REPLICATION & REPLICATION & SURVEYSURVEY

MCGONIGLEINTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY

REPLICATIONREPLICATION

Study must be repeated.

It must produce the same results as before.

Findings questioned – if different results.

Circumstances of ReplicationCircumstances of Replication

Sometimes – slightly different circumstances.

Different gender, different ages, different ethnicity, different social background, level of education.

SurveysSurveys

• People are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular research.

• Fill out questionnaires, or by interviewing people orally.

• Findings – are not necessarily completely accurate. ( honesty)

POPULATIONS & SAMPLESPOPULATIONS & SAMPLES

Target Population: This is the whole group that you want to study or describe.

Sample – Only a part that represents the target population.

TYPES OF SAMPLESTYPES OF SAMPLES

Random Samples: Individuals are chosen by chance from a target population. Each have an equal chance of being chosen.

Stratified Sample: Subgroups in population are represented proportionally in the sample.

BiasBias

Predisposition to a certain point of view.

Can hurt a survey, sample, study.

Volunteer bias: Those who volunteer, have a different outlook from those who do not volunteer.

Case Study MethodCase Study Method

Case Study MethodCase Study Method

• In depth investigation of an individual or a small group.

• Interviews, observation, speak with people who know them.

• Generalize broader principles that apply to larger population.

Methods of ResearchMethods of Research

Longitudinal method: researchers select a group of participants and then observe these participants over a period of time.

Cross sectional: Instead of following a group of individuals over a number of years, select a sample that includes people of different ages.

Naturalistic Observation Naturalistic Observation

Method- Observe people or animals in their own field, in their natural habitats.

People: homes, schools, office buildings, restaurants.

Stang Café: What would you observe?

Laboratory ObservationLaboratory Observation

Any place that provides a chance for observation or experimentation.

BF Skinner : His “box” was a laboratory.Laboratory: Controls the environment of a

study.Lighting, Air conditioning, color of paint,

windows, etc. – are controls.