Renewable Energy

Jae K. (Jim) ParkUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

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New Concepts for Environmental Engineers

Environment

PublicHealth

Energy

Ignored before but not one of the most important considerations

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Energy

Energy (heat, electricity and mechanical work)Stored energy: potential energy Moving energy: kinetic energy

Unit: Btu (British thermal unit) Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one

pound of water through 1oF (58.5oF - 59.5oF) at sea level (30 inches of mercury).

1 Btu = 1055.06 J = 2.931×10-4 kWh = 0.252 kcal = 1.0551010 ergs = 252 cal = 0.293 watt-hours

1 J = 1 N∙m = 1 kg∙m/sec2∙m = 1 kg∙m2/sec2

Make a pot of coffee: 2 million joules

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1 Barrel of Oil

42 gallons158.987 liter

In California, 74% of the oil is used for transportation.

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Is Biomass Sufficient to Replace Oil?

California: 60 million bone dry tons of biomass produced each year → 5 million bone dry tons burned to make electricity

60 million tons of biomass: 2 GW of electricity ≈ about 2 million homes

The answer is .NO

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Hydro Power

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Why Do We Need Renewable Energy?

Escape fromOil Dependency

EnvironmentalProtection

(Air & WaterPollution)

GlobalWarming Limited

Resources

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Renewable Energy

Solar

Biomass

Water

Geothermal

Wind

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Worldwide Energy Use

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Wind Power Capacity: Five times total current global energy

production, or 40 times current electricity demand. Large amounts of land required for wind turbines,

particularly in areas of higher wind resources. Mean wind speed: Offshore ~90% greater than that of

land 100 GW worldwide as of April 2008 11.6 GW (3 mil. households) in the U.S. 20% electrical generation by 2030 in the U.S.

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Hydropower (1)Hydroelectric energyMicro hydro systems (< 100 kW)Damless hydro systemsWave power (Portugal)Tidal power (Narrows of Strangford Lough) Tidal stream powerOcean thermal energy conversionDeep lake water coolingBlue energy (reverse of desalination)

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Hydropower (2)Extremely flexible technology from the

perspective of power grid operationLowest cost options, no harmful emissions.Dislocation of people, release of CO2 during

construction and flooding, and disruption of aquatic ecosystems and birdlife

Desirable if developed with other purposes such as flood/drought control, irrigation, recreation, etc.

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Solar Energy Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells Concentrated solar power Solar updraft tower Passive solar building design Solar ovens Solar-thermal panels Solar chimneys Solar air conditioning Nano-solar thin-film panel Mohave Desert: 354 MW capacity

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Biofuel Liquid biofuel: bioalcohol (ethanol) or bio-oil

(biodiesel and straight vegetable oil)Ethanol: corn, cornstalks, sugarbeets, sugar cane,

and switchgrasses – use in internal combustion engines and fuel cells – growing international criticism about biofuel from food crops with respect to issues such as food security, environmental impacts and energy balance

Cellulosic ethanol: made from crop residues, wood waste, and municipal solid waste, and switchgrass

Solid biomass: combustible fuel (10~20 MJ/kg of heat)

Biogas: methane from anaerobic digestion Brazil is one of the largest in renewable energy (18%

of auto fuel).15

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Geothermal Energy

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Geothermal EnergyHeat of the earth itself, usually from

kilometers deep into the Earth’s crustExpensive to build a power station but

operating costs are low.Type: Dry steam, flash, and binaryGeologically unstable parts of the world:

Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy

85 GW over the next 30 years worldwide

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Renewable Energy Commercialization

Mature and economically competitive: geothermal and hydropower

Cost of electricity production from a conventional coal-fired plant: 4 ¢/kWh

TechnologyCost, ¢/

kWhWind 4~8

Solar PV 25~160

Solar thermal 12~34

Large hydropower 2~10

Small hydropower 2~12

Geothermal 2~10

Biomass 3~12

World Energy Assessment, 2004 update

Not economical yet

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Energy Consumption in the United States, 1775-1999

In 2006, 7% of total energy used in the U.S. was from renewable energy sources.

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Renewable Energy (2006)

Large hydropower(55.1%)

Biomass heating(16.8%)

Solar hot waterheating (7.5%)

Wind turbines(5.3%)

Small hydropower (5.2%)Biomass power(3.2%)

Ethanol production (2.8%)Geothermal heating (2.4%)

Geothermal power (0.68%)Biodiesel production (0.43%)

Solar PV, grid connected (0.36%)Solar PV, off-grid (0.19%)

Concentrating solar thermal power (0.03%)Ocean tidal power (0.02%)

New Renewable Energy

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Energy Consumption by Fuel (2004)

Petroleum (40%)

Natural gas (23%)

Coal (23%)

Hydropower (3%)

Renewable (non-hydro) (3%)

Nuclear (8%)

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Fuel for Transportation (2004)

Petroleum (96%)

Other (4%)

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Liquid Fuel Consumption(million barrels per day)

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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Industrial

Transportation

Residential and CommercialElectric Power

History Projections

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Fuel for Electricity (2004)

Coal (53%)Natural gas (14%)

Nuclear power (21%)

Renewable(9%)

Petroleum (3%)

Saving electricity is not directly related with oil use.

