Renaissance Rebirth of arts and learning (1300 – 1600)
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Transcript of Renaissance Rebirth of arts and learning (1300 – 1600)
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Renaissance
Rebirth of arts and learning(1300 – 1600)
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Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Why northern Italy a. central location in the Mediterranean b. wealth came from trade c. powerful city-states d. Roman heritage
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What brought this “rebirth”
– Plague killed 60% of population
– Survivors demanded higher wages
– Economy rose, merchants thrived
– Legacy of Greece and Rome
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MIDDLE CLASSMIDDLE CLASS
• Most powerful and wealthiest
• Earned their power, not inherited
– Gained status because of talent/wit
• Focus on individual achievement
– New idea of individualism
• Common people experienced the greatest change during the Renaissance
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NEW VIEWS AND VALUESNEW VIEWS AND VALUES
• Humanism – Human potential and achievements
• Desiderius Erasmus and Francois Rabelais considered Christian humanist
– Studied classical Greek and Roman culture
• Secular – basic spirit of movement
– Here and now attitude (worldly)
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MEDICISMEDICIS• Family in Florence 1400s
(great rulers and supporters of the arts)
– bankers, wool manufacturers, mining
• Cosmo de Medici 1434
– Bribed his way into power
• Lorenzo “the Magnificent”
– Grandson of Cosmo
– Kept town together during hard times
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LiteratureNiccolo Machiavelli – The Prince,
a. one of most influential works on political power in the Western world
b. felt rulers had ultimate authority
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Dante – Divine Comedy –
a. story of the soul’s journey to salvation
b. written in Italian vernacular (language spoken in one’s own regions)
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Geoffrey Chaucer –
The Canterbury Tales –
a. told of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas
b. written in English vernacular
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William Shakespeare
a. regarded as greatest playwright of all time
b. wrote over 1,500 plays c. actor d. shareholder in the Lord
Chamberlains Company e. master of the English language
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Reformation• Martin Luther – protested
against the church for selling indulgences (pardoning of a sin and/or any penalty)
• 95 Theses – formal statements• Believed in spiritual
justification by faith alone
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English Become Protestant
• Henry VIII – wants a divorce, Pope refuses.
• He bribes Parliament into passing the Act of Supremacy – made king head of the church
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John Calvin
• Taught that men and women were sinful by nature
• Used predestination as main doctrine
• Everyone attended religion classes
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John Knox• Followers were known as
Presbyterians
• Founded the church in Scotland
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Society of Jesus
• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola
• Commonly called Jesuits
• Principal goal – education of children and missionaries
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Anabaptists
• Greek for “baptize again”
• Refused to fight in wars
• Only adults baptism was valid
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Council of Trent• Church’s interpretation of the
Bible is final
• Banned selling of indulgences
• Made list known as Index of Forbidden Books
• Books including Protestant Bibles were burned
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Renaissance Art 3 greatest - all started an
apprenticeship under other masters a. Michelangelo, Raphael,
Leonardo Da Vinci b. all were a “Renaissance Man,” capable of many different works
in life
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Michelangelo Di Lodorico Buonarroti Simoni
1475-1564
a.sculptor, painter,architect, mathematician and poet
b. Studied human anatomy
c. Battle of the Centaurs and Madonna of the Stairs – he was only 16 years old
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d. Bacchus – 1496-98; pagan rather than Christian subject
e. Pieta – 1498 – 1500; only 25 years old, showed Virgin Mary holding body of dead Christ
f. David – 1501 – 1504; one of the most perfect of all statues by proportion
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i. St. Peter’s Basilica –
1. largest church in all of Rome
2. church of the Vatican
3. used three rings inside the dome to hold its shape
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g. Sistine Chapel – 1508 – 1512; 1. Pope Julius II – wanted 12
figures of the apostles, 2.painted over 300 life size
figures 3. 9 scenes from the Book of
Genesis – surrounded by images of the prophets and other Old Testament subjects
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h. Last Judgement – 1535 – 1541;
1. largest fresco of the Renaissance
2. never completed
3. several faces of individuals who were speaking out against him
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j. Florentine Pieta – 1550 1. last statue was for his own tomb 2. dissatisfied with his work 3. broke off a leg and damaged
arm of Christ and a hand of the Virgin Mary in anger
4. never finished the piece 5. Face of Joseph is in his own
image
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2. Raphael Sanzio1483-1520
a. poet, painter, Sculptor,and architect
b. painted over 30 different “Madonnas”
c. designed several churches
d. known as greatest decorator who ever lived
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e. completed 4 rooms for the Popes living quarters in the Vatican referred to as the Raphael Stanze
f. most famous paintings were The School of Athens (1511) and Sistine Madonna (1513)
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3. Leonardo Da Vinci1452-1519
a. painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist, inventor, musician, goldsmith and botanist
b. Baptism of Christ (1476) shared work with his master
c. Mona Lisa (1503) – sold to Francis I
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d. Last Supper – (1498), 15 X 29 ft; tempera on plaster
e. drawings for inventions include – glider, alarm clock, diving bell, helicopter, submarine, bicycle, parachute, mechanical limb movement (robot), automobile, repeating rifle (most were never built because of no suitable parts)
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Reformation
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Causes1. Roman Catholic Church
becomes more worldly
2. Humanists urge for a return to simple religion
3. Strong monarchs emerge
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4. Selling of indulgences5. Luther’s 95 Theses6. Printing press7. Calvin and others preach
against Roman Catholic traditions
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Effects1. Peasant revolts
2. Weakening of Holy Roman Empire
3. Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christians lands
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4.Religious wars
5.New found religions
6.Jewish migration to Eastern Europe
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Reasons for Success
1.Bibles in the vernacular
2.Religious rebirth (more on faith)