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Transcript of Renewable Energy Workshop 2012 “Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Technologies” A Presentation to the...
Dr Peter Mark Jansson PP PEAssociate Professor – Electrical Engineering - Bucknell UniversityPresident – INTEGRATED SYSTEMSSenior Member IEEE
Renewable Energy Workshop 2012
“Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Technologies”
A Presentation to the Bucknell University Renewable Energy Workshop – 12 May 2012
PS10 CSP Plant – Andalucia, Spain
Wind power
Historical Development of Wind Power
The first known wind turbine for producing electricity was by Charles F. Brush turbine, in Cleveland, Ohio in 1888
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm
• 12 kW• Used electricity to
charge batteries in the cellar of the owner’s mansion Note
the person
Historical Development of Wind Power
First wind turbine outside of the US to generate electricity was built by Poul la Cour in 1891 in Denmark
• Used electricity from his wind turbines to electrolyze water to make hydrogen for the gas lights at the schoolhouse
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm
© Copyright 1997-2003 Danish Wind Industry AssociationUpdated 23 July 2003
Juul’s Gedser 200kW design 1957-1975
Class of 1904
Schmidt 1942
LaCour Test Turbines 1897
Schmidt 1942
Historical Development of Wind Power
In the US - first wind-electric systems built in the late 1890’s
By 1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands were in use in rural areas not yet served by the grid
Interest in wind power declined as the utility grid expanded and as reliable, inexpensive electricity could be purchased
Oil crisis in 1970s created a renewed interest in wind until US government stopped giving tax credits
Renewed interest again since the 1990s
Wind Power Today
Large (megawatt) machines
Vestas 1.5MW 68m
Nordex 2.5MW 100m
Nordtank 1.5MW 64m
© Copyright 1997-2003 Danish Wind Industry AssociationUpdated 23 July 2003
Offshore Systems
© Copyright 2010 – Vattenfall Thanet 300MW
Vattenfall owns many of the world’s largest offshore wind farms
300 MW Thanet Farm (100 -3MW turbines)160 MW Horns Rev Farm (80-2MW units)110 MW Lillegrund Farm (48-2.3 MW units)90 MW Kentish Flats Farm (30-3MW units)
In total Vattenfall provides the EU with ~2TWh of wind energy annually from over 500 large scale wind turbines
Current plans are for 6,000 MW in a partnership with Scottish Power Renewables
World’s Largest Offshore Wind Farm
“Thanet” located off British coast in English Channel
100 Vestas V90 turbines, 300 MW capacityhttp://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/europe/09/23/uk.largest.wind.farm/?hpt=Sbinhttp://www.vattenfall.co.uk/en/thanet-offshore-wind-farm.htm
Turbinesare locatedin waterdepth of 20-25m.Rowsare800mapart; 500mbetweenturbines
Off-shore Wind
Offshore wind turbines currently need to be in relatively shallow water, so maximum distance from shore depends on the seabed
Capacityfactors tendto increaseas turbinesmove furtheroff-shore
Image Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
US Wind Resources – 50m
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm
http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/wind_maps/us_windmap.pdf
NREL Wind Maps
Pennsylvania wind resources
Worldwide Wind Resource Map
Source: www.ceoe.udel.edu/WindPower/ResourceMap/index-world.html
Wind power
V
r
PCP
AVP
AV
m
totpw
tot
m
3
2
1Why V3 ?
Maximum Performance by type
Wind Power Probability Density Functions
Creating the Wind Power PDF
What does plot look like?
2011 Wind by Nation
China 62,733
United States 46,919
Germany 29,060
Spain 21,674
India 16,084
France 6,800
Italy 6,747
United Kingdom 6,540
Canada 5,265
Portugal 4,083
Rest of world 32,444
Today in the US
Top 5 States with Wind Power Capacity Installed, 2010:
1. Texas2. Iowa
3. California4. Minnesota
5. Washington
10,135 MW3,675 MW3,179 MW2,432 MW2,356 MW
SOURCE: AWEALast updated: 8.4.2011
Wind Turbine types
VAWT HAWT downwind HAWT upwind
HAWT & VAWT
Inside a Wind Turbine
SOURCE: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wind/wind_how.html#inside
Power in the Wind
)15.,1(/225.1
2
1
3
3
Catmmkg
AvPw
How do we determine V?