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World’s Energy Hog - USA

Largest consumer of energy per capita

Largest consumer of energy overall¼ of global total

Largest emitter of carbonRenewable Electricity

Standards: 108 mil. tons of CO2 emission reduction annually – 17.7 mil. cars equivalent

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“Futuristic” Energy in EP Act (2005)

Coal-to-liquidsDiscovered in 1920s, used 1940s, scale-up 1970sIntegrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

BiofuelsBiodiesel used by Rudolf Diesel in 1900Ethanol used by the Model T Ford in the 1910s

Nuclear fusionHas been 20 year away for about 60 years

HydrogenIdentified in the 1800s as universal fuel of the

future Shale oil

Praised 100+ years ago as America’s energy salvation

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US Renewable Energy Policy (1)

25x'25 Vision: By 2025, America's farms, forests and ranches will provide 25% of the total energy consumed in the United States, while continuing to produce safe, abundant, and affordable food, feed and fiber.

Generate 20%, 30%, and 40% of energy from renewable energy sources like wind, solar, geothermal, ocean, and biomass power by 2020, 2030, and 2040, respectively.

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US Renewable Energy Policy (2)Phase 1: 1973~2003 Invested $99.2 billion dollars in energy research,

development and demonstration (RD&D) $49.1 billion for nuclear power, $24.8 billion for

fossil fuels, $14.2 billion for renewable energy, and $11.1 billion for energy efficiency (Source: Congressional Research Service)

Commercially-available and economically-viable technologies in every renewable energy category, ready for widespread deployment, continued improvement, and further cost reduction through continuing R&D and technology transfer programs.

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US Renewable Energy Policy (3)

Phase 2:Tax and rate with renewable energyCars with flex fuel capabilityGovernment incentives for more energy

efficient carsBuilding with more energy efficient systemsSuitable renewable energy sources

depending on natural geographyFrom cost-based incentives to performance-

based incentives

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US Renewable Energy Policy (4)

Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 Renewable Fuels Mandate: 500% increase by 2022 Vehicle Fuel Economy Mandate: 35 mpg by 2020 Lighting Efficiency Mandate: Phase out incandescent

light bulbs by 2014 Appliance Efficiency Mandate: new standards for

appliances Federal Government Operations Mandate: reduce the

energy consumption of Federal Government facilities 30% by 2015. Additionally, all new Federal buildings will be carbon-neutral by 2030

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Renewables 2007 Global Status Report

The renewable energy sector now accounts for 2.4 million jobs globally, and has doubled electric generating capacity since 2004, to 240 GW.

Renewable energy is poised to make a significant contribution to meeting energy needs and reducing the growth in carbon dioxide emissions in the years immediately ahead.

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Annual Investment in New Renewable Energy Capacity, 1995-2007

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Other

Source: REN21 Renewables 2007 Global Statue Report http://www.ren21.net

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Investment Trends

Investment leadersGermany: > $14 billionChina: $12 billionUSA: $10 billion

New capacity investmentWind power: ~47%; solar PV: ~30%; and

solar hot water: ~9%

Emerging markets: new capacity, manufacturing, and R&D

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Global Market Trends

Renewable power capacity of ~240 GW in 2007: 6% of total global power capacity

Significant growth in offshore wind power in 2006~2007 (100~300 MW)

Solar PV markets: Germany, Japan, Spain, Italy, Korea, California, and New Jersey

USA: Dominant ethanol producer (corn-based)

Germany: 50% of world biodiesel produced

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Average Annual Growth Rates of Renewable Energy Capacity, 2002~2006

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Share of Electricity from RenewablesExisting share (2006) Future target

World 18% -Austria 62% 78% by 2010France 11% 21% by 2010

Germany 11.5% 12.5% by 2010Netherlands 8.2% 9% by 2010

United Kingdom 4.1% 10% by 2010Japan 0.4% 1.6% by 2014Korea 1% 7% by 2010USA 9.2% -China 17% -

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China Renewable Energy Targets

2006 actual 2010 target 2020 target

Hydro power 130 GW 190 GW 300 GW

Wind power 2.6 GW 5 GW 30 GW

Biomass power 2.0 GW 5.5 GW 30 GW

Solar Photovoltaics (PV)

0.08 GW 0.3 GW 1.8 GW

Solar hot water 100 mil. m2 150 mil. m2 300 mil. m2

Ethanol 1 mil. tons 2 mil. tons 10 mil. tons

Biodiesel 0.05 mil. tons 0.2 mil. tons 2 mil. tons

Share of primary energy 8% 10% 15%

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Renewable Electricity Generation Capacity

World total China USSmall hydropower 56.0 30.0 2.7Wind power 40.0 0.6 6.4Biomass power 35.0 2.0 6.7Geothermal power 8.8 > 0.1 2.4Solar thermal electric power 0.4 0 0.4Solar photovoltaic power 1.1 0 0.1Total renewable power capacity 142 33 19Large hydropower 730 90 80Total electric power capacity (GW)

3,700 410 740

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Energy supply security

Climate change

Challenges

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Fossil Fuels as a Percentage of Total Primary Energy Supply

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Energy-Related CO2 Emission per GDP

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Beyond Kyoto

A new framework after 2012 – the U.S. must play a role.

