Renewed interest in Austrian Business Cycle Theory

8/13/2019 Renewed interest in Austrian Business Cycle Theory

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PLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG

GA GAGHR]B] DN PLO VOAOUO@ BAPOVO]P BA PLO KB]O]-LGROJ PLODVR DN PLO F_]BAO]] MRMHO

Abmdhçs Mgmlgadsjy Ghoxgaòr U. ]ghtor@opgrtkoat dn Omdadkbms @opgrtkoat dn Omdadkbms

Kotrdpdhbtga ]tgto _abvorsbty dn @oavor Eodreo Kgsda _abvorsbtyMgkpus Fdx 55, Y.D. Fdx 75==>6 K]A =E0, 009 _abvorsbty @rbvo

@oavor, MD <9675 Ngbrngx, ^G 669=9amgmlgadIksuòavor.où gsghtor6Ieku.où

0-@om-7=

Gfstrgmt

Plbs pgpor gaghysos tlo roaowo` smldhgrhy batorost ba tlo Kbsos-Lgyoj, dr ‘Gustrbga,‛tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho sbamo tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs. _aòrstga`gfhy, tloomdadkbms prdnossbda lgs frdgòao` bts sogrml ndr tlo mrbsos‒s oxphgagtbda foyda` tlostga`gr` @]EO nrgkowdrj. Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry, wbtl bts okplgsbs da tlobkpdrtgamo dn tlo kdaotgry systok ndr rosdurmo ghhdmgtbda ga` tlo hbajgeo dn mdasukoròkga` wbtl prdùmor supphy tlrduel tlo mddr`bagtbda dn tlo omdadky‒s strumturo dnprdùmtbda, dnnors g nrubtnuh roghk ndr prdùmtbvo batohhomtugh grfbtrgeo ba fusbaoss mymhorosogrml. Gntor rovbowbae tlo pdst-mrbsbs hbtorgturo tlgt oaegeos Gustrbga fusbaoss mymhotlodry, wo `bsmuss wlgt bs fobae sgb` tlgt bs mdrromt, wlgt bs fobae sgb` tlgt bs bamdrromt,ga` wlgt bs adt fobae sgb` tlgt duelt td fo sgb`. Plbs hgst mgtoedry bs kdst bkpdrtgathgreohy ùo td tlo ngmt tlgt tlo pdst-mrbsbs hbtorgturo oaegebae Gustrbga fusbaoss mymhotlodry lgs adt g``rosso` g`vgamos ba tlo tlodry kgò sbamo tlo `gys dn Kbsos ga`Lgyoj. Uo ghsd prosoat kdòra wdrj fobae `dao da Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry ga`lbelhbelt tlroo joy grogs dn mdatokpdrgry omdadkbms wloro Gustrbga fusbaoss mymhotlodry lgs tlo pdtoatbgh td `d sbeabnbmgat wdrj.

Coh Mdòs3 F?=, O=6, O?6

mailto:[email protected]








Mgmlgadsjy & ]ghtorPLO ^BOU NVDK ^BOAAG

Ygeo 6 dn =2

7. Batrdùmtbda

Plo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs, hgreohy uagatbmbpgto` fy tlo omdadkbms prdnossbda, lgs

rosuhto` ba g sorbdus ro-oxgkbagtbda dn fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos ba ga gttokpt td `bsmdvor

wlgt woat wrdae. Dao gspomt dn tlbs ro-oxgkbagtbda bs roaowo` smldhgrhy batorost ba tlo

Kbsos-Lgyoj, dr ‘Gustrbga,‛ tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho (GFMP). ]ovorgh stu`bos lgvo

hdmgto` ba Kbsos‒s ga` Lgyoj‒s wrbtbaes da kdaotgry tlodry ga` fusbaoss mymhos g

pdtoatbghhy usonuh nrgkowdrj ndr uaòrstga`bae tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs (Fdrbd & @bsygtgt,

6977: Mgfghhord, 697 9: Mghvd, 697=: @bgkda` & Vgcga, 6992g: Luko & ]oatgamo, 6992:

Hobcdalunvu`, 6992) 7 Dtlor stu`bos, nroquoathy adt mbtbae Kbsos adr Lgyoj, adaotlohoss

mdatgba tlokos tlgt gro ogsbhy romdambhgfho wbtl tldso ba Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho

agrrgtbvos (@bgkda` & Vgcga, 6992f: KmJbaada, 6979: Kohtzor, 6992: ]mlwgrtz, 6992:

Pgyhdr, 6992).

Ba tlbs pgpor wo gaghyzo tlo `bsmussbda dn tlo Kbsos-Lgyoj fusbaoss mymho ga` bts

mdastbtuoat pgrts. Ulgt tlokos ga` komlgabsks gro fobae `bsmusso`4 Ulgt tlokos ga`

komlgabsks gro adt fobae `bsmusso`4 Ldw `d tloso stu`bos ògh wbtl up`gtos td tlo

tlodry tlgt lgs dmmurro` sbamo tlo 72=9‒s4 Ga` ebvoa tlo roaowo` batorost ba Gustrbga

fusbaoss mymho tlodry, ldw mga tlgt tlodry fo put td wdrj ba gasworbae prossbae

omdadkbm quostbdas edbae ndrwgr`4 Bt bs sdkotbkos greuo`, bandrkghhy, tlgt wlgtovor

tlo Gustrbga hbtorgturo lgs td mdatrbfuto td tlo omdadkbms prdnossbda lgs ghrog`y fooa

bamdrpdrgto` batd kdòra omdadkbms. Ldwovor, bn tlbs bs tlo mgso, wly `d prdkbaoat

smldhgrs tura td tlo dh` Kbsos-Lgyoj tlodry ba sogrml dn gaswors wloro kdòra

kgmrdomdadkbm nghhs sldrt4 Uo tlbaj tloro gro mdkpohhbae rogsdas td rovbow tlo romoat

7 Dtlor pgpors tlgt ronor td tlo GFMP gro Hgh (6979), Dppors (6996) ga` U. V. Ulbto (6992).




Ygeo = dn =2

ronoroamos td GFMP ga` td pdbat dut g now oxgkphos wloro egbas nrdk trgò mga fo

rogpo` fotwooa ‘Gustrbgas‛ ga` ‘ada-Gustrbgas.‛

Plo aoxt somtbda dn tlbs pgpor mdatgbas g rovbow dn ldw murroat omdadkbm rosogrmlors

gro oaegebae Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry. ]omtbda = bs ga gssosskoat dn tlbs

hbtorgturo, ba torks dn wlgt tlokos drbebaghhy `bsmusso` fy Kbsos ga` Lgyoj lgvo fooa

mgpturo` gmmurgtohy, wlgt lgs fooa mgpturo` bagmmurgtohy, ga` wlgt lgs fooa

dvorhddjo`. ]omtbda 0 `bsmussos wly tlo GFMP slduh` fo mdasbòro` gs tlodry wbtl

oxphgagtdry pdwor. ]omtbda ? sukkgrbzos tlo murroat hbtorgturo da GFMP, wlbml

mdatgbas kgay g`gptgtbdas ga` ronbaokoats nrdk tlo 72=9‒s vorsbda fut lgs adt kgò

bts wgy batd tlo roaowo` GFMP `bsmussbda ba tlo kgbastrogk. ]omtbda > `bsmussos tlo

pdtoatbgh ndr GFMP gs g prderossbvo rosogrml prdcomt edbae ndrwgr` ga` ldw bt mga

mdatrbfuto td tlo kgbastrogk hbtorgturo. ]omtbda 5 mdamhuòs.

6. Hbtorgturo rovbow

Plo hbtorgturo ro-oxgkbabae GFMP mga fo sopgrgto` batd twd eoaorgh mgtoedrbos3 tldso

tlgt tohh ga GFMP-typo stdry ga` gmjadwhoèo tlo ronoroamo, ga` tldso tlgt tohh ga

GFMP-typo stdry fut `d adt gmjadwhoèo tlo ronoroamo. Ga ba-fotwooa mgso bs

Mgfghhord's (6979, p. <?) `rgwbae dn gttoatbda td kgmrdomdadkbms lgvbae ‘fomdko sd

koskorbzo` wbtl bts dwa batoragh hdebm tlgt bt lgs foeua td mdanuso tlo prombsbda bt lgs

gmlbovo` gfdut bts dwa wdrh` wbtl tlo prombsbda bt lgs gfdut tlo rogh dao.‛ Mgfghhord

bòatbnbos tlbs kbsphgmo` ngbtl ba tlo ‘mdro‛ dn kgmrdomdadkbms, agkohy tlo `yagkbm

stdmlgstbm eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk nrgkowdrj, wbtl tlo ‘protoaso dn jadwhoèo‛ prdfhok

bòatbnbo` fy N.G. Lgyoj ba wdrjs tlrdueldut lbs smldhgrhy mgroor ga` Adfoh gmmoptgamo

spooml. Gntor mbtbae Lgyoj ga` fubh`bae dnn Lgyojbga tlokos, Mgfghhord (6979, p. <5)

greuos ‘Zt[lo bòg bs td phgmo gt tlo moator dn tlo gaghysbs tlo ngmt tlgt tlo mdkphoxbty dn




Ygeo 0 dn =2

kgmrdomdadkbm batorgmtbdas hbkbts tlo jadwhoèo wo mga ovor gttgba. Ba tlbajbae gfdut

gaghytbmgh tddhs ga` kgmrdomdadkbm pdhbmbos, wo slduh` sooj tldso tlgt gro rdfust td tlo

oadrkdus uamortgbaty td wlbml wo gro mdanbao`, ga` wo slduh` mdasbòr wlgt tlbs

mdkphoxbty `dos td tlo gmtbdas ga` rogmtbdas dn tlo omdadkbm geoats wldso folgvbdr wo

gro suppdso` td fo mgpturbae.‛ Ghtlduel Mgfghhord aovor `bsmussos GFMP ba lbs survoy

dn fusbaoss mymho tlodry ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs, lo bs wdrjbae wbtlba g

Lgyojbga nrgkowdrj ga` oaegebae bògs dn rdfustaoss ga` uamortgbaty. Lbs mghh ndr

nurtlor oxphdrgtbda ba tlo ‘porbplory‛ dn kgmrdomdadkbms sldws tlgt sdko dn tlo

gaswors ndr wlbml smldhgrs gro hddjbae sbamo tlo mrbsbs mga fo ndua` ba tlo Gustrbga

hbtorgturo.

6.7. GFMP-typo oxphgagtbdas wbtl ronoroamo td tlo GFMP

Plo pgpors tlgt oxphbmbthy tohh ga GFMP-typo stdry ndmus da tlo batorphgy fotwooa mgpbtgh

nhdws, mro`bt, ga` batorost rgtos ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo mrbsbs. Ndr oxgkpho, Fdrbd ga`

@bsygtgt (6977) oxphdro tlo lypdtlosbs tlgt tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs wgs prdxbkgtohy mguso`

fy tlo nhdw dn mgpbtgh nrdk kgay òvohdpbae agtbdas‒ murroat gmmduat surphusos, tlo sd-

mghho` ‘sgvbaes ehut‛ lypdtlosbs. Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977, p. 7=) nba` tlgt ‘murroat

gmmduats ga` tlo mdrrospda`bae aot mgpbtgh nhdws sgy vory hbttho gfdut nbagambae gmtbvbty

ga` batorko`bgtbda pgttoras‛ ga`, gs suml, mgaadt fo tlo kgcdr komlgabsk gt wdrj.

Bastog` Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977, p. 69) pdbat td `bvoreoamos fotwooa tlo kgrjot ga`

tlo agturgh (b.o. Ubmjsohhbga) rgtos dn batorost, g komlgabsk tlgt slduhòrs tlo kgcdr

pgrt dn tlo oxphgagtbda ba GFMP3 ‘Uo greuo tlgt tlo sgvbae-bavostkoat nrgkowdrj bs

fost roegrò` gs oxphgbabae òvohdpkoats ba tlo agturgh , rgtlor tlga ba tlo kgrjot ,

batorost rgto, wlbml bs prbkgrbhy òtorkbao` fy kdaotgry ga` nbagambgh ngmtdrs. Loro

gegba, tlo `bstbamtbda fotwooa sgvbae ga` nbagambae bs mrbtbmgh. @ovbgtbdas fotwooa tlo

twd mga porsbst ndr hdae porbd`s, aoo` adt sldw up ba rbsbae banhgtbda ga` kgy ba ngmt fo




Ygeo ? dn =2

dao rogsda folba` tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs.‛ Plo gutldrs greuo tlbs `bvoreoamo bs g

mlgrgmtorbstbm dn g kdaotgry omdadky, ba wlbml mro`bt mrogtbda `rbvos g sbeabnbmgat pgrt

dn tlo `yagkbms. Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977, pp. 65”6<) mdamhuò, ‘Plo nbagambgh systok

mga oa`deoadushy eoaorgto nbagambae kogas, roegr`hoss dn tlo uaòrhybae rogh rosdurmos

fgmjbae tlok. Ba dtlor wdr`s, tlo systok bs lbelhy ohgstbm. Ga` tlbs ohgstbmbty mga ghsd

rosuht ba tlo vdhuko dn nbagambae oxpga`bae ba wgys tlgt gro `bsmdaaomto` nrdk tlo

uaòrhybae prdùmtbvo mgpgmbty dn tlo omdadky. Ba kgmrdomdadkbm kdòhs, tlo rdho dn

kdaoy ga` mro`bt slduh` fo ossoatbgh, adt gambhhgry. Plbs mghhs ndr g rovbvgh dn ga dh` ga`

lbelhy rospomto` trg`btbda ba kgmrdomdadkbms ” dao wlbml, sg`hy, lgs fooa hgreohy

aoehomto` ba tlo murroat provgbhbae pgrg`bek.‛ Ba kgjbae tlobr greukoat, tlo gutldrs

mbto fdtl Kbsos's (7276) Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt ga` Lgyoj's (72==) Kdaotgry

Plodry ga` tlo Prgò Mymho , sldwbae tlobr g reukoats gro adt korohy mdbambòatghhy

mdumlo` ba GFMP-typo torks ga` komlgabsks. 6

Luko ga` ]oatgamo (6992) ghsd `d adt nba` kuml oxphgagtdry pdwor ba tlo ehdfgh

sgvbaes ehut lypdtlosbs. Ploy gaghyzo tlo mro`bt fddk promo`bae tlo mrbsbs ga` ba `dbae

sd mrbtbmghhy oaegeo GFMP, greugfhy kdro sd tlga tlo dtlor stu`bos ba tlbs somtbda. Luko

ga` ]oatgamo (6992, p. 70=<) nba` tlgt, ‘sdkowlgt pgrg`dxbmghhy, bt gppogrs dutput ga`

banhgtbda woro eoaorghhy stgfho ba tlo g`vgamo` omdadkbos wloro tlo mro`bt oxpgasbda

wgs mdamoatrgto` fut bamrogso` ba tlo okorebae omdadkbos wloro bt wgs adt.‛ Plo

gutldrs ed da td gssort tlgt tlo ‘drtld`dx kdòh,‛ b.o. `yagkbm stdmlgstbm eoaorgh

oqubhbfrbuk, mgaadt prdvbò g komlgabsk ndr mro`bt fobae tlo `rbvor dn fusbaoss mymho

6

Bt bs prdfgfhy ad gmmbòat tlgt Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt uso tlo wdr` ‘pgrg`bek‛ td ronor td ‘Gustrbga‛ ga`‘ada-Gustrbga‛ omdadkbms. Da tlbs tdpbm soo Mgh`wohh (697=), Jdla (6990) ga` Sgadttb ga` Mgmlgadsjy

(697=).




