Renewable Energy Systems (1)
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Transcript of Renewable Energy Systems (1)
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ECE 398RESRENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
presentation by
Pat Chapman and George GrossDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
at the
PAP 2006 Annual Meeting
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OUTLINE
The scope of the course
The course within the current energy/
environment context
The role of renewable sources
Course objectives and perspectives
Topical outline
The first class
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
We focus on the technical, economic and
environmental aspects of renewable and
alternative energy systems to obtain an
understanding of their role in meeting societys
electricity needs
We analyze the full range of renewable energy
supplies
The course provides a basis for understanding
the distinctive scientific principles of renewable
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
energy and the ability to provide an assessment
of the economics and environmental impacts of
renewable energy
The course covers the basics of energy produc-tion from renewable sources, the relevant
thermodynamics background, the structure and
nature of the electric transmission grid, theintegration of renewable resources into the grid,
environmental aspects and the regulatory
environment for electricity
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INCREASE IN WORLD ENERGYPRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
Mtonoi
lequ
iva
len
t*
2000203019712000
production consumption production consumption0
1000
2000
30004000
5000
6000
7000
Source: I EA 2002
transition
economies
developing
countriesOECD
* 1 tonneof oil equivalent (toe) = 42 GJ(net calorific value) = 10034 Mcal
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PREDOMINANCE OF OIL AND GAS
http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/Newsroom/Publications/eTrendsSite/chapter1.asp
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OUT OF GAS
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PRICE OF OIL
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MAJOR CHALLENGES IN ENERGY
Energy security: fuel supply resources for the
future
Economic growth: accommodation of the
developing nations needs
Environmental effects: global warming and
emission control
Electricity system reliability: assurance of
integrity of electric power infrastructure
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SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable development refers to living, product-ion and consumption in a manner and at a level
that meets the needs of the present without
unduly impact on the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs
The World Commission on Environment and
Development set up by the UN issued a seminal
report in 1987; the report established the conceptof sustainable development
The major thrust of the report was to explicitly
recognize the scale and unevenness of economic
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SUSTAINABILITY
development and population growth continue toplace unprecedented pressures on the planets
land, water and other natural resources and
without constraints are severe enough to wipeout regional populations and, over the long term,
to lead to global catastrophes
Sustainability is a key guiding principle of policyof many nations
The applicability at international, national, state
and local levels varies widely
ROLE OF RENEWABLES IS OF
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ROLE OF RENEWABLES IS OFGROWING IMPORTANCE
RENEWABLES ROLE IN THE 2004 U S
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RENEWABLES ROLE IN THE 2004 U.S.ENERGY SUPPLY
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2005 RENEWABLE PORTFOLIOSTANDARDS AND STATE MANDATES
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2005 WIND ENERGY STATUS
Alaska1
California
2,096
Colorado229
Hawaii
9
Iowa
632
Kansas
114
Massachusetts
1
Michigan
2
Minnesota
615
Nebraska
14
New Mexico
267
New York
48
North
Dakota
66Oregon
263
Pennsylvania129
Tennessee
29
Texas
1,293
Vermont
6Wisconsin
53
Wyoming
285
Washington
240
South
Dakota
44
West Virginia
66
Arkansas
0.1
Idaho
0.2
Maine
0.1Montana
2New Hampshire
0.1
Oklahoma
176
Utah0.2
Illinois81
Ohio
7
total U.S. capacity installed: 6740MWSource: American Wind Energy Association, Outlook 2005
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2003 05 GLOBAL WIND CAPACITY
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2003 2004 2005
MW
Sour ce: Global Wind Energy Council
8,207
11,769
GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY
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GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY( MW) REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION
Af ri ca & The M iddle East
Asia
Europe
Latin America & Caribbean
North Ameri ca
Pacif ic Region
Source: Wind Energy Fact Sheet, American Wind Energy Association, www.awaea.org
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2005 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY
Europe
40,500 MW
68%
Americas
and
Africa
10,979 MW
19%
Asia
7,135 MW
12% Australia
708 MW
1%
Sour ce: Global Wind Energy Council
total wind
59,322 MW
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2005 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY
MWSour ce: Global Wind Energy Council
18,428 MW
10,027 MW
9,149 MW
4,430 MW
3,122 MW
1,260 MW
708 MW
THE TOP 20 STATES FOR WIND
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THE TOP 20 STATES FOR WINDENERGY POTENTIAL
States
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
0.1annuale
nergypo
ten
tia
l(
billionsofk
Whs
)
