fhivd whmiav {ovd i

bitobxb whmiav `c aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m {ovd`xv vdh wùuoloaov `c

wi|àh-

Xuomk e`muh|sivosh |`xkd w|`nhevo`mu! vdh E`bbouuo`m huvobivhu vdh

immxia eùvu `c vdh w|huhmv uuvhb $&95; boaao`m wh| hi|/! vdh w|huhmv

uuvhb icvh| obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdh |hc`|bu |he`bbhmfhf om Wi|v I $&


13/145

si|oivo`mu {doed vdh E`bbouuo`m diu m`v e`muofh|hf- [doah vdh

E`bbouuo`m bijhu m` |he`bbhmfivo`mu |hki|fomk vdhuh iavh|mivoshu! {h

lhaohsh vdh ud`xaf lh w|huhmvhf u` vdh wxlaoe fhlivh `sh| vdh cxvx|h `c vdh

fhivd whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi {oaa lh cxaa omc`|bhf-

[dhvdh| v` f` m`vdomk! v` bijh vdh omshuvbhmvu mhhfhf v` cot

vdh ex||hmv uuvhb! v` |hwaieh vdh ex||hmv uuvhb {ovd i mi||`{h| fhivd

whmiav ai{! `| v` |hwaieh eiwovia wxmoudbhmv {ovd aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m i|h

xavobivha edòehu vdiv bxuv lh bifh l vdh Eiaoc`|moi hahev`|ivh! liaimeomk

vdh wh|ehoshf ifsimvikhu kiomhf l hied iavh|mivosh ikiomuv vdh w`vhmvoia

eùvu imf c`|huhhilah e`muhyxhmehu- [h d`wh vdh liaimeomk |hyxo|hf eim

vijh waieh om i eaobivh `c eosoaov imf eiab foue`x|uh- Wxlaoe fhlivh il`xv

vdh fhivd whmiav i|`xuhu fhhwa chav wiuuo`mu m l`vd uofhu- Vdh vobh diu

e`bh c`| i |ivo`mia e`muofh|ivo`m `c iaa iavh|mivoshu liuhf xw`m `lnhevosh

omc`|bivo`m imf |hiaouvoe iuuhuubhmvu- Iu X-U- Uxw|hbh E`x|v Nxuvoeh N`dm

Wixa Uvhshmu `luh|shf om dou |hehmv e`mex||hmeh om vdh nxfkbhmv xwdàfomk

hthexvo`m l ahvdia omnhevo`m>

Vdh vobh c`| i fouwiuuo`mivh! obwi|voia e`bwi|ou`m `c vdh hm`|b`xu

eùvu vdiv fhivd whmiav aovokivo`m obwùhu `m uèohv {ovd vdh lhmhcovuvdiv ov w|`fxehu diu eh|vioma i||oshf-99

99Li~h s- \hhu! M`- 7;"865?! X-U- Uxw|hbh E`x|v $Uvhshmu! N- e`mex||omk/ $Iw|oa 93!

U`bh i|kxh vdiv vdhuh eùvu i|h vdh e`muhyxhmeh `c nxfoeoia omuouvhmeh `m xmmhehuui|oa hail`|ivhimf ahmkvd iwwhaaivh w|èhfx|hu- V` vdh e`mv|i|! vdh |huxav om ai|kh wi|v c|`b vdh Uvivhucioax|h v` iwwa e`muvovxvo`miaa uxccoeohmv w|èhfx|hu iv vdh vobh `c omovoia Ze`msoevo`m `|Ruhmvhmeomk- Jmokdv s- Ca`|ofi! 8


14/145

Wi|v E> Ifbomouv|ivosh \hc`|bu-

Om vdh e`x|uh `c ovu {`|j! vdh E`bbouuo`m htibomhf bim iuwhevu `c

vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{! omeaxfomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbh E`x|v lieja`k `c xmfheofhf eiuhu! |ieoia imf kh`k|iwdoe fouwi|ovohu

om hbwa`bhmv `c vdh fhivd whmiav! vdh xmisioailoaov `c ieex|ivh

omc`|bivo`m |hki|fomk vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav! vdh

v|imuwi|hme `c w|ùhexv`|oia fheouo`m"bijomk! imf vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c

vdh K`sh|m`|u eahbhme w`{h|- [h {h|h m`v ilah v` iedohsh xmimob`xu

ik|hhbhmv {ovd |huwhev v` u`bh `c vdhuh ouuxhu! lxv i bin`|ov `c vdh

E`bbouuo`m e`mex|u om iaa `c vdh càa`{omk |he`bbhmfivo`mu>

9- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv xw`m vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdh

\he`bbhmfivo`mu om Wi|v I `c vdou \hw`|v! uh|o`xu e`muofh|ivo`m lh

koshm v` i w|`wùhf e`muvovxvo`mia ibhmfbhmv v` wh|bov vdh Eiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbh E`x|v v` v|imuch| cxaa l|ohchf whmfomk fhivd whmiav iwwhiau

c|`b vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v v` vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia- Vdou ibhmfbhmv

ud`xaf m`v lh if`wvhf {ovd`xv vdh w|`souo`m `c ifhyxivh uvicc imf

eh|vo`|i|o/- Vdh bi iau` |huxav c|`b i khmh|ia |haxevimeh l Uvivhu v` wxv ai|kh mxblh|u `cfhchmfimvu v` fhivd! hshm icvh| i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd ou obwùhf- Ec- Vhbwhuv! Fhivd \`{ @cvhmBhimu A`mk Aoch> Eiaoc`|moi e`mfhbmu bim bx|fh|h|u! lxv ch{ i|h hsh| hthexvhf! A-I- Vobhu!Bi|- 3!


15/145

|hu`x|ehu c`| vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia! imf w|`souo`mu c`| `mk`omk

b`mov`|omk l vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v-9 $9/ v` fhvh|bomh {dhvdh|

fhb`k|iwdoeu icchev fheouo`mu v` obwahbhmv vdh fhivd whmiav! imf oc u`!

d`{: $


17/145

Eiaoc`|moi Fhivd Whmiav \hsoh{ Wimha- Vdh omc`|bivo`m |hw`|vhf

ud`xaf lh cxaa ieehuuolah v` vdh wxlaoe imf v` |huhi|edh|u-96

8- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv hied Fouv|oev Ivv`|mh @ccoeh om

Eiaoc`|moi c`|bxaivh i {|ovvhm @ccoeh Wàoe fhue|olomk {dhm imf d`{

fheouo`mu v` uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav i|h bifh! uxed iu {d` wi|voeowivhu om vdh

fheouo`mu! imf {div e|ovh|oi i|h iwwaohf- Uxed wàoeohu ud`xaf iau` w|`sofh c`|

omwxv c|`b vdh fhchmuh lhc`|h vdh fheouo`m v` uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav ou bifh-

3- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv I|voeah S! Uhevo`m 4$i/ `c vdh Eiaoc`|moi

e`muvovxvo`m lh ibhmfhf v` |hif iu càa`{u>

I|v- S! Uhevo`m 4$i/- Uxlnhev v` iwwaoeivo`m w|èhfx|hu w|`sofhf

l uvivxvh! vdh K`sh|m`|! `m e`mfovo`mu vdh K`sh|m`| fhhbu

w|`wh|! bi k|imv i |hw|ohsh! wi|f`m! imf e`bbxvivo`m! icvh|

uhmvhmeh! htehwv om eiuh `c obwhiedbhmv- Vdh K`sh|m`| udiaa

|hw`|v v` vdh Ahkouaivx|h hied |hw|ohsh! wi|f`m! imf e`bbxvivo`m

k|imvhf`| fhmohf- uvivomk vdh wh|vomhmv cievu imf vdh |hiu`mu c`|

k|imvomk ov- Vdh K`sh|m`| bi m`v k|imv i wi|f`m `|

e`bbxvivo`m v` i wh|u`m v{oeh e`msoevhf `c i cha`m htehwv `m

|he`bbhmfivo`m `c vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v! 6 nxfkhu e`mex||omk-

;- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv Whmia E`fh Uhevo`m 6495 lh

ibhmfhf v` bijh ov foue|hvo`mi| |ivdh| vdim bimfiv`| vdiv |hyxhuvu

c`| eahbhme l i v{oeh e`msoevhf cha`m lh |hch||hf v` vdh Lì|f `c

W|ou`m Vh|bu c`| i {|ovvhm |he`bbhmfivo`m-

96 E`bbouuo`mh|u Lùe`soed! E`vvomkdib! Fxmli|! Doaa! Bi`|jiu! C`t imf V`vvhm `wwùh vdou|he`bbhmfivo`m-

98


18/145

WI\V I> [D_ VDH U_UVHB OU L\@JHM! IMF [DIV OV [OAA

VIJH V@ COT OV-

9- Eiaoc`|moiu Fhivd Whmiav Ai{-

Vdh ex||hmv Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav ai{ {iu if`wvhf l w`wxai|

omovoivosh om 9?;4! icvh| vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu Uxw|hbh E`x|v fheai|hf vdiv

w|`sofomk kxofimeh v` ciev"comfh|u v` mi||`{ vdh hth|eouh `c vdho| uhmvhmeomk

foue|hvo`m {iu |hyxo|hf l vdh Hokdvd Ibhmfbhmv w|`dolovo`m `c e|xha imf

xmxuxia wxmoudbhmv! ome`|w`|ivhf l vdh fxh w|`ehuu eaixuh `c vdh

C`x|vhhmvd Ibhmfbhmv v` vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu E`muvovxvo`m-98

Eiaoc`|moi ai{ |hyxo|hu vd|hh uhwi|ivh comfomku lhc`|h i uhmvhmeh `c

fhivd bi lh obw`uhf- Co|uv! vdh ciev"comfh| $m`|biaa i nx|! xmahuu vdh

|okdv v` nx| v|oia diu lhhm {ioshf/ bxuv fhvh|bomh vdiv vdh fhchmfimv ou

kxoav `c co|uv"fhk|hh bx|fh|-93 Uhe`mf! vdh ciev"comfh| bxuv fhvh|bomh vdiv

`mh `| b`|h `c v{hmv"`mh uhwi|ivha hmxbh|ivhf uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu ou

v|xh-9; L`vd `c vdhuh comfomku |hyxo|h w|``c lh`mf i |hiu`milah f`xlv

98Cx|bim s- Kh`|koi! 674 X-U-


19/145

fx|omk vdh omovoia kxoav wdiuh `c vdh v|oia- Oc vdh fhchmfimv ou e`msoevhf `c

co|uv"fhk|hh bx|fh| imf i uwheoia eo|exbuvimeh ou c`xmf v|xh! i whmiav

wdiuh v|oia càa`{u! iv {doed vdh ciev"comfh| e`muofh|u hsofhmeh `c im

bivvh| |hahsimv v` ikk|isivo`m! bovokivo`m! imf uhmvhmeh-94 Iv vdh

e`meaxuo`m `c vdh whmiav wdiuh! vdh nx| ou omuv|xevhf iu càa`{u>

Fhvh|bomh {doed whmiav ou iww|`w|oivh imf nxuvocohf le`muofh|omk iaa vdh hsofhmeh imf vdh v`viaov `c im ikk|isivomkimf bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu- Hshm {ovd`xv bovokivomkeo|exbuvimehu! `x bi fheofh vdiv vdh ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimehu!

i|h m`v uxluvimvoia hm`xkd v` {i||imv fhivd- V` |hvx|m i nxfkbhmv`c fhivd! hied `c `x bxuv lh wh|uxifhf vdiv vdh ikk|isivomkeo|exbuvimehu l`vd `xv{hokd vdh bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu imf i|hiau` u` uxluvimvoia om e`bwi|ou`m v` vdh bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehuvdiv i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd ou iww|`w|oivh imf nxuvocohf-9?

