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COVENTRY UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & COMPUTING

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS)IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

A304SE POWER SYSTEM

COURSEWORK

STUDENT NAME : M. Faazil FairoozSTUDENT ID NUMBER : 4701970SUPERVISOR : Dr K.A.C Udayakumara

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..4

CHAPTER 2: POWER SYSTEM WITH 4-BUSES AND 4- TRANSMISSION LINES…………………….4

2.1Using these parameters Y bus matrix calculated by applying MATLAB simulation……….……6

2.2Bus Admittance Matrix Calculation………………………………………………………………8

2.3Iterations…………………………………………………………………………………………10

2.4Line Current Calculation…………………………………………………………………...……14

2.5Line Losses calculation…………………………………………………………………….……15

2.6Slack Power Calculation……………………………………………………………………...…15

2.7Power Flow Diagram of the Power System……………………………………………………..16

CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter 3: Alternative Sources of Energy Possible……………………………………………...21

Chapter 4: Comparison of energy sources…………………………………………….…………37

Chapter 5: Conclusion ………………………………………………………………..…………40

CHAPTER 6: Harvard Referencing …………………………………………………..…………41

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Chapter 1: Abstract

Motivation

In period, the earth improving and progressing round us, there is a lot characters trying to change

things around us in the field of power system but fairly little accomplishment is accomplished in

this technical advance, it’s the same in all individuals where they have a habit to live and work

with fewer work and time and more efficiently and effectively

We look at power flow analysis as in the first part where it is a very important part to study, it’s a

study regarding power flowing in grid lines. It’s about understanding the capacity of the line and

design for the parameters. The second part is that it regarding life which is an important topic.

Renewable energy is a method that preserves the nature while extracting its energy. We have used

to types of renewable which can be located at sea

I. OTEC plants

II. Tidal wave

As Sri Lanka is surrounded by sea it suits us more

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CHAPTER 2: POWER SYSTEM WITH 4-BUSES AND 4- TRANSMISSION LINES.

Parameters provided in the question

Base apparent power = 100MVA

Tolerance of each bus voltage = 5% The bus data

Bus Data for the Power SystemBus

NameGeneration Loads

Type V(pu) P (MW) Q (MVAR) P (MW) Q (MVAR)

1 SL 12 PV 10° 45 353 PQ 1 100 254 PQ 1 95 40

Transmission Line From/To Series Impedance RatedNumber (bus to bus) Z (pu) MVA

1 1-2 <a>2 2-3 <a>3 3-4 <a>4 4-1 <a>

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From/To

(Bus to Bus)

Series Impedance (Z) Series Admittance(Y)

R(p.u.) X(pu) G(pu) B(pu)

1-2 0.002 j0.033 1.8298 -j30.1921

2-3 0.001 j0.040 0.6246 -j40.7080

3-4 0.004 j0.031 4.0942 -j24.9844

4-1 0.001 j0.022 2.0619 -j45.3608

The power values assigned by the lecturer are converted to per unit by the following formula.

= = 100Bus Name

Generation Load

V [initial] in per

unitRemarks

Pg / MW Qg / MvarP L QL

MW p.u Mvar p.u

1 - - - - 1∠0° Slack bus

2 0 0 90 0.95 35 0.35 1∠0° Load Bus

3 0 0 75 0.75 25 0.25 1∠0° Load Bus

4 0 0 70 0.7 40 0.4 1∠0° Load Bus

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2.1Using these parameters Y bus matrix calculated by applying MATLABsimulation.

Part a.

Bus Data used in Matlab.

% Bus data for Load Flow Analysis.% code built using reverse flow

function busdata = busdata6() % Returns busdata/04.

% |Bus | Type | Vsp | theta | PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |busdata = [ 1 1 1.00 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0;

2 3 1.00 0 0.0 0 0.90 0.35 0 0;3 3 1.00 0 0.0 0 0.75 0.25 0 0;4 3 1.00 0 0.0 0 0.70 0.35 0 0; ];

Line data used in Matlab.

% Line Data for Y-Bus Formation.

function linedata = linedata6() % Returns linedata.

% | From | To | R | X | B/2 |% | Bus | Bus | | | |linedata = [ 1 1 0 0 0.00;

1 2 0.002 0.033 0.00;2 3 0.001 0.04 0.00;3 4 0.004 0.031 0.00;4 1 0.001 0.022 0.00;];

Y bus calculation in Matlab.

function ybus = ybusppg(); % Returns ybus

linedata = linedata6(); % Calling "linedata6.m" for Line Data...fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...

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x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...z = r + i*x; % Z matrix...y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...b = i*b; % Make B imaginary...

nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % no. of buses...nbranch = length(fb); % no. of branches...ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus); % Initialise YBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...for k=1:nbranch

ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = -y(k);ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));

end

% Formation of Diagonal Elements....for m=1:nbus

for n=1:nbranchif fb(n) == m | tb(n) == m

ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);end

endendybus; % Bus Admittance Matrixzbus = inv(ybus); % Bus Impedance Matrix

Answer developed as of Matlab.

Y Busans =

-74.9518i -1.8298 +31.7298i 0 -2.0619 +43.2220i-1.8298 +31.7298i 14.7136 -72.4377i -0.6246 +40.7080i 0

0 -0.6246 +40.7080i 16.5018 -64.2374i -4.0942 +23.5294i-2.0619 +43.2220i 0 -4.0942 +23.5294i 15.7055 -66.7514i

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2.2Bus Admittance Matrix Calculation

Y11= y12 + y14= (1.8298 - j30.1921) + (2.0619- j45.3608) = 3.8917 – j75.5529

Y12=Y21= (-y12) = ( - 1.8298 + j30.1921)

Y14=Y41= (-y14) = ( - 2.0619 + j45.3608)

Y22=y12+y23= (1.8298 - j30.1921) + (0.6246- j24.9844) = -27.7377 – j24.9844

Y23=Y32= (-y23) = (-0.6246 + j24.9844)

Y33=y32+y34= (0.6246- j24.9844) + (4.0942- j24.9844) = 4.7188 – j49.9688

Y34=Y43= (-y34) = (-4.0942 + j24.9844)

Y44=y14 + y43= (2.0619- j45.3608) + (4.0942- j24.9844) = 6.1561 – j70.3452

The injected power at each bus is:

S1= P1 + jQ1 p.u

S2= (-0.9-j0.35) p.u

S3= (-0.75 - j0.35) p.u

S4= (-0.7-j0.35) p.u

= −= −= 0 − 0.9 = −0.9= 0 − 0.35 = −0.35= 0 − 0.75 = −0.75

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= 0 − 0.25 = −0.25= 0 − 0.7 = −0.7= 0 − 0.4 = −0.4Assume = = = 1 p.u and = = = ∀0°Using Gauss-Seidel method, the first iteration voltages and phase difference are calculated asfollows

For the system of N buses the general equation for the calculated voltage at any bus i where P

and Q are scheduled is

= 1 −( )∗ − ( ) + ( )Superscript (k) denotes the number of the iteration in which the voltage is currently beingcalculated and (k-1) indicates the number of the preceding iteration.

= 1 −( )∗ − ( ) + ( )

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2.3 Iterations

= ( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 1−27.7377 − j24.9844 −0.9 + j0.351 − (−1.8298 + j30.1921) −(4.0942 − j24.9844) − (0)= (0.2825 − j1.1678) .= 1.2012∀(−76) .

= 1 −0.9 + j0.35( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 116.5019 − j64.2374 −0.9 + 0.351 − (−0.6246 + j24.9844) − (0.995 − j7.0224)

− (−0.6246 + 24.9844)= (0. .6196 − 0.169) .= 0.642 ∀(−15.277)° .

= 1 (−0.9 + j0.35)( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 14.7188 − j56.7142 −0.9 + j0.351 − (−4.0942 + j30.1921) − (−0.6246 + 24.9844) −(1.054 − 3.86)= (0.3221 − 0.5321) .= 0.6222 ∀(−58.8271)° .

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= ( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 12.0619 − j45.3608 −0.9 + j0.35(0.995 + j7.0224) − (−4.6522 + j34.6231)− (−1.8298 + j30.1921) − (1.054 − 3.86)= (1.345 − 0.0592) .= 1.344∀(2.526)° .

= 1 −0.7 + j0.25( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 116.5019 − j64.2374 −0.7 + 0.25(1.054 + 3.86) − (−1.8298 + j30.1921) − (−0.9840 − 1.5425)− (−0.6246 + 24.9844) × (0.9175 − 1.704)= (0.766 − 0.1581) .= 0.78∀ (−11.66)° .

= 1 (−0.7 + j0.4)( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 14.7188 − j56.7142 −0.75 + j0.4(0.9175 + 1.704) − (−4.0942 + j30.1921) − (−0.6246 + 24.9844)− (−1.2045 − 1.6324)= (0.9475 − 0.0104) .

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= 0.94∀(−0.634)° .

= ( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 12.0619 − j45.3608 −0.9 + j0.35(0.9840 + 1.5425) − (−4.6522 + 34.6231)− (−1.8298 + j30.1921) − (−1.2045 − 1.6324)= (1.3837 − j0.0.051) .= 1.38 ∀(2.1163)° .

= 1 −0.7 + j0.25( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 116.5019 − j64.2374 −0.7 + 0.25(−1.2045 + 1.6324) − (−1.8298 + j30.1921) × (0.539 − j0.967)− (−0.6246 + 24.9844) − (0.445 − 0.685)= (0.7853 − 0.174) .= 0.804 ∀(−12.51)° .

= 1 (−0.75 + j0.4)( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )

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= 14.7188 − j56.7142 −0.75 + j0.4(0.445 + 0.685) − (−4.0942 + j30.1921) − (−0.6246 + 24.9844)− (0.488 − 0.665)= (0.9423 − 5.46) .= 0.94∀(−0.332°) .

= ( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 12.0619 − j45.3608 −0.9 + j0.350.539 + j0.967 − (−4.6522 + j34.6231)− (−1.8298 + j30.1921) × (0.488 − 0.665)= (1.398 − 0.065) .= 1.399∀(−2.700)° .

= 1 −0.7 + j0.3( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 116.5019 − j64.2374 −0.7 + 0.25(0.488 + 0.665) − (−1.8298 + j30.1921) − (0.7876 − 0.268)− (−0.6246 + 24.9844) − (0.7432 − 0.277)= (0.7878 − 0.1920) .= 0.810∀(−13.699)° .

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= 1 (−0.75 + j0.4)( )∗ − ( ) − ( ) − ( )= 14.7188 − j56.7142 −0.75 + j0.4(0.7432 + 0.277) − (−4.0942 + j30.1921) − (−0.6246 + 24.9844)− (0.75 − 0.277)= (0.9520 − 0.0217) .= 0.9523∀(−1.309°) .

2 Bus Voltages

Considering fourth iteration values as final answers= (1.398 − 0.065) = 1.399∀(−2.700)° .= (0.7878 − 0.1920) = 0.810∀(−13.699)° .= (0.9520 − 0.0217) = 0.9523∀(−1.309°) .2.4 Line Current Calculation

= − = (1.398 − 0.065) − 10.004 + 0.031 = (11.3714 + 1.857) = 11.522 ∀(−9.275°) .= − = (0.7878 − 0.1920) − (1.398 − 0.065)0.006 + 0.023 = (−11.649 + 23.491)

= 26.22 ∀(116.37°) .= − = (0.9520 − 0.0217) − (0.7878 − 0.1920)0.01 + 0.04= (4.977 − 2.88) = 5.7531 ∀(−30°) .

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= − = (0.9520 − 0.0217) − 10.005 + 0.022 = (−1.409 + 1.86) = 2.33 ∀(127°) .

2.5Line Losses calculation= ( ) × = 11.522 × 0.001 = 0.1327 .= ( ) × = (26.22 ) × 0.002 = 1.3749 .= ( ) × = 5.7531 × 0.001 = 0.0330 .= ( ) × = (2.33 ) × 0.0004 = 0.02171 .2.6 Slack Power Calculation= +

= 0.9 + 0.9 + 0.6 + 0.1327 + 0.3749 + 0.0330 + 0.02171 = 2.962 .

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2.7Power Flow Diagram of the Power System

PART E 64-j45 Bus 2

MW Flow

Mvar Flow

Bus 1

Bus 3

Slack Power 60 + j35

Bus 4

50 + j45

G1

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CHAPTER 3: INTRODUCTION

3.1 The need for alternative energy source

The requirement for renewable power sources gets immediate; therefore the development of

alternative energy is shifting quickly. Internationally different individuals and investigation

teams tend to be producing brand-completely innovative and thrilling power systems. Many of

this equipment are wonderful works and wish increasing regarding massive use. The western

world as well as Politician's world-wide tend to be composing procedures and so are creating

deals to create better use of these kinds of energizes.

The first issue is that the fossil fuel is actually eating up at fast rate and so tougher so that we

can retrieve them. The consequence is the fact that we are able to become dealing with electricity

problems in the future if we are not really cautious today. The vitality costs will certainly go sky

high and never be around for some or perhaps countries. To avoid this disaster situation we have

to discover options as well as utilized them to their own complete potential.

The major problem is how the fossil fuels work, which can be popular nowadays tend to be

dangerous for our environment. In early 70s there have been folks and also researchers which

lecture normally, however nowadays the negative effects tend to be displaying. The earth will be

warming up and also environments are transforming. An additional negative effect is that the

ozone layer is getting slimmer that also has a leads to a warming up of the world. These two

outcomes go with each other to make that even more crucial to help create an additional part of

an alternative course. This task will bring us for the use of alternative energy

The answer for our difficulties may be fixed through renewable energy. Our beautiful planet

gives us the chance to create appropriate us regarding sunlight, moving water, strong wind gusts,

as well as Hot Springs and also transform these directly straight into energy. These kinds of

energy sources tend to be abundant and also free to use. We have to be sure that all of us

transform the energy in a proper way, without causing other problems that will once more hurt

the environment. Thankfully the numerous efforts by individuals and organizations present that

can be achieved

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3.2 Major source/s of energy in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka imports just about almost most energy needed for their energy needs. In 2009, Sri

Lanka brought in 146.1 Mtoe of energy goods. As a major gas refining as well as investing

center in the area, the key significances have been oil goods and crude oil & natural gas liquids

(NGL), which established 61.8% as well as 33.2% of overall energy significances respectively.