Source: Wind Energy Fact Sheet, American Wind Energy Association, www.awaea.org
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DOE WIND PROGRAM GOALS
3/kWhin classes 4 and above onshore wind
areas
5/kWhfor off-shore regions
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WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1989 1991 1993 1995 1996 2000
150 kW 225 kW
300 kW
500 kW 600 kW
1650 kW
capi
talcosts
(
$/kW)
capital costs include turbine, tower, grid connection, site
preparation controls and land
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SOLAR ENERGY
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U.S. SOLAR INSOLATION MAP
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2004 SOLAR ENERGY STATUS
Total U.S. installed PVand
solar thermal capacity is
0.5 GW
Total world PVcapacity is4 GWwith 1.8 GWbeing gridconnected
The nine parabolic trough plants for concentra-ting solar power produce energy at 1214/kWh
The price of power from grid-connected PV
systems is 20
30/kWh
PVsystems at APS facility in Prescott, AZ
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DOE SOLAR PROGRAM GOALS
Photovoltaics: 6/kWhby 2020
The goal of the US DOE is to install 1000MWof
new concentrating solar power systems in the
southwestern United States by 2010 with costs of
0.07 $/kWh
Concentrating solar power/troughs: 5/kWhby
2012
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FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS
Wind
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
PV
cen
ts/kWh
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
40
30
20
10
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
BiomassGeothermal Solar thermal
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
cen
ts/kWh
10
8
6
4
2
0
70
60
50
40
30
2010
0
15
12
9
6
3
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
all costs are levelized in constant year2000 dollars
Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)
KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE
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KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLEEXPANSION
Integration into the grid
interconnection
grid capability
reliability issues
power quality
Competitiveness of technology costs
Environmental problems
Development of storage technology
KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE
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KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLEEXPANSION
Government policies at the federal
state
local
levels
Regulatory accommodation
permitting processes
back up power
green power differential
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Acquaint students with some basic physical
principles used in renewable energy
Stress the importance of economics and environ-
mental aspects in electricity developments
Expose students to the exciting aspects of
energy
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COURSE OBJECTIVES
Expose students to some of the major
developments in renewable resources and their
integration into the power grid
Provide a basic understanding of impacts of
market forces on shaping the electricity business
Give students the opportunity to do a project in a
team environment and to make a formal presen-
tation
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PERSPECTIVES
Understanding of the scientific principles
underlying renewable resources is essential
Awareness of the role that renewables can play is
important
Challenges in the integration of renewables are
major
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TOPICAL OUTLINE
General overview of electricity demand, supply,
industry structure, interconnected system
operations and state of technology
Nature and role of alternative generation sources
Review of concepts in electric circuit analysis
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TOPICAL OUTLINE
Engineering aspects of alternative source
generation technologies: thermodynamics
considerations; solar resource and solar array
systems; wind resource and wind generation
systems; other renewable resource technologies;
hydro, geothermal, closed system fuel cells; role
of power electronic circuits in renewable
technologies; economics of various technologies;
environmental attributes
O C O
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TOPICAL OUTLINE
Engineering principles of electrical storagetechnologies: electrical vs. chemical energy
storage; batteries; double-layer capacitors;
superconducting magnetic energy storage;
flywheels
The demand picture: the nature of electrical
loads; time variation, periodicity and price
dependence
TOPICAL OUTLINE
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TOPICAL OUTLINE
Demand management and energy conservation;
efficiency improvements; load management;
price-responsive demand; and, the role of new
technologies
Electricity markets basics
Integration of renewable generation into the grid
Regulatory policy aspects
GRADING POLICY
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GRADING POLICY
The course grade is based on the performance of
the student in the homework assignments, the
quizzes, the final exam and the project
Students form teams and each team undertakes
the preparation of a final project and its
presentation to the class
GRADING POLICY TABLE
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GRADING POLICY TABLE
component percentage
homework 15
quizzes 35
projects 15
final 35
total 100
THE FIRST CLASS
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THE FIRST CLASS
34 undergraduate students from ECE and other
engineering departments
The project was the highlight of the course for
many students
Students have become well exposed to the many
challenges in the integration of renewable