RENEWABLE ENERGYSaid Salim PalayiAEE, Electrical Division, KSEB Limited, Manjeri, Kerala, Indiasspalayi@yahoo.com

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Energy Sources

Fossil fuels - coal, oil, gas are all of limited amounts. Cant be replaced.

Nuclear fuels -limited amounts of uranium for nuclear fission reactors but reprocessing of fuel possible.

Renewable Energy Sources- They are being replaced / generated at the same rate that they are being utilised. -

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Renewable Energy Sources Hydro power Wind Energy Solar energy Tidal ,Waves and Sea currents Geothermal Energy Biomass & Bio-fuels

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Global Energy - Future Target

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Renewable Energy Commercialization

From the end of 2004, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60% annually for many technologies.

grid-connected PV increased the fastest of all renewables technologies, with a 60% annual average growth rate.

scientists have advanced a plan to power 100% of the world's energy with wind, hydroelectric, and solar power by the year 2030

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Hydro Electricity Generation Hydroelectricity is the term

referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.

Mainly two types:- Storage type. Run-off- The river system

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Storage type

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Working of Storage type Hydro Station

Potential energy in the retained water is transferred into kinetic energy by water flowing through the pipes with high speed.

The force and high pressure in the water turns a series of shafts in a generator. Spinning shafts in the generator charges coils and magnets to create electricity, which is regulated by a transformer. This is then transported cables to homes and factories.

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Run- off River Scheme

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Working of Run-off- River SystemIn ROR systems, running water is diverted from a river and guided down a channel, or penstock, which leads to a generating house. Here, the force of the moving water spins a turbine, which then drives a generator. Used water is fed back into the main river further downstream. The difference between run-of-river and large, conventional storage hydro, is the absence of a dam and reservoir. Run-of-river relies on coursing rivers to generate electricity, as opposed to stored water.

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Categories Sizes of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.

Large (Above 10 MW) Small (Below 10 MW) Micro (up to 100 kW of power) Pico (Under 5 kW)

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Wind Electricity

Wind power is converted to Electrical power by use of wind turbines.

A wind farm consist of several individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network.

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Wind Turbine SystemWind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of tower.

The blades rotate at 10 to 22 revolutions per minute.

Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator.

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Inside wind turbine

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Offshore generation Average wind speed is 1.9 times more than onshore.

Technical expertise exists from oil rig experience.

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Solar Energy SystemsSolar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as Solar Heating, Photovoltaics, Solar Thermal Energy.

2 Types1. Solar Thermal Generation (Concentrated Solar Power System)2. Solar Photo Voltaic Electricity Generation.

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Concentrated Solar Power Systems (CSP)

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CSP

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Solar Thermal Generation Working Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

systems use lenses or mirrors to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam.

Solar radiation heats up the thermo-oil that flows trough the receiver to a temperature of 400° Celsius so that a downstream heat exchanger is able to generate steam. The steam is used inside the turbine that rotates the generator.

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Solar PV Systems A photovoltaic system typically

includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, a battery and sometimes a solar tracker.

Classifications - Off grid system On grid System

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Solar Cell

A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

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Solar PanelA solar panel is an assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications.

Output ranges from 100 to 320 watts

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Off Grid System

Off Grid system works as a stand alone system. Does Not connected to Grid.

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On Grid System

Always connected to the grid. Exports surplus generation to grid and imports when solar generation is not sufficient to meet load.

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Benefits Residences and businesses that

have a grid-tied electrical system can sell surplus energy to the utility grid.

Electricity delivered to the grid can be compensated by "Net metering", is where the entity that owns the renewable energy power source receives compensation from the utility for its net outflow of power.

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Grid Tie Inverter(Grid Interactive Inverter)

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Grid Tie Inverter -Working GTIs are often used to convert DC

power produced by renewable energy sources into the AC with phase matching to the utility supply

During a period of overproduction from the generating source, power is routed into the power grid, thereby being sold to the local power company.

During insufficient power production, it allows for power to be purchased from the power company

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1.Phase MatchingStep:1

Sense the phaseStep:2

Produce phase matched ACStep:3 Rinse &Repeat2.Anti-IslandingA grid Tie inverter disconnects in the event of power failure to protect the Utility employees.

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Future of Solar Energy

A University of Texas at Arlington physics professor has helped create a hybrid nanomaterial that can be used to convert light and thermal energy into electrical current, surpassing earlier methods that used either light or thermal energy, but not both.

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TIDAL / WAVE ENERGY

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Tidal Barrage

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Tidal Power

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Generation Principle When the sea level rises and the tide

begins to come in, the temporary increase in tidal power is channelled into a large basin behind the dam called tidal barrage, holding a large amount of potential energy.

