REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA...
Transcript of REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA...
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF FISSION Mo-99FROM LEU TARGETS
IN ARGENTINA
LIC. PABLO CRISTINIHEAD OF DIVISION FISSION Mo-99
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
The past
1977 α, β, γ hot cells construction
1978 Fission Mo-99 radiochemical process first experiences
1980 Target development
1985 First commercial production
1985 Enlargement of the building
1995 New hot cells
1999 Start Al x- U and U metal foil test targets
2002 Change from HEU to LEU
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
FISSION Mo-99 PRODUCTION
CNEA RECEIVED, WITHIN THE FRAME OF GERMAN-ARGENTINE AGREEMENT, THE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY DR. SAMEH AT KfK (KARLSRUHE) FOR PRODUCTION OF FISSION Mo-99 PROCESSING HEU TARGETS.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
FISSION Mo-99 PRODUCTION
1985 – BEGINNING OF ROUTINARY PRODUCTION OF
FISSION Mo-99, PARTIALLY COVERING THE
LOCAL DEMAND
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
CONVERSION OF RA-3 CORE TO LEU FUEL
AS PART OF NON-PROLIFERATION POLICY OF ARGENTINA, DURING 1988-1989 , RA-3 CORE WAS CONVERTED TO LEU FUEL
POWER : 10 MWatt
NEUTRON FLUX: 1-2 x 1014 n/cm2.seg
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
CONVERSION OF TARGETS FOR Mo-99 PRODUCTION
HEU TARGETS MANUFACTURED BY CNEA:
U/Al ALLOY “MEAT”, WITH Al CLADDING
FOR CONVERSION TO LEU, THE FIRST STEP WAS TO TEST URANIUM SILICIDE TARGETS
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
CONVERSION OF TARGETS FOR Mo-99 PRODUCTION
LEU URANIUM SILICIDE PLATES PRESENTED A SUITABLE U DENSITY TO KEEP LEU TARGET GEOMETRY
THEY WERE TESTED IN BOTH, ALKALINE AND ACID DIGESTION
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
CONVERSION OF TARGETS FOR Mo-99 PRODUCTION
AS A RESULT OF THESE TESTS, IMPORTANT CHANGES WERE TO BE PERFORMED IN THE METHOD TO OBTAIN Mo-99 WITH ACCEPTABLE YIELDING AND QUALITY
NEXT ALTERNATIVE WAS URANIUM ALUMINIDE, TESTED IN ALKALINE DIGESTION
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
CONVERSION OF TARGETS FOR Mo-99 PRODUCTION
AFTER SEVERAL CHANGES IN THE FABRICATION PROCESS OF THE PLATES, A SUITABLE TARGET WAS ACHIEVED.
PROCESSING OF THESE TARGETS, REQUIRED ALSO MODIFICATIONS IN THE METHOD, THAT LED TO PRESENT PRODUCTION PROCESS, PERFORMED SUCCESSFULLY SINCE OCTOBER 2002, WITH GOOD YIELDING AND EXCELLENT QUALITY FOR ITS APPLICATION IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 LEU TARGET
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 RADIOCHEMICAL PROCESS FEATURES
ALKALINE DIGESTION
FILTRATION
ION EXCHANGE PURIFICATION
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ALKALINE DIGESTION
HOT CONCENTRATED NaOH SOLUTION
SOLUTION : Mo-99, I-131, Cs-137 and other F.P.
soluble in alkaline medium
PRECIPITATE: UO2 and insoluble F.P.
(actinides,etc.)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PURIFICATION
ANION EXCHANGE RESIN
CHELATING RESIN
ALUMINA COLUMN
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PRODUCTION WASTE
GASEOUS STREAM
Storage of gases generated during digestion of
targets for 5 weeks before releasing them to hot
cells ventilation system
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PRODUCTION WASTE
LIQUID STREAMS
. Medium Level Waste
Treatment for retention of Cs-137
Storage for at least 1 year before sending to
Waste Management Group for interim
storage and final disposal.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PRODUCTION WASTE
LIQUID STREAMS
. Low Level Waste
Storage for at least 6 months before
sending to Waste Management Group for
interim storage and final disposal.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PRODUCTION WASTE
SOLID WASTE
Storage for at least 6 months before
sending to Waste Management Group for
segregation and final disposition.
