European Renaissance and Reformation Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance.
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RenaissanceRenaissanceand Reformationand Reformation
Renaissance (1350-1600)Renaissance (1350-1600) Started in ItalyStarted in Italy Renaissance was a “Rebirth” of Renaissance was a “Rebirth” of
European cultureEuropean cultureRebirthRebirth
Works of the classical civilizations Works of the classical civilizations (Greeks and Romans) served as (Greeks and Romans) served as inspirationinspiration
RecoveryRecovery The plagueThe plague Political instability from the decline in Political instability from the decline in
Church powerChurch power
Ideas of the RenaissanceIdeas of the Renaissance HumanismHumanism
– Renaissance thinkers Renaissance thinkers celebrated human celebrated human achievements and achievements and focused on individual focused on individual worthworth
– Petrarch “Father of Petrarch “Father of HumanismHumanism
– ““Humanities”- literature, Humanities”- literature, philosophy, history, philosophy, history, grammargrammar
Ideas of the RenaissanceIdeas of the RenaissanceSecularismSecularism Thinkers used observation to explain the Thinkers used observation to explain the
world, rather than church teachingsworld, rather than church teachings– Church lost power → life no longer revolves Church lost power → life no longer revolves
around religionaround religion– Focus on more “worldly” goods and ideas, Focus on more “worldly” goods and ideas,
materialismmaterialism– No more “noble poverty”… the richer the No more “noble poverty”… the richer the
better!better!– Black Death → New views on life… “Live it Black Death → New views on life… “Live it
up!”up!”
Renaissance IdeasRenaissance Ideas
Johann Gutenberg ‘s invention of Johann Gutenberg ‘s invention of moveable type (printing press) moveable type (printing press) makes it easier to reproduce booksmakes it easier to reproduce books
– Rapid spread of ideasRapid spread of ideas– Books available to ordinary citizensBooks available to ordinary citizens– 1455- Gutenberg Bible is the first 1455- Gutenberg Bible is the first
printed bookprinted book– http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=s0R1j7ine54v=s0R1j7ine54
Economic RenaissanceEconomic Renaissance
Revival of Trade increases wealthRevival of Trade increases wealth Social mobilitySocial mobility
– Now you can move up the chain! Now you can move up the chain! (Unlike feudalism)(Unlike feudalism)
Rise of the middle classRise of the middle class– Peasants made $$ off of trade → New Peasants made $$ off of trade → New
middle classmiddle class
Political RenaissancePolitical Renaissance
Rise of Powerful statesRise of Powerful states Niccolo’ Machiavelli wrote the Niccolo’ Machiavelli wrote the
PrincePrince
--guidebook for rulers to secure and --guidebook for rulers to secure and maintain powermaintain power
--”the ends justifies the means”--”the ends justifies the means”
Intellectual Intellectual RenaissanceRenaissance
CopernicusCopernicus
--Sun was center of the universe not earth--Sun was center of the universe not earth
Ptolemaic-geocentricPtolemaic-geocentric Copernicus--Copernicus--HeliocentricHeliocentric
Intellectual RenaissanceIntellectual Renaissance GalileoGalileo
– Studied motion and law of the pendulumStudied motion and law of the pendulum– Laid the foundation for modern Laid the foundation for modern
physics and supported Copernicusphysics and supported Copernicus– Tried by the Catholic Inquisition in 1632 Tried by the Catholic Inquisition in 1632
for supporting Copernicus’ viewfor supporting Copernicus’ view
Impact of the RenaissanceImpact of the Renaissance Renaissance artists, architects, Renaissance artists, architects,
scholars, and writers created a scholars, and writers created a legacy of achievement that still legacy of achievement that still influences us todayinfluences us today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoCBNPVDZCIv=zoCBNPVDZCI
Artistic Impact: Painting and Artistic Impact: Painting and SculptureSculpture
Painting and sculpture became Painting and sculpture became more realisticmore realistic
Artists Like Leonardo DaVinci Artists Like Leonardo DaVinci and Michelangeloand Michelangelo
Artistic Impact: Literature and Artistic Impact: Literature and ArchitectureArchitecture
Literature and architecture Literature and architecture borrowed from classical styles, borrowed from classical styles, used vernacularused vernacular
Brunelleschi and Shakespeare Brunelleschi and Shakespeare
RenaissanceRenaissanceReligious Impact
Intellectual impact
Political Impact
Economic Impact
Characteristics of Renaissance Characteristics of Renaissance ArtArt
Giotto--RealismGiotto--Realism• Scenes with figures Scenes with figures
in lifelike spacein lifelike space• Given realistic Given realistic
emotions and emotions and gesturesgestures
Announcement of the Angel to Saint Anne
Characteristics of Renaissance Characteristics of Renaissance ArtArt
Masaccio--Masaccio--PerspectivePerspective
-bringing 3D to -bringing 3D to
2D 2D
--many lines --many lines
meeting a onemeeting a one
central pointcentral point
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
The Trinity
Masaccio
1427
Characteristics of Renaissance Characteristics of Renaissance ArtArt
Leonardo Da Vinci--Geometrical Leonardo Da Vinci--Geometrical arrangementarrangement
The Last Supper
Da Vinci
1498
Characteristics of Renaissance Characteristics of Renaissance ArtArt
Leonardo Da Vinci-- (chiaroscuro)Leonardo Da Vinci-- (chiaroscuro)-Light and shadows-Light and shadows-Softening (makes individual stand out -Softening (makes individual stand out
and seem more human)and seem more human)
Characteristics of Renaissance Characteristics of Renaissance ArtArt
Michelangelo--FrescoMichelangelo--Fresco• Realistic sculpture and Realistic sculpture and
FrescosFrescos
Pieta
Sistine Chapel
--hard lines--hard lines
--cartoonish figures--cartoonish figures
--positive religious --positive religious feelfeel
--not overly colorful--not overly colorful
--flat (no dimensions)--flat (no dimensions)
http://http://www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/
watch?watch?v=_9PDK3iHigcv=_9PDK3iHigc
Medieval Medieval ArtArt
Medieval or Renaissance?Medieval or Renaissance?