With the receding tide, this energy is then converted into mechanical energy as the water is released through large turbines that create electrical power though the use of generators.

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Marine Current Power Generation

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Possibilities. Marine currents are more

predictable than wind and solar power.

Marine currents are more power full than wind

Experimental stage, commercial production not started

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Wave Energy GenerationThe Pelamis machine

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Pelamis machineThe Pelamis machine consists of a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. As waves pass along the length of the machine, the sections move relative to one another. The wave-induced motion of the sections is resisted by hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through hydraulic motors via smoothing hydraulic accumulators . The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to produce electricity.

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Hybrid System A hybrid energy system usually

consists of two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.

Hybrid energy systems oftentimes yield greater economic and environmental returns than wind, solar, geothermal or stand-alone systems by themselves.

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Photovoltaic Wind Hybrid Systems

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PV Wind Hybrid System Advantages This would create more output from

the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the solar panels would produce their peak output.

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Geo Thermal Energy Closer to the earth surface, the rocks layers

are hot enough to keep water and air spaces there at a temperature of about 50-60 degrees F (10-16 degrees C). Geothermal technology takes advantage of the hot close-to-earth-surface temperatures to generate power.

In places with hotter 'close-to-earth-surface' temperatures, deep wells can be drilled and cold water pumped down. The water runs through fractures in the rocks and is heated up. It returns to the surface as hot water and steam, where its energy can be used to drive turbines and electricity generators.

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Geothermal System

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Renewable Energy Potential of Kerala

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Wind Power Potential Kerala had the potential to

generate nearly 2,000 mw of wind energy at three spots--Ramakkalmedu, Kanjikode and Attappadi in Palakkad district.

Kerala was at present generating only 22 mw of wind power,

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Solar Energy Potential Kerala has a total wasteland area of

2445.63km2. Electric energy could be developed in that area is 1093.68 MU/day. Annual electrical energy generated in that area is about 3,99,195 MU.

By considering the 4% of wastelands(73.36 km2) annual electricity generated is about 15,967 MU. This shows that the electricity

generated would be at least 1.12 times higher than the present demand (14226.1 MU).

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Hydel Generation potential of kerala State  Kerala is abundant with natural

waterfalls and streams. Kerala has a potential for 4333 MW So far only 1835 MW (40% ) of the

hydro potential of the State has been tapped.

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Is Costly Investment in RE justified ??? The Answer is in this letter written by a

Native American chief to the president of United States who want to convert The tribal land.

Chief Seattle's Letter to the President  of the United States, 1852

"The President in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land. But how can you buy or sell the sky? The land? The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you sell them? Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. Every shining pine needle, every humming insect. All are holy in the memory and experience of my people.

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We know the sap which courses through the trees as we know the blood that courses through our veins. We are part of the earth and it is part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters. The bear, the deer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadow, the body heat of a pony, and man, all belong to the same family.

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The shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just water, but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell you our land, you must remember that it is sacred. Each ghostly reflection in the clear waters of the lakes tells of events and memories in the life of my people. The waters murmur in the voice of my father's father. The rivers are our brothers. They quench our thirst. They carry our canoes and feed our children. So you must give to the river the kindness you would give any brother.

If we sell you our land, remember that the air is precious to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports. The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also receives his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the spirit of life. So if we sell you our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow Flowers.

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Will you teach your children what we have taught our children? That the earth is our Mother? What befalls the earth befalls all the sons of the earth.This we know: The earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life; he is merely a strand of it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself.

One thing we know: Our God is your God. The earth is precious to him and to harm the earth is to heap contempt on its Creator. Your destiny is a mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The wild horses tamed? What will happen when the secret corners of the forest are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of the ripe hills is blotted by talking wires? Where will the thicket be? Gone! Where will the eagle be? Gone! And what is it to say goodbye to the swift pony and the hunt? The end of living and the beginning of survival.

When the last red man has vanished with his wilderness and his memory is only the shadow of a cloud moving across the prairie, will these shores and forests still be here? Will there be any of the spirit of my people left?

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We love this earth as a newborn loves its mother's heartbeat. So if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it as we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the memory of the land as it is when you receive it. Preserve the land for all children and love it, as God loves us all.

As we are a part of the land, you too are part of the land. This earth is precious to us. It is also precious to you. One thing we know: There is only one God. No man, be he Red Man or White Man, can be apart. We are all brothers."

Chief Seattle

"Native American isn't blood. It is what is in the heart. The love for the land, the respect for it, those who inhabit it, and the respect and acknowledgement of the spirits and elders. That is what it is to be Indian."White Feather, Navajo Medicine Man

"We are all one Tribe, the Human Tribe... "

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When We will have this great Chief’s Wisdom ?????

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Thank you