Renewable energy course#06
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Transcript of Renewable energy course#06
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Hydel Power
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Types of Hydro TurbinesReaction, Impulse, Mixed Flow
Axial for Low Head (3-33 meters)
Radial or Combined Flow
Kaplan – Variable pitch blades – High efficiency at off load conditions
Francis – radial, mixed flow – 5-500 meter heads – poor at off load conditions
Pelton Wheel – Impulse turbine > 50 meter head – high efficiency over wide range
Fixed Bladed Propeller ~ High efficiency at design conditions
Poor at low flow rates
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Three Gorges Dam – Yangtze River - ChinaInstalled capacity 22.5 GW - 32 Main Turbines of 700 MW Capacity factor 0.45Height 181 m Length 2,335 m Crest width 40 mBase width 115 mSpillway capacity 16,000 m3/s Reservoir Capacity 39.3 km3
Catchment Area 1,000,000 km2 Surface area 1,045 km2 Normal elevation 175 mReservoir length 600 kmMax. reservoir width 1.1 km
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Pelton Wheel – Impulse Turbine
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Francis – Reaction Turbine
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Kaplan – Reaction Turbine
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Principle Po = ρQgH (Watts)
Rain fall > 40 cm/y desired
Ha = Ht - Hf
Q = ⌠ u dA
u ≈ 0.8 us (for rectangular cross section)
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Pelton Wheel
F = 2ρQj (uj – uc) Force experienced by the cup
Pj = F uc = 2ρQj (uj – uc) uc Power transferred to one cup
Maximum for uc/ uj = 0.5
Hence Pj = ρ Qj uj2 / 2 100% efficiency
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Uj2 = 2g Ha Bernoulli’s Principle
Pm = ηm ρ Qj (2gHa) / 2 = ηm ρ (a uj) (2gHa ) /2
= ηm ρ a (2gHa)3/2 / 2 Power from one nozzle
= ηm ρ a n (2gHa)3/2 / 2 for n nozzles
2 ≤ n ≤ 4
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Angular Velocity and Turbine Size
Since uc = Rω R = 0.5 uj / ω
R = 0.5 (2gHa)1/2 / ω
Radius of the nozzle
r2 = Pm / (ηmρnπ(gHa)3/2(2)1/2)
Hence r / R = 0.68 (ηmn) -1/2 δ
Where δ = Pm1/2 ω / [ ρ1/2 (gHa)5/4 ] Shape Number
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Peak Efficiencies of Various Turbines w.r.t. Shape Number
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Banki Turbine – Cross flow
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η = 0.9, δ = 0.11
Hence ω1 = δ ρ1/2 (gHa)5/4 / Pm1/2
= 0.11 x (1000)1/2 (9.8 x 81)5/4 / (160000)1/2
= 36 Rad/s
Further, R = uj / 2ω = (2gHa)1/2 / 2ω = 40 / 2ω = 0.55 m
Similarly, ω2 = 1.1 Rad/s, R = 4.5 m
Therefore, Pelton wheels rotate slowly with low heads – Suitable only with low heads and small flows
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World Hydro Electricity Generation (Twh/year)
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Hydro Power Capacity by Region
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Hydraulic Ramp Pump
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Social & Environmental Aspects Multiple applications – Water storage, fishing, recreation, bird sanctuaries, river flow control, flood mitigation
Debt burden – high capital investment, public displacement, destruction of eco-systems, loss of historical and cultural heritage, inequitable sharing of costs and benefits
Small reservoirs and Run-of-River projects considered having less environmental impacts – China having large numbers
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S. No
Power Station
Installed Capacity (MW)
1. Tarbela 3,578
2. Ghazi Barotha
1,450
3. Mangla 1,000
4. Warsak 243
5. Chashma 184
6. Khan Khwar
72
7. Duber Khwar
130
8. Allai Khwar
121
9. Others 178
Total Capacity
6,956
Currently Installed Hydel Power Capacity in Pakistan
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S. No.
Power Station
Capacity (MW)
Expected Completion
1. Jinnah Hydropower
96 Dec. 2012
2. Gomal Zam Dam
17.4 Feb. 2013
3. Golen-Gol 106 Feb. 2015
4. Neelum Jhelum
969 Oct. 2015
Total 1188.4
Near completion hydel power projects in Pakistan
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S. No.
Project River Water Storage (MAF)
Power Capacity (MW)
1. Diamer Basha Indus 8.1 4500
2. Kurram-Tangi Kurram 1.2 84
3. Tarbela-4th Extetnsion
Indus 1410
4. Munda Swat 1.3 740
5. Kohala Jhelum RoR* 1100
6. Bunji Indus RoR* 7100
7. Dasu Indus 1.15 4320
8. Lower Spat Gah Indus RoR* 496
9. Lower Palas Valley
Indus RoR* 665
10. Mahl Jhelum RoR* 600
Total Capacity 11.75 21015
Identified Sites whose Feasibility Study is Complete
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Current National News
7 – Wind Projects of 450 MW in the pipeline
50 MW by FFC erected one – 25 out of 33 towers manufactured in Pakistan
Blades will be locally manufactured in the next phase
220 MW of Solar Grid applications in the pipeline @ 25c/kWh
14000 Biogas plants under installation by Dutch Govt.
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What Choices Do We Have ?
The shift in the energy sources is viewed as both a challenge and an enormous opportunity
The choice we face is either prosperity or decline
We can either remain an importer of oil at increasingly higher costs or to become an exporter of clean energy
We can allow the climate change to wreck unnatural havoc across the landscape or we can create jobs working to prevent its worst effects
The nations that will lead the world in creating new energy sources will be the nations that lead the 21st century global economy