Ygeo > dn =2

nhumtugtbdas (Luko & ]oatgamo, 6992, p. 70=2). Ba mdasbòrbae ghtoragtbvo gpprdgmlos,

tlo gutldrs tura td

tlo Gustrbga ]mlddh, wlbml wgs gkdae tlo nbrst td put mro`bt gt tlo logrt

dn g fusbaoss mymho tlodry. Plo mgpbtgh tlodry drbebagto` fy Koaeor

(7<57) ga` tlo tlodry dn kdaoy ga` mro`bt òvohdpo` fy Kbsos (7276)

woro tlo kbmrd-ndua`gtbdas upda wlbml Lgyoj‒s (7262) ““Gustrbga‒‒

fusbaoss mymho kdòh wgs fubht. Bt bs tlo bacomtbda dn mro`bt fy tlo moatrgh

fgaj, rosuhtbae ba tlo kgrjot rgto dn batorost nghhbae foaogtl tlgt dn tlo

agturgh rgto dn batorost, wlbml babtbgtos tlo fddk. @osbro` bavostkoat

rbsos ga` òsbro` sgvbae nghhs wbtl tlo `bnnoroamo fotwooa tlo twd fobae

kot fy tlo bamrogso ba mro`bt. Plbs puts ba kdtbda ga bator-tokpdrghhy

uastgfho prdmoss fomguso tlo bavostkoat bs adt fobae nbagamo` fy eoaubao

sgvbaes ronhomtbae g wbhhbaeaoss td pdstpdao mdasukptbda (69923 700=).

Plo mbtgtbdas loro gro td Koaeor's (7<57) Yrbambphos dn Omdadkbms, Kbsos's (7276)

Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt , ga` Lgyoj's (72==) Kdaotgry Plodry ga` tlo Prgò Mymho .

Plo gutldrs ghsd adto tlgt GFMP lgs tlo gttrgmtbvo nogturo dn fobae gfho td oxphgba wly

tlo fddk wgs adt gmmdkpgabo` fy bamrogso` banhgtbda3 Plo ndrmos dn bamrogso` òkga`

kgy fo dnnsot fy tlo ndrmos dn bamrogso` supphy ùo td lbelor hovohs dn bavostkoat. Plo

gutldrs ovoa koatbda (fut `d adt mbto) Egrrbsda's (6997) greukoats tlgt mro`bt fddks

ùrbae tlo 7229‒s wduh` uhtbkgtohy fo uasustgbagfho. Ldwovor, tlo gutldrs gssort GFMP

mgaadt oxphgba tlo ‘uausugh hoaetl‛ dn tlo romoat fddk, adr ‘tlo gfsoamo dn strdaeor

dutput erdwtl.‛ Gs suml, Luk o ga` ]oatgamo (6992, p. 700=) mdamhuò GFMP bs ‘rbelt

ndr hgreohy tlo wrdae rogsdas.‛ = Adaotlohoss, Luko ga` ]oatgamo (6992, p. 70?=) mro`bt

= Dtlor Gustrbga-nrboa`hy tlokos strosso` fy tlo gutldrs bamhuò tlo `gaeors gssdmbgto` wbtl gttokpts td

stok dnn tlo baovbtgfho fust-romghmuhgtbda porbd` fy nurtlor ogsbae kdaoy mrogtbda (Luko & ]oatgamo,6992, p. 7002) ga` tlo bkpdrtgamo dn bastbtutbdas ba ònbabae bamoatbvos tlgt slgpo geoat folgvbdr, ga`

loamo kgmrdomdadkbm dutmdkos (Luko & ]oatgamo, 6992, p. 70?6).




Ygeo 5 dn =2

GFMP wbtl fobae ‘rokgrjgfhy prosmboat‛ ga` ovoa sueeost bts ngbhuro td fomdko

bamdrpdrgto` batd omdadkbm drtld`dxy ‘fomguso bts pdhbmy romdkkoa`gtbda dn hottbae

tlo mymho rua bts mdurso wgs uagmmoptgfho,‛ rgtlor tlga gay kgcdr tlodrotbmgh

ònbmboambos.

G romoat wdrjbae pgpor fy Mghvd (697=) strossos sbkbhgr tlokos. Mghvd (697=, pp. 7”=)

bs uasgtbsnbo` wbtl tlo tortbgry rdho phgyo` fy kdaoy ba kdst eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk

kdòhs ga` greuos tlgt bssuos dn hbqub`bty ga` mro`bt mruamlos gro fottor uaòrstdd`

wbtl g kdro batoergto` kdaotgry tlodry. Ko`bg dn oxmlgaeo ga` basbò kdaoy gro tlo

ndua`gtbdas dn hbqub`bty, ònbao` gs sghogfho gssots, wlbml ngmbhbtgtos mro`bt nhdws td tlobr

lbelost-vghuo` usos. Ldwovor, tlbs ghsd oatgbhs tlo pdssbfbhbty dn g ‘]u`̀ oa ]tdp,‛ b.o. g

`rybae up dn hbqub`bty ga` g mro`bt mruaml (Mghvd, 697=, pp. ?”>). _andrtuagtohy ba

Mghvd‒s vbow, kgbastrogk kgmrd hgreohy beadro` òvohdpkoats ba nbagambgh kgrjots gs g

kgttor dn tlodry, sbamo tlo Lbmjsbga B]-HK syatlosbs ga` sufsoquoat òvohdpkoats ba

‘sghtwgtor‛ kgmrdomdadkbms phgmo` tlo batorostbae `yagkbms ohsowloro (Mghvd, 697=,

pp. 79”7=). Basbstbae tlgt nbagambgh kgrjots kgttor ga` mgaadt sgnohy fo beadro`, Mghvd

turas td oxphdrbae wly g erdwbae okpbrbmgh hbtorgturo sueeosts nbagambgh mrbsos gro

promoò` fy mro`bt fddks. Gt tlbs pdbat Mghvd turas td Kbsos‒s ga` Lgyoj‒s tlodrbos. Bt bs

wdrtl qudtbae Mghvd (697=, p. 7?) gt hoaetl3

Z…[ tlo Gustrbga ]mlddh dnnoro` vghugfho basbelts ” `bsroegrò` fy

kgbastrogk kgmrd tlodry ” tlgt lohp td rgtbdaghbzo Z…[ Ztlo dfsorvgtbda

tlgt mro`bt fddks promoò nbagambgh mrbsos[ Z…[ wbtldut rosdrtbae td

brrgtbdaghbty. Dvor-oxtoasbda dn mro`bt wgs gt moator stgeo dn tlo Gustrbga

]mlddh tlodry dn tlo trgò (dr fusbaoss) mymho, fut gutldrs `bnnoro` gs td

tlo ngmtdrs rospdasbfho ndr oxmossbvo mro`bt oxpgasbda. Kbsos (72?6), ndr

bastgamo, gttrbfuto` oxmossbvo oxpgasbda td moatrgh fgajs‒ prdpoasbty td

joopbae batorost rgtos hdw ba dròr td oasuro nuhh okphdykoat gt ghh tbkos.

Gs banhgtbda nhgro` up, batorost rgtos woro rgbso` mgusbae romossbda. Plus,




Ygeo < dn =2

uaòr lbs vbow tlo mymho bs trbeeoro` fy prd-mymhbmgh kdaotgry pdhbmy wbtl

g nuhh-okphdykoat fbgs wlbml wgs adt mdasbstoat wbtl banhgtbda stgfbhbty.

Lgyoj (699<), da tlo dtlor lga`, `bskbsso` vda Kbsos oxphgagtbda, adt

fomguso bt wgs adt g edd` òpbmtbda dn lbstdrbmgh ovoats, fut fomguso lo

tlduelt tlgt bastgfbhbty bs sdkotlbae baloroat td tlo mgpbtgh kgrjot ga`,

ba pgrtbmuhgr, bt bs rohgto` td wlgt kbelt fo mghho` tlo fgajbae kdaoy

kuhtbphbor kbrgeo . Lbs `bsmussbda mdacuros up mdatokpdrgry bssuos, hbjo

somurbtbzo` fgajbae, ndr oxgkpho. Gt tlo rbsj dn dvorsbkphbnybae Lgyoj's

vbows, g ploadkoada tlgt sooks moatrgh td lbs trgò mymho tlodry bs tlgt

mro`bt oxpgasbda fy fgaj G baùmos òpdsbt oxpgasbda ba fgaj F wld, ba

tura, lgs bamoatbvos td nurtlor oxpga` mro`bt nhdws, otm. Bn fgaj G kgjos g

kbstgjo, tlo kdaoy-kuhtbphbor komlgabsk gkphbnbos bt. Plbs bs

rokbabsmoat dn kbspormoptbda ploadkoag strosso` ba Humgs (7256).

Lgyoj's `bsmussbda `dos adt oxlbfbt tlo sgko òeroo dn kgtlokgtbmgh

sdplbstbmgtbda fut ndmusos da g rbmlor sot dn lbelhy rohovgat bssuos. Ndr

oxgkpho, tlgt mro`bt oxpgasbda bs adt hbjohy td fo ovoahy sprog` gmrdss tlo

omdadky, pgrthy fomguso dn bkpornomt bandrkgtbda dr prbambpgh-geoat

prdfhoks. Plbs bkphbos tlgt mro`bt oxpgasbda bs hbjohy td lgvo onnomts da

rohgtbvo prbmos wlbml gro adt custbnbo` fy nua`gkoatghs.

Loro Mghvd mbtos hgtor o`btbdas dn Kbsos's (7276) Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt ga` Lgyoj's

(72=7) Yrbmos ga` Yrdùmtbda. Mghvd edos da td gssort tlgt g kbx dn Kbsos‒s ga` Lgyoj‒s

stdrbos gro aooò` td oxphgba tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs, fut Mghvd (697=, p. 7>) hogas tdwgr`s

Kbsos ba tlbs pgrtbmuhgr mdatoxt. Mghvd‒s agrrgtbvo mdatbauos td gssort tlgt nbagambgh

kgrjots kgttor, tlgt hbqub`bty kgttors ndr nbagambgh kgrjots, ga` tlgt Kbsos ga` Lgyoj

gro bkpdrtgat tlodrbsts td oaegeo wloa `bsmussbae bssuos dn hbqub`bty, ospombghhy ba tlo

mdatoxt dn uasustgbagfho mro`bt oxpgasbdas.

@bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g) oxgkbao g sbkbhgr prdfhok, kdro ndmuso` da tlo

kbmrdomdadkbm rohgtbdaslbp fotwooa ldusoldh` hoa`bae td fgajs ga` fgajs‒ nbagambae

hdae-tork gssot pdrtndhbds. Ploso hdae-tork gssots gro typbmghhy adt vory hbqub`, sd bn




Ygeo 2 dn =2

ldusoldh`s fomdko sufcomt td aoegtbvo murroat-porbd` woghtl sldmjs tlgt bamoatbvbzo

tlok td wbtl`rgw tlobr ldh`baes td fdhstor murroat mdasukptbda, fgajs mga qubmjhy rua

batd hbqub`bty sldrtgeos. @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g, p. 7) bkko`bgtohy hbaj tlbs stdry td

tlo Kbsos- L gyoj tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho, wlbml tloy `bsmuss kdro ba-òptl hgtor ba

tlo pgpor. 0 @bgkda` ga` Vgcga `bsmuss pdhbmy bkphbmgtbdas nrdk batorvoabae ba mro`bt

kgrjots td gnnomt batorost rgtos, ovoa pdbatbae td suml batorvoatbda gs g pdssbfhy

òstgfbhbzbae ndrmo bn hoaòrs gro sunnbmboathy ndrwgr`-hddjbae. Plo kgba sufstgamo dn

tlbs pgpor bs g kdòh sldwbae tlgt g moatrgh fgaj tlgt muts batorost rgtos ùrbae tbkos dn

nbagambgh stross, dr ngvdrs hdw rgtos ba g eoaorgh prd-mgpbtghbst pdhbmy, bamoatbvbzos

lbelor-rotura fut hoss-hbqub` fgaj bavostkoats. Plbs ba tura mga prombpbtgto g hbqub`bty

mrbsbs. Ba g pgssgeo wbtl Gustrbga nhgvdr, tloy gssort

Baòo`, tlo murroat nbagambgh turkdbh ba tlo _abto` ]tgtos mduh` fo tlduelt

dn gs fobae pgrtbghhy mguso` fy hoaòrs, gatbmbpgtbae g mdatbauo`

oavbrdakoat dn hdw batorost rgtos ndhhdwbae tlo bkphdsbda dn tlo ‘toml

fuffho‛ ba ogrhy 6999 ga` tlo sufsoquoat mdhhgpso dn mdrpdrgto

bavostkoat, mlddsbae td tgjo da kdro bhhbqub` nbagambgh gssots nbagamo`

wbtl sldrt tork òft. Gatbmbpgtbda dn hdw batorost rgtos kgy lgvo fooa

stroaetloao` fy tlo sd-mghho` Erooaspga Yut, wlorofy tlo nbagambgh

somtdr fohbovo` tlgt bn bt ovor mgko uaòr strgba fomguso dn oxmossbvo

oxpgasbda, tlo Noòrgh Vosorvo wduh` mut batorost rgtos. Yut `bnnoroathy, bn

pdhbmy `rbvos sldrt-tork batorost rgtos td g hdw hovoh, ga` sdhvoamy ga`

nbagambgh stgfbhbty mdastrgbats da nuturo pdhbmy ruho dut nuturo lbel sldrt-

0 Batorostbaehy, @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g, pp. 7”6) ghsd `bsmuss tlo pdssbfbhbty dn g pdsbtbvo sldmj td

nuturo woghtl, wlbml ghsd bamoatbvos g``btbdagh murroat mdasukptbda ùo td tlo oqugtbda dn kgrebaghutbhbty nrdk mdasukptbda gmrdss tlo hbno mymho. Plbs fogrs sdko rosokfhgamo td kd`bnbmgtbdas kgò td

GFMP fy Egrrbsda (6997), fut @bgkda` ga` Vgcga `d adt ̀ bsmuss tlbs pgrtbmuhgr hbaj.




Ygeo 79 dn =2

tork rgtos, tloa nbagambae bhhbqub` gssots wbtl sldrt-tork òft wbhh fo

prdnbtgfho ga` sgno, gt hogst ndr g wlbho (6992f3 ?). ?

Ba g kdro oxphbmbt koatbda td Kbsos, @bgkda` ga` Vgcga g`kbt tloy

gro mortgbahy adt tlo nbrst td phgmo tlo okplgsbs ndr mdatrgmtbda ga` mrbsos

da tlo kbskgtml fotwooa tlo hdae ùrgtbda fondro bavostkoat prdùmos

mdasukptbda edd`s, ga` tlo tokpdrgh pgttora dn mdasukptbda ba ga

oxpgasbda. Plbs `gtos fgmj gt hogst td ^da Kbsos (7202) ga` tlo Gustrbga

]mlddh. ^da Kbsos phgmo` tlo okplgsbs, tlduel, da ga grtbnbmbghhy hdw

babtbgh rgto dn batorost, baùmo` fy fgaj mro`bt oxpgasbda, wlbml kgjos tlo

prdmoss dn mrogtbae aow edd`s oxmossbvohy hdae mdkpgro` wbtl tlo

tdhorgamo dn mdasukors td pdstpdao mdasukptbda. Ulbho bt bs `bnnbmuht td

kgp lbs tlodry prombsohy td g rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk

kdòh, bt wduh` gppogr tlgt ^da Kbsos (7202) phgmos tlo fhgko ndr mrbsos

squgrohy da tlo log`s dn dvorhy dptbkbstbm, oxmossbvohy geerossbvo,

fgajors (ga` da moatrgh fgajors wld oamdurgeo geerossbvo mro`bt

oxpgasbda) (6992f3 7?-7>).

Plo wdrj mbto` fy tlo gutldrs bs Kbsos's (7202) Lukga Gmtbda , ga` ba tlobr mdamhusbda,

tlo gutldrs ghsd mbto Vdtlfgr`'s (72>=) Gkorbmg‒s Erogt @oprossbda. _htbkgtohy @bgkda`

ga` Vgcga (6992g, p. ==) soo tloksohvos gs prdvb`bae ga oxphgagtbda dn mrbsos nogturbae

‘rgtbdagh dptbkbzbae fgajs,‛ sbamo ba tlobr vbow tlo Gustrbga oxphgagtbda ‘sooks td rohy

da fgajs tlgt gro oxmossbvohy dptbkbstbm.‛

Hobcdalunvu`'s (6992) mrbtbquo dn pro-mrbsbs kgmrdomdadkbm tlodry sooks g strgaeo

pbomo td nba` oaegeokoat wbtl tlo bògs dn Kbsos dr Lgyoj, ebvoa tlgt tlo tbtho sueeosts

tlo bkpdrtgamo dn Joyaos. Fut tlo gutldr bs mhogr tlgt lbs ghhusbda td Joyaos bs ba tlo

? Mghhglga ga` Egrrbsda (699=) gsj bn tlo GFMP mga mdatrbfuto td oxphgba tlo `dt-mdk fuffho. Plbs

ronoroamos edos uakoatbdao` ba @bgkda` ga` Vgcga‒s pgpor.




Ygeo 77 dn =2

spbrbt dn ndmusbae da tlo agturo dn tlo prdfhok td fo sdhvo`, kdro tlga tlo pgrtbmuhgr

kotld` dr tlodry uso` td sdhvo bt. Oxmdrbgtbae drtld`dx ga` Aow Joyaosbgabga,

kdaotgry tlodry ghdae wbtl tlo eoaorgh oqubhbfrbuk nrgkowdrj, Hobcdalunvu` basbsts

tlo wgy ndrwgr` wbhh fo ba g `yagkbm mdamoptbda dn kdaotgry tlodry, dao tlgt ndmusos

da bssuos dn prdmoss ga` systokbm stgfbhbty. Hobcdalunvu` (6992, p. 506) prdvbòs tlo

ndhhdwbae tbo-ba td GFMP3 ‘Dporgtbae ga batorost tgreotbae roebko joybae da tlo

mdasukor prbmo baòx (MYB), tlo No` wgs huro` batd joopbae batorost rgtos ngr tdd hdw ndr

ngr tdd hdae. Plo rosuht wgs banhgtbda dn gssot prbmos mdkfbao` wbtl g eoaorgh

òtorbdrgtbda dn mro`bt qughbty (Hobcdalunvu`, 6995G). Plbs, dn mdurso, `dos adt kgjo g

Joyaosbga stdry. Vgtlor, bt bs g vgrbgtbda da tlo Gustrbga dvorbavostkoat (dr

kghbavostkoat) tloko.‛ Pd fo ngbr, bkko`bgtohy ndhhdwbae tlbs Hobcdalunvu` mhgbks

GFMP wbhh adt fo dn kuml lohp ba gaghyzbae tlo nbagamo baùstry-spombnbms dn g

kghbavostkoat fddk, bastog` ngvdrbae tlo tlodrbos dn Lykga Kbasjy. Fut tlo agrrgtbvo

dn uasustgbagfho bavostkoats prombpbtgto` fy grtbnbmbghhy hdw batorost rgtos, btsohn fobae

tlo gvoauo fy wlbml nbagambgh somtdr prdfhoks gro batrdùmo`, bs g tldrduelhy Gustrbga

stdry, ga` Hobcdalunvu` romdeabzos bt gs suml.

6.6. GFMP-typo oxphgagtbdas wbtldut ronoroamo

Plo pgpors ba tlbs suf-somtbda uso ga GFMP-typo agrrgtbvo wloa `bsmussbae tlo mrbsbs,

fut `d adt prdvbò toxtugh mbtgtbdas td Kbsos, Lgyoj, dr hgttor-`gy mdatrbfutdrs td tlo

GFMP hbtorgturo. Plbs hbtorgturo mga fo g sgkpho dn tlo ngmt tlgt GFMP basbelts gro kdro

mdkkda tlga usughhy gmjadwhoèo`. Ndr oxgkpho, @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992f), uahbjo

ba tlobr dtlor stu`y mbto` gfdvo, tohh g kdro mdavoatbdagh stdry wbtl tlo ehdfgh sgvbaes

ehut, ‘drbebagto-td-somurbtbzo‛ strgtoebos fy fgajs, ga` oxmossbvohy bhhbqub` pdrtndhbd

mdastrumtbda fy bavostkoat ldusos `dbae g hgreor slgro dn tlo wdrj tlga provbdushy.

Ldwovor, ovoa loro @bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992f, p. >9<) `bsmuss tlo agturgh rgto‐




Ygeo 76 dn =2

kgrjot rgto woèo ba g wgy tlgt bs mdkpgtbfho wbtl tlo GFMP agrrgtbvo3 ‘…wbtl tlo

Noòrgh Vosorvo okplgsbzbae bts wbhhbaeaoss td pukp ba hbqub`bty ga` mut batorost rgtos

`rgkgtbmghhy ba mgso dn g slgrp `dwatura (tlo sd-mghho` ‘Erooaspga Yut‛), bt bs adt

surprbsbae tlgt fgajs woro wbhhbae td tgjo bhhbqub`bty rbsj.‛. Plo `bsmussbda dn bavostkoat

kbsghhdmgtbda ga` pddrhy-g`gpto` mgpbtgh strumturo ba prdkbaoat nbagambgh ldusos ghsd

omldos Gustrbga tlokos (@bgkda` & Vgcga, 6992f, pp. >9>”>9<).

KmJbaada (6979) bs kdro oxphbmbt ba okplgsbzbae tlo agturgh rgto‐kgrjot rgto woèo

ba lbs `bsmussbda dn tlo batoragtbdagh `dhhgr stga`gr .̀ @bsmussbae tlo rua-up td tlo mrbsbs,

KmJbaada (6979, p. 77) wrbtos, ‘Zn[ogrbae ònhgtbda gntor tlo mdhhgpso dn tlo lbel-toml

fuffho ba 6997”96, tlo _] Noòrgh Vosorvo Fgaj hdworo` tlo No` nua`s batorost rgto td

cust dao por moat ba 699=”90. Gt tlo tbko, tlbs batorost rgto wgs ngr tdd hdw ndr fghgambae

gmtugh banhgtbda ba tlo “log`hbao‒ MYB wbtl tlo omdadky‒s oxmoss mgpgmbty. Plo wohh-

jadwa Pgyhdr Vuho sueeosto` tlgt tlo No` nua`s rgto slduh` lgvo fooa mhdsor td 0 por

moat ba 699=”90.‛ KmJbaada edos da td sueeost tlbs oxmossbvohy ogsy kdaotgry pdhbmy

nuohho` g ehdfgh mgrry trgò tlgt lohpo` mdatrbfuto` td tlo ‘batoragtbdagh fuffho

omdadky.‛ Bt `b` sd fy sbeaghbae td ndrobea oxmlgaeo òghors tlgt nurtlor `dhhgr

òprombgtbdas wduh` fo ndrtlmdkbae, bamoatbvbzbae tlok td oaegeo ba ‘sldrt-tork

fdrrdwbae ba Aow Rdrj gt hdw batorost rgtos td fuy gpprombgtbae ndrobea-murroamy gssots

ga` prbkgry mdkkd`btbos Z…[ Plus `b` mgrry trgòrs mdhhomtbvohy gmmoatugto tlo prbmo

kdvokoats nrdk wlbml ba`bvbùgh trgòrs ldpo` td prdnbt‛ (KmJbaada, 6979, p. 76).

Kohtzor's (6992) ronhomtbdas da tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs oxlbfbt g sbkbhgr tloko. Ulbho mlb`bae

tlo kdrgh lgzgr` mrogto` fy Ngaabo Kgo ga` Nro``bo Kgm ga` rofujbae fdtl pdhbtbmbgas

ga` kokfors dn tlo pross ndr tlobr hgmj dn omdadkbm sdplbstbmgtbda, Kohtzor (6992, p.

6<) ghsd ba`bmts tlo No`3 ‘ZU[o kust adto tlo rdho dn tlo Noòrgh Vosorvo ba tlo nbagambgh

mrbsbs. Ghga Erooaspga `b` kgjo g kbstgjo. Lo jopt batorost rgtos tdd hdw, tdd hdae. Lo




Ygeo 7= dn =2

wgs gnrgb` dn ònhgtbda. Plgt wgs g kbstgjo.‛ ]mlwgrtz (6992, pp. 72”69) wrbtbae ba tlo

sgko bssuo gs Kohtzor, ghsd suppdrts tlo ‘tdd hdw ndr tdd hdae‛ tlosbs3

Plo fgsbm erdua`wdrj td tlo `bsruptbda dn mro`bt nhdws mga fo trgmo` td

tlo gssot prbmo fuffho dn tlo ldusbae prbmo fddk. Bt lgs fomdko g mhbmlâ td

ronor td ga gssot fddk gs g kgabg. Plo mhbmlâ, ldwovor, dfsmuros wly

dr`bagry ndhj fomdko gvb` fuyors dn wlgtovor dfcomt lgs fomdko tlo

tgreot dn òsbro. Ga gssot fddk bs prdpgegto` fy ga oxpgasbvo kdaotgry

pdhbmy tlgt hdwors batorost rgtos ga` baùmos fdrrdwbae foyda` pruòat

fdua`s td gmqubro tlo gssot…Plo No` wgs gmmdkkd`gtbvo tdd hdae nrdk

6997 da ga` wgs shdw td tbeltoa kdaotgry pdhbmy, òhgybae tbeltoabae

uatbh Cuao 6990 ga` tloa oa`bae tlo kdatlhy 6? fgsbs pdbat bamrogso ba

Gueust 699>. Plo rgto muts tlgt foega da Gueust 79, 6995, ga` osmghgto`

ba ga uapromoòato` 5? fgsbs pdbat roùmtbda da Cgaugry 66, 699<, wgs

gaaduamo` gt ga uasmloùho` vbòd mdanoroamo kootbae g wooj fondro g

smloùho` NDKM kootbae. Plo rgto bamrogsos ba 6995 woro tdd hbttho ga`

oaò` tdd sdda. Plbs wgs tlo kdaotgry pdhbmy sottbae ndr tlo ldusbae

prbmo fddk.

Plus ]mlwgrtz edos batd kdro òtgbh tlga Kohtzor, ghhu`bae td grtbnbmbghhy-hdw batorost

rgtos rosuhtbae ba rosdurmo kbsghhdmgtbdas ba lor ‘foyda` pruòat fdua`s‛ mdkkoat.

Nbaghhy, Cdla Pgyhdr‒s oxphgagtbda dn wlgt mguso` tlo nbagambgh mrbsbs ghsd rosts da tlo

‘tdd hdw ndr tdd hdae‛ tlosbs. Pgyhdr (6992, p. 7) wgstos ad tbko ba ba`bmtbae hddso kdaoy

ndr sottbae tlo stgeo ndr tlo ldusbae fddk ga` sufsoquoat fust-mrbsbs-romossbda3 ‘Plo

mhgssbm oxphgagtbda dn nbagambgh mrbsos, edbae fgmj lua`ro`s dn yogrs, bs tlgt tloy gro

mguso` fy oxmossos‐nroquoathy kdaotgry oxmossos‐tlgt hog` td g fddk ga` baovbtgfho

fust…kdaotgry oxmossos woro tlo kgba mguso dn tlgt fddk Ztlo ldusbae kgrjot fddk[




Ygeo 70 dn =2

ga` tlo rosuhtbae fust.‛ > Pgyhdr sldws tlo `bvoreoamo fotwooa tlo gmtugh noòrgh nua`s

rgto ga` tlo prosmrbfo` tlo Pgyhdr ruho (Pgyhdr, 6992, p. =). Pgyhdr kgjos bt mhogr tlgt

dtlor òvohdpkoats ba nbagambgh kgrjots, suml gs oxmossbvo rbsj-tgjbae fy nbagambgh

bastbtutbdas ùo td kdrgh lgzgr`, ghsd gro aooò` td oxphgba tlo mrbsbs, fut lo kgjos suro

td hbaj tloso folgvbdrs td tlo prosoamo dn ogsy kdaoy (Pgyhdr, 6992, pp. 7=”70).

=. Gssosskoat dn tlo hbtorgturo

=.7. Kbstrogtkoat dn kdaoy ga` tlo GFMP ba g autslohh

Plo hbtorgturo rooxgkbabae GFMP mdrromthy mgpturos g aukfor dn tlo tlodry‒s

komlgabsks. Nbrst, ga` kdst bkpdrtgathy, ghh dn tlo gfdvo pgpors romdeabzo tlo

bkpdrtgamo dn kdaoy ba eoaorgtbae tlo fddk-fust mymho. ]ovorgh dn tlo gfdvo gutldrs,

ga` ospombghhy Fdrbd ga` @bsygtgt (6977), Mghvd (697=) ga` Luko ga` ]oatgamo (6992),

tura td GFMP ùo gt hogst ba pgrt td `bssgtbsngmtbda wbtl tlo wgy kgbastrogk kdòhs

lga`ho kdaoy. ]omda`, tloso gutldrs romdeabzo tlgt, sbamo fusbaoss mymhos rosuht ba

turfuhoamo ba ghh dn ga omdadky‒s kgrjots, tloa tlgt wlbml bs mdkkda td ghh kgrjots

duelt td fo oxgkbao` gs g pdtoatbgh trgaskbssbda komlgabsk. Kdaoy, gs dao lghn dn ghh

oxmlgaeos, bs tlo kbssbae hbaj. Kdaotgry `bstdrtbdas rosuht ba `bstdrtbdas ba tlo prbmo

systok btsohn, sottbae tlo stgeo ndr tlo fddk-fust `yagkbms td ndhhdw. Plbs pgrtbmuhgr

`yagkbm bs oxtrokohy `bnnbmuht, bn adt bkpdssbfho, td mgpturo ba tlo Ughrgsbga nrgkowdrj,

> Pgyhdr‒s bkphbmbt oa`drsokoat dn grtbnbmbghhy-hdw batorost rgtos gs mdatrbfutbae td uasustgbagfho

bavostkoat mymhos gs ‘mhgssbm‛ sooks td fo ga dvorstgtokoat. Plbs sooks td bkphy tlgt suml ga oxphgagtbda

bs, bn adt gmmopto` drtld`dxy, g pgrt dn tlo kgbastrogk omdadkbm agrrgtbvo. Ldwovor, tlo banhuoamo ba

Nrbo`kga (72>0, 722=) ba `bskbssbae tlo grtbnbmbgh fddk-baovbtgfho fust stdry kbelt fo tdd strdae td ronorgs ‘mhgssbm‛ tlo oxmoss dn mro`bt oxphgagtbda. Bn tlbs woro g ‘mhgssbm‛ oxphgagtbda, wly tlo su`òa roaowo`

batorost ba tlo GFMP4




Ygeo 7? dn =2

kdtbvgtbae tlo mghh ndr g romdasbòrgtbda dn fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos ba wlbml kdaoy

kgttors.

Plo somda` komlgabsk bs mhdsohy rohgto` td tlo nbrst. Mdatbaubae tlo ‘kdaoy kgttors‛

tloko, tlo gfdvo gutldrs ba sdko wgy kgjo uso dn tlo batorost rgto tlodrbos dn Ubmjsohh

(7<2<, 72=0), wlbml ndrk tlo fgmjfdao dn GFMP gs òvohdpo` ga` greuo` fy Lgyoj

(72=7, 72==), Kbsos (7202, Mlgptors 72, 69) ga` Vdtlfgr` (72>=, Mlgptor 7). Ubmjsohh

romdeabzos tlgt, hbjo ghh dtlor kgrjots, tlo kgrjot ndr sgvbaes toa`s tdwgr`s

oqubhbfrbuk, wloro tlo prbmo dn sgvbaes‐tlo batorost rgto‐oqugto` tlo qugatbty

òkgaò` ga` supphbo` dn sgvbaes. Plo batorost rgto tlgt mhogro` tlo sgvbaes kgrjot

Ubmjsohh mghho` tlo ‘agturgh rgto‛ dn batorost. Fut bkpdrtgathy, tlo agturgh rgto dn batorost

mga, ga` nroquoathy `dos, `bvoreo nrdk tlo murroat kgrjot rgto. Gs òvohdpo` ba tlo

GFMP, mro`bt oxpgasbda fy tlo moatrgh fgaj ba hdga kgrjots ndrmos g woèo fotwooa tlo

agturgh ga` kgrjot batorost rgtos ga` òhgys tlo rotura td oqubhbfrbuk. Plo g``btbdagh

hbqub`bty bacomto` batd tlo hdga kgrjot kgjos bt gp pogr ‘gs bn‛ rogh sgvbaes gro kdro

gfua`gat, ghtlduel tlo onnomt bs purohy kdaotgry. 5 Plbs rosuhts ba tlo prbmo systok

soa`bae nguhty sbeaghs roegr`bae tlo prdnbtgfbhbty dn bavostkoat prdcomts. Yrdcomts tlgt

woro provbdus suf-kgrebagh gro, gt tlo hdwor kgrjot rgto, adw prdnbtgfho td uaòrtgjo.

Vosdurmos, eubò` fy tlo nghso batorost rgto sbeagh, gro kbsghhdmgto` tdwgr`s bavostkoat

prdcomts tlgt, fomguso tloro lgs fooa ad bamrogso ba rogh sgvbaes, gro uasustgbagfho.

Ploso ‘kghbavostkoats,‛ wlbho oxpomto` td fo prdnbtgfho, gro uhtbkgtohy uatoagfho. Plo

fddk‐tlo oxpgasbda dn prdcomts frduelt gfdut fy tlo woèo fotwooa tlo kgrjot ga`

agturgh rgto‐tlus aomossgrbhy ebvos wgy td tlo fust‐tlo mdsthy roghhdmgtbda prdmoss

wlorofy kghbavostkoats gro hbqub`gto` ga` tlo omdadky rostrumturos td damo gegba

5 Ba tlbs wgy GFMP ndrosgw tlo ‘sbeagh oxtrgmtbda‛ prdfhok dn Humgs (7256).




Ygeo 7> dn =2

romdambho mdasukor òkga` wbtl prdùmor supphy. Plbs bs tlo logrt dn tlo ‘tdd hdw ndr

tdd hdae‛ mhgbks `bsmusso` ba tlo provbdus somtbda.

=.6. Plo GFMP bs g tlodry da uasustgbagfho fddks, adt dn mrbsbs romdvory.

Adt ghh tlo stgtokoats kgò fy tlo gfdvo gutldrs mdamorabae GFMP gro mdrromt. Luko

ga` ]oatgamo (6992, Mlgptor 700=) bkprdporhy ba`bmt GFMP ndr adt fobae gfho td

oxphgba tlo ùrgtbda dn tlo fddk dr tlo shdwaoss dn pdst-fust dutput erdwtl. GFMP bs,

prdporhy uaòrstdd`, g tlodry dn tlo uasustgbagfho fddk ga` adt g tlodry gfdut tlo

sufsoquoat mrbsbs. Ghtlduel bt pro`bmts tlgt ga grtbnbmbgh fddk wbhh baovbtgfhy ebvo wgy td

fust, tloro bs ad mdamroto stgtokoat ba tlo tlodry gs td ldw td pro`bmt tlo hoaetl dn tlo

fddk. Plbs bs ba pgrt fomguso tlo hoaetl dn tlo fddk bs oa`deoadus td kdaotgry

pdhbmykgjors‒ rospdaso. ]bamo tlbs baloroathy bavdhvos g mghmuhus dn ada-kgrjot òmbsbda

kgjbae, tlbs gspomt bs prdporhy oxdeoadus td GFMP. G sbkbhgr oxphgagtbda òtgbhs wly

GFMP aoo` adt oxphgba tlo rgto dn dutput erdwtl ndhhdwbae tlo mrbsbs. Plo spoo` ga`

gmmurgmy wbtl wlbml rosdurmos gro `bromto` gwgy nrdk uaprdnbtgfho prdcomts ga` gro

damo gegba ghhdmgto` td tlobr lbelost-vghuo` usos òpoa`s mrumbghhy da pdhbmykgjors‒

rospdaso td tlo mrbsbs ga` td tlo mdst gssdmbgto` td tlo kbsghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos ùrbae

tlo grtbnbmbgh fddk (Lbees, 6992: Vdtlfgr`, 72>=, Mlgptors 72”6=). Luko ga` ]oatoamo

(6992) gro mdrromt ba basbstbae tlgt tlo hoaetl ga` romdvory nrdk g mrbsbs gro bkpdrtgat

ga` òkga` ga oxphgagtbda. Fut tlgt oxphgagtdry furòa stgrts wloro tlo GFMP stdry

oa`s.

=.=. Vgtbdaghbty ga` oxpomtgtbdas

@bgkda` ga` Vgcga (6992g, pp. 70”7?) bamdrromthy sueeost GFMP roqubros geoat

brrgtbdaghbty. @bgkda` ga` Vgcga‒s kdòh `dos yboh` ga batrbeubae fddk-fust `yagkbm,

`rbvoa fy kdrgh lgzgr`, fut wo `duft tlobr mdamhusbda bs kdro mdasbstoat wbtl mdro




Ygeo 75 dn =2

prbmo-tlodrotbm prdpdsbtbdas tlga tlo Kbsosbga oxphgagtbda. Gs Mghvd (697=, p. 7?)

romdeabzos, tlo uasustgbagfho fddk bs mdasbstoat wbtl ba`bvbùgh rgtbdaghbty ùo td tlo

nguhty bandrkgtbda sbeaghs soat fy tlo prbmo komlgabsk ba ga oavbrdakoat wloro tlo

moatrgh fgaj bs gmtbae td `rbvo tlo agturgh rgto fohdw tlo kgrjot batorost rgto. Ba kdro

ngkbhbgr hgaeugeo, fomguso bt bs mdsthy td gmqubro bandrkgtbda mdamorabae tlo òeroo td

wlbml tlo prbmo systok wbhh fo `bstdrto`, ba`bvbùghs mga fo tlduelt dn gs ngmbae ]tbehor's

(72>7) sogrml prdfhok, ba tlo soaso tlgt tloy gmqubro bandrkgtbda up td tlo pdbat wloro

tlo oqubkgrebagh mda`btbdas gro sgtbsnbo`. Plbs stbhh hogvos rddk ndr g fddk-fust mymho

wlbho sldwbae tl gt, ox gato, geoats gro dptbkbzbae ga` tlus brrgtbdaghbty bs adt aooò` td

oxphgba tlo mymho.<

Plo prdfhok dn rgtbdaghbty ga` oxpomtgtbdas bs adt gfsoat ba tlo GFMP. Fdtl Lgyoj

(72=7, pp. <=”<?) ga` Kbsos (720=) romdeabzo` tlo bkpdrtgamo dn oxpomtgtbdas ba tlobr

fusbaoss mymho tlodry. Ba ngmt, GFMP bs fubht upda g hddso soaso dn rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas

wloro Hbamdha‒s hgw ldh`s3 Rdu mga nddh sdko podpho ghh tlo tbko, ga` ghh podpho sdko dn

tlo tbko, fut ydu mgaadt nddh ghh tlo podpho ghh tlo tbko. Ulgt GFMP rocomts bs tlo

pdsbtbda tlgt bt bs adt pdssbfho td nddh gay dn tlo omdadkbm geoats gaytbko (Egrrbsda,

72<2). Ndr fottor dr ndr wdrst, tlo GFMP usos g frdgòr mdamoptbda dn oxpomtgtbdas tlga

strbmt rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas. Gs Mgfghhord (6979) bhhustrgtos, rgtbdagh oxpomtgtbdas ba

kdòra kgmrdomdadkbm sooks td sunnor nrdk tlo sbkbhgr prdfhoks tlgt rgtbdagh

oxpomtgtbda mrbtbms mlgreo da tlo GFMP3 ga uamhogr hbaj td tlo folgvbdr dn gmtugh

omdadkbm gmtdrs. Plo hbtorgturo rovbowo` ba tlbs pgpor sueeosts tlgt wloa rgtbdagh

< Plo prdfhok dn sloor beadrgamo, agkohy, adt jadwbae wlgt bs uajadwa, bs ghsd okplgsbzo` ba sdko

strga`s dn GFMP. Ploso ‘uajadwa uajadwas‛ mgaadt fo sufcomt td g rgtbdagh prbmo mghmuhgtbda fomguso dn

bts rg`bmgh mlgrgmtor. Ldwovor, td adt jadw wlgt bs uajadwa bs adt brrgtbdagh, futg

rgtbdagh (Ovgas &Nrbo`kga, 6977: Egrrbsda, 72<>). Plbs grgtbdagh prosoamo ba ghh omdadkbm geoat folgvbdr mga oxphgba wly

tloy kgy adt folgvo gs strbmt rgtbdaghbty pro`bmts fut gt tlo sgko tbko suml folgvbdr bs adt brrgtbdagh.




Ygeo 7< dn =2

oxpomtgtbdas kdòhs ngbho`, tlo gttoatbda wgs turao`, gt hogst ba pgrt, td GFMP ba sogrml

dn gaswors. 2

=.0. Mgpbtgh tlodry

]urprbsbaehy, adao dn tlo gfdvo pgpors oxphbmbthy koatbda tlo rdho tlgt mgpbtgh edd`s

phgy ba GFMP. ]bamo Lgyoj's (72=7, 72=?) homturos, tlo aomossbty dn mddr`bagtbae

mdasukors‒ òkga`s wbtl prdùmors‒ supphy fy g`custbae tlo omdadky‒s lotordeoaodus

mgpbtgh stdmj lgs fooa ga bkpdrtgat pgrt dn tlo GFMP agrrgtbvo. Plo `bvoreoamo fotwooa

tlo kgrjot rgto ga` agturgh rgto dn batorost rosuhts ba ga bamrogso adt cust ba bavostkoat

prdcomts ba eoaorgh, fut ba bavostkoat prdcomts kdro ‘`bstgat‛ nrdk nbagh mdasukptbda. Ba

Lgyoj‒s mdamoptbda, tlbs `bstdrts tlo omdadky‒s strumturo dn prdùmtbda ga` bs tlo kgba

rogsda wly tlo bamrogso` mgpbtgh bavost k oat, mhgssbnbo` gs kghbavostkoat rgtlor tlga

koro dvorbavostkoat, bs uasustgbagfho. 79 Ulotlor tlo gutldrs wduh` geroo wbtl tlo

bkpdrtgamo dn mgpbtgh tlodry dr adt, tlo ngmt tlgt bt bs adt frduelt up ebvoa bts

bkpdrtgamo td GFMP bs mdaspbmudus. Ga oxmoptbda bs Mghvd (697=, p. 7>), wld usos g ga

gaghdey td ronor td tlo rohovgamo dn mgpbtgh tlodry3

Ulgtovor dao tlbajs dn tlo pdwor dn tlo Lgyoj/Kbsos kbx gs g pdsbtbvo

tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho, ga basbelt nrdk tlo tlodry bs tlgt damo mro`bt

dvor-oxpgasbda lbts tlo rogh somtdr, rdhhbae fgmj mro`bt bs uahbjohy td fo

gfho td put ‘Lukpty-@ukpty tdeotlor gegba.‛ Banhgtbda kgy sufsbò futtlo mro`bt mdatrgmtbda bs hbjohy td lgvo sovoro rogh onnomts. Ad lgr` prddn bs

dnnoro`, fut tlobr mdacomturo bs adt ogsy td rocomt.

2 Ndr romoat ‘Gustrbga‛ hbtorgturo òghbae wbtl tlo prdfhok dn rgtbdagh oxpomgtbdas soo Mgmlgadsjy

(6976g), Mghhglga ga` Ldrwbtz (6979), Mgrbhhb ga` @okpstor (6997) ga` Ovgas ga` Fgxoa`gho (699<).79

Ndr okpbrbmgh stu`bos soo Fbskgas ga` Kdueodt (6992), Mgmlgadsjy (6976f), Mgrbhhb ga` @okpstor(699<), Ldnnkgaa (6979), Joohor (6997), Hostor ga` Udhnn (697=), Hutlor ga` Mdloa (697=), Kuhhbega

(697=, 6996, 699?, 699>), Vgvbor ga` Howba (6976) ga` Rduae (699?, 6976f).




Ygeo 72 dn =2

=.?. Kdòra trogtkoats dn tlo GFMP

Yorlgps ovoa kdro bkpdrtgat tlga tlo gfsoat `bsmussbda dn mgpbtgh tlodry bs tlo

dkbssbda da gay kdòra ronoroamo td GFMP sbamo bts ogrhy òvohdpkoat. Plbs dvorhddjs

wdrj tlgt lgs fooa `dao òvohdpbae tlo kbmrdndua`gtbdas dn GFMP ga` hbajbae bt td

kdaotgry `bsoqubhbfrbuk tlodry (Ldrwbtz, 6999). Ldrwbtz `dos adt dahy wdrj da tlo

kbmrdndua`gtbdas dn GFMP, lo ghsd mdaaomts tlo tlodry td tlo prdfhok dn kdaotgry

oqubhbfrbuk ga` tlo hbtorgturo da nroo fgajbae (@dw`, 72<<, 7226, 722=: ]omlrost,

722=: ]oheba, 72<<, 722>, 7225: H. L. Ulbto, 72<0, 6977).

Egrrbsda (6997) okfd`bos tlo GFMP ba g ergplbmgh kdòh tlgt mdaaomts tlo kgrjot dn

hdgagfho nua`s, tlo prdùmtbda pdssbfbhbtbos nrdatbor ga` tlo Lgyojbga trbgaeho. 77

Egrrbsda‒s kdòh, ldwovor, bs adt cust g po`gedebmgh oxormbso td oxphgba tlo GFMP, fut bs

ghsd g sbkpho nrgkowdrj td put tlo GFMP aoxt td dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos hbjo tlo

Joyaosbga ga` tlo kdaotgrbst. Egrrbsda‒s wdrj lgs fomdko g moatrgh ronoroamo tlgt sots

tlo GFMP ba tlo mdatoxt dn kdòra kgmrdomdadkbms tlgt tlo ada-Gustrbga ronoroamos

lgvo kdsthy dvorhddjo`. Plus Egrrbsda (6997) ga` Ldrwbtz (6999) gro tlo kdst

bkpdrtgat kdòra tlodrotbmgh oxpdsbtbdas dn GFMP. ]bamo tloy ohgfdrgto da, ga`

sdkotbkos mhogr up, ogrhbor stgtokoats dn tlo tlodry, tloy mdastbtuto tlo aow

‘mgadabmgh‛ wdrjs.

77

G ndurtl kokfor dn Egrrbsda‒s kdòh, usughhy sot gsbò ndr sbkphbnbmgtbda purpdsos, bs tlo ‘mdasukortrbgaeho‛ wlbml `bnnoroatbgtos fotwooa kdro ga` hoss ùrgfho edd`s. G lduso, ndr bastgamo, lgs g hgreor

‘mdasukor trbgaeho‛ tlga ̀ baaor g rostgurgat.




Ygeo 69 dn =2

0. Plo Mgso ndr GFMP

Ploro gro g now basbelts tlgt kgjo bt rogsdagfho td pgy gttoatbda td GFMP gs fusbaoss

mymho tlodry wbtl sbeabnbmgat oxphgagtdry pdwor. Plo tlodry pdbats td omdadkbm basbelts

tlgt gro wdrtl oxphdrbae ga` lgr` td beadro damo g now roghbstbm ga` phgusbfho

gssukptbdas gro gmmopto`.