Eiaoc`|moiu fhcomovo`m `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu koshu l|ìf foue|hvo`m

v` w|ùhexv`|u v` fheofh {dhvdh| i d`boeofh ud`xaf lh w|ùhexvhf iu i fhivd

whmiav eiuh- I mi||`{h| fhivd whmiav ai{ {iu omovoiaa hmievhf l vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Ahkouaivx|h om 9?;;: vdh hmievbhmv `c vdh L|okku Omovoivosh `mh

hi| aivh| b`|h vdim f`xlahf vdh mxblh| `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu ovhbo~hf

xmfh| Whmia E`fh Uhevo`m 9?7-

eo|exbuvimehu! c`x| b`|h cha`m bx|fh| eo|exbuvimehu! imf v{` b`|h

b`vosh eo|exbuvimehu- Om iffovo`m! vdh omovoivosh |hb`shf vdh

{iu fheai|hf xme`muvovxvo`mia l vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v om Wh`wah s- Uxwh|o`| E`x|v $Hmkh|v/! 59Eia-5f ;?; $9?4


20/145

|hyxo|hbhmvu om vdh w|h"L|okku uvivxvh vdiv vdh uvivh dif v` w|`sh vdiv i

bx|fh|h| w`uuhuuhf vdh omvhmv v` joaa lhc`|h dh `| udh e`xaf lh haokolah c`|

vdh fhivd whmiav! imf vdiv im iee`bwaoeh {iu wh|u`miaa w|huhmv imf

wduoeiaa iofhf vdh fhivd"eixuomk ievu lhc`|h dh e`xaf lh haokolah c`| vdh

fhivd whmiav- Xmfh| vdh fhivd whmiav uvivxvh m`{ om hcchev! 4;( `c

Eiaoc`|moiu co|uv fhk|hh bx|fh|u i|h fhivd haokolah! imf e`xaf lh

w|`uhexvhf iu fhivd eiuhu-


21/145

EIAOC@\MOI FHIVD NXFKBHMVU IMF FHIVD \@[ W@WXAIVO@M


22/145

Vdh fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo`m f`hu m`v w|heouha e`||huw`mf {ovd vdh

exbxaivosh mxblh| `c mh{ fhivd nxfkbhmvu |hmfh|hf hied hi|- Vdou ou

lheixuh fhivd uhmvhmehu bi lh uhv iuofh l vdh e`x|vu! wh|u`mu bi foh om

w|ou`m {ovd`xv lhomk hthexvhf! lh |h"uhmvhmehf v` fhivd! |hb`shf whmfomk

|hv|oia! |h"uhmvhmehf v` i whmiav ahuu vdim fhivd! `| c|hhf-

Vdh E`bbouuo`mu |huhi|edh|u ofhmvocohf 4


23/145

w|ou`mh|u wh| b`mvd c`| vdh mhtv v{hash hi|u nxuv v` ei|| `xv vdh uhmvhmehu

`c vd`uh ex||hmva `m fhivd |`{-

im ixv`bivoe iwwhia fo|heva v` vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v: i whvovo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu coahf om vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v: imf i chfh|ia dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`m coahf om vdh

Chfh|ia Fouv|oev E`x|v-


24/145

Uvivhu Uxw|hbh E`x|v- I fhchmfimv eim iau` whvovo`m vdh K`sh|m`| c`|

eahbhme w|o`| v` dou `| dh| hthexvo`m-

Vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu Fhwi|vbhmv `c Nxuvoeh diu v|iejhf vdh haiwuhf vobh

c|`b uhmvhmeh v` hthexvo`m c`| iaa fhchmfimvu {d` dish lhhm hthexvhf om vdh

Xmovhf Uvivhu uomeh 9?;4- Vdh ish|ikh aiwuh `c vobh diu k|`{m uvhifoa

vd|`xkd`xv vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu! c|`b im ish|ikh `c 6-


26/145

dish e`xmuha iwwòmvhf v` dimfah vdho| dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu- Fhaiu `c 4"

97 hi|u icvh| uhmvhmeh om iwwòmvomk dilhiu e`xmuha bhim vdiv omshuvokivo`m

imf w|hwi|ivo`m `c dilhiu whvovo`mu ou xuxiaa fhaihf xmvoa icvh| vdh fo|hev

iwwhia ou fheofhf- W|`bwv iwwòmvbhmv `c dilhiu e`xmuha {`xaf wh|bov vdh

dilhiu whvovo`m v` lh w|hwi|hf {doah vdh iwwhaaivh l|ohcomk ou lhomk w|hwi|hf!

u` ov eim lh w|`bwva coahf ud`|va icvh| vdh fo|hev iwwhia ou fheofhf! oc vdh

fhivd uhmvhmeh ou icco|bhf-

C`x|vd ou vdh fhai om fheofomk uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu- Vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v ex||hmva diu 977 cxaa l|ohchf dilhiu e`|wxu

whvovo`mu i{iovomk fheouo`m- [doah vdhuh eiuhu i|h |i|ha fheofhf l

wxlaoudhf `womo`mu! vdh|h ou m`{ im ish|ikh fhai `c


27/145

$IHFWI/57 |hyxo|hu chfh|ia fhch|hmeh v` uvivh cievxia comfomku imf ahkia

e`meaxuo`mu! vdh vwoeia fhmoia `c i dilhiu whvovo`m om i fhivd eiuh l vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v e`mviomu mhovdh|-

Vdh c`aa`{omk edi|v uxbbi|o~hu vdh aiwuh `c vobh iv hied `c vdh

si|o`xu uvikhu iu vdh uuvhb ex||hmva `wh|ivhu om Eiaoc`|moi- Vdh v`via

aiwuhf vobh c|`b nxfkbhmv `c fhivd v` hthexvo`m ou


28/145

Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu i uh|ohu `c |haivhf |hc`|bu vdiv dish vdh

w`vhmvoia v` |hfxeh vdh Eiaoc`|moi fhai v` vdh mivo`mia ish|ikh `c 99"96

hi|u- Vdh càa`{omk edi|v uxbbi|o~hu vdh w`vhmvoia hcchevu `c vdhuh

w|`wùhf |hc`|bu>

Fhaiu k|`{ {`|uh hsh| hi|- Iu vdh w`wxaivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu

fhivd |`{ diu k|`{m! vdh ahmkvd `c vdh fhai lhv{hhm uhmvhmeh imf

fouwùovo`m `c iwwhaaivh |hsoh{u diu k|`{m iu {haa- Vdo|v wh|u`mu dish

lhhm `m Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{ c`| b`|h vdim


29/145

vdim 98 hi|u-59 Vdh fhai lhv{hhm uhmvhmeh imf hthexvo`m om Eiaoc`|moi ou

vdh a`mkhuv `c im `c vdh fhivd whmiav uvivhu-5

Ahif e`xmuhau cioax|h v` omshuvokivh whvovo`mh|u hi|a uèoia douv`|{iu m`v e`muouvhmv {ovd huvilaoudhf m`|bu w|hsioaomk om Eiaoc`|moi ivvdh vobh `c v|oia! m`|bu vdiv fo|hevhf e`xmuha om fhivd whmiav eiuhu vè`mfxev i |hiu`mila vd`|`xkd omfhwhmfhmv omshuvokivo`m `c vdhfhchmfimvu uèoia douv`| iu ik|hhf l |huw`mfhmvu `{m htwh|v imfiu |hcahevhf om vdh Ibh|oeim Li| Iuuèoivo`m uvimfi|fu |haohf xw`m lvdh e`x|v om vdh [okkomu eiuh-88

Vdh [okkomu imfAxeiu |xaomku eahi|a |he`kmo~h vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu c`| vdh

Iwwòmvbhmv imf Wh|c`|bimeh `c Fhchmuh E`xmuha om Fhivd Whmiav Eiuhu

iu huvilaoudomk m`|bu c`| e`bwhvhmv |hw|huhmvivo`m om fhivd whmiav eiuhu-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m diu ahi|mhf vdiv om i mxblh| `c obw`|vimv omuvimehu! vdh

w|`souo`mu c`| iwwòmvbhmv `c v|oia e`xmuha om Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav eiuhu

f` m`v bhhv vdh uvimfi|fu `c vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu>

9- Vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu w|`sofh vdiv caiv chhu! eiwu `m e`bwhmuivo`m!imf axbw"uxb e`mv|ievu i|h obw|`wh| om fhivd whmiav eiuhu-

Kxofhaomh ?-9 $L/$9/-83 Om i mxblh| `c Eiaoc`|moi e`xmvohu! caiv chh

88 55 Eia- 6vd iv ;E`xmuha om fhivd whmiav eiuhu ud`xaf lh cxaa e`bwhmuivhf iv i |ivh vdiv ou e`bbhmux|ivh {ovd vdhw|`souo`m c dokd yxiaov ahkia |hw|huhmvivo`m imf |hcahevu vdh htv|i`|fomi| |huw`muoloaovohu om fhivd whmiav|hw|huhmvivo`m-

9- Caiv chhu! eiwu `m e`bwhmuivo`m! imf axbw"uxb e`mv|ievu i|h obw|`wh| om fhivd whmiav eiuhu-

69


44/145

e`mv|ievu dish lhe`bh vdh w|hsioaomk bhvd`f `c iww`omvbhmv `c

e`xmuha om fhivd eiuhu-


45/145

e`bwaoimeh {ovd ILI Kxofhaomhu 97-; $I/! ?-9$L/$9/! 5-9$L/! imf 6-9$I/$


46/145

3- \he`bbhmfivo`mu c`| vdh Fo|hev Iwwhia c Fhivd Whmiav Eiuhu-

Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu hteaxuosh nx|oufoevo`m v` e`muofh|

iwwhiau c|`b i nxfkbhmv `c fhivd om Eiaoc`|moi- Uomeh 9?58! iwwhia diu lhhm

ixv`bivoe om iaa fhivd eiuhu-8? Icvh| vdh coaomk `c vdh v|oia |he`|f om vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v!37 omfokhmv fhivd |`{ ombivhu bxuv i{iov vdh

iwwòmvbhmv c e`xmuha v` dimfah vdh iwwhia- Ex||hmva! i fhai `c vd|hh v`

cosh hi|u haiwuhu lhc`|h e`xmuha ou iwwòmvhf- @meh e`xmuha ou iww omvhf!

dh `| udh bxuv |hif vdh |he`|f {doed ish|ikhu om htehuu `c ?!777 wikhu `c

\hw`|vh|+u imf Eah|j+u v|imue|owvu! |huhi|ed vdh ai{! imf vdhm coah im `whmomk

l|ohc {ovd vdh E`x|v- Vdh ish|ikh fhai lhv{hhm iwwòmvbhmv c e`xmuha

imf vdh coaomk `c vdh whmomk l|ohc ou


47/145

E`x|v `|fomi|oa dhi|u `ma


48/145

eiuh! `| uh|soeh iu e`xmuha `c |he`|f om cosh e`bwahvhf cha`m iwwhiau imf iu

uxwh|souhf e`xmuha om v{` fhivd whmiav iwwhiau- E`bwahvo`m `c v|iomomk imf

fhb`muv|ivhf w|`coeohme om iwwhaaivh ujoaau ou iau` |hyxo|hf- Vdh Uvivh

Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| eim ieehwv iww`omvbhmv! lxv bxuv iuuokm fhwxvohu {d` bhhv

vdhuh bomobxb yxiaocoeivo`mu-

Vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| {iu e|hivhf om 9?;3 v` dimfah omfokhmv

iwwhaaimvu om iaa e|obomia eiuhu- Om vdh hi|a 9??7u! xmfh| i kxlh|miv`|oia

fo|hevosh! vdh `ccoeh {iu iujhf v` c`exu `m eiwovia eiuhu `ma- Om 9??;! vdh

`ccoeh {iu htwimfhf v` 9


49/145

wùovo`mu w|`sofh htehaahmv v|iomomk c`| vdùh {d` {oaa coaa vdh |imju `c

iwwòmvhf ai{h|u om vdh cxvx|h- Vdh bùv fo|hev imf hccoeohmv {i v` |hfxeh

vdh lieja`k `c fhivd |`{ ombivhu i{iovomk iwwòmvbhmv `c iwwhaaivh e`xmuha

{`xaf lh v` ikiom htwimf vdh @ccoeh c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh|- Omuvhif!

Eiaoc`|moi ou exvvomk ovu lxfkhv imf |hfxeomk ovu uvicc-

Ex||hmva! w|osivh ai{h|u {d` ieehwv im iwwòmvbhmv v` dimfah fhivd

|`{ iwwhiau i|h e`bwhmuivhf iv i |ivh `c &968 wh| iaa`{ilah d`x|-3< Om

fhvh|bomomk d`{ bim d`x|u i|h iaa`{ilah c`| i koshm viuj! vdh E`x|v uhvu

lhmedbi|ju! {doed e|hivh w|huxbwvo`mu `c {div {oaa imf {div {oaa m`v lh

wiof- Ai{h|u dimfomk fhivd whmiav iwwhiau om Eiaoc`|moi e`bwaiom vdiv vdh

lhmedbi|ju i|h uhv v`` a`{! imf vdh diuuah `c ediaahmkomk vdhb ou fhbhimomk

imf vobh"e`muxbomk- Vdh E`bbouuo`m ahi|mhf vdiv iv ahiuv v{hmv c vdh

ai{h|u dimfaomk Eiaoc`|moi fhivd whmiav iwwhiau eim m` a`mkh| icc`|f v`

aosh om Eiaoc`|moi! imf i|h ex||hmva |huofomk om vdh| uvivhu- C`| vdh ahsha `c

htwh|ohmeh |hyxo|hf imf vdh |ok`|`xu fhbimf `c fhivd iwwhiau! vdh a`{ ahsha

`c ome`bh ou eh|vioma i uokmocoeimv ciev`| om vdh fheaomh `c vdh w`à `c

ivv`|mhu isioailah v` dimfah fhivd whmiav iwwhiau-

Vdh wibhmv `c iwwòmvhf ai{h|u v` dimfah fhivd whmiav iwwhiau om

Eiaoc`|moi f`hu m`v bhhv vdh uvimfi|f huvilaoudhf l vdh chfh|ia e`x|vu c`|

3< Uhh dvvw>{{{-e`x|vomc`-ei-k`se`x|vuuxw|hbhfèxbhmvuUxw|hbhE`x|vL|èdx|h


50/145

ai{h|u iwwòmvhf v` dimfah chfh|ia dilhiu e`|wxu w|èhhfomku om fhivd

eiuhu- Vdh Momvd Eo|exov |ivh si|ohu c|`b &958 v` &9;7 wh| d`x|! fhwhmfomk

xw`m vdh ahsha `c htwh|ohmeh- Nxfkh Iai|e`m e`meaxfhu>

Vdh Eiaoc`|moi ahkouaivx|h bxuv w|`sofh uxccoeohmv cxmfu v` e`bwhmuivhyxiaocohf ai{h|u {d` i|h {oaaomk v` ieehwv im iwwòmvbhmv v`|hw|huhmv fhivd |`{ ombivhu om vdho| ixv`bivoe iwwhiau- Vdh|h ou m`

nxuvocoeivo`m c`| vdh Ahkouaivx|hu cioax|h v` iff|huu vdh a`mkuvimfomkud`|vikh `c yxiaocohf e`xmuha- W|osivh w|ievovo`mh|u {d` eim lhi| vdhcomimeoia uie|ocoeh `c ieehwvomk e`x|v"iwwòmvbhmv iv vdh w|huhmvd`x|a |ivhu i|h uei|eh-35

