RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

The Renaissance Began in Italy, then

spread north. Sparked by a new

interest in the culture of ancient Rome.

Was a time of “renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change

An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages.

Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. Believed that

education stimulated creative powers

Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric

Wealthy patrons including Popes & princes heavily supported.

Much religious & humanist art

Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. Use of geometric

shapes R. Architects rejected

Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes.

The Printing Revolution

In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press 1st complete ed. of

the Bible Used ideas from

China & Korea Brought immense

changes People now learned

to read Learned a broad

range of knowledge

The Protestant ReformationAbuses in the Church The church was

very wealthy & powerful.

Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts.

To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory) Once given for good

deeds…

Luther’s Protest Began in 1517 Led by a German

monk & professor, Martin Luther

In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences

Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church.

Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views.

Luther refused & was excommunicated.

The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw.

Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope.

Beliefs? The Bible is the word of

God, not the pope. Salvation through faith, not

works Priests are regular people &

could marry. Only 2/7 sacraments were

in the Bible

Reformation Ideas Spread

Lutheranism was the answer to years of Church corruption.

Many peasants followed Luther and revolts erupted across Germany.

The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowing the new religion legally exist.

N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic.

Peace of Augsburg, Germany

Reformation Ideas Spread

The Peasant Revolt - 1525

ReformationEurope

(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurches

inFrance

(Late 16c)

Calvinism John Calvin followed

Luther in France & Switzerland

Calvinists believed in strict morality

Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans

Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists

Reformation Ideas Spread

Reformation Ideas SpreadThe English Reformation King Henry VIII was the first

to become Protestant in England. for political reasons, he wanted

a divorce… Married Ann Boleyn, who bore

him Elizabeth, but married 4 more times & finally had Edward

Started the Church of England (Anglican)

After Henry died, so did his teenage son, so his ½ sister, Mary Tudor was in line for the throne.

Queen Mary was Catholic & had hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake.

When she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen & restored the Anglican Church.

Queen Elizabeth I had a long reign & restored unity to England. Now a Protestant

country

The Catholic Reformation Many Catholics also

knew they had to reform themselves.

The Council of Trent (1545) tried to end abuses.

To deal w/ the Protestant threat, the Inquisition continued (torture of Protestants & Jews)

Jews were persecuted by all