0.7. Plo GFMP fohdaes td tlo mro`bt fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos ngkbhy

Pd gmmopt tlo bòg tlgt ga oxpgasbdagry mro`bt pdhbmy mga prdùmo ga uasustgbagfho

fddk bs td gmmopt, ovoa bn mro `bt oxpgasbda bs adt tlo `bstbamtbvo uabquo gspomt dn GFMP,

tlo eoaorgh tlosbs dn GFMP. 76 Bn tloro bs g `bstbamtbvo gspomt dn GFMP, gerookoat wduh`

prdfgfhy fo da tlo onnomts prdùmo` da tlo tbko strumturo dn prdùmtbda. Ba ngmt, gs

]omlrost (7225) ga` ]lgl (7225) sldw, dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos, hbjo tlo

kdaotgrbst, kgjo uso dn sbkbhgr greukoats td tldso dn GFMP. Ubtldut beadrbae tlo

`bnnoroamos, tloro gro mhogr pgrghhohs gs wohh. Ndr bastgamo, tlo GFMP hbajs kdaotgry

pdhbmy, nbagambgh kgrjots, mgpbtgh edd`s: ga` tlo kdaotgrbst fusbaoss mymho tlodry hbajs

kdaotgry pdhbmy, nbagambgh kgrjots, ga` tlo hgfdr kgrjot. Damo lukga mgpbtgh bs

romdeabzo` gs ga bkpdrtgat ngmtdr, tloa tlbs pgrghhoh fomdkos mhogr. GFMP bs g tlodry

tlgt bhhustrgtos da dao dn tlo `bnnoroat komlgabsks tlrduel wlbml ga oxmoss dn mro`bt

mga prdùmo g kbsghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos.

76 Ndr g rovbow dn dtlor kdaotgry fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos tlgt ovdhvo` mdatokpdrgaodushy td tlo GFMP

soo Lgforhor (72=5). Kbsos (720=, p. 6?6) sgw tlo GFMP gs mdatbatgtbda dn mro`bt-mymho tlodrbos3 ‘B wbsl,

ldwovor, td stross dao kdro pdbat. Uly mghh tlbs kdaotgry dr mro`bt oxpgasbda tlodry dn tlo trgò mymho

tlo "Gustrbga" dr tlo "Gustrd-Ubmjsohhbga" tlodry4 Dn mdurso, B gk vory ergtonuh ndr tlo ldadur pgb` ba tlbs

wgy td ko ga` td ky mduatry. Fut wly ndreott tlgt lbs tlodry bs g mdatbaugtbda, pornomtbda gaèoaorghbsgtbda dn tlo Murroamy tlodry4 Aobtlor Ubmjsohh adr B kysohn adr Yrdnossdr Lgyoj lgvo ovor

ndredttoa td okplgsbso tlbs pdbat.‛




Ygeo 67 dn =2

Ploro bs ad rogsda td mdasbòr GFMP ga` dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos gs ghwgys

bamdkpgtbfho wbtl ogml dtlor. Adr bs tloro rogsda td tlbaj g mldbmo lgs td fo kgò

fotwooa tlo GFMP ga` dtlor fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos. G fusbaoss mymho tlodry kgy gpphy

ba sdko mrbsos fut adt da dtlors, ga` `bnnoroat plgsos dn g mrbsbs kbelt fo oxphgbao` wbtl

`bnnoroat fusbaoss mymho tlodrbos. Ndr bastgamo, ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo Erogt @oprossbda,

GFMP ndmusos da tlo uasustgbagfho fddk tlgt ho` td Erogt @oprossbda, wlorogs

Nrbo`kga ga` ]mlwgrtz's (72>=) kdaotgry oxphgagtbda fomdkos bkpdrtgat ba

oxphgbabae tlo uandh`bae mrbsbs, ga ` Lbees' (6992) roebko uamortgbaty tlodry oxphgbas

wly tlo mrbsbs hgsto` ndr sd hdae.7=

@bnnoroat tlodrbos ndmus da `bnnoroat komlgabsks.

Plbs bs wly, ndr bastgamo, Gustrbgas usughhy hddj gt wlgt lgppoas fondro tlo mrbsbs ga`

kdaotgrbsts gt wlgt lgppoas wloa tlo mrbsbs stgrto`. Gs ghrog`y koatbdao`, GFMP bs g

tlodry dn uasustgbagfho fddks, adt g tlodry dn tlo uandh`bae mrbsbs. Ovoa bn g kdaotgrbst

tlodry lgs adtlbae td sgy obtlor wgy gfdut ga uasustgbagfho fddk fondro g mrbsbs, tlo

prosoamo dn ga uasustgbagfho fddk bs stbhh mdasbstoat wbtl g kdaotgrbst oxphgagtbda

wloro tlo sovorbty dn tlo mrbsbs bs bamrogso` fy tlo kbslga`hbae dn kdaotgry pdhbmy.

Bt slduh` fo adto` tlgt tlo GFMP `dos adt ba btsohn prdpdso g nuhh hbqub`gtbda dn tlo

omdadky ùrbae tlo fust gs bs sdkotbkos wrdaehy fut porsbstoathy gssdmbgto` wbtl tlo

GFMP. Lgyoj (72=7, Mlgptor B^) greuos tlgt tlo rdho dn tlo kdaotgry gutldrbty bs td

joop kdaotgry oqubhbfrbuk fy joopbae adkbagh bamdko por mgpbtg (AE@Y) stgfho. Lgyoj

kgjos g `bstbamtbda fotwooa prbkgry ga` somda`gry mdatrgmtbda td `bnnoroatbgto

fotwooa tlo kdaotgry mdatrgmtbda ba g edh` stga`gr` roqubro` td gvdb` g òphotbda dn

edh` rosorvos (prbkgry mdatrgmtbda) fy bssuors fgajs ga` g ònhgtbda tlgt edos foyda`

tlbs (somda`gry mdatrgmtbda). Lgyoj dppdso` td tlo somda`gry mdatrgmtbda fomguso bt

7= Ndr g rovbow da tlo onnomts dn tlo Aow @ogh soo Gaòrsda (7202), Voo` (72<7) ga` Vdtlfgr` (72>=).




Ygeo 66 dn =2

wduh` bkpdso g kdaotgry ònhgtbdagry prossuro da tlo omdadky. Plo sgko prdfhok

gssdmbgto` td tlo kdaotgrbst oxphgagtbda dn fusbaoss mymhos (H. L. Ulbto, 699<g). Lgyoj

wgs lgr`hy tlo dahy dao gt lbs tbko greubae ndr stgfbhbzgtbda dn adkbagh bamdko (]oheba,

722>, Mlgptor <). Plbs wgs g mdkkda pdsbtbda fondro tlo Joyaosbga rovdhutbda slbnto`

batorost tdwgr` tlo adw-ngkbhbgr kgmrdgeeroegtos. Pd`gy, g sbkbhgr greukoat td

Lgyoj‒s mga fo sooa ba tlo romoat greukoats tlgt AE@Y tgreotbae ga` g prdùmtbvbty

adrk mga fo g suporbdr kdaotgry pdhbmy tlga prbmo hovoh stgfbhbzgtbda ndr moatrgh fgajs

(]ghtor, 697=: ]oheba, Fomjwdrtl, & Fglg`br, 6977: ]oheba, 722>, Mlgptor 5, 7225:

]ukaor, 6976: H. L. Ulbto, 6995). Plo bkpdrtgat tlbae bs tlgt GFMP ghhdws ndr ga

grtbnbmbgh fddk tlgt `dos adt roqubro gfdvo-troa` banhgtbda, gs ba tlo yogrs prbdr td tlo

699< mrbsbs.

0.6. Yrdùmtbda tgjos tbko

Plo GFMP ndmusos da tlo ngmt tlgt prdùmtbda tgjos tbko ga` oxgkbaos tlo onnomts dn g

pdhbmy-baùmo` mlgaeo ba batorost rgtos da tlo ghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos ba tlo prdmoss dn

prdùmtbda, wlgt Gustrbgas mghh tlo ‘tbko strumturo dn prdùmtbda.‛ Bn tlo batorost rgto

ronhomts tlo tbko pronoroamo dn omdadkbm geoats, tloa tlo batorost rgto bs tlo prbmo dn

tbko. Bt bs td fo oxpomto`, tloa, tlgt fy sottbae tlo prbmo dn tbko dutsbò tlo oqubhbfrbuk

hovoh, `bsoqubhbfrbuk ba tlo prdùmtbda prdmoss grbsos. GFMP mga fo tlduelt gs g tlodry

tlgt stu`bos tlo onnomts dn g kdaotgry pdhbmy tlgt grtbnbmbghhy mlgaeos tlo rohgtbvo prbmo dn

tbko wbtl rospomt td tlo prbmo dn edd`s ga` sorvbmos. Pd gssuko tlgt prdùmtbda bs

tbkohoss `dos gwgy wbtl tlo basbelts dn GFMP, fut tlbs bs g rgtlor lordbm gfstrgmtbda tlgt




Ygeo 6= dn =2

beadros, rgtlo r t lga ergpphos wbtl, tlo prdfhok dn mddr`bagtbae tlo omdadky‒s strumturo

dn prdùmtbda. 70

Ba g``btbda, bn prdùmtbda tgjos tbko, tloa bt ndhhdws tlgt dao mga oavbsbda stgeos dn

prdùmtbda gs ga gaghytbmgh nrgkowdrj dn ldw kdaotgry pdhbmy gnnomts tlo prdùmtbda

prdmoss gt `bnnoroat tbkos. Ndr bastgamo, kbabae dmmurs fondro ronbabae, wlbml ba tura

dmmurs fondro kgaungmturbae, wlbml ba tura dmmurs fondro `bstrbfutbda, wlbml dmmurs

fondro tlo nbagh stop fondro mdasukptbda3 rotgbhbae. Plbs bs, ba ngmt, ldw Egrrbsda (6997)

ga` Lgyoj (72=7) bhhustrgto tlo onnomts dn kdaotgry pdhbmy da tlo strumturo dn

prdùmtbda. 7? Bn prdùmtbda tgjos tbko, tloa ghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos ghdae tlo stgeos dn

prdùmtbda aoo`s td fo sustgbagfho ga` mdasbstoat wbtl mdasukor pronoroamos. Plo ldw

td prdùmos fomdkos gs bkpdrtgat gs tlo wlgt td prdùmo.

Ga omdadkbm gaghysbs tlgt romdeabzos tlgt prdùmtbda tgjos tbko kust ghsd romdeabzo

tlgt tbko lgs g prbmo tdd, ga` tlbs roqubros mdasbòrbae tlo onnomts prdùmo` fy g pdhbmy

tlgt kdvos tlo prbmo dn tbko dutsbò bts oqubhbfrbuk hovoh. Ba ossoamo, romdeabzbae tlgt

prdùmtbda tgjos tbko bkphbos gmmoptgamo dn tlo prdfhok GFMP wgs òsbeao` td sdhvo.

Ba mdatrgst, td gssuko g tbkohoss prdùmtbda tomladhdey slbnts dur gttoatbda gwgy nrdk

tlo rdho tlgt batorost rgtos phgy ba mddr`bagtbae prdùmtbda ba tbko, wlbml gssukos

rgtlor tlga greuos gwgy tlo sufstgamo dn GFMP.

70 Ploro bs g mrumbgh `bnnoroamo, ldwovor, fotwooa ga gssukptbda tlgt sbkphbnbos tlo omdadkbm prdfhok

uaòr stu`y ga` ga gssukptbda tlgt mlgaeos dr ohbkbagtos tlo prdfhok fobae stu`bo`.7? Ovoa tlduel tlo ergplbmgh oxpdsbtbda dn stgeos dn prdùmtbda bs koatbdao` ba mdatokpdrgry wdrj gs tlo

‘Lgyojbga trbgaeho,‛ bt wgs nbrst prdpdso` fy Covdas (7<57, pp. 662”6=>).




Ygeo 60 dn =2

0.=. ‘Vdua`gfdutaoss‛ bs adt g kystorbdus mdamopt

Plo mdamopt dn ‘rdua`gfdutaoss‛ phgys g moatrgh rdho ba GFMP ga` bs g joy gspomt dn

Gustrbga mgpbtgh tlodry. Vdua`gfdutaoss bs usughhy gssdmbgto` td tlo gvorgeo porbd` dn

prdùmtbda, wlbml edos tlrduel uagvdb`gfho batorprotgtbda prdfhoks. Bt bs adt tlo sgko,

ldwovor, td greuo tlgt tlo ‘gvorgeo porbd` dn prdùmtbda‛ bs g `bnnbmuht tork gs bt bs td

tgjo tlo pdsbtbda tlgt prdùmtbda `dos adt tgjo tbko. Fut tlbs `dos adt koga tlo mdamopt

mgaadt fo kogabaenuhhy `bsmusso`. G strgbeltndrwgr` kogabae dn rdua`gfdutaoss mdkos

td surngmo fy gmjadwhoèbae, hbjo Jbrzaor (6979), tlgt bavostkoat bs ndrwgr`-hddjbae

ga`, gt tlo kgreba, gro batorost-soasbtbvo: loamo tlo woèo fotwooa kgrjot ga` agturgh

rgtos mgpturo` fy GFMP bs bkpdrtgat ba tlbs mdatoxt. Bavostkoat òmbsbdas gro `rbvoa fy

tlo prosoat vghuo dn tlo oxpomto` nroo-mgsl-nhdw dn g prdcomt. Pwd prdcomts wbtl oqugh

prosoat vghuo fut `bnnoroat tbko ldrbzda lgvo g `bnnoroat soasbtbvbty td mlgaeos ba tlo

batorost rgto uso` td `bsmduat tlo oxpomto` mgsl-nhdw. G roùmtbda ba tlo `bsmduat rgto

bamrogsos tlo prosoat vghuo dn tlo hdaeor mgsl nhdw kdro tlga tlo bamrogso ba tlo sldrtor

mgsl nhdw. Plo kd`bnbo` ùrgtbda bs tlo upnrdat nbagambgh roprosoatgtbda dn

‘rdua`gfdutaoss.‛ Plo kd`bnbo` ùrgtbda roprosoats tlo sokb-ohgstbmbty dn tlo prosoat

vghuo gegbast tlo `bsmduat rgto. Ga` tlo kgmguhgy ùrgtbda roprosoats tlo wobelto`

gvorgeo porbd` dn tlo mgsl-nhdw. Kd`bnbo` ga` kgmguhgy ùrgtbda gro oqugh bn tlo rotura

dn tlo mgsl-nhdw bs mdatbaudushy mdkpduaò .̀ @urgtbda, tloa, mgpturos prombsohy tlo twd

moatrgh mdamopts gssdmbgto` td rdua`gfdutaoss. Ploro bs ad aoo`, tloa, td gssdmbgto

‘rdua`gfdutaoss‛ wbtl g kystorbdus kogabae tlgt dahy Gustrbgas uso.

Ga oatroproaour tlgt bs ngmbae prdcomts wbtl `bnnoroat kd`bnbo` ùrgtbda wbhh soo tlo

vghuo dn tlo kdro rdua`gfdut (b.o., kdro tbko-soasbtbvo) prdcomt bamrogso kdro tlga tlo

hoss rdua`gfdut prdcomt. Bt bs ovoa pdssbfho tlgt g prdcomt wbtl aoegtbvo prosoat vghuo

fomdkos prdnbtgfho gt tlo hdworo` `bsmduat rgto. @uo td tlbs mlgaeo ba rohgtbvo vghuo,




Ygeo 6? dn =2

bavostkoats gro ghhdmgto` batd kdro rdua`gfdut prdcomts. Ovoatughhy, wloa tlo moatrgh

fgaj rgbsos batorost rgtos, tlo kdro rdua`gfdut prdcomts gro adw tlo daos tlgt ngmo g

lbelor hdss ba vghuo. Plo uasustgbagfbhbty dn tlo kdro rdua`gfdut prdcomts fomdkos

ovbòat wloa tlo kgrjot batorost rgtos kdvo tdwgr`s tlo Ubmjsohhbga vghuos. Plo

brrovorsbfbhbty dn bavostkoats ga` hgfdr g`custkoat mdsts kgjos tlo mdrromtbda dn tlo

uasustgbagfho bavostkoats g mdsthy prdmoss tlgt bs sooa gs tlo fust (@bxbt, 7227). 7>

?.

