Repair of Bone

Hematoma Formation (blood-filled swelling)

Fibrocartilage callus formation

Bony callus formation

Bone remodeling

Repair of Bone

Hematoma

Externalcallus

Bonycallus ofspongybone

Healedfracture

Newbloodvessels

Internalcallus(fibroustissue andcartilage)

Spongybonetrabecula

Hematomaformation

Fibrocartilagecallus formation

Bony callusformation

Bone remodeling

The Axial Skeleton

Forms the longitudinal axis of the body

Divided into three parts

The Skull

Two sets of bones Cranium Facial bones

The Skull

Bones are joined by sutures

Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Cranial Bones

Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone

Cranium

Facial Bones

Maxillae

Palatine bones

Zygomatic bones

Lacrimal bones

Nasal bones

Vomer bone

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Mandible

Facial Bones

Superior View

Inferior View

Lateral View

Paranasal Sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Functions:

Paranasal Sinuses

Paranasal Sinuses

Hyoid Bone

The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Hyoid Bone

Hyoid Bone

The Vertebral Column

24 single vertebral bones separated by intervertebral discs 7 12 5

The Vertebral Column

9 vertebrae fuse to form 2 composite bones Sacrum Coccyx

Intervertebral Discs

Pads of flexible fibrocartilage

What happens as you age?

The Vertebral Column

The Vertebral Column

Primary curvatures of the

Present from birth

Secondary curvatures of the

Develop after birth

The Vertebral Column

A Typical Vertebrae, Superior View

• Atlas (C1) has no body

• Axis (C2) as pivot to rotate axis

C3-C7

T1-T12

L1-L5

Vertebral Column

What is the major function of the vertebral column?

The Bony Thorax

Consists of three parts Sternum Ribs

True ribs False ribs Floating ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

Clavicle—collarbone

Scapula—shoulder blade

Allow for exceptional free movement

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

Upper Limbs

Humerus

Forms the arm Single bone

Upper Limbs

Forearm (2 bones)

Ulna

Radius

Hands

Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (palm) Phalanges (fingers)

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Formed by 2 coxal bones

Coxal bones composed of 3 pairs of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis

Total weight of body rests here!!

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Gender differences

The Appendicular Skeleton

The female inlet is larger and more circular

bones are lighter and thinner

The female ilia flare more laterally

The female sacrum is shorter and less curved

The female pubic arch is more rounded (accute vs. obtuse)

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Femur

Thigh

The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

Foot

Tarsals

Two largest tarsals Calcaneus (heelbone) Talus

Metatarsals—sole

Phalanges—toes

Arches of the foot

3 arches Two longitudinal One transverse

Joints

Fibrous joints Generally immovable

Example: Sutures Syndesmoses

Fibrous Joints

Joints

Cartilaginous joints Bones connected by cartilage Immovable or slightly

moveable

Example: Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints

Synovial Joints bones are separated by a joint cavity Synovial fluid Freely moveable

Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

Synovial Joints bones are separated by a joint cavity Synovial fluid Freely moveable

Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

Plane Joint

Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Types of Synovial Joints based on shape

Condyloid Joint

Saddle Joint

Ball and Socket Joint

Gouty arthritis (Gout)

Gouty arthritis (Gout)

Gouty arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid

crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet

Gouty arthritis (Gout)

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Fetus

Long bones of hyaline cartilage

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Birth

Fontanels remain until around age 2

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Adolescence

Epiphyseal plates ossified and long bone growth ends

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

2 years old—skull is larger in proportion to the body

8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion

Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull

Skeletal Changes Throughout Life

Osteoporosis

Bone-thinning disease afflicting

50% of women over age 65 20% of men over age 70

Osteoporosis