The U.S. policy aimed to reduce emission intensity has been achieved. It is time to be more ambitious.

Energy Policy Act 2005 and Energy Bill 2007: good measures that need to be strengthened.

Time to put a value on CO2 emissions.

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Producing More Energy in the U.S.Renewable Energy as % of Total Primary Energy Supply

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What Should We Do (1)

Value for CO2

• Ensuring consumers understand theconsequences of consumption.

• The price mechanism is the best choice for a market economy.

Producing more energy domestically• Increase the use of clean nuclear power.• More renewables to provide heat, power,

and mobility.

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What Should We Do (2)

Using energy more efficiently• Tough minimum standards are the cheapest

way to ensure it at the point of use.• Using the most modern technology for power

generation will ensure the future of coal in theUS energy supply.

Clear long-term policies• Ensure investment security.• Provide a framework for new technologies

to develop.

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Hydrogen Economy (1)

U.S. will need ~150 billion kg of hydrogen annually in a scaled-up hydrogen economyPrimarily for transportationPartly for stationary power

Least efficient, most expensive ways to reduce GHGs

Water is used in the hydrogen economyDirectly as feedstock for hydrogenIndirectly as a coolant for electricity generation for

distilling, conveying and electrolyzing water

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Transition to the Hydrogen Economy

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Hydrogen Economy (2)

1.3 billion tons of water consumed as a feedstock

Daily water withdrawals for thermoelectric power can go up by 58 to 97% from 0.7 billion tons/day (Total US water withdrawals are 1.5 million tons/day).

Annual water consumption of ~1.2 billion tons for thermoelectric power can go up by 300 to 400%.

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“Cow Power” can be a Source of Clean Energy

100 million dry tons of renewable livestock manure in the U.S. annuallySource of pollutionSource of GHGs

Manure-to-energy can offset 0.6~1.2% of U.S. consumption

Manure-to-energy can offset 1.2~1.5% of US GHG emission

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Wastes to Energy

Biogas

Heat

CNG

LNG

Electricity

Use

Crops

Household

Animalwaste

Conversion

AnaerobicDigestion

Sources

Fuel Cell

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Horse vs. Car

1 acreHorse manure

175’

Rochester, NY16,000 horses

16 billion flies Public health

40,000 death/yr in the U.S.

Buy carsModel T

Solution

Problem

Accident

Henry Ford used this argument to sell his cars more.

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Outlook on Renewable Energy in America

Needs energy that is secure, reliable, improves public health, protects the environment, addresses climate change, creates jobs, and provides technological leadership.

Needs renewable energy. Needs coordinated, sustained federal and state

policies that expand renewable energy markets; promote and deploy new technology; and provide appropriate opportunities to encourage renewable energy use in all critical energy market sectors: wholesale and distributed electricity generation, thermal energy applications, and transportation.

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Renewables: 635 GW (50% of the current capacity) of US power by 2025

Wind power: 248 GW, Solar: 165 GW, Geothermal: 100 GW, Biomass: 100 GW, Hydro: 23 GW

Biofuel: replace 30~40% of petroleum products by 2030

Generate $700 billion in economic activity and create 5 million new jobs

Outlook on Renewable Energy in America

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President George W. BushState of the Union, Jan 23, 2007

"It’s in our vital interest to diversify America’s energy supply – the way forward is through technology. We must continue changing the way America generates electric power, by even greater use of …solar and wind energy. We must continue investing in new methods of producing ethanol, using everything from wood chips to grasses, to agricultural wastes.”

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California Hydroelectricity Generation (2003)

Nuclear (15%)

Fossil fuel (58%)

Hydro (18%)

Non-hydrorenewable (9%)

Biomass (2.1%)

Geothermal (5.3%)

Wind (1.3%)Solar (0.3%)

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US Electricity Potential from Renewable Energy Sources by 2025:

635 GW

Wind power (39%)

Solar power (26%)

Geothermal power (16%)

Biomass power (16%)

Hydro power (4%)

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Summary (1)

Many industrialized countries have had targets, policies, and monitory investments to promote renewable energy.

Hydro powers and geothermal energy are most economical at this time for electricity generation.

More water is needed for hydrogen economy.

Wind power is one of the fastest growing renewable energy sectors.

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Summary (2)

Hydro power should be more exploited due to economics.

In order to reduce the dependency to oil, more efficient mode of transportation is needed. Furthermore, cars must have better mileage and smaller cars should be driven.

Because of the economic scale of the renewable energy market, the government and industry must develop renewable technologies more aggressively for exports.

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