Mdatokpdrgry kd`bnbmgtbdas td GFMP

GFMP lgs mlgaeo` sbamo bts mdamoptbda ba tlo ogrhy twoatbotl moatury. Fosbòs tlo

kdòra trogtkoat fy Egrrbsda (6997) ga` Ldrwbtz (6999) tloro gro twd mdatrbfutbdas

wdrtl td koatbda ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlbs pgpor, (7) tlo g``btbda dn rbsj ga` (6) tlo up`gto

dn tlo kdaotgry nrgkowdrj gssuko` fy tlo tlodry.

?.7. Vbsj

Rduae (6976) greuos tlgt tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo GFMP gs roprosoato` ba

Egrrbsda‒s kdòh bs bhh-subto` td dnnor g edd` nbt td tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs. Plo ldusbae

kgrjot, Rduae greuos, mgaadt fo mduato` gs typbmgh rdua`gfdut baùstry. Gmmdr`bae td

tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo tlodry, g fddk slduh` fo oxpomto` ba kdro rdua`gfdut

baùstrbos tlga ldusbae. Plbs ba btsohn `dos adt pdso g mlghhoaeo td tlo gfstrgmt dr

7> Plo ngmt tlgt hdaeor ga` kdro mgpbtgh batoasbvo prdcomts gro kdro soasbtbvo td mlgaeos ba tlo `bsmduat

rgto bs g wohh-ostgfhbslo` nbagambgh prbambpho. G tlodry tlgt òpbmts tlo onnomts dn kdaotgry pdhbmy da tlo

prosoat vghuo dn tlo mgsl-nhdw dn pdtoatbgh bavostkoats bs adt wdrjbae wbtl g kdòh tlgt òsmrbfos ga ‘gs

bn‛ omdadky, fut g tlodry tlgt wdrjs da ldw bavostkoat òmbsbdas gro gmtughhy kgò ba tlo kgrjot. Pdrocomt tlo basbelts dn GFMP bs td rocomt tlo rohgtbdaslbp fotwooa `bsmduat rgtos ga` prosoat vghuo dn mgsl-

nhdws gs ̀ osmrbfo` fy tlo kd`bnbo` ̀ urgtbda.




Ygeo 6> dn =2

uagpphbo` GFMP tlodry. Gs Mghhglga ga` Ldrwbtz (6979) oxphgba, GFMP bs fubht wbtl

bògh typos ga` gssukptbdas dn `bnnorbae eoaorghbty hovohs. Gt tlo kdkoat dn gpphybae

GFMP, hbjo wbtl gay tlodry, okpbrbmgh gssukptbdas pgrtbmuhgr td tlo mgso uaòr stu`y

aoo` td fo gppoaò` td tlo tlodry. H. L (Ulbto, 699<f), ndr bastgamo, oxphgbas ldw tlo

oxmoss dn mro`bt wgs mlgaaoho` td tlo ldusbae kgrjot prdùmbae tlo fddk ba tlgt

pgrtbmuhgr kgrjot ga` adt ba dtlor baùstrbos. Ldwovor, Rduae bs rbelt ba pdbatbae dut

tlgt tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo GFMP bs adt wohh subto` td ògh wbtl rbsj oxpdsuro, g

`bstbamtbvo bssuo dn tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs.

Ulbho Mdwoa (7225) dnnors g mrbtbmgh gssosskoat dn tlo GFMP fy greubae tlgt rbsj, adt

rdua`gfdutaoss, bs wlgt kgttors ba mdatokpdrgry omdadkbms, Rduae (6976) oxtoa`s

Egrrbsda‒s kdòh td oxphbmbthy gmmduat ndr rbsj aoxt td rdua`gfdutaoss ga` gpphbos tlo

kd`bnbo` kdòh td tlo 699< mrbsbs. Ebvoa tlgt GFMP gssukos tlgt prdùmtbda tgjos tbko,

ga` tlgt tbko bkphbos rbsj, Rduae‒s kdòh kgjos oxphbmbt wlgt wgs ghrog`y bkphbmbt ba

Egrrbsda‒s kdòh. Plbs ghhdws Rduae td wdrj wbtl mlgaeos ba rbsj oxpdsuro, ldh`bae

mdastgat dtlor pgrgkotors. Ba dtlor wdr`s, Egrrbsda‒s kdòh bkphbmbthy gssukos ga

bavgrbgat rbsj wlbho Rduae‒s vorsbda ghhdws ndr rbsj td mlgaeo. Rduae‒s kdòh ghhdws,

tloa, td sldw ldw kdaotgry pdhbmy ga` kgrjot roeuhgtbda mga gnnomt, uaòr mortgba

mda`btbdas, tlo hovoh dn rbsj oxpdsuro kdro tlga tlo gvorgeo porbd` dn prdùmtbda

dnnorbae g aow vgrbgtbda da tlo GFMP eoaorgh tloko.

?.6. Nbgt murroambos ga` batoragtbdagh fusbaoss mymhos

Plo òvohdpkoat dn GFMP fy Lgyoj (72=7) ga` Kbsos (7276) wgs `dao ba tlo mdatoxt dn

g edh` stga`gr` roebko. Dfvbdushy, kdaotgry roebkos lgvo mlgaeo` sbeabnbmgathy sbamo

tloso wrbtbaes. H. L. Ulbto ga` ]oheba (6979) `bsmuss ldw tlo GFMP stdry mlgaeos wloa

nbgt murroambos rophgmo tlo edh` stga`gr`. Ba tlo drbebagh vorsbda dn GFMP, ga




Ygeo 65 dn =2

oxpgasbdagry kdaotgry pdhbmy mga ad t mdatbauo oa`hosshy gs tlo hdss dn rosorvos wbhh

mdastrgbat tlo moatrgh fgaj‒s pdhbmy. 75 H. L. Ulbto ga` ]oheba (6979, p. 7<) greuo tlgt tlo

‘daedbae oxpgasbda ad hdaeor mrogtos ga oxmoss geeroegto òkga` ndr dutput‛ fomguso

tlo ‘fuhèo ba rogh dutput ngòs ga` edos aoegtbvo ùo td kghbavostkoat ùrbae tlo

fddk.‛ Ovoa tlduel tlo trbeeor tlgt rosuhts ba g rovbsbda dn kdaotgry pdhbmy bs `bnnoroat

uaòr g edh` stga`gr` tlga uaòr nbgt murroamy, tloro bs stbhh g pdbat wloa kdaotgry

pdhbmy bs rovbso`. Ba tlo mgso dn edh` stga`gr` bt bs tlo hdss dn rosorvos: ba tlo mgso dn nbgt

murroambos bt bs pddr omdadkbm porndrkgamo ga` vdtors‒ prossuro. Bt mga fo greuo` tlgt

ba tlo hgttor g psymldhdebmgh ga` pdhbtbmgh ngmtdrs phgys g hgreor rdho, fut tlbs mlgaeos

ldw tlo prdfhok bs gssosso` fy pdhbmy kgjors, adt tlo agturo dn tlo uaòrhybae

prdfhok. Bt ghsd kgjos tlo turabae pdbat dn kdaotgry pdhbmy lgròr td pro`bmt. Nbaghhy,

Ulbto ga` ]oheba ghsd pdbat dut tlgt fomguso tloro bs ad edh` mdavortbfbhbty gaykdro,

tloro bs ad `bstbamtbda td fo kgò fotwooa prbkgry ga` somda`gry ònhgtbda. Plbs pdbat

mdaaomts td tlo AE@Y tgreotbae ga` prdùmtbvbty adrk gs ruhos td joop kdaotgry

oqubhbfrbuk ga` gegbast tlo mhgbk tlgt tlo GFMP bs ba ngvdr bn hbqub`gtbae gay omdadkbm

gmtbvbty, ga` adt dahy tldso tlgt mdasuko rgtlor tlga mrogto omdadkbm vghuo.

Mgmlgadsjy (6976g) ghsd dnnors g vorsbda dn tlo GFMP wbtl nbgt murroambos fut ndmusos

da `bnnoroat bssuos tlga Ulbto ga` ]oheba. Mgmlgadsjy frbaes batd tlo tlodry oxmlgaeo

rgtos fotwooa nbgt murroambos ga` greuos tlgt tlbs bs gadtlor trgaskbssbda komlgabsk td

fo g`ò` td tlo mgadabmgh vorsbda dn tlo GFMP. Ulbho H. L. Ulbto ga` ]oheba (6979) ògh

wbtl g mhdso omdadky, Mgmlgadsjy (6976g) ga` Jdhhgr (699<) dnnor ga dpoa omdadkbos

trogtkoat. Mgmlgadsjy ghsd `bsmussos ldw batoragtbdagh kdaotgry pdhbmy mga kbshog`

75 Plbs bs g rospdaso td Lukkoh (7252), wld greuos tlgt uaòr nbgt murroambos g moatrgh fgajs `dos adt

aoo` td stdp ga oxpgasbdagry pdhbmy gs ̀ osmrbfo` fy tlo GFMP.




Ygeo 6< dn =2

moatrgh fgaj‒s kdaotgry pdhbmy gnnomtbae fdtl, tlo gvorgeo porbd` dn prdùmtbda ga` tlo

ghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos fotwooa trg`gfho ga` ada-trg`gfho baùstrbos.

>. Ydtoatbgh mdatrbfutbdas dn tlo GFMP

Fosbòs tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs, tloro gro tlroo dtlor grogs dn omdadkbms wloro GFMP

mga slo` hbelt3 tlo prdfhok dn g Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl pdsbtbvo shdpo, tlo rdho dn oxmlgaeo

rgtos ba tlo batoragtbdagh fusbaoss mymhos ga` tlo rogh onnomts dn kdaotgry sldmjs dr

wlotlor dr adt E@Y bs troa` rovortbae dr g uabt rddt sorbos.

>.7. Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl g Ydsbtbvo ]hdpo

Vgvbor (6979g, 697=) usos GFMP td fubh` da Nrbo`kga's (725>) bòg dn g Ylbhhbps Murvo

wbtl g pdsbtbvo shdpo. Gmmdr`bae td Nrbo`kga‒s homturo, g tlbr` stgeo ba tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo

rosogrml slduh` gmmduat ndr tlbs `bhokkg ga` `rgw da pdhbtbmgh folgvbdr ga` rosogrml

fobae `dao, gt tlgt kdkoat, fy smldhgrs hbjo Grrdw, Fumlgaga ga` Puhhdmj. Vgvborndhhdws g `bnnoroat pgtl fy bamdrpdrgtbae mgpbtgh tlodry batd tlo gaghysbs. Lbs greukoat

bs tlgt, fomguso mgpbtgh edd`s gro lotordeoaodus ga` mdsthy td roghhdmgto, ga

oxpgasbdagry kdaotgry pdhbmy prdùmos mgpbtgh hdssos tlgt aoegtbvohy gnnomts hgfdr

prdùmtbvbty. Ugeo stbmjbaoss ga` tlo hdss dn hgfdr prdùmtbvbty mga prdùmo g lbelor

rgto dn uaokphdykoat.

Plo g`vgatgeo dn Vgvbor‒s gpprdgml bs tlgt lbs rosuhts gro oa`deoadus td tlo `yagkbms

dn tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo ga` `dos adt aoo` td rosdrt td oxdeoadus oxphgagtbdas hbjo pdhbtbmgh

folgvbdr.




Ygeo 62 dn =2

>.6. Batoragtbdagh fusbaoss mymhos

Gmmdr`bae td Mghvd ga` Kbsljba (699=) oxmlgaeo rgtos phgy ga bkpdrtgat rdho ba tlo

trgaskbssbda dn sldmjs td skghh dpoa omdadkbms. Ba tlo mgso dn g kdaotgry sldmj,

mdavoatbdagh tlodry sueeosts tlgt g nbxo` oxmlgaeo rgto wbhh gvdb` gnnomtbae tlo rohgtbvo

prbmo fotwooa trg`gfhos ga` ada-trg`gfhos, stdppbae tlo kdaotgry sldmj nrdk lgvbae

rogh onnomts. Ba mdatrgst, ba tlo mgso dn g rogh dr prdùmtbvbty sldmj, mdavoatbdagh tlodry

sueeosts tlgt g nhoxbfho oxmlgaeo rgto mga lohp rohgtbvo prbmos td g`cust bn aomossgry.

Ndhhdwbae tlbs hdebm, tlo dutput dn skghh dpoa omdadkbos wbtl g `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto

roebko slduh` rogmt `bnnoroathy wloa ngmbae g sbkbhgr sldmj. Ldwovor, stu`bos nba` tlgt

tlbs bs adt ghwgys sd. Hgtba Gkorbmg, g roebda pgrtbmuhgrhy soasbtbvo td _.]. kdaotgry

pdhbmy, bs suml g mgso (Foaedg & ]gamloz-Vdfhos, 699=: Mghvd, Hobòrkga, & Vobalgrt,

722=: Mgadvg, 699?).

Ga batoragtbdagh gpphbmgtbda dn GFMP tlgt pgys gttoatbda td tlo mdsts gssdmbgto` wbtl tlo

kbsghhdmgtbda dn rosdurmos mga lohp td uaòrstga` wly skghh dpoa omdadkbos soo tlobr

dutput mymho hddjs sbkbhgr ovoa wloa usbae `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto roebkos. Fdtl tlo

batorost rgto ga` tlo oxmlgaeo rgto mga fomdko trgaskbssbda komlgabsk dn rosdurmo

kbsghhdmgtbda (Mgmlgadsjy, 6976g). Mgmlgadsjy (6976f), ndr bastgamo, nba`s tlgt twd

mduatrbos wbtl `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto roebkos, Mdhdkfbg ga` Ygagkg, woat tlrduel

sbkbhgr typo dn `bstdrtbdas gs pro`bmto` fy tlo GFMP gs g rogmtbda td _.]. kdaotgry

pdhbmy.

Ba g``btbda, Ldnnkgaa ga` ]mlagfh (6977) ga` Ldnnkgaa (6979, 6976) oxtoa` tlo GFMP

td tlo prdfhoks dn trgaskbssbda dn fusbaoss mymho nrdk g moator (Ourdpo) td g porbplory

(Ogstora Ourdpoga Mduatrbos), tlo noo`fgmj onnomts fotwooa mduatrbos prdùmo` fy




Ygeo =9 dn =2

fudygat oxmoss dn hbqub`bty ba tlo batoragtbdagh kgrjots ga` onnomts dn gmmdkkd`gtbvo

kdaotgry pdhbmy gntor tlo 699< mrbsbs.

>.=. Kdaotgry sldmjs wbtl ada-aoutrgh onnomts

Mgkpfohh ga` Kgajbw (72<5g, 72<5f) tgmjho tlo quostbda dn wly tlo onnomts da dutput

dn g sldmj td geeroegto òkga` (b.o. g kdaotgry sldmj) sdkotbkos tgjo qubto hdae td

vgabsl. Bn dutput bs ndrmo` gwgy nrdk troa` fomguso dn g kdaotgry sldmj, bt slduh`

prdkpthy rotura td troa`: ba stgtbstbmgh torks, tlo prdfhok bs wlotlor EY@ bs g troa`-

stgtbdagry dr g uabt rddt prdmoss. Mdmlrgao (6976), Muslkga (6976), @oHdae (6992,

6977), Ldssobajdumlgmj ga` Udhtors (697=), Jruekga (6992) ga` Kgajbw (6992g,

6992f) `bsmuss tlbs prdfhok ba tlo mdatoxt dn tlo 699< mrbsbs.

