RENEWABLE ENERGYTOWARDS SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

SURENDRA BAJPAI

ENERGY EXPERT

Date: Friday, August 17, 2012

AGENDA

Introduction

Energy

Renewable Energy

SOLAR ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

BIO-ENERGY

HYDROENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Policy Framework

National action plan on climate change

INTRODUCTION

Energy is the basic requirement for any development,

in other words, energy is the key for development.

Presently about 65% of India‟s energy need is met through

Fossil fuel. India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to

meet its energy demands, India's dependence on energy

imports is expected to exceed 53% (in 2030) of the country's

total energy consumption.

DO YOU KNOW?

India‟s total Installed capacity at the time of

Independence was 1300MW

Present total Installed capacity of the

country is about 150000MW

Share of Renewable is about 8% of the total

installed capacity

WHAT IS ENERGY ?

Energy is a scalar physical quantity that

describes the amount of work that can be

performed by a force, an attribute of objects

and systems that is subjected to a

conservation law.

Different forms of energy include kinetic,

potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light,

solar, electromagnetic etc. the forms of energy

often named after a related force.

TYPES OF ENERGY

There are two types of energy

Primary Energy

Secondary Energy

TYPES OF ENERGY CONTINUE…….

PRIMARY ENERGY :Energy found in nature that

has not been subjected to any conversion or

transformation process

Primary energy is energy contained in raw

fuels and any other forms of energy received

by a system as input to the system.

Primary Energy includes non-renewable energy

and Renewable energy sources.

CONTINUE…

Secondary Energy : It is an energy form which

has been transformed from another one.

Primary energies are transformed in energy

conversion processes to more convenient

forms of energy, such as Electricity, refined

fuels or synthetic fuels as hydrogen fuel.

RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY: Energy Sources thatare continuously replenished by naturalprocess. They are in-exhaustive in nature orcan never be exhausted & therefore calledRENEWABLE.

Non- Renewable Energy: These sources arefinite and so in principle will „run out‟ at somepoint of time in future. They are stocks ofenergy.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

Renewable energy sources are essentially flowof energy. Various forms of Renewable energy are :

SOLAR ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

BIO-ENERGY

HYDROENERGY

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

WAVE & TIDAL ENERGY

A SNAPSHOT OF EXISTING RE PROJECTS

Grid connected Power

WIND Power 16179 MW

Small hydro power 3300 MW

Biomass Power 1142 MW

Bagasse Power 1952 MW

Waste recovery 73.44 MW

Solar power 481 MW

SOURCE: Renewable energy magazine(Feb‟12)- a monthly publication of MNRE GOI New Delhi

SOLAR POWER

SUN IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF POWER

? TRUE / FALSE

SUN IS ULTIMATE SOURCE OF ENERGY

Yes ! Sun is the ultimate source of power

The energy in coal or Fossil fuel originally came from the Sun too. Prehistoric plants stored the Sun's energy in their leaves, and when they died and eventually formed coal seams, that energy was still there.

So when we burn coal (or any fossil fuel), we're releasing chemical energy that was stored in plants millions of years ago.

The same goes for Wind and Wave power. Waves occurbecause of winds, and winds blow because the Sun warmsour atmosphere. Warm air tends to rise, and winds are due toother air moving in to replace it.

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy since prehistoric times.

it is estimated that solar energy equivalent toover 15000 times the world‟s annualcommercial energy consumption reaches theearth every year.

Solar energy is the radiant light & heat from theSun that has been harnessed by humans.

SOLAR SYSTEMTwo types of solar systems are there

Active solar System

Passive Solar system

An Active solar system is a system that uses a mechanical

device, such as pumps or fans run by electricity in addition to

solar energy, to transport air or water between a solar collector

and the interior of a building for heating or cooling.

Passive Solar System A passive solar system is a system that

distributes collected heat via direct transfer from a thermal mass

rather than mechanical power

SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy can be utilized through two

different routes:

Solar Thermal

Solar Cooker

Solar water heating system

Solar Air dryer

Solar Photovoltaic

Electrical power generation

SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATION

In solar thermal route, solar energy is convertedinto thermal energy with the help of solarcollectors and receivers known as solar thermaldevices.

solar thermal devices can be classified into threecategories:

Low Grade heating devices – up to the temp of 100°C

Medium grade heating devices – up to the temp of 100-300°C

High grade heating Devices – above temp of 300°C

SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS

Solar Cooker

Box type solar cooker

Parabolic concentrator solar cooker

Solar Water heating system / collector

SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS

Solar Still (for distilled water)

Solar Air Dryer

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Photovoltaic is the technical term for solar electric. Photo means “light” and voltaic means “electric”

It changes the sunlight directly to electricity using solar cells.

Solar cell or PV cells are usually made of silicon,an element that naturally releases electronswhen exposed to light. Amount of electronsreleased from silicon cells depends upon intensityof light incident on it.

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Individual solar cells are

connected together to form

a panel or solar module.

Further panels can be

connected together in

series / parallel to make a

solar array which can

produce any amount of

wattage.

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

Most common application of Solar PV

systems are:

Street lighting

Home lighting

Solar off-grid power pack (for TV, Computer,

other applications)

Battery Charger

Remote Telecom tower power back up

Solar water pumping

Remote power requirements

BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS OF SOLAR POWER

Benefits

Needs no other fuels

Individuals (not power companies) can control it

Clean Energy - No pollution

Solar plant can sell power back to the grid

No big Infrastructure is needed

Easy to handle

Drawbacks:

Capital cost intensive

Low density power

WIND POWER

In areas where wind is a constant, wind power is aviable method for creating electricity. Wind power usesspecially designed turbines that turn in the wind,generating electricity through specially designedcomponents. Windmills must be placed at the top oflarge towers to receive the largest potential benefitfrom wind, because wind is not usually as strong nearthe ground as it is up higher.

Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind intoelectricity

WIND POWER

Wind turbines convert kinetic energy of wind into electricity.

Wind is an indirect form of solar energy

Wind mills are also used for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or drainage, or sails to propel ships

BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS

Benefits

Very efficient

No fossil fuels needed

No emissions – No Pollution

Turbines can be small enough to mount on the roof of a house or have a span of a football field

Drawbacks

Variable winds affects power generation

“ not in my backyard” ; site specific installation

Threat to birds, bats

BIOMASS POWER

Energy stored in non-fossil organic materials such as wood, straw, vegetable oils and wastes from the forest, agricultural and industrial sectors.

It consists of the organic material that makes up living organisms

Biomass is one of the most important renewable energy forms.

Biomass is captured from forest / industries.

To capture energy from biomass is to burn it, to make heat, steam, and electricity.

BIOMASS

Major technologies for

utilizing Biomass for energy :

Biomass Gasification

For thermal energy needs

For Electrical energy

Biomass Combustion

BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS

Benefits Carbon-neutral (carbon produced from

burning it is the same carbon used during its production (recent photosynthesis)

Geographically balanced – available in abundance

Inexpensive

No Nitrogen or Sulpher emissions

Drawbacks Indoor burning creates pollutants

Competes with crops for food

Crops require energy to grow

Biomass Management is in unorganized sector

HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

The kinetic energy of moving water can turn turbines and generate electricity

Water is allowed to flow through tunnels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive generators.

Hydroelectric Energy produces energy through power plants, some such as; Micro-scale, small-scale and “run-of-the-river.” A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake.

HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Hydro-electric power stations can produce a great deal of power very cheaply.

India generates about 25% of its total power from Hydro.

It is also a good option for peak load energy requirements

BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS

Benefits

Clean Power

Renewable Energy– No pollution

Economical Power

Drawbacks

If overused, can become non-sustainable

Dams create problems for ecosystems, etc

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal Energy is power

extracted from heat stored in the

earth. Geothermal power is cost

effective, reliable, sustainable,

and environmentally friendly, but

has historically been limited to

areas near tectonic plate

boundaries

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Just under the surface of

the Earth, there are

massively powerful forces

constantly moving and

interacting with one

another. Geothermal energy

harnesses the power

generated by these forces

BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS

Benefits

Clean Energy

Renewable in nature

No emmision

Drawbacks:

Can release gases trapped in the water

Dependent on location

May not be totally renewable if water is pumped out too quickly

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear Energy work by thermal nuclear reactors and fast reactors. The thermal ones use a moderator to slow down the neutrons produced by fission. The moderator can be normal water, heavy water, or graphite. The normal water types are the Pressurized Water Reactor and Boiling Water Reactor. Fast reactors don & a post have a moderator, and therefore cannot be built with a water filled core, so have used liquid metal, usually sodium, as coolant.

HYDROGEN ENERGY

Hydrogen fuel is an zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. It is also used in the propulsion of spacecraft and can potentially be mass produced and commercialized for passenger vehicles and aircraft

H 2 gas does not exist freely on Earth.

The atoms must be released from their compounds

HYDROGEN FUEL

Hydrogen is the most abundant

element on the planet, although not

usually found in its pure form, H2.

This is due to the fact that it is so

light, it rises into the atmosphere. In

a flame of pure hydrogen gas,

burning in air, the hydrogen (H2)

reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water

(H2O) and releases heat.

HYDROGEN FROM OTHER SOURCES

From algae : When certain algae are

deprived of light, they produce H 2 at the

end of photosynthesis

From biomass or fossil fuels :

Can be separated from methane (a form of

natural gas):

4H 2 + CO 2 = CH 4 + 2H 2 O

Hydrogen production is only as “clean”

as the energy used to obtain it.

BENEFITS / DRAWBACKS

Benefits:

Renewable

Most abundant

Clean

Zero-emission

As safe as gasoline

Drawbacks

Leakage could deplete atmospheric ozone

Public fear

FUEL CELL

A fuel cell is a device that convertsthe chemical energy from a fuel intoelectricity through a chemicalreaction with oxygen or anotheroxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the mostcommon fuel, but hydrocarbons suchas natural gas and alcohols likemethanol are sometimes used.

Fuel cells are different from batteriesin that they require a constant sourceof fuel and oxygen to run, but theycan produce electricity continually foras long as these inputs are supplied.

FUEL CELL

Hydrogen fuel is an zero-emission fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices.

hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy source.

BENEFITS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

One major advantage with the use of renewable energy is that as it is renewable it is therefore sustainable and so will never run out.

Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional generators. Their fuel being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation.

Even more importantly, renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment.

Renewable energy projects can also bring economic benefits to many regional areas, as most projects are located away from large urban centres and suburbs of the capital cities. These economic benefits may be from the increased use of local services as well as tourism.

POLICY FRAMEWORK

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)

is the central body to promote Renewable

energy sources in the country.

Every State do have a State Nodal agency for

promotion and implementation of various

schemes of MNRE and also state owned

schemes on New & Renewable Energy.

NAPCC

National Action Plan for Climate change also

address for energy sustainability through use of

renewable energy and energy efficiency.

Launching of Jawaharlal Nehru National solar

mission was the out come of NAPCC

recommendations.

NOTATIONS

REC : Renewable Energy Certificate

RPO : Renewable purchase Obligations

SNA : State nodal agency

SWHS : Solar water heating system

SPV : Solar Photovoltaic

DDG : Decentralized Distributed Generation

RVE : Remote Village Electrifications

RE : Renewable Energy

EE : Energy efficiency

JNNSM : Jawaharlal Nehru National solar Mission

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