Edohc Nxuvoeh \`miaf B- Kh`|kh htw|huuhf dou cxaa ik|hhbhmv {ovd Nxfkh

Iai|e`mu eiaa c`| b`|h cxmfomk c`| e`xmuha-36 Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh

E`x|v diu im immxia lxfkhv `c &98!673!777 v` e`bwhmuivh imf |hoblx|uh

htwhmuhu c`| iwwòmvhf ai{h|u fòmk l`vd fo|hev iwwhiau imf dilhiu e`|wxu

eiuhu c`| fhivd |`{ ombivhu- &8-848 boaao`m `c vdiv ou iaaèivhf v` vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Iwwhaaivh W|`nhev $EIW/! {doed biomviomu i cxaa vobh uvicc `c 67

$94 ivv`|mhu/ om Uim C|imeoue` v` uxwh|souh imf iuuouv w|osivh ai{h|u {d`

ieehwv iwwòmvbhmvu v` dimfah fhivd whmiav iwwhiau- Ex||hmva! 944 w|osivh

ai{h|u dish e`mv|ievhf {ovd vdh E`x|v v` dimfah fo|hev iwwhiau! imf 969

dish ieehwvhf iwwòmvbhmv v` w|`sofh |hw|huhmvivo`m om dilhiu e`|wxu

w|èhhfomku- Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh |hbiomomk lieja`k `c

eiuhu i{iovomk iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha v` dimfah fo|hev iwwhiau om fhivd

35 Iai|e`m! uxw|i m- < iv ;56-

36 Vhuvob`m `c Edohc Nxuvoeh \`miaf B- Kh`|kh! w- ;-

64


51/145

whmiav eiuhu lh haobomivhf l htwimfomk vdh @ccoeh `c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe

Fhchmfh|- Vdou {oaa |hyxo|h ome|hiuomk vdh @UWF lxfkhv v` &93 boaao`m wh|

hi|! i `mh"vdo|f ome|hiuh `sh| ovu ex||hmv lxfkhv- Vdh ome|hiuh e`xaf lh

wdiuhf om `sh| i c`x| hi| wh|o`f-

Vdh htouvomk iww`omvbhmvu `c w|osivh ai{h|u ud`xaf! `c e`x|uh! lh

e`mvomxhf! imf vdh lxfkhv `c EIW ud`xaf lh biomviomhf- [ovd hmdimehf

uviccomk! @UWF {`xaf lh ilah v` vijh `m 94"


52/145

;- \he`bbhmfivo`mu c`| Uvivh Dilhiu E`|wxu \hsoh{ `c Fhivd

Nxfkbhmvu-

Om iffovo`m v` vdh fo|hev iwwhia! i fhchmfimv uhmvhmehf v` fhivd ou iau`

wh|bovvhf v` coah i whvovo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu om vdh Eiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbh E`x|v- I dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`m ediaahmkhu vdh ahkiaov `c i

w|ou`mh|u e`mcomhbhmv liuhf xw`m cievxia ouuxhu vdiv m`|biaa eimm`v lh

fhvh|bomhf l vdh iwwhaaivh |he`|f! uxed iu {dhvdh| vdh fhchmfimv |hehoshf

hcchevosh iuuouvimeh `c e`xmuha! `| vdh isioailoaov `c mh{ hsofhmeh `c

omm`ehmeh vdiv {iu m`v isioailah iv v|oia- C|hyxhmva! i eaiob c omhcchevosh

iuuouvimeh `c e`xmuha |hyxo|hu i |homshuvokivo`m `c vdh eiuh! v` fhb`muv|ivh

vdiv iffovo`mia hsofhmeh {iu isioailah vdiv e`xaf dish lhhm w|huhmvhf v`

bovokivh vdh uhmvhmeh! lxv {iu m`v fxh v` vdh omifhyxie `c e`xmuhau w|hv|oia

omshuvokivo`m- \hw|huhmvivo`m `c vdh w|ou`mh| om dilhiu e`|wxu w|`ehhfomku

omeaxfhu vdh fxv v` |hsoh{ vdh v|oia |he`|fu: e`mfxev im omshuvokivo`m `c

w`vhmvoia e`muvovxvo`mia imf uvivxv`| fhchevu om vdh nxfkbhmv `c e`msoevo`m

`| fhivd uhmvhmeh: w|hwi|h imf coah i whvovo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu:

|hw|huhmv vdh w|ou`mh| iv vdh dhi|omk v` uhv im hthexvo`m fivh wx|uximv v`

Whmia E`fh uhevo`m 9


53/145

hi|u icvh| vdh obwùovo`m `c uhmvhmeh- Ivv`|mhu |hw|huhmvomk fhivd |`{

ombivhu om uvivh dilhiu w|èhhfomku dish vd|hh hi|u c|`b vdh fivh `c vdho|

iwwòmvbhmv v coah i uvivh dilhiu whvovo`m- Oc e`xmuha ou iwwòmvhf {doah vdh

fo|hev iwwhia ou uvoaa whmfomk! vdh omshuvokivo`m eim lh e`meaxfhf imf vdh

whvovo`m coahf ud`|va icvh| vdh iwwhia ou fheofhf! oc vdh fhivd uhmvhmeh ou

icco|bhf- Vdh ish|ikh fhai lhv{hhm vdh coaomk `c i uvivh whvovo`m c`| i {|ov

`c dilhiu e`|wxu imf vdh coaomk `c vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|vu fheouo`m ou

3; \hw|huhmvomk fhivd |`{ ombivhu `m fo|hev iwwhia imf |hw|huhmvomk vdhb `m dilhiu e`|wxu eiaa c`|focch|hmv ujoaa uhvu vdiv i|h |i|ha c`xmf om vdh uibh ai{h|- L htwh|ohmeh! v|iomomk imf omeaomivo`m!iwwhaaivh ai{h|u i|h |i|ha omvh|huvhf om iuuxbomk |huw`muoloaov c`| dilhiu |hw|huhmvivo`m! imf soeh sh|ui-

89


54/145

uhwi|ivh e`xmuha v` lh iwwòmvhf xmahuu vdh w|ou`mh| imf e`xmuha |hyxhuv

|hw|huhmvivo`m l vdh uibh ivv`|mh om l`vd iuwhevu `c vdh eiwovia eiuh-

[doah vdh E`x|v m`{ iwwòmvu uhwi|ivh ai{h|u v` dimfah vdh fo|hev

iwwhia imf vdh dilhiu whvovo`m! vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c vdh dilhiu ai{h| aiku ci|

lhdomf vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c vdh iwwhaaivh ai{h|! e|hivomk i si|ohv `c

w|`lahbu- Co|uv! vdh cievxia omshuvokivo`m `c dilhiu eaiobu ou fhaihf c`|

bim hi|u- Omhsovila! |he`|fu i|h aùv! {ovmhuuhu lhe`bh xmisioailah! imf

bhb`|ohu cifh- Uhe`mf! vdh `mh"hi| uvivxvh `c aobovivo`mu xw`m chfh|ia

dilhiu eaiobu lhkomu v` |xm {dhm vdh Uvivh fo|hev iwwhia w|èhhfomku dish

e`meaxfhf- Oc i uvivh dilhiu eaiob ou m`v coahf {ovdom vdiv wh|o`f! chfh|ia

dilhiu |hsoh{ bi lh xmisioailah- Uwhhfomk xw vdh fouwùovo`m `c fhivd

whmiav iwwhiau imf iff|huuomk vdh fhaiu om iwwòmvbhmv `c dilhiu e`xmuha

k` dimf om dimf! uomeh ombivhu bxuv dish dilhiu e`xmuha {doah vdh eaèj ou

|xmmomk `m vdho| chfh|ia dilhiu |okdvu-

Vdùh vdiv dish ai{h|u c`| vdho| dilhiu w|èhhfomku i|h |hw|huhmvhf

l w|osivh ivv`|mhu {d` ieehwv iwwòmvbhmv c|`b vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh

E`x|v! `| ai{h|u hbwa`hf l vdh Eiaoc`|moi Dilhiu E`|wxu \hu`x|eh

Ehmvh| ZDE\ER- Huvilaoudhf om 9??4! DE\E ou ixvd`|o~hf v` hbwa` xw v`

56 ivv`|mhu v` dimfah fhivd whmiav dilhiu whvovo`mu om uvivh imf chfh|ia

8


55/145

e`x|v- [ovd im immxia lxfkhv `c &96-? boaao`m!34 ov diu w|`sofhf

|hw|huhmvivo`m vdiv bhhvu vdh ILI Kxofhaomhu c`| ;7 eaohmvu om uvivh dilhiu

e`|wxu w|èhhfomku- I v`via `c 969 dilhiu eiuhu i|h m`{ lhomk dimfahf l

w|osivh e`x|v iwwòmvhf e`xmuha-

W|osivh ai{h|u iwwòmvhf v` dimfah dilhiu eaiobu bxuv bhhv

yxiaocoeivo`mu uoboai| v` vdùh |hyxo|hf c`| iwwòmvbhmv v` dimfah fo|hev

iwwhiau-3? Om iffovo`m! oc im hsofhmvoi| dhi|omk ou `|fh|hf! vdh ai{h| bxuv

dish v|oia htwh|ohmeh! `| hmkikh im ivv`|mh {d` diu uxed htwh|ohmeh-;7

Aojh vdh ivv`|mhu dimfaomk iwwhiau! iwwòmvhf dilhiu e`xmuha i|h wiof &968

wh| d`x|- Om iffovo`m! i |hehmva ome|hiuhf bitobxb c &87!777 ou isioailah

v` e`sh| htwhmuhu- Vdh htwhmuhu c`| i dilhiu omshuvokivo`m imf vdh |hviomomk

`c mhehuui| htwh|vu eim hiuoa htehhf vdou bitobxb- C|hyxhmva! sàxmvhh|

e`xmuha dimfaomk dilhiu w|èhhfomku wi `xv `c wèjhv htwhmuhu ci| om

htehuu `c isioailah |hoblx|uhbhmv! `m i w|` l`m` liuou-;9 Ex||hmva! vdh

Uvivh Uxw|hbh E`x|v iaaèivhu iww|`tobivha diac `c ovu &98-6 boaao`m immxia

34 Vdh DE\E |hehoshu &95-? boaao`m c|`b vdh Uvivhu Khmh|ia Cxmf! imf ou ixvd`|o~hf v` |hehosh xw v` &9boaao`m c|`b vdh chfh|ia k`sh|mbhmv om |hoblx|uhbhmvu c`| {`|j f`mh om chfh|ia e`x|v- Koshm vdh lieja`k`c fhivd"|`{ ombivhu mhhfomk iwwòmvbhmv `c uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu e`xmuha! vdh DE\E diu cèxuhf ovu

hcc`|vu `m uvivh iwwòmvbhmvu! imf ieehwvhf `ma momh chfh|ia iwwòmvbhmvu-

3? \xah 4-378 $h/! Eiaoc`|moi \xahu `c E`x|v-

;7 \xah 4-378 $k/! Eiaoc`|moi \xahu `c E`x|v-

;9 C`| vdh uxeehuucxa dilhiu whvovo`m omOm \h Axeiu! 55 Eia-6vd 34< $


56/145

eiwovia fhchmuh lxfkhv v` dilhiu e`xmuha- Iv vdou ahsha `c cxmfomk! vdh|h ou

aovvah w|`uwhev vdiv iww`omvhf w|osivh ai{h|u eim hsh| bhhv vdh mhhfu `c vdh

Oc `x {imv w|osivh e`xmuha v` ud`xafh| vdh lx|fhm! `x dish v` cxmfvdhb iv vdh ahsha `x {`xaf cxmf i wxlaoe ikhme u` vdiv {h dishomshuvokiv`|u! wi|iahkiau! hve- u` vdiv {dhm {h coah i whvovo`m! oc `xf`mv {om om Uvivh E`x|v! iv ahiuv `x f`mv dx|v vdh eaohmvu l coaomk iwhvovo`m vdiv f`humv dish iaa vdh eaiobu imf cievu vdiv mhhf v` lh om

vdiv whvovo`m-;5

;< Vhuvob`m `c Eai Uhibim! Chl|xi|


57/145

Vdh E`bbouuo`m |he`bbhmfu vdiv vdh mhhf c`| iffovo`mia dilhiu

e`xmuha lh obbhfoivha bhv l htwimfomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi Dilhiu E`|wxu

\hu`x|eh Ehmvh| v` im ixvd`|o~hf uv|hmkvd `c 987 ai{h|u! wdiuhf om `sh| i

cosh hi| wh|o`f- Vdou {oaa |hyxo|h i cosh"càf ome|hiuh `sh| vdh ex||hmv &96-?