Yorrda ga` Ug`g (699?) dnnor ga ghtoragtbvo batorprotgtbda. Plobr greukoat bs adt tlgt

dutput tgjos tdd hdae td rotura td troa`, fut tlgt tloro bs g frogj ba tlo troa` dn _.]. E@Y

foebaabae ba 725=. Plbs sueeosts tlgt dutput tgjos ‘tdd hdae‛ td rotura td troa` fomguso

bt bs roturabae td g `bnnoroat pdbat. Yorrda ga` Ug`g (699?) dnnor stgtbstbmgh rogsdas dn

wly tloro bs frogj ba tlo troa` ba 725=, fut ebvo ad omdadkbm oxphgagtbda ndr wly tlbs

lgppoao`. 725= bs, ldwovor, ga bkpdrtgat dao. Gntor Abxda mhdsos tlo edh` wba`dw ba

7257, tlo mduatrbos ba tlo Erdup dn Poa geroo` td joop tlobr oxmlgaeo rgtos stgfho ga`

hot tlobr murroambos gpprombgto gegbast tlo _]@. Ba ogrhy 725=, tlbs gerookoat bs frdjoa

ga` mduatrbos hot tlobr murroambos nroohy nhdgt.

GFMP mga mdatrbfuto td uaòrstga` obtlor g shdw rotura td troa` dr g frogj ba tlo troa`.

Ba tlo ndrkor, tlo okplgsbs tlgt GFMP puts da mgpbtgh edd`s ga` lotordeoaobty ga` tlo

mdst dn rosdurmo roghhdmgtbda bkphbos tlgt gntor ga uasustgbagfho fddk tlo furòa dn

omdadkbm mdrromtbda mga shdw tlo rovorsbda dn E@Y td troa`. Omdadkbm pdhbmy ga` aow

roeuhgtbdas gntor g mrbsbs mga kgjo tlbaes wdrso, gs ùrbae tlo Aow @ogh. Fut GFMP, fy




Ygeo =7 dn =2

gssukbae mgpbtgh lotordeoaobty sots tlo stgeo td uaòrstga` wly rovort td troa` mga fo

shueebsl ga` adt gs gutdkgtbm gs tlo geeroegto òkga`-geeroegto supphy kdòh sooks

td bkphy. Plbs bs g mgso dn sldrt-tork kdaoy ada-aoutrghbty, rosuhtbae ba rosdurmo

kbsghhdmgtbda ga` roghhdmgtbda. Ba tlo hgttor mgso, g mlgaeo ba troa` bkphbos g ada-aoutrgh

onnomt dn kdaotgry pdhbmy ovoa ba tlo hdae rua. Plo Gustrbga hbtorgturo bs mlgrgmtorbzo`

ndr tlo okplgsbs ba tlo ngmt tlgt kdaoy aoutrghbty bs ga gssukptbda tlgt `dos adt ldh` ba

tlo rogh wdrh`. 7< Ga grtbnbmbgh fddk tlgt gnnomts tlo òtorkbagats dn oqubhbfrbuk

(rosdurmos gro wgsto` dr pronoroamos mlgaeo ba g `bnnoroat wgy tlga kdaotgry pdhbmy

slduh` adt lgppoa) lgs ada aoutrgh onnomts ba tlo hdae-rua. Plo mdkpdsbtbda dn tlo

oqubhbfrbuk mga fo gnnomto`, ga` dao dn tldso mdkpdaoats mduh` fo tbko pronoroamo,

wlbml bs bkpdrtgat ba òtorkbabae tlo hdae-rua erdwtl rgto. Bt kbelt adt fo ga gmmbòat

tlgt tlo mlgaeo ba troa` ndua` fy Yorrda ga` Ug`g (699?) gntor g kgcdr kdaotgry

bastbtutbdagh mlgaeo wgs ndhhdwo` fy g òmgò dn lbel banhgtbda tlgt oaò` ba ga

omdadkbm mrbsbs.

5. Mdamhusbdas

Uo lgvo sldwa tlgt tlo 699< nbagambgh mrbsbs lgs slgjoa tlo stgto dn kgmrdomdadkbms td

tlo pdbat tlgt sdko smldhgrs lgvo turao` td tlo damo-ndredttoa fusbaoss mymho tlodry dn

Kbsos ga` Lgyoj ndr gaswors. Ndr tlbs oatorprbso td fo prdùmtbvo, bt bs aomossgry td

jadw wlgt gspomts dn tlo tlodry lgvo fooa mdrromthy mgpturo`, wlgt lgs fooa

kbsgpphbo` dr kbsuaòrstdd`, wlgt bkpdrtgat gspomts tlgt mga mdatrbfuto lgvo fooa

dvorhddjo`, ga` wlgt g`vgamokoats lgvo dmmurro` sbamo tlo `gys dn Kbsos ga` Lgyoj

tlgt kgjo tlo tlodry kdro mdkpgtbfho wbtl mdatokpdrgry omdadkbms. Uo òhbaogto tlo

7< Ndr g ̀ bsmussbda ba kdaotgry ada-aoutrghbty ba tlo hdae rua soo Vgvbor (6979f).




Ygeo =6 dn =2

trogtkoat dn GFMP `bstbaeubslbae fotwooa wlgt lgs fooa sgb` rbelt, wlgt lgs fooa sgb`

wrdae ga` wlgt lgs fooa dvorhddjo`.

Uo ghsd sueeost ldw tlo kdòra trogtkoat dn tlo GFMP mga mdatrbfuto td `bnnoroat

mdatokpdrgry omdadkbm puzzhos, hbjo tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl g pdsbtbvo shdpo, dutput

mdkdvokoat ba skghh dpoa omdadkbos wbtl `bnnoroat oxmlgaeo rgto roebkos ga` tlo

prdfhok dn E@Y gs g troa`-rovortbae dr g uabt rddt sorbos. Mortgbahy nurtlor rosogrml ba

ghh tloso grogs bs aooò`. Uo tlbaj tlgt tlo trogtkoat ga` hgydut wo prosoat ba tlbs

pgpor sldws tlgt tloro gro egbas dn trgò td fo egbao` fotwooa ‘Gustrbgas‛ ga` ‘ada-

Gustrbgas.‛ Plbs batohhomtugh grfbtrgeo lgs tlo pdtoatbgh td oxpga` sbeabnbmgathy tlo

oxphgagtdry pdwor dn kdòra omdadkbms, ga` slduh` fo okfrgmo` fy ghh omdadkbsts,

ldwovor tloy sohn-bòatbny.




Ygeo == dn =2

<. Vonoroamos

Gaòrsda, F. K. (7202). Omdadkbms Ga` Plo Yufhbm Uohngro (72<9tl o`.). Ba`bgagpdhbs3Hbforty Nua`.

Foaedg, K., & ]gamloz-Vdfhos, F. (699=). Ndrobea @bromt Bavostkoat, Omdadkbm Nroo`dkga` Erdwtl3 Aow Ovbòamo nrdk Hgtba Gkorbmg. Ourdpoga Cduragh dn YdhbtbmghOmdadky , 72 , ?62”?0?. `db379.797>/]975>-6><9(9=)99977-2

Fbskgas, N., & Kdueodt, M. (6992). Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry3 Okpbrbmgh Ovbòamo.Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 66 (=), 607”6?5. `db379.7995/s777=<-992-99<0->

Fdrbd, M., & @bsygtgt, Y. (6977). Ehdfgh Bkfghgamos ga` tlo Nbagambgh Mrbsbs3 Hbaj dr adHbaj4 Fgsoh3 FB] Udrjbae Ygpors =0>.

Mgfghhord, V. C. (6979). Kgmrdomdadkbms gntor tlo Mrbsbs3 Pbko td @ogh wbtl tlo Yrotoaso-dn-Jadwhoèo ]ya`rdko. Cduragh dn Omdadkbm Yorspomtbvos, 60 (0), <?”796.`db379.76?5/cop.60.0.<?

Mgmlgadsjy, A. (6976g). Plo Kbsos-Lgyoj fusbaoss mymho tlodry, nbgt murroambos ga`dpoa omdadkbos. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms. `db379.7995/s777=<-976-97<<-6

Mgmlgadsjy, A. (6976f). Plo Batoragtbdagh Onnomts dn Kdaotgry Ydhbmy ba tlo Mgpbtgh

]trumturo dn Yrdùmtbda3 Plo Mgsos dn Mdhdkfbg ga` Ygagkg (6996-6995). ]]VAOhomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.6759?>>

Mgmlgadsjy, A. (6976m). Ubaaor‒s Murso ga` tlo Vgtbdagh Oxpomtgtbdas Mrbtbquo dn tloKbsos-Lgyoj Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry. ]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh .`db379.67=2/ssra.696?>>>

Mgh`wohh, F. C. (697=). Dn Ydsbtbvbsk ga` tlo Lbstdry dn Omdadkbm Plduelt. ]dutloraOmdadkbm Cduragh , 52 (0), 5?=”5>5.

Mghhglga, E., & Egrrbsda, V. U. (699=). @dos tlo Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry LohpOxphgba tlo @dt-Mdk Fddk ga` Fust4 Plo Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms,>(6), >5”2<.

Mghhglga, E., & Ldrwbtz, ]. E. (6979). Plo Vdho dn Bògh Pypos ba Gustrbga Fusbaoss MymhoPlodry. G`vgamos ba Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 70 (6979), 69?”660. `db379.779</]7?62-67=0(6979)999997097=

Mghvd, E. G. (697=). Yuzzhbae Dvor tlo Gagtdky dn Mrbsos3 Hbqub`bty ga` to ôbh dnNbagamo. Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//www.mdhukfbg.où/~em66<>/`dmukoats/MghvdFDCpgporKgy697=VO^Cuao

6<697=.p`n




Ygeo =0 dn =2

Mghvd, E. G., Hobòrkga, H., & Vobalgrt, M. (722=). Mgpbtgh Banhdws ga` Vogh OxmmlgaeoVgto Gpprombgtbda ba Hgtba Gkorbmg.]tgnn Ygpors , 09 (7).

Mghvd, E. G., & Kbsljba, N. ]. (699=). Plo Kbrgeo dn Oxmlgaeo Vgto Voebkos ndr OkorebaeKgrjot Mduatrbos. Cduragh dn Omdadkbm Yorspomtbvos, 75 (0), 22”77<.

Mgkpfohh, C. R., & Kgajbw, E. (72<5g). Gro Dutput Nhumtugtbdas Prgasbtdry4 Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Omdadkbms, 796 (0), <?5”<<9.

Mgkpfohh, C. R., & Kgajbw, E. (72<5f). Yorkgaoat ga` Prgasbtdry Mdkpdaoats baKgmrdomdadkbm Nhumtugtbdas. Gkorbmga Omdadkbm Vovbow , 55 (6), 777”775.

Mgadvg, N. (699?). Plo Prgaskbssbda dn _] ]ldmjs td Hgtba Gkorbmg. Cduragh dn GpphboÒmdadkotrbms, 69 (6), 662”6?7. `db379.7996/cgo.<=5

Mgrbhhb, G. K., & @okpstor, E. K. (6997). Oxpomtgtbdas ba Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry3

Ga Gpphbmgtbda dn tlo Yrbsdaor‒s @bhokkg. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 70 (0),=72”==9.

Mgrbhhb, G. K., & @okpstor, E. K. (699<). Bs tlo Gustrbga fusbaoss mymho tlodry stbhhrohovgat4 Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 67 (0), 657”6<7. `db379.7995/s777=<-99<-9900->

Mdmlrgao, C. (6976). Baovbtgfho ]hdw Vomdvory4 Plo Erukpy Omdadkbst . Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//cdlalmdmlrgao.fhdespdt.mdk/6976/9</baovbtgfho-shdw-romdvorbos.ltkh

Mdwoa, P. (7225). Vbsj ga` Fusbaoss Mymhos3 Aow ga` Dh` Gustrbga Yorspomtbvos. AowRdrj3 Vduthoèo.

Muslkga, @. D. (6976). Kgajbw vs. @oHdae ga` Jruekga da tlo MOG‒s Vogh E@YNdromgsts ba Ogrhy 69923 Ulgt Kbelt g Pbko ]orbos Omdadkotrbmbga Lgvo ]gb`4 Omda Cduragh Ugtml , 2(=), =92”=02.

@oHdae, F. (6992). Yorkgaoat ga` Prgasbtdry Mdkpdaoats dn Vogh E@Y. Frg` @oHdae‒s]okb-@gbhy Cduragh . Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//òhdae.typopg`.mdk/s c̀/6992/9=/porkgaoat-ga`-trgasbtdry-mdkpdaoats-dn-rogh-e`p.ltkh

@oHdae, F. (6977). Ros, Vomdvory ba tlo Erogt @oprossbda ]tgrto` wbtl Vddsovoht3]toploa Ubhhbgksda Pgjos td Lbs Ngbatbae Mduml @opgrtkoat. Frg` @oHdae‒s ]okb-@gbhy Cduragh . Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//òhdae.typopg`.mdk/s`c/6977/92/yos-romdvory-ba-tlo-erogt-òprossbda-stgrto -̀wbtl-rddsovoht-stoploa-wbhhbgksda-tgjos-td-lbs-ngbatbae-mduml-òpgrtkoat.ltkh

@bgkda`, @. U., & Vgcga, V. E. (6992g). Bhhbqub`bty ga` Batorost Vgto Ydhbmy. Mgkfrbèo3AFOV Udrjbae Ygpor ]orbos 7?725.

@bgkda`, @. U., & Vgcga, V. E. (6992f). Plo Mro`bt Mrbsbs3 Mdacomturos gfdut Mgusos ga`

Voko`bos. Gkorbmga Omdadkbm Vovbow , 22 (6), >9>”>79. `db379.76?5/gor.22.6.>9>




Ygeo =? dn =2

@bxbt, G. J. (7227). Brrovorsbfho Bavostkoat wbtl Yrbmo Mobhbaes. Cduragh dn YdhbtbmghOmdadky , 22 (=), ?07”??5.

@dw`, J. (72<<). Gutdkgtbm ]tgfbhbzbae Komlgabsks _aòr Nroo Fgajbae. Mgtd Cduragh ,5 (=), >0=”>?2.

@dw`, J. (7226). Plo Oxporboamo dn Nroo Fgajbae . Hda`da ga` Aow Rdrj3 Vduthoèo.

@dw`, J. (722=). Hgbssoz-Ngbro Fgajbae . (K. C. Vbzzd & H. L. Ulbto, O`s.) (722>tl o`.).Hda`da3 Vduthoèo.

Ovgas, G. C., & Fgxoa`gho, P. (699<). Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry ba Hbelt dn VgtbdaghOxpomtgtbdas3 Plo Vdho dn Lotordeoaobty, tlo Kdaotgry Nddtprbat, ga` G`vorso]ohomtbda ba Kdaotgry Oxpgasbda. Plo Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms,77 (6), <7”2=. ̀ db379.7995/s7677=-99<-29=0->

Ovgas, G. C., & Nrbo`kga, C. (6977). ‘]ogrml‛ vs. ‘Frdwso‛3 G Plodry dn Orrdr Erduaò`da Vg`bmgh (adt Vgtbdagh) Beadrgamo. Mrbtbmgh Vovbow , 6=(7-6), 5=”790.`db379.79<9/9<27=<77.6977.?50057

Nrbo`kga, K. (72>0). Kdaotgry ]tu`bos dn tlo Agtbdagh Furogu. Ba Plo DptbkukWugatbty dn Kdaoy ga` Dtlor Ossgys (72>2tl o`.). Mlbmged3 G`hbao.

Nrbo`kga, K. (725>). Banhgtbda ga` _aokphdykoat. Ba Adfoh Kokdrbgh Homturo .

Nrbo`kga, K. (722=). Plo ‘Yhumjbae Kdòh‛ dn Fusbaoss Nhumtugtbdas Vovbsbto`.Omdadkbm Baqubry , \\\B (Gprbh), 757”755.

Nrbo`kga, K., & ]mlwgrtz, G. C. (72>=). G Kdaotgry Lbstdry dn tlo _abto` ]tgtos, 7<>5-72>9 . Fusbaoss (^dh. ?, p. 799). Yrbamotda3 Yrbamotda _abvorsbty Yross.`db379.6=95/6?90009

Egrrbsda, V. U. (72<>). Nrdk Hgmlkgaa td Humgs3 Da Bastbtutbdas, Oxpomtgtbdas, gaÒqubhbfrgtbae Poaòambos. Ba B. K. Jbrzaor (O`.), ]ufcomtbvbsk, Batohhbebfbhbty gaÒmdadkbm _aòrstga`bae (pp. <5”797). Aow Rdrj ga` Hda`da3 Aow Rdrj _abvorsbtyYross ga` Kgmkbhhga Md.

