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Renewable Energy

Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher

Lecture 1

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World population

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Fossil Fuels – Oil RefineryPasadena - Texas

Standard Large Power Plants Provide 1 Giga-watt of electric power and releases 2 Giga-watts of thermal power as waste heat. An

efficiency averaging around 30%.-9000 tons of coal a day-40,000 barrels a day or one tanker a week of oil-generates about 5.3 x 10^9 kwh/year-powers a city of a million people

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Oil Drilling PlatformCook Inlet, Alaska

-total world production in 1996 of petroleum is 62,239e3 barrels / day

-an average well in the US produces only 11 barrels / day

-In Saudi Arabia an average well produces 9600 barrels /day

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Renewable Energy

Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher

Lecture 2Reference

Global Status ReportRenewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 century

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• Renewable energy added about half• Estimated new electric power added 194GW• Estimated Renewable energy world wide

1320GW almost 8% over 2009

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Renewable Energy

Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher

Lecture 3References:

Global Status ReportRenewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 century

& Key World Energy Statistics

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Renewable Energy Sources• Solar photovoltaics• Solar thermal power• Passive solar air and water heating• Wind• Hydropower • Biomass• Ocean energy• Geothermal• Waste to Energy

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Concentrating Solar Energy

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Geothermal Heat and Industry

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Ocean Energy Industry

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Hydro-Industry

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Water generated - HydroelectricShasta Dam In California

-Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency

-Hydroelectric projects in the United States have rated capacities from950 – 6480 MW

-The use of Water Power is much greater in some other countries. Norway obtains 99% of its electricity from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and New Zealand are close seconds.

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-Solar Power – uses the sun energy to either boil water or directly converts solar energy to electrical energy

-Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – uses temperature differences between different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine. Working fluid is ammonia which is gas at room temperature.

-Biomass Energy: Municipal Solid Waste – burning wastes to drive heat engines

-Geothermal Energy – based on naturally occurring heat in the Earth in the Earth due to radioactive decay

-Tidal Energy – uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oceans to drive turbines

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FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS

Wind

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

PVce

nts

/ kW

h

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

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30

20

10

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

BiomassGeothermal Solar thermal

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

cen

ts /

kWh 10

8

6

4

2

0

70605040302010

0

15

12

9

6

3

01980 1990 2000 2010 2020

all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollars

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)

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Estimated Jobs Industry

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World Energy Consumption

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-In normal operations a nuclear reactor produces some environmental emissions. E.g.: escape of radioactive fission products through cracks and diffusion, radioactive H3 in small amounts in discharged water-Core meltdown are possible, but unlikely due to negative feedback and shutdown systems

-Even after shutdown there is 7% of normal power generation still in the reactor fuel rods. This may be sufficient enough to melt core and destroy the reactor, if cooling water is not supplied

-A study entitled “Severe Accident Risks: An Assessment for Five US Nuclear Power Plants” conducted by NRC in 1990, shows that for all the 109 reactors now operating in the United States over a 30 year lifetime there is about a 1% chance of a large release due to internal events.

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-Wind variability must be overcome by system design

-Basic energy Storage

-Differences in pressure gradients around wind turbines affect birds-Noise from the turbines affects people and animals

-Eyesore, the appearance of mile after mile of wind machines with transmission lines is of concern to the public

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MAJOR CHALLENGES IN ENERGY• Energy security: fuel supply resources for the future

• Economic growth: accommodation of the

developing nations’ needs

• Environmental effects: global warming and

emission control

• Electricity system reliability: assurance of integrity

of electric power infrastructure

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Renewable Energy

Professor Mohammed Zeki Khedher

Lecture 4References:

Global Status ReportRenewable Energy Policy Network for the 21 century

& Key World Energy Statistics

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SUSTAINABILITY

• Sustainable development refers to living, production and consumption in a manner and at a level that meets the needs of the present without unduly impact on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

• The World Commission on Environment and Development set up by the UN issued a seminar report in 1987; the report established the concept of sustainable development

• The major thrust of the report was to explicitly recognize the scale and unevenness of economic

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SUSTAINABILITY

development and population growth continue to

place unprecedented pressures on the planet’s land,

water and other natural resources and without

constraints are severe enough to wipe out regional

populations and, over the long term, to lead to global

catastrophes • Sustainability is a key guiding principle of policy of

many nations• The applicability at international, national, state and

local levels varies widely

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KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION

• Integration into the grid

– interconnection

– grid capability

– reliability issues

– power quality

• Competitiveness of technology costs

• Environmental problems

• Development of storage technology

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KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION

• Government policies at the– federal

– state

– local

levels

• Regulatory accommodation– permitting processes

– back up power

– “green power” differential

Sterling D. Allan, PES Network, Inc

Gnomedex 7; August 11, 2007; Seattle

IMAGINE: Universal Prosperity

Imagine a world in which each home has its own power generator that obtains its energy in such a way that no fuel has to be added. Imagine every vehicle being able to run without ever stopping for fuel. Imagine each appliance having its own power source that never has to be recharged. That is the world of the future. Join with us as we track our progress

toward such a world.