Data provided by Sri Lanka energy statistics 2011

Consumption graph provided by Sri Lanka energy statistics 2011

Consumption Sri Lanka by Different Sectors

Total final fuel intake withinside Sri Lanka came to 785.7 ktoe in 2009. This kind of failed to

include the fuel used for electricity creation. Among the various industries, the consumption of

the actual industrial-related field was the highest, comprising 79.9% associated with overall

gasoline usage throughout Capital of Sri Lanka at the time of 2009, followed by the particular

business & services-related market (8.7%), households (6.9%) and the transport-related sector

(1.6%).The consumption figures range from the conversion of gas so that you can town gas just

ahead of syndication in order to be able for you to help homes and the business & services-

related market, primarily in order to smoke purposes. Additionally, it contains the usage of

gasoline for Compacted Gas (CNG) automobiles

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3.3 Sector Consumption provided by Sri Lanka energy statistics 2011

The energy mix regarding electricity generation is based on the amount of electrical energy

created from each kind associated with gas. Data up to 2010 tend to be included due to info

supply. The particular reveal regarding oil goods found in electrical energy generation lowered

through Thirty-five% in 2004 to 15% in 2009 because of a rise in weight using gas fi crimson

vegetation with regard to electricity era. However, this year, there is a small increase in the

reveal regarding petroleum items utilized in electrical power generation, like a strong rebound

withinside electrical power requirement triggered an elevated using steam plants, involving oil

being an energy origin. This season, close to 79% associated with Sri Lanka’s electrical power

was produced from natural gas and also one more Nineteen% through petroleum goods for

instance fuel oil and diesel. The remaining Three% has been produced via green solutions for

example biogas, city and county strong waste and pv.

Fossil fuels chat by Sri Lanka energy statistics 2011

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After seeing this statistics we come to a conclusion that Sri Lanka uses more of fossil fuel as

there natural resources are limited. This limitation has been put up due to the total land area of

Sri Lanka is small for large hydro power plants.

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Chapter 4: Alternative Sources of Energy Possible

4.1 Available resources in Sri Lanka

The main Available resources in Sri Lanka is that its fabulous beaches which are not only the

best tourist destination but a global hub for power sources which are to be explored by Sri Lanka

officials firstly we must look at Sri Lanka geo location before any further study or research to

proceed in the locating of a power plant this tropical island.

Geo location

Sri Lanka is found on the south eastern a section of Asia. If you go through the chart of Sri

Lanka, you will see that this island nation is situated just at the center of Indian Ocean. In fact,

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka can be known as surrounded on all its part from the

Indian Ocean. Sri Lanka can be found within side great physical distance of Asia. It’s divided

from via India from the thin Gulf associated with Mannar and Palk Strait. The whole area of Sri

lanka is actually estimated being 65,610 square kilometers

Image courtesy of travel Sri Lanka

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If renewable energy power plants are to be situated there are many factors that are to be

considered but would take a quick look at some of these, which would be

region Climate

wind patterns

availability of water and sea patterns

Region Climate

The actual climate in Sri Lanka is principally tropical–hot and also humid all year round with

ample rain fall. Geographical area includes a moist and time of year due to seasonal shift in gusts

of wind or perhaps monsoon. Within the caribbean rainfall buckle leads to extra rainfall

throughout the wind season. The particular jungle will be the second biggest in the world (with

the entire Amazon becoming the largest). Very to the kind of climate and plant life may be the

mountain locations withinside the upper location, where higher altitudes cause more gentle

temperatures and more dry landscape. Other parts fall out of the environment because they are

leave such as.

Wind patterns

This region associated with Planet obtaining the particular Sunlight's immediate radiation may be

the equator. Here, oxygen is heated and also increases, leaving low pressure areas powering.

Shifting so that we can regard 25 levels northern and also to the southerly with the equator, the

actual hot air in the circle begins to swirl and tends to increase pressure. In among 30 degrees

latitude and the equator, a lot of the air conditioning happens for the oxygen movements to the

particular equator. Other air flows toward the poles. The air movements towards the actual

equator are called trade wind gusts- warm, constant breezes which blow practically constantly.

The actual Consequence helps make the trade winds look like leaning to the west, whether they

are traveling to the circle from the southern or perhaps north

South around Thirty levels the actual upper or northeast trade winds blow mainly from your

northeast toward the actual equator. We were holding the particular sailor's favored wind gusts

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since the weather conditions had been comfortable and also the winds usually whacked gradually

inside right course.

Doldrums: From concerning the circle is actually Intertropical Unity Zoom or perhaps doldrums,

an area of light as well as unusual breeze busted simply by simply occasional thunderstorms and

squalls. The size as well as exact place of the doldrums is tough to predict. Sailing ships are

sometimes nonmoving here for many days awaiting a proper win

Availability of sea water and sea patterns

The oceanic zone starts in the away coast where the water measures Two hundred yards (656

toes) strong or perhaps deeper.

It is the location of open up ocean past the edge with the ocean floor and also includes Sixty

five% from the marine's completely open water. The oceanic zoom includes a wide array of

undersea landscape, which includes crevices which are usually more deeply compared to Mount

Everest is taller, along with sea cracks and also sea containers. While it is often difficult for

existence to support itself with on this form of environment, some varieties perform flourish

inside oceanic zone

The mesopelagic (disphotic) zone which is adjacent to Sri Lanka, wherever just small amounts of

gentle penetrate, lies below the actual epipelagic area. This kind of area is frequently known on

the Twilight Zone due to its tight quantity of gentle. Temperature ranges inside mesopelagic area

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range from Five to Several °C (Forty one so that you can 39 °F). The stress is actually increased

here, it may be as much as 1,470 pressure unit (10,100,000 Philadelphia) and also rises with

depth.

90% with the ocean is based on the bathypelagic (aphotic) zone into which usually no gentle

penetrates. This is called the midnight zone. Normal mineral waters pressure is very extreme and

also the temperature ranges are usually near cold variety 0 to six °C (Thirty-two to Forty three

°F)

4.2 Existing technologies within side Sri Lanka

Solar Energy

Capital of Sri Lanka being located with inside the equatorial belt, the nation has tremendous

potential to funnel solar energy. But the nation needs to conquer hurdles like scarcity of land as

well as high cost as well as reduced yield of photovoltaic or pv (Photo voltaic) technologies

before solar technology may become an alternative way to obtain vitality within side Sri Lanka.

Capital of Sri Lanka offers offered to construct the world's greatest manufacturing facility, to

make solar power items. It would be the first of its kind within side South Asia. The plant would

certainly generate wafers; cells as well as modules used to produce solar powered energy by

2010.The product will be constructed by a famous Norwegian solar technology business,

Renewable Energy Corp (REC).

Wind power

Sri Lanka is an island nation with substantial wind energy resources. The Wind Energy Resource

Atlas compiled by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in year 2003, has

identified three major regions as having good-to-excellent wind resources. They are:

1. North-western coastal region from the Kalpitiya Peninsula north to the Mannar Islands

and the Jaffna Peninsula.

2. Central highlands in the interior of the country – largely in the Central Province

3. Parts of the Sabaragamuwa and Uva Provinces.

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it is estimated that there is nearly 5000 km2 of windy areas with good-to-excellent wind resource

potential in Sri Lanka. About 4100 km2 of the total windy area is on land. The windy land

represents about 6% of the total land area (65,600 km2) of Sri Lanka. Using a conservative

assumption of 5 MW per km2, this windy land could support more than 20,000 MW of potential

installed capacity. The windy lagoon areas are estimated to encompass 700 km2 with a potential

installed capacity of 3500 MW. The meteorological potential of all promising wind sites in Sri

Lanka is a staggering 25,000MW. But due to system absorption limitations, only 200MW of this

is feasible to be developed, in the business as usual scenario. Additional studies are required to

accurately assess the wind electric potential, considering factors such as the existing transmission

grid and accessibility.

4.3 Alternative Energy Source

As for alternative Energy Source we have selected Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion familiarly

known as (OTEC) and tidal wave plants. This has been selected because of Sri Lanka’s great

beaches and deep water location within its geo location making far reliable than wind power.

And these two power sources could be included into one infrastructure and the second point is

that the time factor to construct the power plants is less.

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To understand these technologies and to compare them we have to look the important factors that

govern this renewable technologies technology

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

The actual seas cover a little more than 70 % from the Surface. This makes the ocean the world's

biggest solar energy extractor and storage space method. On a typical day, 58 thousand square

km of Tropical Ocean soak up some radiation equivalent with inside heat content to concerning

Two hundred and fifty million barrels of essential crude oil. In the event that lower than one

tenth part of this kept solar power could possibly be changed into electrical energy,

OTEC, or even ocean thermal energy conversion, can be a power engineering that turns solar

radiation to electrical power. OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradient—the

indisputable incontrovertible reality the actual sea's tiers regarding normal mineral waters have

different temperatures—to push the power-producing routine. So long as the actual temperature

between the cozy water surface and the extremely cold waters differs by concerning 20°C

(36°F), a good OTEC system can create a significant amount of power. The actual oceans are

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hence a huge natural resource, with the possibility to help us produce huge amounts of power in

term of watts of electrical energy. This kind of prospective is estimated to be concerning watts

amount associated with base load power generation, in accordance with a few specialists. The

particular cold, strong seawater found in the particular OTEC process can be abundant with

nutrition; therefore it may be employed to conserve sea micro creatures and also plants close to

the coast or toward land

Any engine offers higher effectiveness and also power when operate with a huge temperatures

variation. Inside seas the actual heat difference between surface area and seep waters is actually

the finest with inside the tropics, despite the fact that nevertheless a moderate temperature

something like between 20 to 25 °C. Therefore, it is in the tropics that OTEC provides the very

best opportunity to operate. OTEC has the possibility to offer us global quantities of energy up to

a usually of 10 to 100 times the conventional ocean power generation like wind mills. OTEC

plants can operate persistently offering base load handling of power generating units

Where can it be located?

Commercial ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) crops should be situated in a breeding

ground which is stable enough with regard to efficient system operation. The actual temperature

with the cozy surface seawater must differ concerning 20°C (36°F) through those of the cold

deep water that's only about One thousand yards under the deck of the plant. The particular

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normal marine thermal gradient necessary for OTEC procedure is generally found in among

latitudes 20 deg N and as well as 20 deg N. Through this tropical zone there are usually a couple

of commercial nations—the Sri Lanka and also Australia—as nicely as 30 areas and 66

developing nations. Of most these types of feasible tropical island destinations along together

using increasing energy needs and a reliance upon expensive natural gas will be the almost

certainly locations regarding OTEC advancement.