boaao`m immxia lxfkhv `c DE\E- Vdh E`bbouuo`m iau` |he`bbhmfu vdiv! v`

vdh htvhmv vdh i|h isioailah c`| e`mcaoevu! uxed iwwòmvbhmvu omeaxfh

yxiaocohf ai{h|u hbwa`hf l vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh| iu {haa iu w|osivh

ai{h|u- Uxed iwwòmvbhmvu ud`xaf e`bwa {ovd ILI Kxofhaomh

6-9$I/$


58/145

4- \he`bbhmfivo`mu c`| Chfh|ia Dilhiu E`|wxu \hsoh{ `c Eiaoc`|moi

Fhivd Nxfkbhmvu-

I uvivh w|ou`mh|! omeaxfomk `mh xmfh| uhmvhmeh `c fhivd! bi coah im

iwwaoeivo`m c`| i {|ov `c dilhiu e`|wxu om chfh|ia e`x|v `m vdh k|`xmf vdiv

dh ou om exuv`f om soàivo`m `c vdh E`muvovxvo`m `| ai{u `| v|hivohu `c vdh

Xmovhf Uvivhu-;8 Chfh|ia e`x|vu eim k|imv i |hyxhuv c`| vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c

e`xmuha! {d` eim lh wiof imf |hoblx|uhf c`| htwhmuhu c|`b chfh|ia cxmfu-;3

I chfh|ia iwwaoeivo`m c`| dilhiu e`|wxu eimm`v lh k|imvhf xmahuu ov iwwhi|u

vdiv - - - vdh iwwaoeimv diu htdixuvhf vdh |hbhfohu isioailah om vdh e`x|vu `c

vdh Uvivh-;; Vdxu! i chfh|ia iwwaoeivo`m {`xaf lh coahf icvh| vdh fo|hev

iwwhia imf dilhiu whvovo`m om uvivh e`x|v dish lhhm fhmohf `| |hnhevhf- Vdh

chfh|ia whvovo`m bxuv lh coahf {ovdom `mh hi| `c vdh e`meaxuo`m `c vdh uvivh

fo|hev iwwhia! lxv vdou wh|o`f ou uvihf {doah i uvivh dilhiu whvovo`m ou

whmfomk-

Ieehuu v` chfh|ia dilhiu |hsoh{ ou i e|xeoia uvhw c`| fhivd |`{

ombivhu! huwheoiaa om uvivhu {ovd i dokd |ivh `c fhivd whmiav icco|bimeh- I

mivo`mia uvxf e`mfxevhf l Eàxbloi Xmosh|uov |huhi|edh|u htibomhf vdh

|hsoh{ `c iaa fhivd nxfkbhmvu c|`b 9?;5"9??8! imf c`xmf vdiv 8?( {h|h

;8


59/145

icco|bhf l uvivh uxw|hbh e`x|vu-;4 I b`|h |hehmv uvxf `c c`x|vhhm fhivd

whmiav uvivhu c|`b 9??< vd|`xkd H||`| \ivhu om Eiwovia Eiuhu! 9?;5"9??8 $Nxmh! I Bxavouvivh Uvxf! w-


60/145

vdh fhchmfimv |hvx|mu v` uvivh e`x|v v` htdixuv vdh |hbhfohu isioailah om vdh

uvivh e`x|vu-47 Vdou ome|hiuhu vdh fhai om fouwùomk `c vdh chfh|ia dilhiu

whvovo`m l v{` hi|u- Lheixuh Eiaoc`|moi f`hu m`v w|`sofh ifhyxivh

|hu`x|ehu v` ai{h|u dimfaomk uvivh dilhiu eaiobu! ;6( `c chfh|ia dilhiu

iwwaoeivo`mu coahf l Eiaoc`|moi fhivd |`{ ombivhu i|h uvihf c`| vdh

htdixuvo`m `c uvivh |hbhfohu-49 Vdxu! vdh xmfh|"cxmfomk `c uvivh dilhiu

w|èhhfomku om Eiaoc`|moi ome|hiuhu vdh lx|fhm `m chfh|ia e`x|vu imf fhaiu

vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c nxuvoeh>

Vdh cioax|h `c vdh Eiaoc`|moi ahkouaivx|h v` w|`sofh uxccoeohmv cxmfomkv` wh|bov uvivh dilhiu e`xmuha v` omshuvokivh hied fhivd |`{ ombivhuchfh|ia e`muvovxvo`mia eaiobu eimm`v lh xmfh|uvivhf- Ov udocvu v` vdhchfh|ia k`sh|mbhmv vdh lx|fhm `c w|`sofomk uxccoeohmv cxmfu v` wh|bovchfh|ia dilhiu e`xmuha v` foue`sh| hsofhmeh v` fhb`muv|ivh iffovo`miachfh|ia e`muvovxvo`mia soàivo`mu-4 ISIOAILAH IAVH\MIVOSHU-

Om iffovo`m v` vdh edòehu w|huhmvhf om Wi|v I! v` ahish vdh w|huhmv

l|`jhm uuvhb om waieh! `| v` w|`sofh vdh |he`bbhmfhf |hu`x|ehu v` hmilah

Eiaoc`|moi v` iedohsh vdh mivo`mia ish|ikh om fhivd whmiav fhaiu! vdh

E`bbouuo`m htibomhf v{` `vdh| isioailah iavh|mivoshu> i uokmocoeimv

mi||`{omk `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu v` |hfxeh vdh mxblh| `c fhivd whmiav

eiuhu e`bomk omv` vdh uuvhb! `| |hwaieomk vdh fhivd whmiav {ovd i

bitobxb uhmvhmeh `c aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m- Vdh E`bbouuo`m bijhu m`

|he`bbhmfivo`m |hki|fomk vdhuh iavh|mivoshu! lxv w|huhmvu omc`|bivo`m

|hki|fomk vdhb v` iuux|h i cxaa omc`|bhf fhlivh- Im hcc`|v ou bifh v`

e`bwi|h vdh eùvu c`| iaa c`x| `c vdhuh iavh|mivoshu! lxv vdh cokx|hu w|huhmvhf

i|h `ma |`xkd huvobivhu! fxh v` vdh xmisioailoaov `c ieex|ivh fivi-

9- Vdh Iavh|mivosh `c Mi||`{omk vdh Aouv `c Uwheoia Eo|exbuvimehu-

Uhsh|ia `c vdh {ovmhuuhu {d` vhuvocohf lhc`|h vdh E`bbouuo`m uxkkhuv

vdh w|obi| |hiu`m vdiv vdh Eiaoc`|moi Fhivd Whmiav Ai{ ou fucxmevo`mia ou

lheixuh ov ou v`` l|ìf! imf uobwa wh|bovu v`` bim bx|fh| eiuhu v` lh

w|ùhexvhf iu fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh htwimuo`m `c vdh aouv `c uwheoia

eo|exbuvimehu om vdh L|okku Omovoivosh imf om uxluhyxhmv ahkouaivo`m! vdh

uxkkhuv! diu `whmhf vdh ca``fkivhu lh`mf vdh eiwieov `c `x| nxfoeoia

uuvhb v` ilu`|l- Iu c`|bh| Ca`|ofi Uxw|hbh E`x|v Edohc Nxuvoeh Kh|iaf

37


63/145

J`kim vàf vdh E`bbouuo`m! disomk

8- Fhivd Whmiav Haokoloaov Ud`xaf Lh Aobovhf v` Cosh Ciev`|u>

Vdh bx|fh| `c i whieh `ccoeh| joaahf om vdh wh|c`|bimeh `c dou `| dh|`ccoeoia fxvohu {dhm f`mh v` w|hshmv `| |hviaoivh c`| vdiv wh|c`|bimeh:Vdh bx|fh| `c im wh|u`m $omeaxfomk lxv m`v aobovhf v` ombivhu! uvicc!imf souov`|u/ èex||omk iv i e`||hevo`mia cieoaov:Vdh bx|fh| `c v{` `| b`|h wh|u`mu |hki|fahuu `c {dhvdh| vdh fhivdu

èex||hf iu vdh |huxav `c vdh uibh iev `| `c uhsh|ia |haivhf `| xm|haivhfievu! iu a`mk iu hovdh| $i/ vdh fhivdu {h|h vdh |huxav `c im omvhmv v` joaab`|h vdim `mh wh|u`m! `| $l/ vdh fhchmfimv jmh{ vdh iev `| ievu {`xaf

46 Vhuvob`m `c Kh|iaf J`kim! iv w- 57-

48Uhh Aohlbim # Bi|udiaa!Ahuu Ou Lhvvh|> Nxuvoeh Uvhshmu imf vdh Mi||`{hf Fhivd Whmiav! ;6 C`|fdibA- \hs- 937; $


64/145

eixuh fhivd `| e|hivh i uv|`mk w|`liloaov `c fhivd `| k|hiv l`foadi|b v` vdh bx|fh|hf omfosofxiau `| `vdh|u:Vdh omvhmvo`mia bx|fh| `c i wh|u`m omsàsomk vdh omcaoevo`m `c v`|vx|h-Om vdou e`mvhtv! v`|vx|h bhimu vdh omvhmvo`mia imf fhw|ishf omcaoevo`m`c htv|hbh wduoeia wiom c`| i w|à`mkhf wh|o`f c vobh lhc`|h vdhsoevobu fhivd: imf fhw|ishf bhimu vdiv vdh fhchmfimv |haoudhf vdhomcaoevo`m `c htv|hbh wduoeia wiom xw`m vdh soevob! hsofhmeomkfhliuhbhmv `| wh|sh|uo`m! `| vdiv vdh fhchmfimv hsofhmehf i uhmuh `cwahiux|h om vdh omcaoevo`m `c htv|hbh wduoeia wiom:Vdh bx|fh| l i wh|u`m {d` ou xmfh| omshuvokivo`m c`|! `| {d` diulhhm edi|khf {ovd `| diu lhhm e`msoevhf `c! i e|obh vdiv {`xaf lh icha`m! `| vdh bx|fh| `c im`mh omsàshf om vdh omshuvokivo`m!w|ùhexvo`m! `| fhchmuh `c vdiv e|obh! omeaxfomk! lxv m`v aobovhf v`!{ovmhuuhu! nx|`|u! nxfkhu! w|ùhexv`|u! imf omshuvokiv`|u-

3- Cha`m Bx|fh| Ud`xaf Lh Hteaxfhf iu vdh Liuou c`| Fhivd

Whmiav Haokoloaov-

Vdh cosh haokoloaov ciev`|u om \he`bbhmfivo`m 8! {doed i|h omvhmfhfv` lh im htdixuvosh aouv `c vdh `ma ciev`|u vdiv bi |hmfh| i bx|fh|h|haokolah c`| eiwovia wxmoudbhmv! f` m`v omeaxfh cha`m bx|fh| iu iliuou c`| obwùomk vdh fhivd whmiav- V` hmux|h vdiv vdh fhivd whmiavou |huh|shf c`| vdh bùv exawilah `cchmfh|u imf v` bijh vdh obwùovo`m`c vdh fhivd whmiav b`|h w|`w`|vo`mia! nx|oufoevo`mu vdiv mhsh|vdhahuued`ùh v` k` lh`mf vdhuh cosh haokoloaov ciev`|u ud`xaf uvoaa hteaxfhc|`b fhivd haokoloaov vdùh eiuhu om {doed haokoloaov ou liuhf uàhaxw`m cha`m bx|fh|- Im nx|oufoevo`m vdiv ed`ùhu v` |hviom cha`mbx|fh| iu i fhivd whmiav haokoloaov e|ovh|o`m ud`xaf m`v wh|bov xuomkcha`m bx|fh| iu im ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimeh- $ Vdh Fhivd Whmiav \hsouovhf! w- ttos"tts $


65/145

ieex|ivh! xmimob`xua e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh Oaaom`ou fhivd whmiav ai{ lh

mi||`{hf v` vdh cxmevo`mia hyxosiahmv `c vdh E`muvovxvo`m W|`nhev

|he`bbhmfivo`m>

Vdh E`bbouuo`m xmimob`xua e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh ex||hmv aouv `c


66/145

fhivd |`{ ombivhu v` vd`uh {d`b {h v|xa dish vdh bhimu imf vdh {oaa v`

hthexvh-

@x| E`bbouuo`m xmfh|v``j i e`bw|hdhmuosh |hsoh{ v` fhvh|bomh

{doed uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu {h|h c`xmf om iaa eiuhu om {doed vdh fhivd

whmiav {iu obw`uhf om Eiaoc`|moi c|`b 9?;4 vd|`xkd


67/145

{dh|h iv ahiuv `mhBimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`| ou c`xmf- E`bwi|h 9?47!{dh|h `ma 5;( `c vdh eiuhu vdiv hi| dif iv ahiuv `mhBimfiv`|

Nxuvoeh ciev`|! {ovd


68/145

WH\EHMVIKH @C EIAOC@\MOI FHIVD EIUHU [OVD IV AHIUV

@MHBIMFIV@\_ NXUVOEH CIEV@\ L_ E@XMV_?9

E`xmv V`via Fhivd Uhmvhmehu Wh|ehmvikh [ovd Iv

Ahiuv @mh Ciev`|Iaibhfi 88 89(E`mv|i E`uvi


69/145

ou haokolah c`| i fhivd uhmvhmeh e`xaf lh haobomivhf om cis`| `c i uobwah| imf

mi||`{h| k|`xw `c haokoloaov e|ovh|oi-

Vdh xuh `c vdhBimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`|u ou m`v vdh `ma `wvo`m

isioailah v` mi||`{ vdh xuh `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav- @vdh| iavh|mivoshu

e`xaf lh e`muofh|hf iu {haa- E`bbouuo`mh| N`m Uv|hhvh| uxkkhuvu iffomk v`

vdhBimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`|u vdh cx|vdh| aobovivo`m vdiv vdh e|obh om

yxhuvo`m bxuv lh c`xmf v` dish ahkiaa icchevhf iaa eovo~hmu `c vdh Uvivh `c

Eiaoc`|moi- Iee`|fomk v` vdou iww|ìed! im joaaomk `c i whieh `ccoeh|! i

e`||hevo`mia `ccoeh|! `| i wi|voeowimv om vdh nxuvoeh uuvhb {`xaf lh w|huxbhf

v` dish vdh |hyxouovh eovo~hm obwiev! uomeh vdùh e|obhu i|h! om hcchev!