Egrrbsda, V. U. (72<2). Plo Gustrbga tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho ba tlo hbelt dn kdòrakgmrdomdadkbms. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, =(7), =”62.`db379.7995/FN97?=2???

Egrrbsda, V. U. (6997). Pbko ga` Kdaoy. Plo Kgmrdomdadkbms dn Mgpbtgh ]trumturo . (K. C.Vbzzd & H. L. Ulbto, O`s.) (6996a` o`.). Hda`da ga` Aow Rdrj3 Vduthoèo.

Lgforhor, E. (72=5). Yrdsporbty ga` @oprossbda (720>tl o`.). Aow Rdrj3 _abto` Agtbdas.

Lgyoj, N. G. (72=7). Yrbmos ga` Yrdùmtbda (72>5tl o`.). Aow Rdrj3 Gueustus K. Johhoy.

Lgyoj, N. G. (72==). Kdaotgry Plodry ga` tlo Prgò Mymho . (A. Jgh`dr & L. K. Mrddko,Prgas.). Aow Rdrj3 ]oatry Yross.




Ygeo => dn =2

Lgyoj, N. G. (72=?). Plo Kgbatoagamo dn Mgpbtgh. Omdadkbmg, 6(5), 607”65>.

Lbees, V. (6992). Voebko _amortgbaty. Plo Baòpoaòat Vovbow , 7(0), ?>7”?29.

Ldnnkgaa, G. (6979). Ga Dvorbavostkoat Mymho ba Moatrgh ga` Ogstora Ourdpo4Kotrdomdadkbmg , >7(0), 577”5=0. `db379.7777/c.70>5-222\.6979.9079=.x

Ldnnkgaa, G. (6976). Sord-Batorost Vgto Ydhbmy ga` _abatoaò` Mdasoquoamos baOkorebae Kgrjots. ]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.69??>29

Ldnnkgaa, G., & ]mlagfh, E. (6977). G ^bmbdus Mymho dn Kgabgs, Mrbsos ga` GsykkotrbmYdhbmy Vospdasos - Ga Dvorbavostkoat ^bow. Plo Udrh` Omdadky , =0(=), =<6”09=.`db379.7777/c.70>5-2597.6977.97==0.x

Ldrwbtz, ]. E. (6999). Kbmrdndua`gtbdas ga` Kgmrdomdadkbms3 Ga Gustrbga Yorspomtbvo (699=r` o`.). Hda`da ga` Aow Rdrj3 Vduthoèo.

Ldssobajdumlgmj, K., & Udhtors, K. L. (697=). @d hgreo romossbdas roùmo dutputporkgaoathy4 Omdadkbms Hottors, 767 (=), ?7>”?72.`db379.797>/c.omdahot.697=.79.976

Luko, K., & ]oatgamo, G. (6992). Plo ehdfgh mro`bt fddk3 Mlghhoaeos ndrkgmrdomdadkbms ga` pdhbmy. Cduragh dn Batoragtbdagh Kdaoy ga` Nbagamo , 6<(<),706>”70>7. `db379.797>/c.cbkdanba.6992.9<.992

Lukkoh, C. V. (7252). Yrdfhoks wbtl Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry. Vogsda Ygpors ,? (Ubator), 07”?=.

Covdas, U. ]. (7<57). Plo Plodry dn Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky (7<<<tl o`.). Hda`da ga` AowRdrj3 Kgmkbhhga ga` Md., Hbkbto`.

Joohor, C. Y. (6997). Okpbrbmgh Ovbòamo da tlo Gustrbga Fusbaoss. Plo Vovbow dn GustrbgaOmdadkbms, 70 (0), ==7”=?7.

Jbrzaor, B. K. (6979). Ossgys da Mgpbtgh ga` Batorost . (Y. C. Fdottjo & N. ]gutot, O`s.).Ba`bgagpdhbs3 Hbforty Nua`.

Jdla, K. (6990). ^ghuo ga` Oxmlgaeo.Mgtd Cduragh

, 60

(=), =9=”==2.Jdhhgr, K. (699<). Yrdùmtbda ]trumturo ba tlo Mdatoxt dn Batoragtbdagh Prgò. Plo

Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 77 (7), 7<”06. ̀ db379.7995/s7677=-99<-2962-=

Jruekga, Y. (6992). Vddts dn ovbh (wdajbsl). Plo Mdasmboamo dn g Hbforgh . Votrbovo` nrdklttp3//jruekga.fhdes.aytbkos.mdk/6992/9=/9=/rddts-dn-ovbh-wdajbsl/4Tr;9

Hgh, @. (6979). Plo Erogt Mrgsl dn 699<3 Mgusos ga` Mdasoquoamos. Mgtd Cduragh , =9(6),6>?”655.

Hobcdalunvu ,̀ G. (6992). Dut dn tlo Mdrrb`dr3 Joyaos ga` tlo Mrbsbs. Mgkfrbèo Cduragh dnOmdadkbms, ==(0), 507”5?5. `db379.792=/mco/fop966




Ygeo =5 dn =2

Hostor, V. F., & Udhnn, C. ]. (697=). Plo Okpbrbmgh Vohovgamo dn tlo Kbsos-Lgyoj Plodry dntlo Prgò Mymho. Plo Vovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 6>(0), 0==”0>7.`db379.7995/s777=<-97=-966?-2

Humgs, V. O. (7256). Oxpomtgtbdas ga` tlo Aoutrghbty dn Kdaoy. Cduragh dn OmdadkbmPlodry , 0(6), 79=”760.

Hutlor, U. C., & Mdloa, K. (697=). Da tlo Okpbrbmgh Vohovgamo dn tlo Kbsos-LgyojPlodry dn tlo Prgò Mymho. ]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.6=0?5?7

Kgajbw, E. (6992g). Pogk Dfgkg da tlo _abt Vddt Lypdtlosbs. Eroe Kgajbw‒s Fhde .Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//eroekgajbw.fhdespdt.mdk/6992/9=/togk-dfgkg-da-uabt-rddt-lypdtlosbs.ltkh

Kgajbw, E. (6992f). Ugaag fot sdko dn tlgt Adfoh kdaoy4 Eroe Kgajbw‒s Fhde .Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//eroekgajbw.fhdespdt.mdk/6992/9=/wgaag-fot-sdko-dn-

tlgt-adfoh-kdaoy.ltkh

KmJbaada, V. (6979). Volgfbhbtgtbae tlo _ahdvo` @dhhgr ]tga`gr`. Gsbga-YgmbnbmOmdadkbm Hbtorgturo, 60 (6), 7”7<. `db379.7777/c.70>5-<077.6979.976?<.x

Kohtzor, G. L. (6992). Vonhomtbdas da tlo Nbagambgh Mrbsbs.Mgtd Cduragh , 62 (7), 6?”=9.

Koaeor, M. (7<57). Yrbambphos dn Omdadkbms (6990tl o`.). Gufura3 Plo Hu`wbe vda KbsosBastbtuto.

Kbsos, H. vda. (7276). Plo Plodry dn Kdaoy ga` Mro`bt . (L. O. Fgtsda, Prgas.) (72<7st o`.).Ba`bgagpdhbs3 Hbforty Nua`.

Kbsos, H. vda. (720=). ‘Ohgstbm Oxpomtgtbdas‛ ga` tlo Gustrbga Plodry dn tlo Prgò Mymho.Omdadkbmg, 79 (=2), 6?7”6?6.

Kbsos, H. vda. (7202). Lukga Gmtbda (722>tl o`.). Brvbaetda-da-Lu`sda3 Plo Ndua`gtbdandr Omdadkbm Oùmgtbda. Votrbovo` nrdk lttp3//kbsos.dre/`dmukoat/=6?9

Kuhhbega, V. N. (6996). G Lgyojbga Gaghysbs dn tlo ]trumturo dn Yrdùmtbda. Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, ? (6), 75”==.

Kuhhbega, V. N. (699?). Plo Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho3 G ômtdr Orrdr-mdrromtbda Kdòhwbtl Mdkkormbgh ga` Baùstrbgh Hdgas. Cduragh dn Yrbvgto Oatorprbsor , 67 (7), ?7”27.

Kuhhbega, V. N. (699>). Ga Okpbrbmgh Oxgkbagtbda dn Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry. PloWugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 2(6), >2”2=.

Kuhhbega, V. N. (697=). Aow ovbòamo da tlo strumturo dn prdùmtbda3 Vogh ga` Gustrbgafusbaoss mymho tlodry ga` tlo nbagambgh bastgfbhbty lypdtlosbs. Cduragh dn OmdadkbmFolgvbdr & Dregabzgtbda , <>, >5”55. `db379.797>/c.cofd.6976.76.965

Dppors, ]. O. (6996). Plo Gustrbga Plodry dn Fusbaoss Mymhos3 Dh` Hossdas ndr KdòraOmdadkbm Ydhbmy4




Ygeo =< dn =2

Yorrda, Y., & Ug`g, P. (699?). Proa` ga` Mymhos3 G Aow Gpprdgml ga` Oxphgagtbdas dn]dko Dh` Yuzzhos. Mdkputbae ba Omdadkbms ga` Nbagamo 699? , 6?6 .

Vgvbor, G. D. (6979g). Oa Fusmg òh Yhoad Okphod. Ostu`bds ò Kgmrdomdadkëg Gustrëgmg yOmdadkëg Mdkpgrg`g (7st o`., p. =79). Kg`rb`, ]pgba3 _abýa O`btdrbgh.

Vgvbor, G. D. (6979f). Hg ad aoutrghb`g` òh `baord oa oh hgred phgzd. _a òfgto oatroMlbmged & ^boag.Mugòrads ò Omdadkëg , ?6 (7).

Vgvbor, G. D. (697=). @yagkbm Kdaotgry Plodry ga` tlo Ylbhhbps Murvo wbtl g Ydsbtbvo]hdpo. Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 7>(6), 7>?”7<>.

Vgvbor, G. D., & Howba, Y. (6976). Plo ]ufprbko Mrbsbs. Wugrtorhy Cduragh dn GustrbgaOmdadkbms, 7? (7), 0?”50.

Voo`, H. U. (72<7). Erogt Kytls Erogt @oprossbda . Yufhbm Ydhbmy (699<tl o`.). Kgmjbagm

Moator ndr Yufhbm Ydhbmy.

Vdtlfgr`, K. A. (72>=). Gkorbmg‒s Erogt @oprossbda (6999tl o`.). Gufura3 Hu`wbe vdaKbsos Bastbtuto.

]ghtor, G. U. (697=). Vdfust Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky ga` tlo Hoaòr dn Hgst Vosdrt. ]]VAOhomtrdabm Cduragh . `db379.67=2/ssra.660>75>

]mlwgrtz, G. C. (6992). Drbebas dn tlo Nbagambgh Kgrjot Mrbsbs dn 699<. Mgtd Cduragh , 62 (7),72”6=.

]omlrost, H. C. (722=). Nroo Fgajbae. Plodry, Lbstdry, ga` g Hgbssoz-Ngbro Kdòh (699<tlo`.). Gufura3 Plo Hu`wbe vda Kbsos Bastbtuto.

]omlrost, H. C. (7225). Gustrbga ga` Kdaotgrbst Fusbaoss Mymho Plodrbos3 ]ufstbtutos drMdkphokoats4 G`vgamos ba Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 0, 5”=7.

]oheba, E. G. (72<<). Plo Plodry dn Nroo Fgajbae . Hgalgk3 MGPD Bastbtuto ga` Vdwkga &Hbtthonboh`.

]oheba, E. G. (722>). Fgaj @oroeuhgtbda ga` Kdaotgry Dròr (6996a` o`.). Aow Rdrj3

Vduthoèo.]oheba, E. G. (7225). Hoss Plga Sord . Hda`da3 Plo Bastbtuto dn Omdadkbm Gnngbrs.

]oheba, E. G., Fomjwdrtl, @., & Fglg`br, F. (6977). Plo Yrdùmtbvbty Egp3 Yrdùmtbvbty]ureos gs g ]durmo dn Kdaotgry Oxmoss. _apufhbslo` pgpor.

]lgl, Y. C. (7225). Plo Plodry dn Fusbaoss Nhumtugtbdas3 Aow Joyaosbgas, Dh`Kdaotgrbsts, ga` Gustrbgas. G`vgamos ba Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 0, ==”>6.

]tbehor, E. C. (72>7). Plo Omdadkbms dn Bandrkgtbda. Plo Cduragh dn Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky ,

=(=), 67=”66?.

]ukaor, ]. (6976). Plo Mgso ndr Adkbagh E@Y Pgreotbae. Kormgtus Vosogrml .




Pgyhdr, C. F. (6992). Eottbae Dnn Prgmj . ]tgandr`3 Lddvor Bastbtuto Yross.

Ulbto, H. L. (72<0). Nroo Fgajbae ba Frbtgba. Plodry, Oxporboamo ga` @ofgto, 7<99-7<0? (722?tl o`.). Hda`da3 Plo Bastbtuto dn Omdadkbm Gnngbrs.

Ulbto, H. L. (6995). Ulgt Pypo dn Banhgtbda Pgreot4 Mgtd Cduragh , 65 (6), 6<=”6<<.

Ulbto, H. L. (699<g). @b` Lgyoj ga` Vdffbas @oopoa tlo Erogt @oprossbda4 Cduragh dnKdaoy, Mro`bt ga` Fgajbae , 09 (0), 5?7”5><.

Ulbto, H. L. (699<f). Ldw @b` Uo Eot batd Plbs Nbagambgh Koss4 Ugslbaetda @.M.

Ulbto, H. L. (6977). G Edh` ]tga`gr` wbtl Nroo Fgajbae Uduh` Lgvo Vostrgbao` tloFddk ga` Fust. Mgtd Cduragh , =7(=), 025”?90.

Ulbto, H. L., & ]oheba, E. G. (6979). Plo Gustrbga tlodry dn tlo fusbaoss mymho ba g nbgt

kdaoy roebko.

Ulbto, U. V. (6992). Kdòra Kgmrdomdadkbms Bs da tlo Urdae Prgmj. Nbagamo &@ovohdpkoat , @omokfor , 7?”7<.

Ubmjsohh, J. (7<2<). Batorost ga` Yrbmos (72>6a` o`.). Aow Rdrj3 ]oxtry Yross.

Ubmjsohh, J. (72=0). Homturos da Ydhbtbmgh Omdadky (7255tl o`.). Ngbrnboh`3 Gueustus K.Johhoy.

Rduae, G. P. (699?). Voghhdmgtbae hgfdr td babtbgto mlgaeos ba mgpbtgh strumturos3 Lgyojrovbsbto`. Omdadkbms Hottors, <2(=), 65?”6<6. `db379.797>/c.omdahot.699?.9?.9==

Rduae, G. P. (6976g). Gustrbga Fusbaoss Mymho Plodry3 G Kdòra Gpprgbsgh. Ba Y. C.Fdottjo & M. C. Mdyao (O`s.), Dxndr` Lga`fddj dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms . Dxndr`3 Dxndr`_abvorsbty Yross.

Rduae, G. P. (6976f). Plo Pbko ]trumturo dn Yrdùmtbda Ba Plo _], 6996”6992. PloVovbow dn Gustrbga Omdadkbms, 6? (6), 55”26. ̀ db379.7995/s777=<-977-97?<-9

Sgadttb, E. C., & Mgmlgadsjy, A. (697=). Plo Opbstokdhdebmgh Bkphbmgtbdas dn Kgmlhup‒s

Batorprotgtbda dn Kbsos's Opbstokdhdey.]]VA Ohomtrdabm Cduragh

.`db379.67=2/ssra.6662?59

Renewed interest in Austrian Business Cycle Theory

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