There are many methods that this plant could be established they would be

Land or near the shore

Platforms attached to the shelf

Moorings or free-floating facilities in deep ocean water.

But we here would see only Land or near the shore methods as it would suit Sri Lanka well.

Land or near the shore

Land-based as well as near-shore amenities provide 3 principal advantages over individuals

situated in deep water. Plants constructed up about or near property undertake and don't

sophisticated moorage, prolonged energy cabling, or perhaps the more extensive upkeep

associated with open-ocean environments. They could be in sheltered areas in order that they are

usually relatively risk-free through storms and large oceans. Desalted water and also cold,

nutrient-rich seawater could be transmitted through near-shore amenities by way of trestle

connections or perhaps through jetties. Furthermore, this power plant could supply desalinized

water to nearby objects as it has been purified before it enters the turbine

The most suitable location would be those with narrow shelves mostly known as volcanic active

islands, with 15-20 degrees steep offshore slops and smooth sea floors are encouraged when this

system is put up. If these conditions are satisfied they could minimize the length of the intake

pipe, which in the other hand reduce the capital cost that would be required to build them. A land

base OTEC plant could be located well inland from the shore which will provide good protection

against natural hazards and security threats could be averted.

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Technological break through

Sea water which is an important part of the OTEC plant. Where an OTEC plant has 2 Major

cycle types which are known as closed-cycle and open-cycle.

Closed-cycle

This active system uses chemical with low boiling points, such as ammonia which is used in our

AC systems. This chemical is then feed in to the turbine chamber for electricity generation. Sea

water which is warm is then pumped through a heat exchanger which vaporizes and increases the

temperature of the ammonia. Further this gas is will turn in to a turbocharged substance. Then

cold water is pumped through the auxiliary system and fed into the second heat exchanger which

in turn condenses the gas into liquid. Then this cycle rotates many times within the plant

Closed-cycle

Open-cycle OTEC makes use of surface area of the warm water directly to make electrical

power. Putting warm seawater inside a nonaggressive box causes it to boil. In some schemes, the

actual growing vapor drives the nonaggressive turbine attached to an electric generator. The

vapor, that has remaining its salt along with other impurities in the low-pressure container, is real

fresh water. This method creates desalted fresh water, suitable for h2o or perhaps colonic

sprinkler system

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Benefits of OTEC plants

Measurements on the technological advancements of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)plant and proof of this technology to be taken ahead is given below:

Supports production of fuels such as hydrogen, methanol and ammonia Produces power to handle baseload electrical energy Produces desalinated water for industrial. Is an important reserve for on-shore and near-shore Mari culture operations Has significant potential to provide clean, cost-effective electricity for the future.

Tidal waves

But not widely used, tidal strength offers possibility of future electrical energy era. Tides will be

more predictable than wind energy and also solar powered energy. Between reasons for

renewable energy, tidal energy offers typically endured fairly high cost as well as limited

accessibility to geography locations with sufficiently large recurrent event ranges or circulation

velocities, thus rigid the total accessibility. Nevertheless, numerous recent technological

developments as well as advancements, at layout and design stage (e.g. dynamic tidal power,

tidal lagoons) and also wind turbine owner technologies (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow

turbines), reveal that the complete option of periodic event energy might be greater compared to

previously assumed, and that economic and environment costs could be brought into competing

amounts.

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Where can it be located?

Tidal power conventionally includes building a dam across the opening of the tidal basin. The

dam contains a sluice gate that will be opened to allow the tide to flow into the basin at high

speed;; the sluice gate will then be sealed, and as the sea level drops , traditional hydropower

technologies can be used to generate electricity from the elevated water in the basin. Some

researchers are also trying to extract energy directly from tidal flow stream

The power potential regarding the events basins is actually big — the biggest facility, the La

Rance stationed in France, produces Two hundred and forty megawatts associated power.

Presently, France may be the simply region that successfully uses this particular energy origin.

French designers have noted that if the use of tidal power on the global stage was brought to high

enough amounts, the Earth would certainly slow the turn through 24 hours every single 2,000

years.

Energy extraction

There are two ways that the energy could be extracted in tides we will look at them in brief

Wave Energy

Kinematic energy which is stored in the moving waves of the ocean. That energy if used in a

single projectile form it can be used to influence rotation on a turbine. The tidal wave rises from

the basin into a chamber. The increasing water level forces any air out of the chamber. The

moving air exerts a pressure on the piston which is inside the chamber. This action spins a

turbine which can turn a generator.

When the waves decline, air flows through the piston barrel and back into the chamber through

doors that are normally closed.

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Tidal energy

This form of marine energy extraction is called tidal energy. When tides come into the coast,

they are confined in a reservoir behind dams. After the tide descents, the water inside the

reservoir through dam can be let out like in a conventional hydroelectric power plant.