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Extra note • “Fuelwood” should be considered as

“renewable” only if rate of planting it faster or equal to rate at which it is cut

• Should something like that applied for large scale of hydropower as currently there is tendency not to name such technology as strictly renewable?

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Multiple ways to give a definition • Postulating - listing what it is and what it is not• Giving criteria and checking if particular source

of energy meets it• Combination of both

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Example 1• Energy obtained from sources that are

essentially inexhaustible (unlike, for example the fossil fuels, of which there is a finite supply). Renewable sources of energy include wood, waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic and solar thermal energy

• NOT OK as all energy sources we know within defined system (Earth) are finite and fusion power, technically non-renewable, could be considered practically inexhaustible

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Example 2

• energy generated from resources that are unlimited, rapidly replenished or naturally renewable such as wind, water, sun, wave and refuse, and not from the combustion of fossil fuels

• Better, but “rapidly” is rather subjective term

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Example 3 and 4• energy flows which occur naturally and repeatedly in

the environment, such as wind and solar

• new and renewable energy sources are energy sources including solar energy, geothermal energy, wind power, hydropower, ocean energy (thermal gradient, wave power and tidal power), biomass, draught animal power, fuelwood, oil shale and tar sands ( UN Glossary of Environment Statistics F-67E)

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From “Renewable Energy in Europe”

• Renewable Energy Sources – All natural energy flows that are inexhaustible (i.e., renewable) from an anthropogenic point of view: solar radiation; hydropower; wind; geothermal; wave, and tidal energy; and biomass

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From “Renewable Energy in the United States”

• Renewable Energy – Resources that are naturally replenishing but flow limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time.

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“Grey areas”

• Municipal Waste or any waste from potentially unsustainable use of biomass and/or unclear mixed use of fossil fuel and renewable

• Origin of the problem – derived fuel with potentially multiple sources

• No clear solution provided in the available literature – treated differently from case-to-case and region-by-region

• Should be addressed jointly with environmental statistics experts

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Solutions:

Energy Efficiency! (Miller Ch. 17)• 43% of energy in the US is wasted

unnecessarily• Incandescent bulb=5% efficient

Fluorescent bulb=20% efficient• Auto fleet standards = CAFE Standards

(Corporate Average Fuel Economy) – 12.9 mpg in 1974– 27.9 mpg today– 40 mpg CAFE standard would cut gas use by

50%

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Efficiencies

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Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency

InsulationInsulationEliminate air leaksEliminate air leaksAir to air heat exchangersAir to air heat exchangersEfficient appliancesEfficient appliancesEfficient electric motorsEfficient electric motorsHigh-efficiency lightingHigh-efficiency lightingIncreasing fuel economyIncreasing fuel economy

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Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity

Passive solar heatingPassive solar heatingActive solar heatingActive solar heating

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Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and Electricity

Solar thermal systems Solar thermal systems

Photovoltaic (PV) cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells

Solar Cell Trade-OffsSolar Cell Trade-Offs

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Producing Energy from Biomass

BiofuelsBiofuels

Biomass plantationsBiomass plantations

Crop residuesCrop residues

Animal manureAnimal manure

Biogas Biogas Ethanol Ethanol MethanolMethanol

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The Solar-Hydrogen RevolutionExtracting hydrogen efficientlyExtracting hydrogen efficiently

Storing hydrogenStoring hydrogen

Fuel cellsFuel cells

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Geothermal Energy

Geothermal reservoirsGeothermal reservoirs

Dry steamDry steam

Wet steamWet steam

Hot waterHot water

Molten rockMolten rock

Hot dry-rock zonesHot dry-rock zones

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Geothermal Reservoirs

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Entering the Age of Decentralized Micropower

Centralized power systemsCentralized power systems

Decentralized power systemsDecentralized power systems

Micropower systemsMicropower systems

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Creating a Sustainable Energy Future

• Increase fuel efficiency standards for vehicle, appliances, buildings

• Tax and other financial incentives for energy efficiency

• Subsidize renewable energy use, research and development

• Internalize externalities for fossil fuels

• By 2050: – Increase renewable energy to 50%– cut coal use by 50%– phase out nuclear altogether

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Solutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy