Renewable Ocean Energy in Europe M. T. Pontes LNEG , Lisboa, Portugal
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Renewable Ocean Energy in Europe
M. T. Pontes
LNEG , Lisboa, Portugal
IDMEC / IST, Lisboa, Portugal
Institute of Mechanical Engineering
21st May 2010 Gijòn, España
3rd European Maritime Day Stakeholder Conference
Session 2.6 – Offshore Renewable Energy in a Regional Context
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OCEAN ENERGYSOURCES
Tides Dam and Reservoir
Marine Currents Tidal and others
OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Waves
Osmotic Power
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MARINE CURRENTSMARINE CURRENTS
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TIDAL CURRENTS
• An alternative to basin tidal plants: fast-flowing marine currents caused by tidal action• Narrow constrictions produce the fastest flows
• Energy can be captured by submerged turbines
• Total resource – 5 TW, but only a small part can be extracted (near coast, in straits)
• Predictable & high load factor (up to 40-50%)
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OpenHydro (IE)1 MW - Bay of Fundy, Ca
SeaGen (UK)1.2 MW – IE
Kobold Turbine (IT)Indonesia
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WAVE ENERGY
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Global Wave Energy Resource
Gross: 4 TW, Net: 3 TW (average electrical energy consumption: 2 TW)
More abundant in moderate to high latitudes
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A few basic concepts:
- Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
- “Point Absorber”
- Large oscillating-body (multi-body)
- Run-up devices
A large number of designs (>50) of which a few (≈15 ?) reached (or are close to) the prototype stage.
Slow convergence to a small number of basic designs.
The extensive exploitation of the wave energy resource by large farms of offshore devices.
PRESENT SITUATION
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OWCsShoreline Pico (PT)
Point Absorbers Multibody
Pelamis (UK)
WaveStar (DK)
Floating OE Buoy (IE)
Power buoy (US)
Wavebob (IE)
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NEARSHORE DEVICES
Bottom – MountedOYSTER (UK)
Run-UpWave Dragon (DK)
SSG (Norway)
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The technology is more difficult than wind.
From the develpment and economic point of view, the situation is similar to wind in the 1980s ?
Except for a few shoreline OWCs (Pico 1999, Islay 2000), there is little or no experience of maintenance, reliability and survival (under extreme conditions) in real open-ocean, for more than a few months.
Scarce reliable information on costs and economics.
Often, what is advertised by development teams is based on scenarios and projections assuming cost reductions.
PRESENT SITUATION
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For most technologies, the capacity factor: annual-averaged power divided by rated power, is similar to wind (~0.3) (possibly larger in the southern hemisphere due to smaller seasonal variations).
At the present stage of technology development, the unit cost of electricity from waves ranges between wind and large photovoltaics.
In order to be competitive with onshore wind, a cost reduction factor of about 3 will be required for the best designs (2 or less if compared with offshore wind).
The relatively large investments from private companies in wave technology (especially in Europe) indicate that such cost reductions are believed to be feasible (within 10+ years?).
PRESENT SITUATION
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Structure27%
Mechanical & electrical 49%
Mooring5%
Installation13%
GridConnection 4%
Management5%
Structure27%
Mechanical & electrical 49%
Mooring5%
Installation13%
GridConnection 4%
Management5%
Source: Carbon Trust, UK, 2006
Typical Breakdown of Capital Costs for a Wave Farm
COSTS
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Capital costs of first prototypes and first production models
First prototype: 6 – 13 k€/kW
First production model: 2 – 6 k€/kW
Cost of energy at present stage of development, small farms up to 10 MW, rate of return 15%
Range of estimates 0.20 – 0.60 €/kWh
Central estimates 0.32 – 0.36 €/kWh
Source: Carbon Trust, UK, 2006
Lowest costs for shoreline and nearshore OWCs (possibly in breakwaters) ?
COSTS
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Scenarios for cost reductions
(based on the evolution of other technologies)
Based on :
• Initial unit cost of produced electrical energy (€/kWh).
• Learning rate: percentage decrease in cost each time installed power capacity is doubled.
Scenario A “pessimistic”: initial 0.36 €/kWh learning rate 10%
Scenario B “optimistic”: initial 0.31 €/kWh learning rate 15%
COSTS
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Barriers
• No electrical grid access.
• No room in the energy mix.
• Administrative processes long and UNPREDICTABLE
(Licensing, Grid Access, Public Funds, Tariffs).
• No or limited access to relevant data (waves, winds,
currents, type of bottom…) in a proper format.
Challenges, Risks and Barriers
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Classes of non-techn. barriers, typical examples Mitigation mechanisms
Challenges, Risks and Barriers
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Define targets and clear strategies
Infrastructures and logistics
Financial incentives.
Simplification of licensing procedures
Access to the electrical grid
Access to field data
Promote internal market
• Feed-in tariff
• Define internal market (% of energy mix)
PUBLIC POLICIES
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Targets
• Act as a motor for other policies that could favour/be necessary
to achieve the established target.
• Give confidence for technology development and Investements.
Country Energy 2010 2020
Ireland Ocean energy - 500 MW
UK (Scotland) Ocean energy - 700 MW
Spain (Basque Country Wave energy 5 MW -
Portugal Wave energy 50 MW (?) -
PUBLIC POLICIES
250 MW
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(€/kWh)
Financial incentives: feed-in tariffs in Europe
PUBLIC POLICIES
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Infrastrutures and logistics: initiatives in Europe for facilitating prototypes and demonstration
PUBLIC POLICIES
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Regulatory issues
• Licensing is expensive, long and very laborious process
• Enormous differences among countries in time/expenses
• Ideal process: ONE STOP SHOP
SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVES
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PUBLIC POLICIES
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Pilot Zone
Po
rtu
gal
Public Policies
Feed-in tariff
• 0.26 €/kWh - demonstration
• 0.16 - 0.21 €/kWh - pre-commercial.
• 0.075 - 0.16 €/kWh - commercial.
Depends on installed power per technology in Portugal and elsewhere & quality of technology & project
- Simplified and fast licensing ( one Stop-Shop)
- 80 MW + 250 MW
-GIS with relevant info
- Management by a company (REN)
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Financial Incentives: Capital and Other Economic Governmental Support
Funding in Ireland
Public Policies
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Public Policies – Denmark
Nissun Bredning
Scales 1/10 – 1/4
Tested devices:
• Wave Dragon
• Wave Star
• others
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Pre-commercial wave farms
Public Policies
WAVE HUB, Cornwall, SW England, UK