If this technology to work well, there is a necessity of large rises in tides. An increase of at least

16 feet between low tide to high tide is needed. Some power plants are already operating using

this idea. Certain plant in France makes sufficient amounts of energy from tides to power

240,000 homes.

4.4 Justifications for choice of energy source

Reason 1

Firstly this technology was selected because Sri Lanka is an island which is located within the

South Asia. Where Sri Lanka main power generation is generated by fossil fuel plants the fuel

price in production of electricity generation remains fixed toward the prices of crude oil,

grounded on the normal use of HSFO fuel type as prices over decade it is observed that the price

of electricity has gone similarly up. While Sri Lanka’s power is mostly produced out of natural

gas, the prices of natural gas in commercial markets are also similarly to fuel oil prices; this is

also similar to all countries in the Asian region. Therefore the electricity bill drifts towards the

high Sulphur fuel oil (HSFO) price.

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Prices of petrol and LPG have been increasing dramatically with inside the previous 5 years.

These rates came down in 2009 in line to the western economic downturn,

Reason 2

Fossil fuels are one of the greatest threats for the atmosphere nowadays. Their burning in power

plants and other places adds heavily to the concern of global warming, it pollutes the air,

drinking water, waterways and also property, plus the output of acid rainfall can be noticed.

When standard Fossil fuels are burnt a large amount in power plants Co2 are freed in to the

atmosphere. This plays a vital role in the actual greenhouse effect, trapping and causing the

sunshine's warmth to become exceedingly caught in the environment. When this occurs, global

temps increase. Shedding with the polar glaciers lids causes sea levels to increase too

.

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Therefore as a developing nation Sri Lanka cannot be trusting Fossil fuel for power generation as

it is not governed by Sri Lanka officials. Therefore moving into Renewable energy sources as in

this project OTEC and tidal plants have only a one time investment and the power to generate

electricity is free as it is provide by mother nature,

The second mater is the effect of global warming as Sri Lanka’s main power generating system

is operated by fossil fuel therefore large amounts of fuel is burnt, adding tons of CO2 and other

harmful greenhouse gases into the environment.as Sri Lanka is an island adding Co2 will

increase global temperature and melting of the glaziers could be observed as water levels will

increases reducing fertile beaches of Sri Lanka.

4.5 Advantages and disadvantages of the alternative energy source

Advantages

The main benefit of using renewable energy is it remains because it remains renewable, therefore

it will last for a longer time.it will certainly not go out.

A renewable energy service usually wants a lesser amount of servicing as compared to standard

machines. Their gas being based on natural and also available resources cuts down on the costs

associated with procedure. A lot more highly considered is that, renewable energy generates

slight or no unwanted by products such as Co2 or additional harmful gas pollution, therefore

provides small impact on environmental surroundings.

Renewable energy jobs may also deliver financial advantages to numerous local locations, as

most developments remain situated away from huge metropolitan centers and surrounding

outskirts of the capitals. These types of monetary advantages could be from your elevated

utilization of native providers as good as it supports tourists who want to sight-seeing.

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Disadvantages

Distinguishing of ecological benefits that has risen during testing of renewable kinds of energy

could be seen but we should similarly see its actual drawbacks of this source.

A single drawback along together using renewable power source is always that it’s sometimes

complicated in producing the same quantity of electrical energy that its competitor which is the

conventional fuel generators. This may signify that we may have to reduce the quantity of power

that we use or simply just develop extra power generating units to cater the need. It also shows

that the most effective means to fix our energy crisis is that we might experience an equilibrium

or production of numerous diverse power sources.

Additional drawback of renewable power producing units may be the dependability of the source

of generation. Renewable power frequently utilizes the climate factor for the purpose of power

generation. For example Hydropower plants require rainy weather so that it can fill up the Dams

to provide flowing of water. Winds turbines will have to have breeze to turn the blades, as well

as solar accumulators require obvious air and sunlight to get to the standard temperature and to

generate electricity. When these resources are usually unobtainable same with the capabilities of

the plant to not deliver 100 percent output from the existing site . This method could be volatile

and irregular. The current initial expense of renewable energy technologies can too be

significantly more than standard fossil fuel technology. The reason being it is a brand-completely

innovative technology and as such has very big cost of capital.