ivvieju `m vdh Uvivh ovuhac imf `m vdh Uvivh+u iloaov v` bhvh `xv nxuvoeh `m

lhdiac `c iaa `c ovu eovo~hmu- C`| bxavowah bx|fh| imf bx|fh| omsàsomk

v`|vx|h! vdh|h {`xaf lh m` uxed w|huxbwvo`m: ov {`xaf vijh b`|h vdim i

uobwah iaahkivo`m `c bx|fh| `c b`|h vdim v{` wh|u`mu `| omcaoevo`m `c

v`|vx|h v` nxuvoc i eiwovia edi|kh- Om vdùh eiuhu! eovo~hm obwiev {`xaf

dish v` lh w|`shf l vdh w|ùhexvo`m-?5 Xmyxhuvo`mila! u`bh eiuh"l"eiuh

aomh"f|i{omk {`xaf lh |hyxo|hf! lxv vdh e`x|vu ia|hif f` vdiv jomf `c aomh"

?5

L {i `c oaaxuv|ivo`m! biuu bx|fh|h|u $h-k- vdh @jaid`bi Eov l`blh|! vdh Uhwvhblh| 99 iuuiuuomu/ imf

uh|oia bx|fh|h|u {dùh e|obhu i|h m`v`|o`xu c`| vdho| fhw|isov imf vdh {ofhuw|hif chi| vdh e|hivh $h-k- vdh^hl|i joaaomku! vdh F-E- umowh| joaaomku/ i|h htibwahu `c eiuhu om {doed i uvivh"{ofh eovo~hm obwiev uhhbu|hifoa iwwi|hmv imf |hifoa w|`silah-

3;


70/145

f|i{omk om omvh|w|hvomk imf iwwaomk `x| ex||hmv fhivd whmiav uwheoia

eo|exbuvimehu- Iu E`bbouuo`mh| Uv|hhvh| wxvu ov>

Vdh `sh|iaa ofhi lhdomf vdou iww|ìed {`xaf lh v` obwùh i aobovivo`mvdiv fouvomkxoudhu lhv{hhm wx|ha aèia e|obhu ${dh|h vdh eùvu `cw|ùhexvo`m {oaa lh l`|mh ai|kha l e`xmv vitwih|u/ c|`b e|obhu `cuvivh"{ofh obw`|v ${dh|h vdh eùvu `c w|ùhexvo`m {oaa lh l`|mhai|kha l iaa vitwih|u `c vdh uvivh/- M`v `ma f`hu vdou iww|ìedfo|heva iff|huu vdh ouuxh `c kh`k|iwdoeia fouwi|ov! lxv! lomv|`fxeomk vdh w|omeowah vdiv m` e|obh bi yxiaoc c`| vdh fhivdwhmiav xmahuu ov ou i bivvh| `c u`bh uvivh"{ofh e`muhyxhmeh! ov iau`bomobo~hu vdh mhhf v` f|i{ w`vhmvoiaa i|lov|i| fouvomevo`mu lhv{hhmfocch|hmv vwhu `c dhom`xu e|obhu- Bùv obw`|vimva! lheixuh vdh

mxblh| `c eiwovia"haokolah e|obhu {`xaf ud|omj f|ibivoeiaa hvahish `whm vdh `wvo`m `c xuomk eiwovia wxmoudbhmv om eiuhu vdiv i|h`cvhm xuhf iu htibwahu c`| {d {h ud`xaf dish vdh fhivd whmiav vdou iww|ìed iee`bwaoudhu i uxluvimvoia mi||`{omk `c fhivd"haokoloaov! hv f`hu u` om i {i vdiv iejm`{ahfkhu imf |huwhevu vdhuv|`mka"chav soh{u `c bim eovo~hmu vdiv vdh xavobivh wxmoudbhmv ouiww|`w|oivh om u`bh eiuhu- Om hcchev! {h {`xaf w|`wùh v` +|okdv uo~h+vdh fhivd whmiav om vdh Uvivh u` vdiv vdh eovo~hmu hmf xw {ovd i{`|jilah! hv cio|! uuvhb vdiv {h eim icc`|f-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m ou m`v uxkkhuvomk im wi|voexai| c`|bxai `| aouv v`

mi||`{ Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{- Vdou nxfkbhmv ou lhuv ahcv v` vdh

ahkouaivosh w|èhuu- @vdh| e|ovh|oi! uxed iu vdh bx|fh| `c edoaf|hm! e`xaf lh

omeaxfhf `m vdh aouv- Lxv vdh aouv bxuv lh ei|hcxaa bhiux|hf v` ievxiaa

iedohsh vdh lhmhcovu `c mi||`{omk vdiv dish lhhm ofhmvocohf- D`{hsh| vdh aouv

`c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu ou mi||`{hf! vdou mi||`{hf aouv {`xaf `ma lh

iwwaohf om fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh ex||hmv aouv `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu

34


71/145

e`xaf uvoaa lh xvoao~hf v` obwùh uhmvhmehu `c aoch {ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c

wi|àh-

Oc Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav ai{ {h|h mi||`{hf! ov {`xaf lh xm{ouh

v` w|èhhf {ovd vdh hthexvo`m `c fhchmfimvu {dùh fhivd nxfkbhmv {iu m`v

liuhf xw`m `mh `c vdh ofhmvocohf uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu- [ovd |huwhev v` vdh

vdo|vhhm hthexvo`mu e`mfxevhf l Eiaoc`|moi uomeh 9?;4! vhm `c vdhb {`xaf

dish bhv vdh |he`bbhmfhf uwheoia eo|exbuvimeh c`| bxavowah bx|fh|u- @ma

vdh hthexvo`mu `c Vd`biu B- Vd`bwu`m! Bimxha Lillovv imf Uvhwdhm

[imh Imfh|u`m {`xaf m`v dish |huxavhf om i fhivd uhmvhmeh xuomk vdh

Bimfiv`| Nxuvoeh ciev`|u- Vdh fhivd uhmvhmeh `c im fhivd |`{ ombivh

{dùh e`msoevo`m fof m`v omeaxfh i comfomk `c `mh `| b`|h `c vdh hmxbh|ivhf

uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu e`xaf lh e`bbxvhf v` i uhmvhmeh `c aoch {ovd`xv

wùuoloaov `c wi|àh- Vijomk vdou uvhw {`xaf ievxiaa dish aovvah obwiev c`|

vdh fhivd |`{ ombivhu omsàshf- Bùv `c vdhb {oaa mhsh| lh hthexvhf! lxv

{oaa foh om w|ou`m- Edimkomk vdho| uhmvhmeh v` `mh `c aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m

{`xaf `ma edimkh vdh aèivo`m om {doed vdh {oaa uh|sh vdho| uhmvhmeh- Lxv

nxuv vdiv edimkh e`xaf uish vdh Uvivh c Eiaoc`|moi &


72/145

wùuoloaov `c wi|àh `|fomi|oa uh|sh vdho| uhmvhmehu! ou &?7!777 wh| hi| wh|

ombivh-?6 [ovd Eiaoc`|moiu ex||hmv fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo`m `c 3;7! vdiv

iee`xmvu c`| &35-5 boaao`m immxiaa- \hfxeomk vdh fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo`m v`

vdùh {dùh fhivd nxfkbhmv ou liuhf xw`m `mh `| b`|h `c vdh cosh uwheoia

eo|exbuvimehu |he`bbhmfhf l vdh E`muvovxvo`m W|`nhev {`xaf obbhfoivha

|hfxeh vdh uo~h `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{ v` 534! {d` e`xaf lh e`mcomhf `m

fhivd |`{ iv im immxia eùv `c &58 boaao`m- [ovd |huwhev v` vdùh m` a`mkh|

uxlnhev v` vdh fhivd whmiav! boaao`mu b`|h {`xaf lh uishf l haobomivomk

vdh mhhf v` aovokivh vdho| iwwhiau imf dilhiu whvovo`mu-

Om vh|bu `c vdh cxvx|h k|`{vd `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{! vdh J|hov~lh|k

uvxf uxkkhuvu vdiv c`| vdh wiuv c`x| hi|u! ;7( `c vdh mh{ fhivd nxfkbhmvu

om Eiaoc`|moi dish omeaxfhf iv ahiuv `mh `c vdh |he`bbhmfhf eo|exbuvimehu-

Vdxu! im ish|ikh `c 99 `| 9< mh{ fhivd nxfkbhmvu e`xaf lh imvoeowivhf! oc

w|ùhexv`|u uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav iv vdh uibh |ivh- Vdh mxblh|u! l`vd om

vh|bu `c lieja`k imf mh{ nxfkbhmvu! e`xaf lh bimikhf {ovd uxluvimvoiaa

ahuu |hu`x|ehu vdim {h ex||hmva fhs`vh v` `x| fhivd whmiav uuvhb- Vdh

eùv `c obwahbhmvomk bim `c vdh |hc`|bu |he`bbhmfhf l vdou

E`bbouuo`m v` cot vdh ex||hmv uuvhb {`xaf lh |hfxehf l 57 v` 67(-

?6 Vhbwhuv!Fhivd \`{ @cvhm Bhimu i A`mk Aoch! Aù Imkhahu Vobhu! Bi|- 3!


73/145

I 68( |hfxevo`m om vdh uo~h `c fhivd |`{ {`xaf iau` |hfxeh vdh `vdh|{ouh

mhehuui| htwimuo`m `c vdh Uvivh Wxlaoe Fhchmfh|! vdh Dilhiu E`|wxu

\hu`x|eh Ehmvh|! imf vdh E`x|v uviccomk mhhfhf-

?8

9- Vdh|h ou m` e`bwhaaomk hsofhmeh vdiv vdh fhivd whmiav |ivo`miaa uh|shu i

ahkovobivh whm`a`koeia wx|w`uh:


74/145

3- Ilàovo`m {`xaf bijh uxccoeohmv cxmfu isioailah v` hmux|h ifhyxivh

uh|soehu imf ifsèie c`| vdh ciboaohu `c bx|fh| soevobu-

Vdhuh e`muofh|ivo`mu ahf vdh Uvivh `c Mh{ Nh|uh v` ilàoud vdh fhivd whmiav

vdou hi|! om cis`| `c vdh iavh|mivosh `c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wi|àh-

$A[@W/- [h dish vdh uibh iavh|mivosh isioailah om Eiaoc`|moi-

Eiaoc`|moi diu dif i uhmvhmeh `c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wùuoloaov

`c wi|àh isioailah uomeh 9?;4- Iee`|fomk v` vdh Eiaoc`|moi Fhwi|vbhmv `c

E`||hevo`mu! iu `c Nimxi| 9!


75/145

nx|`|u bi lh uxbb`mhf c`| i fhivd whmiav eiuh- Eiaoc`|moi nx|

e`bbouuo`mh|u |ha uàha xw`m s`vh| |hkouv|ivo`m imf FBS aouvu v` uxbb`m

nx|`|u! iavd`xkd uvivh ai{ wh|bovu htwimuo`m `c u`x|eh aouvu-?3 Uhshmv"cosh

wh|ehmv `c w`vhmvoia nx|`|u {oaa lh htexuhf c`| comimeoia di|fudow lheixuh `c

vdh ahmkvd `c vdh v|oia- Eiaoc`|moi e`x|vu wi nx|`|u iv i |ivh `c &98 wh| fi-?;

Bim hbwa`h|u f` m`v wi hbwa`hhu c`| nx| uh|soeh! imf vdùh {d` f`

c|hyxhmva aobov vdh wibhmv v` m` b`|h vdim v{` {hhju- Vdh |hbiomomk

nx|`|u bxuv xmfh|k` omfosofxia yxhuvo`momk v` fhvh|bomh {dhvdh| vdh dish

`womo`mu il`xv vdh fhivd whmiav vdiv {`xaf w|heaxfh vdho| uh|somk om i fhivd

eiuh- Vdou w|èhuu `c fhivd yxiaocoeivo`m diu |huxavhf om ai|kh| mxblh|u `c

w`vhmvoia nx|`|u lhomk htexuhf iu wxlaoe `womo`m ikiomuv vdh fhivd whmiav

diu k|`{m-

[doah i nx| ou m`|biaa uhahevhf om `mh `| v{` fiu om bùv cha`m

eiuhu! vdh uhahevo`m `c i fhivd"yxiaocohf nx| m`|biaa vijhu 4"97 fiu `c

e`x|v vobh- Vdh xuh `c aobovhf u`x|eh aouvu! vdh hteaxuo`m `c i dokdh|

w|`w`|vo`m `c w`vhmvoia nx|`|u c`| he`m`boe di|fudow! v`khvdh| {ovd vdh

hteaxuo`m `c vdùh {d` fouiww|`sh `c vdh fhivd whmiav! |huxavu om nx|ohu vdiv

?3 Eiaoc`|moi E`fh `c Eosoa W|èhfx|h! Uhevo`m 9?;$i/- Om e`mv|iuv! Mh{ _`|j xuhu cosh u`x|eh aouvu!omeaxfomk uvivh ome`bh vitwih|u! uvivh xmhbwa bhmv! imf {haci|h |àau- Vhuvob`m `c Aòu Dhimh!Bi|ed


76/145

f` m`v |hcahev i e|ùu"uhevo`m `c vdh e`bbxmov v` vdh htvhmv vdiv m`m"fhivd

nx|ohu f`-

Xw`m e`msoevo`m `c co|uv"fhk|hh bx|fh| imf i comfomk `c iv ahiuv

`mh uwheoia eo|exbuvimeh! vdh uibh nx| ou |hyxo|hf v` |hvx|m c`| i uhe`mf

v|oia! vdh whmiav wdiuh om {doed vdh nx| fheofhu lhv{hhm i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd

`| i uhmvhmeh `c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c wi|àh- Vdou ou i

cxaa v|oia! {ovd `whmomk uvivhbhmvu! w|huhmvivo`m `c hsofhmeh l l`vd uofhu!

eaùomk i|kxbhmvu imf nx| omuv|xevo`mu- Vdh nx| ou iujhf v` {hokd

ikk|isivomk imf bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu! imf obwùh i uhmvhmeh `c fhivd oc

ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimehu `xv{hokd bovokivomk eo|exbuvimehu! `| i uhmvhmeh

`c aoch obw|ou`mbhmv {ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c wi|àh oc bovokivomk

eo|exbuvimehu `xv{hokd ikk|isivomk eo|exbuvimehu- Vdh nx| bxuv

xmimob`xua ik|hh iu v` vdh whmiav: oc vdh i|h xmilah v` iedohsh xmimobov!

im`vdh| nx| bxuv lh obwimhahf v` fheofh vdh whmiav-?4

Vdh htwhmuhu c`| v|oia imf iwwhaaivh e`xmuha {`xaf iau` lh

uxluvimvoiaa |hfxehf oc aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m lheibh vdh bitobxb whmiav

om Eiaoc`|moi- @ma `mh fhchmuh ai{h| {`xaf dish v` lh iwwòmvhf c`| vdh

v|oia- Vdh|h {`xaf lh m` ixv`bivoe iwwhia v` vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v!

u` iwwhiau {`xaf lh dimfahf bxed b`|h htwhfovo`xua l vdh E`x|vu `c

?4 Eiaoc`|moi Whmia E`fh Uhevo`m 9?7-6 $l/-

;6


77/145

Iwwhia- Lhv{hhm Nxmh


78/145

hthexvhf- Vdh uibh |huxav eim lh iedohshf iv i uisomku c {haa `sh| `mh

dxmf|hf boaao`m fàai|u l uhmvhmeomk vdh fhchmfimv v` aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m

{ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c wi|àh-

I uokmocoeimv `mh"vobh uisomku ou iau` isioailah v` Eiaoc`|moi xmfh|

vdou `wvo`m- Iee`|fomk v` vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uvivh Ixfov`| \hw`|v c`|


79/145

uvi|v fivh {oaa iff v` w|`nhev eùvu- Iffovo`miaa! E ||hevo`mu fof m`v

omeaxfh vdh eùvu v` ievosivh imf `wh|ivh vdh EOE om ovu huvobivhf eùvu-

@x| e`muxavimv huvobivhu vdh eùv v` e`muv|xev vdh EOE {oaa htehhf

E`||hevo`mu huvobivh `c &583 boaao`m l &5?-5 boaao`m imf vdiv vdh

eùv v` ievosivh vdh mh{ EOE {oaa |hied &;-5 boaao`m- Cx|vdh|b`|h! `x|

e`muxavimv huvobivhu vdiv vdh ish|ikh mh{ uviccomk eùvu v` `wh|ivh vdh

mh{ EOE {oaa ish|ikh &84-4 boaao`m wh| hi|! c`| i v`via `c

iww|`tobivha &9-< loaao`m `sh| vdh mhtv


80/145

eùv `c bx|fh| eiuhu om {doed vdh fhivd whmiav {iu m`v u`xkdv $&-; boaao`m/

imf e`meaxfhf vdiv uhhjomk vdh fhivd whmiav iffu ;7( v` vdh eùv `c i

bx|fh| eiuh-975 I |hw`|v l vdh E`bwv|àah| `c vdh V|hiux| c`| vdh Uvivh `c

Vhmmhuuhh e`meaxfhf vdiv uhhjomk vdh fhivd whmiav om bx|fh| v|oiau iffu im

ish|ikh `c 64( v` vdh eùv `c vdh v|oia-976 I uvxf `c Omfoimi fhivd whmiav

v|oiau e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh eùv `c i fhivd whmiav v|oia imf fo|hev iwwhia ia`mh

ou b`|h vdim cosh vobhu vdh eùv `c i aoch {ovd`xv wi|àh v|oia imf fo|hev

iwwhia- Omeaxfomk vdh |haivosh eùvu `c omei|eh|ivo`m! vdh uvxf e`meaxfhf vdiv

`lviomomk vdh fhivd whmiav ome|hiuhu vdh eùv l 54(-978 Boediha Hlh|v `c

vdh Kh`|kh Biu`m Xmosh|uov Ued`à `c Wxlaoe Wàoe hsiaxivhf vdhuh

uvxfohu! imf e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh Omfoimi imiauou bi {haa lh vdh mh{ kàf

uvimfi|f om vdou xmoyxh i|hi `c eiwovia su- m`m"eiwovia eùv iuuhuubhmvu- Vdh

Ibh|oeim Li| Iuuèoivo`m $ILI/ htibomhf vdh Omfoimi uvxf imf diu

e`bbhmvhf sh| cis`|ila `m ovu vhedmoyxhu-973

975 Wh|c`|bimeh Ixfov \hw`|v> Eùvu Omex||hf c`| Fhivd Whmiav Eiuhu! I \hw`|v v` vdh Ahkouaivosh WùvIxfov E`bbovvhh! Uvivh `c Jimuiu! Fhehblh| Eùvu imf E`muhyxhmehu! Uvivh `c Vhmmhuuhh! Nxa Comfomku `c vdh Omfoimi E|obomia Ai{Uvxf E`bbouuo`m $


81/145

I |hehmv |hw`|v c`| vdh [iudomkv`m Uvivh Li| Iuuèoivo`m haoeovhf

huvobivhu c|`b w|ùhexv`|u imf wxlaoe fhchmfh|u `c vdh eùvu iffhf v` v|oiau

{dhm vdh fhivd whmiav {iu u`xkdv- Vdh |hw`|v e`meaxfhf vdiv vdh

w|ùhexv`|u ish|ikh huvobivh `c &


82/145

eùv `c i bx|fh| v|oia om Eiaoc`|moi- Vdh eùvu `c i uhe`mf fhchmuh ai{h|!

vdh liejk|`xmf omshuvokivo`m c`| vdh whmiav wdiuh! imf vdh iffhf fx|ivo`m

imf htwhmuh `c vdh v|oia c`| nx| uhahevo`m imf whmiav v|oia ia`mh {`xaf

hiuoa iff xw v` &877!777 om bùv eiuhu- Vdh ex||hmv |ivh `c


83/145

omehmvosh v` wahif kxoav imf ieehwv im A[@W uhmvhmeh- Oc vdh omehmvosh ou

|hb`shf! b`|h A[@W eiuhu bi dish v` lh v|ohf- Imf oc b`|h A[@W eiuhu

i|h v|ohf! b`|h {oaa lh iwwhiahf- Eiaoc`|moi ex||hmva w|`ehuuhu

iww|`tobivha 9


84/145

Eiaoc`|moi- Vdh |he`bbhmfhf lxfkhv ome|hiuhu w|`wùhf l vdh

E`bbouuo`m om Wi|v I {`xaf ome|hiuh vdou cokx|h l &48 boaao`m- Vdh iffhf

edi|khu v` vdh Uvivh khmh|ia cxmf {`xaf omeaxfh &3 boaao`m c`| vdh Uvivh

Wxlaoe Fhchmfh|! &;7 boaao`m c`| vdh Eiaoc`|moi Dilhiu E`|wxu \hu`x|eh

Ehmvh|! &3 boaao`m v` vdh Ivv`|mh Khmh|ia! imf &5 boaao`m v` vdh Uvivh

Uxw|hbh E`x|v c`| iwwòmvhf e`xmuha- Vdh |hfxevo`m `c vdh lieja`k l

if`wvomk vdh mi||`{omk w|`wùia {`xaf |hfxeh vdhuh hmdimehf lxfkhvu l

68(! v` i v`via `c &34 boaao`m-

Vdh eùvu `c e`mcomhbhmv eim iau` lh huvobivhf {ovd u`bh w|heouo`m!

liuhf xw`m vdh Fhwi|vbhmv `c E`||hevo`mu huvobivh vdiv e`mcomhbhmv `m

fhivd |`{ iffu &?7!777 wh| hi| v` vdh eùv `c e`mcomhbhmv lh`mf vdh

m`|bia eùv `c &56!987- Vdxu! nxuv vdh hmdimehf e`mcomhbhmv eùvu c`| vdh

3;7 ex||hmva `m Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{ v`viau &35-5 boaao`m- Vdou cokx|h

ome|hiuhu hied hi| iu vdh w`wxaivo`m `c Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd |`{ k|`{u-

Vdh mhhfhf |hc`|bu |he`bbhmfhf l vdh E`bbouuo`m {`xaf |hfxeh vdh

fhaiu imf hshmvxiaa ahif v` |hfxevo`mu om vdh fhivd |`{ w`wxaivo m- Vdh

iavh|mivosh `c mi||`{omk vdh fhivd whmiav ai{ e`xaf |huxav om i 68(

|hfxevo`m om vdh uo~h `c fhivd |`{! imf i e`||huw`mfomk 68( |hfxevo`m om vdh

eùvu `c e`mcomhbhmv v` &58 boaao`m wh| hi|- Vdou mxblh| {`xaf iau`

fheaomh iu vdh lieja k {iu |hfxehf- Vdh iavh|mivosh `c vh|bomia e`mcomhbhmv

4


85/145

{`xaf m`v |hfxeh e`mcomhbhmv eùvu v` ~h|`! uomeh ex||hmv fhivd |`{ ombivhu

{d` bokdv dish lhhm hthexvhf {oaa lh e`mcomhf c`| vdho| cxaa aoch htwhevime!

iavd`xkd iv vdh a`{h| e`mcomhbhmv |ivh c &56!987 wh| hi|- Iuuxbomk 977

ombivhu bokdv `vdh|{ouh dish lhhm hthexvhf! vdh eùv `c vdho| e`mvomxhf

e`mcomhbhmv {`xaf ib`xmv v` &5-8 boaao`m wh| hi|-

Vdxu! xuomk e`muh|sivosh! |`xkd huvobivhu! vdh v`via eùv `c vdh

isioailah iavh|mivoshu {`xaf lh $9/ v` e`mvomxh uwhmfomk iv ahiuv &95;-;

boaao`m wh| hi| v` biomviom `x| fucxmevo`mia uuvhb: $


86/145

Vdh càa`{omk edi|v uxbbi|o~hu vdh iffovo`mia immxia edi|khu v` vdh

Eiaoc`|moi uvivh lxfkhv {doed hied `c c`x| iavh|mivoshu {`xaf obwùh> vdh

w|huhmv uuvhb! vdh w|huhmv uuvhb {ovd vdh |hc`|bu |he`bbhmfhf om Wi|v I

`c vdou \hw`|v! i uokmocoeimva mi||`{hf fhivd whmiav ai{! imf i bitobxb

wxmoudbhmv `c aochvobh omei|eh|ivo`m {ovd`xv wùuoloaov `c wi|àh-

HUVOBIVOMK VDH IMMXIA E@UVU @C C@X\ IAVH\MIVOSHU

EX\\HMVU_UVHB

EX\\HMVU_UVHB [OVD

WI\V IIFFOVO@MU

MI\\@[HFFHIVD

WHMIAV_ AI[[OVD WI\V IIFFOVO@MU

BITOBXB @CAOCHVOBH

OMEI\EH\IVO@MZA[@WR

IFFOVO@MIAE@UV @C V\OIAU

&


87/145

WI\V E> IFBOMOUV\IVOSH \HC@\BU-

9- \hfxeomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v Lieja`k-

Fhuwovh htv|i`|fomi| hcc`|vu imf vdh omshuvbhmv `c uxluvimvoia

|hu`x|ehu! vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu lhhm xmilah v` uvi il|hiuv `c

vdh |ouomk vofh `c fhivd eiuhu i||osomk iv ovu f``|- Iu ia|hif m`vhf! vdh

fhaiu om iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha c`| l`vd fo|hev iwwhiau imf uvivh dilhiu

w|èhhfomku i|h ivv|olxvilah v` aiej `c ifhyxivh cxmfomk |ivdh| vdim im

cioax|h `m vdh wi|v `c vdh E`x|v- Vdh E`x|v diu m` e`mv|à `sh| vdh mxblh| `c

fhivd sh|foevu |hvx|mhf hied hi|! imf vdh mxblh|u dish ci| ux|wiuuhf vdh

eiwieov `c vdh e`x|v v w|`bwva w|èhuu imf fheofh vdh eiuhu- Vdh E`x|v

diu iffhf ivv`|mhu v` vdh uvicc `c hied Nxuvoehu ediblh|u! imf e|hivhf i

ehmv|ia uvicc `c vhm ivv`|mhu fhfoeivhf v` fhivd whmiav b`vo`mu! iwwhiau imf

dilhiu w|èhhfomku- Vdhuh eiuhu i||osh {ovd ahmkvd |he`|fu! imf vdh

`womo`mu ouuxhf l vdh E`x|v iff|huuomk vdh ouuxhu |iouhf `m iwwhia i|h

ahmkvd imf e`bwaht- @|fomi|oa! vdh E`x|v {oaa ouuxh wxlaoudhf `womo mu

fheofomk


88/145

i{iovomk `|ia i|kxbhmv- Im`vdh| 977 cxaa l|ohchf dilhiu whvovo`mu i|h

lhc`|h vdh E`x|v-

Iee`|fomk v` Edohc Nxuvoeh \`miaf B- Kh`|kh! vdh E`x|v m`{ ciehu i

e|ouou! om {doed vdh fhivd whmiav lieja`k ou vd|hivhmomk vdh E`x|vu iloaov v`

|huàsh `vdh| uvivh{ofh ouuxhu `c ai{ imf uhvvah e`mcaoevu iv vdh iwwhaaivh

ahsha! {doed ou ovu w|obi| fxv imf |huw`muoloaov- Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh

E`x|v diu c`|bxaivhf i w|`wùia v` iff|huu vdh fhai om fheofomk cxaa

l|ohchf fhivd whmiav iwwhiau l ibhmfomk vdh Eiaoc`|moi e`muvovxvo`m v`

kosh vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v foue|hvo`m v` v|imuch| cxaa l|ohchf eiuhu v` vdh

omvh|bhfoivh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia c`| fheouo`m-999 Vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v {`xaf

|hsoh{ vdh E`x|v `c Iwwhiau nxfkbhmv imf e`xaf uxbbi|oa icco|b ov! `|

dàf `|ia i|kxbhmv imf ouuxh ovu `{m fheouo`m {ovd |hiu`mu uvivhf!

iff|huuomk iaa `| wi|v `c vdh E`x|v `c Iwwhiau fheouo`m-99< @m Bi|ed


89/145

ifhyxivha cxmf vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c l`vd iwwhaaivh imf dilhiu e`xmuha om

fhivd eiuhu! imf vdh w|`souo`m `c ifhyxivh uviccomk c`| vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia-

[ovmhuuhu lhc`|h vdh E`bbouuo`m dish iff|huuhf i mxblh| `c `vdh|

e`meh|mu |hki|fomk vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdou w|`wùia- E`meh|m diu lhhm

htw|huuhf vdiv v|imuch||omk iu bim iu vdo|v fhivd iwwhiau hied hi| v` vdh

momhvhhm focch|hmv fosouo`mu imf fouv|oevu `c vdh E`x|v `c Iwwhia {oaa |huxav om

ome`muouvhmv |xaomku! huwheoiaa om |huàsomk ouuxhu uxed iu di|bahuu h||`|-

Vdh aiej `c c`|bia w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{ om Eiaoc`|moi! e`xwahf {ovd vdh

wivvh|mu `c kh`k|iwdoe fouwi|ov! kosh iffhf {hokdv v` e`meh|mu |hki|fomk

vdh e`muouvhme `c fhivd whmiav |hsoh{-

Vdh iuux|imeh `c vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v vdiv E`x|v `c Iwwhia |xaomku

{`xaf lh ei|hcxaa ue|xvomo~hf ud`xaf lh ieehwvhf- Im immxia hsiaxivo`m `c

vdh hcchevu `c vdou w|`wùia e`xaf lh iuux|hf l vdh obwahbhmvivo`m `c vdh

E`bbouuo`mu |he`bbhmfivo`m v` huvilaoud i Eiaoc`|moi Fhivd Whmiav

\hsoh{ Wimha $omc|i! ww- 97


90/145

ai{ lh edimkhf v` wh|bov `|okomia dilhiu whvovo`mu om fhivd eiuhu v` lh coahf

om vdh Uxwh|o`| E`x|vu! {ovd |okdv `c iwwhia v` vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia imf

foue|hvo`mi| |hsoh{ l vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v-995 Dh uxkkhuvu>

Vdh w`vhmvoia c`| |hfxeomk vdh fhai `c comiaa ifnxfoeivomk i uhmvhmeh`c fhivd l disomk vdh `|okomia dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`m coahf om vdhuxwh|o`| e`x|v ou v|hbhmf`xu- Vdh|h i|h 96?? uxwh|o | e`x|v nxfkhu omEiaoc`|moi- Im ish|ikh c vdo|v"hokdv uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu omfhivd whmiav eiuhu i|h coahf hied hi| om vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbhE`x|v- Uw|hifomk vdhuh uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu ib`mk vdh v|oiae`x|vu {`xaf f|ibivoeiaa |hfxeh vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|vu eiuhaìf {doahdisomk i bomobia obwiev `m vdh uxwh|o`| e`x|vu- V|oia e`x|v nxfkhu i|h

xmoyxha yxiaocohf v` dhi| `|okomia dilhiu e`|wxu eaiobu lheixuh vdhi|h ia|hif ciboaoi| {ovd vdh hsofhmeh w|huhmvhf iv v|oia- Imf om `|fh|v` cieoaovivh iwwhaaivh |hsoh{! vdh uxwh|o`| e`x|v nxfkh dhi|omk vdhwhvovo`m ud`xaf lh |hyxo|hf v` ouuxh i {|ovvhm `|fh| htwaiomomk vdh|hiu`mu c`| k|imvomk `| fhmomk dilhiu e`|wxu |haohc-996

Vdh Iai|e`m w|`wùia bi m`v |hyxo|h ibhmfbhmv `c vdh Eiaoc`|moi

e`muvovxvo`m- Vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v! vdh E`x|vu `c Iwwhia imf Uxwh|o`| E`x|vu

udi|h `|okomia nx|oufoevo`m `sh| dilhiu e`|wxu w|èhhfomku-998 Vdh |hiu`m

dilhiu eiuhu i|h coahf fo|heva om vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v ou lheixuh `ma vdh

Uxw|hbh E`x|v ou ixvd`|o~hf v` wi e`xmuha- Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v

diu if`wvhf i wàoe {doed fheai|hu>

Iluhmv w|o`| ixvd`|o~ivo`m l vdou e`x|v! vdou e`x|v {oaa m`v

e`bwhmuivh e`xmuha c`| vdh coaomk `c im `vdh| b`vo`m! whvovo`m `|wahifomk om im `vdh| Eiaoc`|moi `| chfh|ia e`x|v `| e`x|v `c im`vdh|

995 Iai|e`m! uxw|i m-


91/145

uvivh- E`xmuha {d` uhhj e`bwhmuivo`m c`| |hw|huhmvivo`m om im`vdh|e`x|v ud`xaf uhex|h iwwòmvbhmv l! imf e`bwhmuivo`m c|`b! vdive`x|v-993

If`wvo`m `c vdh Iai|e`m w|`wùia e`xaf iau` htwhfovh vdh e`muofh|ivo`m `c i

uxluhyxhmv dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`m om chfh|ia e`x|v- Xmfh| vdh htouvomk

uuvhb! chfh|ia e`x|vu f` m`v dish vdh lhmhcov! om bùv eiuhu! `c i w|o`|

hsofhmvoi| dhi|omk `| i {|ovvhm `|fh| c|`b vdh Uxw|hbh E`x|v htwaiomomk

vdh |hiu`mu c`| ovu fheouo`m- Icvh| vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v |hnhevhf

|hyxhuvu c|`b vdh nxfkhu `c vdh Momvd Eo|exov E`x|v `c Iwwhiau vdiv vdh E`x|v

uwhaa `xv ovu |hiu`mu c`| fhmomk whvovo`mu c`| dilhiu e`|wxu! fxh v` aiej `c

vobh imf |hu`x|ehu! Uhmiv`| Foimmh Chomuvhom {|`vh v` K`sh|m`| I|màf

Ued{i|~hmhkkh| |hyxhuvomk iuuouvimeh om iff|huuomk vdou w|`lahb- Udh

e`meaxfhf vdiv ZvRdh iluhmeh `c i vd`|`xkd htwaimivo`m `c vdh ZEiaoc`|moi

Uxw|hbhR E`x|vu |hiu`mu c`| ovu dilhiu e`|wxu fheouo`mu `cvhm |hyxo|hu

chfh|ia e`x|vu v` huuhmvoiaa uvi|v hied chfh|ia dilhiu fhivd whmiav iwwhia

c|`b ue|ived! {iuvomk hm`|b`xu vobh imf |hu`x|ehu-99;

Vdh E`bbouuo`m bin`|ov |he`bbhmfu vdiv edimkhu v` Eiaoc`|moiuvivxvhu! |xahu imf wàoeohu lh uh|o`xua e`muofh|hf v` hme`x|ikh b`|h

dhi|omku imf c`|bia comfomku om e`muofh|omk uvivh dilhiu e`|wxu whvovo`mu om

993 Uxw|hbh E`x|v Wàoeohu I|ouomk C|`b Nxfkbhmvu `c Fhivd! iv Wàoe 5!

4?


92/145

fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdh Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|vu uxbbi| fhmoia c

dilhiu whvovo`mu {ovd`xv hsofhmvoi| dhi|omku imf {ovd`xv im htwaimivo`m `c

vdh |hiu`mu994 f`hu m`v uish vobh! uomeh ov iffu v` vdh fhai om |huàxvo`m `c

vdh omhsovilah uxluhyxhmv chfh|ia dilhiu e`|wxu eaiob- Uobwa if`wvomk vdh

Iai|e`m w|`wùia v` udocv vdh omovoia e`muofh|ivo`m `c dilhiu whvovo`mu v` vdh

Uxwh|o`| E`x|vu! d`{hsh|! {`xaf `ma iff v` vdh fhaiu oc vdh Uxwh|o`|

E`x|vu uxbbi|oa fhm vdh whvovo`mu iv vdh uibh |ivh! e`bwhvhme uvimfi|fu

c`| vdh iwwòmvbhmv `c e`xmuha i|h m`v hmux|hf! `| iffovo`mia |hu`x|ehu i|h

m`v w|`sofhf c`| cxaa fhsha`wbhmv `c vdh cievu mhehuui| v` |huàsh eaiobu c`|

|haohc- Ib`mk vdh uvivxv | edimkhu v` lh e`muofh|hf ud`xaf lh i

|hhtibomivo`m `c vdh uvimfi|fu c`| |hyxo|omk vdh Ivv`|mh Khmh|ia v` coah i

|hvx|m! imf vdh uvimfi|fu c`| |hyxo|omk im hsofhmvoi| dhi|omk- [|ovvhm

comfomku ud`xaf iau` lh |hyxo|hf-


93/145

vdh|h diu lhhm |huhi|ed cèxuhf xw`m vdh eiuhu vdiv ievxiaa |huxav om i

uhmvhmeh `c fhivd- W|`chuu`|u Kahm Woh|eh imf Boediha \ifhahv htibomhf

vdh |ieoia! hvdmoe imf kh`k|iwdoeia si|oivo`m om vdh obwùovo`m `c vdh fhivd

whmiav liuhf `m im imiauou `c d`boeofhu vdiv èex||hf om Eiaoc`|moi

lhv{hhm Nimxi| 9! 9??7 imf Fhehblh| 59! 9???-99? Vdh c`xmf vdiv c`| vdh

55!?96 d`boeofhu èex||omk om Eiaoc`|moi fx|omk vdou wh|o`f! 57< fhchmfimvu

{h|h uhmvhmehf v` fhivd- Vdh uvivh{ofh |ivo` c`| vdou vhm"hi| wh|o`f {iu -4?

fhivd uhmvhmehu c`| hsh| 977 d`boeofh soevobu- Vdh ixvd`|u vdhm htibomhf

si|oivo`mu om vdou |ivo` liuhf xw`m vdh |ieh `c vdh soevob imf vdh kh`k|iwdoeia

aèivo`m `c vdh d`boeofh- Vdh c`xmf vdh |ivo` si|ohf uxluvimvoiaa ib`mk

Eiaoc`|moi e`xmvohu- Hteaxfomk e`xmvohu om {doed ch{h| vdim cosh fhivd

uhmvhmehu {h|h obwùhf!9


94/145

om i||huv |ivhu l e`xmvomk d`boeofhu om {doed im `cchmfh| {iu ofhmvocohf

$`|fomi|oa l bijomk im i||huv/! imf vdhm e`bwi|omk vdh fhivd uhmvhmeomk

|ivh v` vdh x|lim edi|ievh| `c vdh e`xmv iu bhiux|hf l w`wxaivo`m fhmuov!

imf vdh w|`w`|vo`m `c vdh e`xmvu w`wxaivo`m vdiv {h|h m`m"Douwimoe {dovhu-

Vdou e`bwi|ou`m uv|`mka uxkkhuvhf vdiv vdùh e`xmvohu {ovd vdh dokdhuv

fhivd uhmvhmeomk |ivhu vhmf v` dish vdh dokdhuv w|`w`|vo`m `c m`m"Douwimoe

{dovhu om vdho| w`wxaivo`m! imf vdh a`{huv w`wxaivo`m fhmuov- Vdh b`|h

{dovh imf b`|h uwi|uha w`wxaivhf vdh e`xmv! vdh dokdh| vdh fhivd

uhmvhmeomk |ivh-

Woh|eh imf \ifhahv iau` uxlnhevhf vdho| fivi v` a`kouvoe |hk|huuo`m

imiauou v` iueh|viom {dhvdh| vdh |ieh imf hvdmoeov `c d`boeofh soevobu ou

iuuèoivhf {ovd obwùovo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi- @sh|iaa!

e`mv|àaomk c`| iaa `vdh| w|hfoev`| si|oilahu! vdh c`xmf iaa vdùh {d` joaa

Ic|oeim Ibh|oeimu! |hki|fahuu `c vdh hvdmoeov `| |ieh `c vdh wh|whv|iv`|! i|h

8?-5( ahuu aojha v` lh uhmvhmehf v` fhivd vdim vdùh {d` joaa m`m"Douwimoe

{dovhu- Vdou fouwi|ov ome|hiuhu v` 3;( {dhm e`bwi|omk vdh fhivd

uhmvhmeomk |ivhu `c vdùh {d` joaa {dovhu {ovd vdùh {d` joaa Douwimoeu!

ikiom {ovd`xv |hki|f v` vdh hvdmoeov `| |ieh `c vdh wh|whv|iv`|-

Ov ud`xaf lh eahi|a xmfh|uv``f vdiv vdou fivi f`hu m`v huvilaoud vdiv

w|ùhexv`|oia foue|hvo`m ou icchevhf l |ieh imf eaiuu loiu! xme`mueo`xu `|

?


95/145

`vdh|{ouh- Vdh|h i|h bim vdh| waixuolah htwaimivo`mu c`| vdh e`muouvhmv

wivvh|mu liuhf `m |ieh `c soevob vdiv iwwhi| om hsh| fhivd whmiav uvivh-

Uoboai| wivvh|mu dish lhhm c`xmf om `vdh| uvivhu om |hehmv uvxfohu! omeaxfomk

Ca`|ofi! Oaaom`ou! Mhl|iuji! I|o~`mi! Bi|aimf! M`|vd Ei|`aomi imf

Whmmuasimoi! iu {haa iu om uvxfohu `c fhivd uhmvhmeomk om chfh|ia eiuhu-9


96/145

Vdh uuvhbivoe eàahevo`m imf b`mov`|omk `c b`|h e`bw|hdhmuosh fivi

il`xv d`{ d`boeofh eiuhu i|h uhahevhf c`| w|ùhexvo`m iu fhivd eiuhu e`xaf

ohaf siaxilah omuokdvu omv` vdh obwiev `c vdh |ieh `c vdh soevob- Vdou fivi

ud`xaf lh |hkxai|a eàahevhf imf imia~hf-

W|ùhexv`|u uxkkhuv vdiv kh`k|iwdoeia si|oivo`m om xvoao~omk vdh fhivd

whmiav ou m`v i w|`lahb! lheixuh aèiaa hahevhf Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhu i|h

|huw`mfomk v` vdh fhbimfu `c vdh hahev |ivh {doed vdh |hw|huhmv- Vdh

Eiaoc`|moi Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu e`muouvhmva |hnhevhf eaiobu vdiv vdh foue|hvo`m

e`mch||hf `m vdh fouv|oev ivv`|mh `c hied e`xmv v` uhhj vdh fhivd whmiav

|huxavu om i e`xmv"l"e`xmv fouwi|ov om eiwovia w|ùhexvo`mu! eixuomk

i|lov|i|omhuu c`|loffhm l vdh chfh|ia E`muvovxvo`m-9


97/145

Bim uvivhu iff|huu vdh w|`lahb `c kh`k|iwdoeia si|oivo`m l

obw`uomk i |hyxo|hbhmv `c e`bwi|ivosh w|`w`|vo`miaov om fhivd uhmvhmehu-

Vdh Xmovhf Uvivhu Uxw|hbh E`x|v diu |xahf vdiv vdh Hokdvd Ibhmfbhmv `c

vdh X-U- E`muvovxvo`m f`hu m`v |hyxo|h e`bwi|ivosh w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{ om

fhivd whmiav eiuhu! e`meaxfomk vdiv fouwi|ovohu om fhivd uhmvhmehu eimm`v lh

ailhahf iu e|xha imf xmxuxia wxmoudbhmv- Vdh E`x|v iau` dhaf vdiv fhivd

whmiav uvivxvhu {ovd`xv w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{ f` m`v so`aivh vdh C`x|vhhmvd

Ibhmfbhmvu kxi|imvhh `c hyxia w|`vhevo`m- Omfhhf! vdhuh |xaomku eibh om i

eiuh ediaahmkomk Eiaoc`|moiu fhivd whmiav uvivxvh c`| cioaomk v` w|`sofh

w|`w`|vo`miaov |hsoh{-9


98/145

Eiaoc`|moi- Hsofhmeh `c fouwi|ovohu om vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m `c vdh fhivd whmiav

xmfh|bomhu wxlaoe e`mcofhmeh om `x| e|obomia nxuvoeh uuvhb khmh|iaa-

Eiaoc`|moi ou vdh bùv fosh|uh uvivh om vdh e`xmv|- Ov ou `x| fxv v` hmux|h

vdiv hsh| iuwhev `c vdh e|obomia nxuvoeh uuvhb ou ifbomouvh|hf cio|a imf

hshma! imf vdiv iaa |huofhmvu `c vdh uvivh i|h iee`|fhf hyxia v|hivbhmv xmfh|

vdh ai{- Vdou ou huwheoiaa v|xh {dhm vdh uvivh ed`ùhu v vijh i aoch om vdh

mibh `c vdh wh`wah- Vdh E`bbouuo`mh|u i|h xm{oaaomk v` |he`bbhmf i

|hyxo|hbhmv `c e`bwi|ivosh w|`w`|vo`miaov `| iww|`sia `c aèia fhivd

whmiav fheouo`mu l i uvivh{ofh l`f! d`{hsh|! {ovd`xv iffovo`mia fivi imf

|huhi|ed-

5- E`bw|hdhmuosh Fivi Eàahevo`m imf B`mov`|omk-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m bifh i e`meh|vhf hcc`|v v` ofhmvoc vdh w|èhuu l

{doed fheouo`mu i|h bifh l Eiaoc`|moi Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhu v` w|èhhf {ovd i

d`boeofh w|ùhexvo`m iu i fhivd whmiav eiuh- Icvh| e`bwahvomk w|haobomi|

|huhi|ed! W|`chuu`|u Di|| Eiaf{haa! Ei|à Ediuh imf Ed|ou Ediblh|u `c

Whwwh|fomh Xmosh|uov Ued`à `c Ai{ w|hwi|hf i ux|sh c`|b {doed {iu

uhmv v` vdh Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhu om hied `c Eiaoc`|moiu 84 e`xmvohu- Vdh ux|sh

u`xkdv omc`|bivo`m e`meh|momk vdh w|èhuu l {doed hied `ccoeh fhvh|bomhu

{dhvdh| v` coah i d`boeofh iu i eiwovia eiuh! iu {haa iu omc`|bivo`m fhuokmhf

v` |hshia {dhvdh| eh|viom vwhu `c uwheoia eo|exbuvimehu i|h b`|h aojha vdim

?3


99/145

`vdh|u v` lh coahf iu eiwovia eiuhu! imf {dhvdh| eh|viom edi|ievh|ouvoeu `c

fhchmfimvu! soevobu! `| vdh e|obhu iaahkhf {h|h b`|h aojha v` |huxav om i

eiwovia edi|kh- Fhuwovh htvhmuosh c`aa`{"xw e`mvievu! v{hmv e`xmvohu mhsh|

|huw`mfhf v` vdh ux|sh! imf im`vdh| c`x|vhhm |huw`mfhf l fheaomomk v`

wi|voeowivh om vdh ux|sh- Vdh m`m"e``wh|ivomk e`xmvohu omeaxfhf cosh `c vdh

v`w vhm fhivd"uhmvhmeomk e`xmvohu om Eiaoc`|moi-9


100/145

u`lh|omk- Vdhuh fheouo`mu ud`xaf lh bifh `ma icvh| ei|hcxae`muofh|ivo`m `c uwheocohf ciev`|u icvh| i eahi|a fhcomhf w|èhuufhuokmhf v` hmux|h cio|mhuu imf v` isòf i|lov|i| |huxavu- Iu vdhxavobivh fheouo`m c`| hied e`xmv |huvu {ovd im hahevhf `ccoeoia! vdhFouv|oev Ivv`|mh! `mh {`xaf d`wh vdiv vdh Fouv|oev Ivv`|mh {`xafsiaxh v|imuwi|hme om doudh| fheouo`m"bijomk w|èhuu! l`vd v` omux|hvdiv vdhuh obw`|vimv fheouo`mu i|h lhomk bifh iu hshmdimfhfa iuwùuolah imf v` kosh vdh hahev`|ivh vdh `ww`|vxmov v` sòeh ovuiww|`sia `| fouiww|`sia `c vdh w|èhuu l {doed vdh Fouv|oev Ivv`|mhbijhu vdùh fheouo`mu- Xmc`|vxmivha! `x| htwh|ohmeh diu |hshiahf i{i|omhuu il`xv foueaùomk omc`|bivo`m il`xv vdh fhivd whmiavfheouo`m"bijomk w|èhuu `m vdh wi|v `c bim fouv|oev ivv`|mhu `ccoehu-[doah u`bh `ccoehu omeaxfomk vdh `ccoeh `c vdh bùv w`wxa`xu e`xmv$Aù Imkhahu/! dish lhhm sh| c`|vde`bomk i |he`|f `c 98 |haivosha

e`bwahvh |huw`muhu `xv `c 84 e`xmvohu957 wiomvu i fouv|huuomk woevx|h `cvdh {oaaomkmhuu `c vdùh {d` vomjh| {ovd vdh biedomh| `c vdh fhivdwhmiav v` htwùh vdho| fheouo`m"bijomk w|èhuu v` vdh hahev`|ivh-959

\hk|hvvila! i uoboai| htwh|ohmeh `c {i|omhuu {iu |hw`|vhf l vdh \imf

E`|w`|ivo`m! {doed {iu |hviomhf l vdh E`bbouuo`m v` fhvh|bomh vdh

chiuoloaov `c i bin`| uvxf `c vdh ifbomouv|ivo`m imf vdh ifbomouv|ivosh eùvu

`c vdh fhivd whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi>

Iv vdh `xvuhv `c `x| e`msh|uivo`mu {ovd |hw|huhmvivoshu `c wi|voeowivomkikhmeohu! vdh |hahsimeh `c vdh xmfh|aomk wàovoeia fmiboe lheibhxmfhmoila iwwi|hmv- Mibha! vdiv bim $oc m`v bùv/ `c vdhwi|voeowimvu om vdh fhivd whmiav w|èhuu dish uv|`mka dhaf soh{uil`xv vdh fhivd whmiav! imf vdiv vdùh soh{u dish obwaoeivo`mu c`| `x|iloaov v` kivdh| vdh mhehuui| fivi c`| vdh w|`wùhf uvxf- Vdh|hw|huhmvivoshu `m vdh fhchmuh uofh {ovd {d`b {h uw`jh vhmfhf v` uhh

ov iu vdho| |huw`muoloaov v` w|hshmv `| fhai vdh iwwaoeivo`m `c eiwoviawxmoudbhmv- Vdh|hc`|h! m`v ux|w|ouomka! vdh iwwhi| v` ciaa ai|kha

957 Om iffovo`m v` Aù Imkhahu E`xmv! |haivosha e`bwahvh |huw`muhu {h|h |hehoshf c|`b Lxvvh! Eiaish|iu!Obwh|oia! Om`! Jomku! Aijh! Bhmfèom`! Mhsifi! Uim Lh|mi|fom`! Uim Bivh`! Uimvi Eai|i! Udiuvi!Vhdibi imf Vxàxbmh E`xmvohu-

959 Eiaf{haa! Ediuh # K``fbim!Fhivd Whmiav Ux|sh \hw`|v! w- ; $M`s- ;!


101/145

{ovdom vdh k|`xw `c vdùh `wwùhf v` vdh xuh `c vdh fhivd whmiav-Imf vdh |hw|huhmvivoshu `m vdh w|ùhexvo`m uofh! huwheoiaa iv vdh aèiaahsha! ud`{hf im omvh|huv om biomviomomk iaa wùuolah uhmvhmeomk`wvo`mu c`| im koshm e|obh! {doed iaa`{u c`| vdh {ofhuv foue|hvo`m omfhvh|bomomk d`{ v` dimfah vdho| eiuhu! iu {haa iu w|`sofomk ahsh|ikhc`| wahi"li|kiomomk- Vdxu! vdh v{` k|`xwu `c jh uvijhdàfh|u m`v`ma wai ifsh|ui|oia |àhu om omfosofxia eiuhu! lxv vdh iau` ai|khafouik|hh {dhm ov e`bhu v` vdh fhivd whmiav-

Ov ou wh|diwu m`v ux|w|ouomk vdhm! vdiv bim `c vdh uvijhdàfh|uom vdh ex||hmv fhivd whmiav w|èhuu i|h {i| `c vdh jomf `comfhwhmfhmv uvxf {h dish w|`wùhf! c`| chi| vdiv ov e`xaf hmf xwu{iomk `womo`m om i fo|hevo`m e`mv|i| v` vdho| `{m e`msoevo`mu- Vdou{i|omhuu {iu htw|huuhf v` xu fo|heva l u`bh! iu {haa iu omfo|heva$h-k-! foccoexavohu {h hme`xmvh|hf khvvomk e`mmhevhf om i vobha ciudo`m

v` vdh |okdv wh`wah/- Om `x| htwh|ohmeh! uxed iblosiahmeh il`xv iuvxf eim bijh fivi eàahevo`m htv|hbha foccoexav oc m`v hcchevoshaobwùuolah-95 Edi|ievh|o~omk vdh Ifbomouv|ivo`m imfIuuhuuomk vdh Ifbomouv|ivosh Eùvu `c vdh Fhivd Whmiav om Eiaoc`|moi! w- 99 $\imf E`|w-! Ixkxuv


102/145

soevob! kh`k|iwdoe aèivo`m imf `vdh| ciev`|u icchev fheouo`mu v` obwahbhmv

vdh fhivd whmiav! v` ieex|ivha fhvh|bomh vdh eùvu! imf v` v|iej vdh w|`k|huu

`c w`vhmvoia fhivd whmiav eiuhu- Vdou |he`bbhmfivo`m {iu ib`mk vdh bùv

sok`|`xua fhlivhf l vdh E`bbouuo`m! {ovd u`bh E`bbouuo`mh|u lhaohsomk

vdiv fivi eàahevo`m ou xuhahuu {ovd`xv i ei|hcxaa fhcomhf wx|wùh c`| vdh

fivi- Vdh E`bbouuo`m bin |ov e`meaxfhf vdiv i mh{a e|hivhf Fhivd

Whmiav \hsoh{ Wimha {`xaf wai i sovia |àh om fhcomomk {div fivi ou

mhehuui| v` ei|| `xv ovu b`mov`|omk imf ifsouomk cxmevo`mu-

Vdh E`bbouuo`m |hehoshf i |he`bbhmfivo`m c|`b W|`chuu`|u Haahm

J|hov~lh|k! Boediha \ifhahv imf Uvhshm Udiv~ fhue|olomk i e`bw|hdhmuosh

Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California

Documents

Transcript of Report and Recommendations on the Administration of the Death Penalty in California