URANIUM CYCLE
U SUPPLY AND TRANSFORMATION
TARGET FABRICATION
IRRADIATION
TRANSPORTATION
RADIOCHEMICAL PROCESS
WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
QUALITY CONTROLMo-99
IRR
AD
IAT
ION
TARGET FABRICATION
WASTE
U
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 HOT CELLS
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
TYPICAL QUALITY CONTROL VALUES FOR Mo-99 FROM LEU PRODUCED IN ARGENTINA
Limit valuesI- 131/Mo-99 1.50 x 10-7 5 x 10-5
Ru-103/Mo-99 1.67 x 10-8 5 x 10-5
Sb-125/Mo-99 5.88 x 10-10
Cs-137/Mo-99 3.62 x 10-10
Total β/Mo-99 7.88 x 10-10 1 x 10-8
Total α/Mo-99 1.21 x 10-11 1 x 10-9
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
TYPICAL QUALITY CONTROL VALUES
SPECIFIC ACTIVITY : > 5000 Ci/g Mo-99
RADIOCHEMICAL PURITY : > 95% AS 99MoO42-
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY PROCESS
PROCESSING OF TARGETS
LIC. PABLO CRISTINIHEAD OF DIVISION FISSION Mo-99
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
TARGETS
. Plates: UAlX / Al dispersion with Al cladding
. U / Al alloy rods
. Electrodeposited UO2 film
. UO2 pellets
. U metal foil
FISSION Mo-99 PRODUCTION METHODSsolid target
D i s s o l u t i o n
A c i d B a s i c
Enrichment
High
UO2 film on internal SS tube(Cintichem process)U/Al pins – extruded Al plates(Nordion process)
Alx-U / Al dispersion – Al clad plates(IRE process)(NPT process)(Mallinckrodt process)
Low
UO2 pellets(ANSTO process)
Alx-U / Al dispersion – Al clad plates(CNEA process)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
PROCESSING OF TARGETS
. Acid dissolution
. Alkaline digestion
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ACID DISSOLUTION
Dissolution with nitric acid (sulphuric acid)
U / Al, UO2 and U metal targets
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ACID DISSOLUTION
First separation stage
.Aluminum oxide column
. Precipitation (α- benzoin oxime)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ACID DISSOLUTION FEATURES
. Noble fission gases and iodine released during dissolution
. NOx production
. Separation of Mo-99 from U needed
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ACID DISSOLUTION FEATURES
. Iodine retention system
. NOx conversion or trapping
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ACID DISSOLUTION FEATURES
Once Mo-99 separation is achieved, purification can be performed by several methods, also suitable for purification in alkaline digestion based processes
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ALKALINE DIGESTION
Digestion with sodium hydroxide solution
U / Al, targets
U metal foil (under development)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ALKALINE DIGESTION
First separation stage
. Filtration and ion exchange
. Filtration and acidification
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
ALKALINE DIGESTION FEATURES
. Noble fission gases released while iodine remains in the alkaline solution
. H2 production
. Separation of Mo-99 from U, actinides and some F.P. is performed during digestion and filtration
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PURIFICATION
. ION EXCHANGE
Anion exchange resins
Chelating resins
Inorganic exchangers (Alumina, SnO2)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PURIFICATION
. SOLVENT EXTRACTION
. PRECIPITATION (α – benzoin oxime)
. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
. SUBLIMATION
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Mo-99 PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY PROCESS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
LIC. PABLO CRISTINIHEAD OF DIVISION FISSION Mo-99
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Radioactive waste management is a main issue in fission Mo-99 production.
It must be carried out meeting internationally accepted safety criteria and national regulations.
Determination of costs involved in waste management is essential.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
Waste-related aspects to be considered:
. Handling
. Treatment
. Conditioning
. Storage
. Transport
. Disposal
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
GASEOUS WASTE
ACID DISSOLUTION
. Fission noble gases and iodine + inactive Nox
ALKALINE DIGESTION
. Fission noble gases + hydrogen
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
TREATMENT OF GASEOUS WASTE
ACID DISSOLUTION
. Retention of inactive NOx
ALKALINE DIGESTION
. Conversion of hydrogen to H2O
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
TREATMENT OF GASEOUS WASTE
IODINE (Acid dissolution)
Separation of iodine for commercial purposes from gaseous stream with suitable trapping system or storage for decay before releasing to ventilation system.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
TREATMENT OF GASEOUS WASTE
FISSION NOBLE GASES (Both)
Separation of Xenon for commercial purposes or storage for decay for 4 - 5 weeks before releasing the stream to ventilation system.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
VENTILATION SYSTEM
Environment inside the hot cells has to be kept in underpressure and ventilated by means of fans or vacuum pumps.Outgoing air stream must pass through charcoal and absolute filters.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
SOLID WASTE
Resin columns
Small replacement parts (hoses, QC, flasks), cotton, paper towels, plastic, glass, etc.
Eventually, damaged production equipment (dissolver, vessels, manipulator bootings)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
SOLID WASTE
System for air-tight transferences from inside the hot-cell to transport or storage container.
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
LIQUID WASTE
DISSOLUTION AND SEPARATION WASTE
.Intermediate level (ILW) or high level (HLW)
Mo-99 PURIFICATION WASTE
.Low level (LLW)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
LIQUID WASTE
DISSOLUTION AND SEPARATION WASTE
Storage for decayment (at least one year)
Transference for transportation to treatment plant
Treatment for long term storage and/or final disposal (cementation, bituminization)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
LIQUID WASTE
Mo-99 PURIFICATION WASTE
Storage for decayment (at least 1/2 year)
Transference for transportation to treatment plant
Treatment for long term storage and/or final disposal (cementation, bituminization)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
LIQUID WASTE
CHARACTERIZATION
. pH
. Chemical composition (saline concentration)
. Radioisotopes content
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
. Formulation of criteria for waste disposal
. Capacity to fullfil these criteria
. Recording of waste data (volume, composition, date of generation)
REPÚBLICA ARGENTINACOMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ENERGÍA ATÓMICA
Lic. Pablo CristiniFission Mo-99 Production
Buenos Aires, Argentina17 - 20 May 2005
Potential Mo-99 Producer´s Workshop
COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
. Segregation: important to reduce radiation doses, risk of incidents and management cost.
. Uranium segregation for recycling and to cover safeguard requirements
. Cost of waste management can have an important influence in Mo-99 final price.