RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

A rebirth of Classical learning, especially the study of Latin

and Greek.

RENAISSANCE DEFINITION

• People were unhappy with the status quo

• Black Plague

WHY?

• Focus on the single person

• Individual needs come first

• Middle Ages philosophy

• Human-based morality (the qualities humans should value)

• Focus on the secular• Society as a whole• Renaissance

philosophy

Individualism Humanism

SHIFT OF FOCUS

Florence (Lorenzo de Medici) Mantua (Isabella d’Este)

THE BEGINNINGS

LITERATURE

“Outward beauty is a true sign of inner goodness. This loveliness, indeed, is impressed upon the body in varying degrees as a token by which the soul can be recognized for what it is,

just as with trees the beauty of the blossom testifies to the goodness of the fruit.”

“Men demonstrate their courage far more often in little things than in great.”

THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER

Perspective (Appearance of Depth)

More life-like

ART

GATES OF PARADISE BY GHIBERTI

HIGH RENAISSANCE

Supported the Renaissance.

Why?Wealthy and could provide patronage

Benefitted from the increased scholarship

Brought some back to the faith

CHURCH

Fed off the ideas of the Italian RenaissanceCame later

RENAISSANCE IN THE NORTH

LITERATURE

For each pair of pictures, write down the following:

• What is it (painting, sculpture, building)?• What is the subject of the work?

• Which is the medieval work and which is the renaissance work?• How can you tell?

RENAISSANCE ART INSTRUCTIONS

PRINTING PRESS

• Revolutionized how quickly ideas could spread

• Printed material became easily accessible

• Encouraged literacy (esp. of vernacular)

CHANGES

REFORMATION

REFORMATION – CLASS STRUGGLE

Common people: Rebellion against the whole social order

Middle Class: Wanted to control and manage their own religious affairs

Upper Class: Power struggle with the church

DESIDERIUS ERASMUS

Dutch Priest

“In Praise of Folly”

Doctrine vs. Practice

WHY WERE PEOPLE MAD?

• Simony• Indulgences• Corrupt church officials

WHY WERE PEOPLE MAD?

MARTIN LUTHER

A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS

• German monk• Appalled by

church practices, especially indulgences

MARTIN LUTHER

6. The pope himself cannot remit guilt, but only declare and confirm that it has been remitted by God; or, at most, he can remit it in cases reserved to his discretion. Except for these cases, the guilt remains untouched.8. The penitential canons apply only to men who are still alive, and, according to the canons themselves, none applies to the dead.27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money clinks in the bottom of the chest.

95 THESES

43. Christians should be taught that one who gives to the poor, or lends to the needy, does a better action than if he purchases indulgences.50. Christians should be taught that, if the pope knew the exactions of the indulgence-preachers, he would rather the church of St. Peter were reduced to ashes than be built with the skin, flesh, and bones of the sheep.76. We assert the contrary, and say that the pope's pardons are not able to remove the least venial of sins as far as their guilt is concerned.

95 THESES

• Excommunicated by Pope Leo X• Outlawed from the Holy Roman

Empire by Charles V• Shielded by Frederick the Wise

RESULTS

• More German princes defected• Charles V sent troops against those

in rebellion• 1555- Peace of Augsburg• German princes had the right to choose

religion for their region

RELIGIOUS WAR

MAIN DIFFERENCESPapal Authority vs. BibleClergy could or couldn’t marry

Ministers vs. PriestsTransubstantiation (Miracle of the Mass)

Latin vs. vernacularSaints and the Virgin Mary

Number of sacraments (saving graces)Justification by Faith

HENRY VIII

English wanted a peace treaty with

Spain

Catherine of Aragon was sent to marry

the prince

BEGINNING OF PROBLEMS

• Wanted an heir• Had a daughter,

Mary, with Catherine of Aragon, but no surviving son

• Anne Boleyn• Plea to Rome

HENRY VIII

• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

• “Had I served my God with half the zeal I served my King, He would not in mine age left me naked to mine enemies.”

• Thomas More• “the King’s good servant,

but God’s first.”• Thomas Cranmer• Act of Succession• Supremacy Act

THREE THOMASES

Catherine of Aragon

Anne BoleynJane SeymourAnne of Cleves

Catherine HowardCatherine Parr

WIVES OF HENRY VIII

REFORMERS

• Desiderius Erasmus

• The Praise of Folly• John Calvin• The Institutes of

Christian Religion• Huguenots• William Tyndale• Huldrych Zwingli• Anabaptists

REFORMERS

• Huguenots• 1534- Affair of

Placards• 1559- Mary Queen

of Scots persecuted reformers

• 1562-1598- Religious Wars in France

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• 1598- Edict of Nantes

CONFLICTS IN FRANCE

COUNTER-REFORMATION

• Council of Trent

• Ignatius de Loyola

• Jesuits

ATTEMPTS TO CHANGE

LEGACIES

• More Religions• Less Tolerance• Better Education• More individual role

in salvation• Increased instances

of witchcraft

LEGACIES

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

• Roger Bacon• Mathematics• Experimentatio

n• Scientific

Method

BEGINNINGS

• Copernicus• Kepler• Galileo

ASTRONOMY

• Isaac Newton• Laws of motion

PHYSICS

• Compass• Improved maps• Astronomical

charts• Better ships

NAVIGATION

• Commercial Revolution

• Coins with fixed values

• Standards of weight and measurement

• Central banking• Join-stock companies• Colonies

• Mercantilism- government needs to increase a country’s wealth (gold and silver)

ECONOMICS

RISE OF EXPLORATION

Mercantilism

Renaissance

Crusades

Reformation

WHY?