Engineering techniques
Wind Maps NREL
Wind Models Based Upon Maps/Data New Jersey has Interactive Map
Site Data Anemometer Loan Programs Adjacent NWS sites
Impact of Tower Height
)/ln(
)/ln(
zH
zH
v
v
H
H
v
v
oo
oo
- friction coefficient
Tables 6.3 & 6.4, Page 320
Max theoretical rotor efficiency
Max theoretical is called Betz efficiency
For typical turbines this is 59% Under ideal conditions today’s
turbines can achieve 80% of the max theoretical: So many turbines range between 45-
50%
Wind Feasibility
Start by Analyzing your Wind Map Determine potential generation Determine local costs of electricity Base your estimates on a real wind
generator power curve (Bergey, etc.) Complete Cost Benefit Analysis
Solar Power - Photovoltiac
Solar Intensity: Atmospheric Effects
Sun photosphere
“AM” means “air mass”
Inte
nsi
ty
Extraterestrial sunlight (AM0)
Sunlight at sea level at 40° N Lattitude at noon (AM1.5)
The Earth’s Orbit
Figure 7.5
For solar energy applications, we’ll consider the characteristics of the earth’s orbit to be unchanging
Solar Noon and Collector Tilt
Solar noon – sun is directly over the local line of longitude
Rule of thumb for the Northern Hemisphere - a south facing collector tilted at an angle equal to the local latitude
• During solar noon, the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the collector face
Figure 7.8
Altitude Angle and Azimuth Angle
Figure 7.10
Azimuth Angle
Altitude Angle
Azimuth-s and Altitude-N
Sun Path diagram
Sun Path Diagram for Shading Analysis
Trees to the southeast, small building to the southwest
Can estimate the amount of energy lost to shading
Figure 7.15
Better to use PVWatts
http://mapserve3.nrel.gov/PVWatts_Viewer/index.html
Total & Diffuse Solar Resources
Direct / Focusable Solar Resources
© Copyright Ned Mohan 2006
Fig. 3-12 PV cell characteristics [11].
Photovoltaics
GENERIC PV CELL
Incoming Photons
E-Field
Electrons
Holes
+ + + Accumulated Positive Charges + + +
- - - - Accumulated Negative Charges - - - -
Depletion Region
Bottom Electrical Contact
Top Electrical Contacts
+ + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - -
I
electrons
p-type
n-type
FROM CELLS TO ARRAYS
Typical PV System (Grid
Connected)
SOURCE: California Energy Commission - Guide to PV System Design and Installation – June 2001 [Available Online] : http://www.energy.ca.gov/reports/2001-09-04_500-01-020.PDF
Electrical Single Line
PathFinder and Assistant
www.solarpathfinder.com
Solar PathFinder ®
PathFinder, Tripod and Software
http://www.solarpathfinder.com/ord/configure?id=rWISgKdJ&mv_arg=PF
Solmetric Sun Eye®
http://www.civicsolar.com/product/solmetric-sun-eye-210
Maximize your Solar Window
Orientation and Incoming Energy
Flux changes based on module orientation
Fixed Panel facing south at 40o N latitude 40o tilt angle: 2410 kWh/m2
20o tilt angle: 2352 kWh/m2 (2.4% loss) 60o tilt angle: 2208 kWh/m2 (8.4% loss)
Fixed panel facing SE or SW (azimuth) 40o tilt angle: 2216 kWh/m2 (8.0% loss) 20o tilt angle: 2231 kWh/m2 (7.4% loss) 60o tilt angle: 1997 kWh/m2 (17.1% loss)
Benefits of tracking
Williamsport, PA 1-kW 30o tilt example 1,115 kWh/year
Single axis – 1,361 kWh/year 22% improvement at 41o N latitude
Two axis tracking – 1,415 kWh/m2
27% improvement at 41o N latitude
PHOTOVOLTAICS – PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Approx South Facing Roof or field
Roof angles from 20-45 degrees are OK
Less than 200’ from loadsEvery 70 square feet of area can
yield up to 1000 kWh per year in Pennsylvania
90% solar window requiredEach 1 kW-DC installed can yield
about 1150-1200 kWh annually