4.6 Factors to be considered in putting up the energy source

When putting up power plants we must see certain factors that would affect the operation and the

efficiency for the power plant directly

Weather

Security

Cost of operating

We would firstly why weather is an important factor in location a renewable power plant is that

if a OTEC power plant is located in a fairly cooled weather area where it snows all the time we

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would not be able to gather its full power were it is a waste of money and land area OTEC power

plants must have a desirable weather condition where it has been stated in above chapters and the

depth of the sea is very important for an OTEC plant to operate it is because of the temperature

and pressure difference at deferent depth of the ocean where the plant is to be situated. And for

a tidal power plant the weather is more important than an OTEC.as it complete is designed for a

rough sea where its waves would be absorbed by the plants turbine. Therefore breeze weather is

encouraged for a plant at sea

Security

Security is a very important factor in construction of a plant as it has to be secured from natural

hazards and terrorist attacks. Designers must keep in mind that all the systems that are critical for

the power plant must be built using fail-safe units and backup plans. For an example cooling

towers of an OTEC plant should have Auxiliary coolers in case that the primary fails. If this need

is not meet it could be disastrous as the power plant would contain harmful gases and chemicals

that could be air borne in a matter of minutes before it is contained, sufficient perimeter sensors

and guards must be installed to keep away intruder and foreign treats away from the plants

Cost of operating

This is a less important factor as a renewable plant doesn’t consume any foreign matter for its

generating purposes as if there is a cost it would be labor which will include as these two plants

are situated at sea, more geologists and engineers have to employed as it directly deals with

forbidden ocean air where it is an arch enemy of iron and steel

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Chapter 4: Comparison of energy sources3.1 Comparisons Chart Tidal Plants VS HFSO.

Factors

Environmental Impact Minimal environmental impact Possible environmental impact

from drilling/transporting and

combustion

Efficient Efficient Highly efficient

Emissions Power plants have low emissions High CO2 emissions

Noise pollution Entirely silent Very high noise pollution at full

operation

Initial Investment Expensive Initial costs Less Expensive Initial costs

Running Cost Low cost after the initial

investment

Expensive running costs as fuel

price fluctuation

Location To Start Up OTEC grounds found in limited

locations around the globe and

only at sea

Easy start up could even located

adjacent to urbanized area

Safety Risk of explosion very rare due

to less combustion chemicals

Extremely deadly in case of fire

as petroleum is a good supporter

of combustion

Existing Time On Earth Not scalable Source may drain before LPG

and coal

Cost Of Transport None Easy to transport

OTEC Power Plants HFSO

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3.2 Comparisons Chart Tidal Plants VS Diesel

Factors

Environmental Impact Little disruption of ecosystems Cleanest-burning fossil fuel

Efficient Moderately high output

directly related to wind speed

Often used in mixture with other

fuels types and cells to increase

efficiency in power generation

Emissions No emissions Burns cleanly, but still has

emissions

Noise pollution Zero Noise pollution Very high noise pollution at full

operation

Initial Investment High compared to natural gas but

affordable

Less Expensive Initial costs

Running Cost High ongoing maintenance costs Expensive running costs as fuel

price fluctuation

Location To Start Up Not feasible for all geographic

locations

Easy start up but located in

remote areas for safety

precautions

Safety Very high, due to under water Safety increased by adding

synthetic odor so that it can

easily detect the gas in case of a

seepage out of tank

Existing Time On Earth Not scalable Shortage of groundwork makes

gas assets underground

Tidal Plants Diesel

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unobtainable in some regions

3.3 Other factor that must be considered in putting up an alternative source.

Renewable energy faces prohibitively high—and escalating—capital costs

Japan Steel will be the only organization in the world that's “capable regarding creating the

pressure vessel of the OTEC plant’s containment vessel and the steel that is resistant to rusting,”

however it can only generate four annually. Even when Asia Steel increases its capability, energy

organizations could be purchasing components in the international industry at any given time

whenever China as well as India tends to be improving their own energy capacity to satisfy

increasing energy requirements.

Supply bottlenecks, in conjunction with soaring item prices, have triggered massive price

increases regarding renewable power plant , which can be already capital rigorous, although new

apparatuses just have also ended up arriving on the site with a typical price of about four or five

each year in the past 10 years.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion

To be sure we have a lot of power in the future; it really is around most of us to use energy

wisely.

If we are to save power and also use it effectively. Additionally it is the designers well as

engineers who are able to produce the new kinds of power sources in the foreseeable future. All

powers producing sources have an impact on the surroundings environment. Concerns about the

greenhouse gas and global warming, air pollution, and energy safety have generated increasing

attention and much more increase in the field of renewable energy sources for example solar,

wind, OTEC, Tidal power and hydrogen.

But we will need to continue to use non-renewable fuels and also nuclear energy till fresh,

cleaner systems can easily replace them. For now, it really is around most of us.

The near future is ours, yet we need energy to get there.

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CHAPTER 6: Harvard Referencing

WEBSITE REFERENCE

Wikipedia.(2011). Renewableenergy. Available:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_ener

gy.

Last accessed 23 sep 2012

Wikipedia. (2011). Renewable energy in developing countries. Available:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countries.

Last accessed 23 sep 2012.

Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority. (2012). WHAT IS RENEWABLE

ENERGY?. Available: http://www.energy.gov.lk/.

Last accessed 23 sep 2012.

BOOK REFERENCE

Stephen J. Chapman. (2001). Introduction to Power-Flow Studies. In:Electric

Machinery and Power System Fundamentals. Australia: McGraw-Hill, Inc.. pg210

WILLIAM H. AVERY, 1994. RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM THE OCEAN: A GUIDE TO

OTEC (JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY/APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY SERIES I).

EDITION. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, USA.