MedievalMedieval ““Madonna and Child Madonna and Child
before a Fireplace” before a Fireplace” by Campinby Campin
Cartoonish, Cartoonish, unrealistic people unrealistic people figuresfigures
Positive portrayal of Positive portrayal of religionreligion
Hard linesHard lines
Medieval or Renaissance?Medieval or Renaissance?
Medieval Medieval The Last Judgment The Last Judgment Flat (no depth)Flat (no depth) Hard linesHard lines DarkDark
Medieval or Renaissance?Medieval or Renaissance?
RenaissanceRenaissance St. Peter’s Basilica, St. Peter’s Basilica,
Buonarroti, Buonarroti, constructed 1506-constructed 1506-16261626
Greek and Roman Greek and Roman influence influence (Columns, domes)(Columns, domes)
SymmetrySymmetry More horizontal More horizontal
than verticalthan vertical
Medieval or Renaissance?Medieval or Renaissance?
RenaissanceRenaissance Creation of Adam Creation of Adam
by Michelangelo, by Michelangelo, 15101510
Attention to detailAttention to detail Realistic portrayal Realistic portrayal
of the human formof the human form Shows God as Shows God as
human-likehuman-like Use of lightUse of light
Medieval or Renaissance?Medieval or Renaissance?
MedievalMedieval Notre Dame de Notre Dame de
Paris, Constructed Paris, Constructed 1163-13451163-1345
Stained glass with Stained glass with religious imagesreligious images
Flying buttressesFlying buttresses More vertical More vertical
orientation than orientation than horizontalhorizontal
Medieval or Renaissance?Medieval or Renaissance?
RenaissanceRenaissance School of Athens, School of Athens,
Raphael, 1510Raphael, 1510 LightLight Use of perspective Use of perspective
(looks almost 3D)(looks almost 3D) Realistic peopleRealistic people Contains images of Contains images of
Plato, Socrates, and Plato, Socrates, and other classical other classical thinkers, in homage thinkers, in homage to the Greek and to the Greek and Roman civilizationsRoman civilizations
Thesis PracticeThesis Practice Was the Renaissance merely a Was the Renaissance merely a
continuation of Greek and Roman continuation of Greek and Roman ideas or a new intellectual ideas or a new intellectual movement altogether?movement altogether?
--your thesis must start with --your thesis must start with Although, While or DespiteAlthough, While or Despite
--be ready to trade and peer edit--be ready to trade and peer edit
Movie AssignmentMovie Assignment On a sheet of paper summarize the On a sheet of paper summarize the
Renaissance time period in a 5 sentence Renaissance time period in a 5 sentence paragraph and include the following paragraph and include the following informationinformation
--tell me why the Renaissance was an --tell me why the Renaissance was an important time period in historyimportant time period in history
--tell me about the three artists in the --tell me about the three artists in the video and one work of art for eachvideo and one work of art for each
--tell me which artist (in you opinion) was --tell me which artist (in you opinion) was the most important to the renaissance the most important to the renaissance and why?and why?
Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation
Reformation- The act of Reformation- The act of forming anew (Webster’s forming anew (Webster’s
Dictionary)Dictionary)
Spirit of Inquiry of the Renaissance, and Spirit of Inquiry of the Renaissance, and corruption of the Church led to new corruption of the Church led to new challenges to Pope’s authoritychallenges to Pope’s authority
Church activitiesChurch activities– Greed and corruptionGreed and corruption
1/3 of the land in Europe was owned by 1/3 of the land in Europe was owned by the Churchthe Church
Church officials becoming very wealthyChurch officials becoming very wealthy Pope acting as ruler not spiritual leaderPope acting as ruler not spiritual leader
– IndulgencesIndulgences ““Buy your way out of your sins”Buy your way out of your sins”
Causes of the Protestant Causes of the Protestant Reformation…Reformation…
Luther and his ideasLuther and his ideas Martin Luther Martin Luther
launched the launched the Protestant Protestant Reformation when Reformation when he posted his 95 he posted his 95 Theses in 1517Theses in 1517
--criticized the --criticized the Church’s sale of Church’s sale of indulgencesindulgences
Luther and his ideasLuther and his ideas Luther began to directly challenge the Luther began to directly challenge the
authority of the popeauthority of the pope
--encouraged lay people to read the Bible and --encouraged lay people to read the Bible and interpret it for themselvesinterpret it for themselves
--Only faith, not good works, would get one into --Only faith, not good works, would get one into heavenheaven
Edict of Worms (ruling)- Luther and his teachings Edict of Worms (ruling)- Luther and his teachings outlawedoutlawed
Reformers became known as ProtestantsReformers became known as Protestants Peace of Augsburg- allowed ruler of each state Peace of Augsburg- allowed ruler of each state
(NOT each person) to choose between Catholicism (NOT each person) to choose between Catholicism and Protestantismand Protestantism
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4TeJJmQJqUhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4TeJJmQJqU
Lutheran ChurchLutheran ChurchLuther forever shatters Luther forever shatters
unity of Catholic unity of Catholic Church by breaking Church by breaking awayaway
--Forms Lutheran Church--Forms Lutheran Church
----believe in salvation by believe in salvation by faith alonefaith alone
--Kept only sacraments of --Kept only sacraments of baptism and communionbaptism and communion
Later ReformersLater Reformers John Calvin John Calvin
– focused on predestination, the idea that God focused on predestination, the idea that God would decide who is going to Heaven after would decide who is going to Heaven after deathdeath
– Emphasis on moral purityEmphasis on moral purity Consistory- an oversight committee of sortsConsistory- an oversight committee of sorts
King Henry VIII forms the Church of England King Henry VIII forms the Church of England wanted an annulment from Catherine, but the wanted an annulment from Catherine, but the
Catholic Church would not grant itCatholic Church would not grant it Act of Supremacy- established Church of England Act of Supremacy- established Church of England
and its supremacy over any other Churchand its supremacy over any other Church
The Catholic Counter-The Catholic Counter-ReformationReformation
The Catholic Church fought The Catholic Church fought back against the rise of back against the rise of Protestantism.Protestantism.
Council of Trent—ended the Council of Trent—ended the sale of indulgences, sale of indulgences, introduced Church reforms, introduced Church reforms, began a Church ban of certain began a Church ban of certain books.books.
Inquisition—Tried and Inquisition—Tried and executed persons who were executed persons who were suspected of committing suspected of committing heresy (non-Catholic beliefs)heresy (non-Catholic beliefs)
Jesuits—new catholic orderJesuits—new catholic order Catholic rulers join with Pope Catholic rulers join with Pope
in fighting Protestantismin fighting Protestantism
Effects of Protestant ReformationEffects of Protestant Reformation
Centuries of Centuries of religious wars religious wars between Catholics between Catholics and Protestantsand Protestants
Europe became Europe became divided between divided between Catholic countries Catholic countries and Protestant and Protestant countries (NW countries (NW Europe)Europe)
Effects of Protestant Effects of Protestant ReformationReformation
Speeded economic growth in Speeded economic growth in Northern EuropeNorthern Europe
Renaissance and Reformation Renaissance and Reformation strengthened the authority and strengthened the authority and power of secular powerspower of secular powers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9PDK3iHigcv=_9PDK3iHigc
Describe at least two causes Describe at least two causes and effects of the and effects of the
ReformationReformationCausesCauses EffectsEffects
Renaissance cause/effect or Reformation Renaissance cause/effect or Reformation cause/effectcause/effect
1. 1. growing prosperity of merchantsgrowing prosperity of merchants
2. rulers defy pope and become protestant2. rulers defy pope and become protestant
3. political, social, and artistic theories spread3. political, social, and artistic theories spread
4. Selling of indulgences4. Selling of indulgences
5. printing press and the spread of learning5. printing press and the spread of learning
6. merchants sponsor artists and pay to beautify cities6. merchants sponsor artists and pay to beautify cities
7. individuals interpret bible for themselves7. individuals interpret bible for themselves
8. art celebrates individual and personal expression8. art celebrates individual and personal expression
9. rulers sponsor artists and philosophers9. rulers sponsor artists and philosophers
10. Luther’s 95 theses10. Luther’s 95 theses
11. Christian Humanism11. Christian Humanism
12. growing emphasis on the individual12. growing emphasis on the individual