Remote Sensing

SPOT and Other Moderate Resolution Satellite Systems

SPOThttp://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spacebrn.htmSPOT 1, 2, 4Le Systeme Pour l'Observation de la Terre (Earth Observation System)

1. SPOT 1,2,3 A French satellite system - SPOT-1 was launched in Feb 21, 1986- SPOT-2 in 1990 - SPOT-3 in 1993 The first commercial system designed to provide high quality service and data for operational users worldwide

2. Orbits Altitude 832km Inclination 98.70 10:30am passes descending point 26 days for vertical observation, 1-4 days for oblique observations

3. SPOT Sensor Systems Components - two identical High Resolution Visible (HRV) imaging systems pushbroom - a telemetry transmitter, and magnetic tape recorders

3. The Pushbroom Technique Pushbroom" scans based on charge coupled devices (CCD) which allows imaging the entire data line along track A linear array of CCDs each corresponding to a pixel Pushbroom allows longer lifetime, reduced geometric errors, and longer dwell time

3. Pushbroom .. A 6,000-detector subarray for the pan band Three 3,000-detector subarrays for the three multispectral bands respectively The pointable mirror is controlled by the ground station to acquire oblique images A: Linear Array of Detectors B: Focal Plane of Image C: Lense D: Ground Resolution Cell http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec11.html

4. SPOT Resolutions Panchromatic mode Multispectral mode

4. Resolutions - Pan Panchromatic mode - spectral resolution: 0.51-0.73microm - radiometric resolution: 256 level of brightness - spatial resolution: 10x10m - temporal resolution: 2.5-26 days

4. Resolutions - XS Multispectral configuration - spectral resolution: band1: 0.50-0.59mm (green) band2: 0.61-0.68mm (red) band3: 0.79-0.89mm (near infrared) - radiometric resolution: 256 levels - spatial resolution: 20x20m - temporal resolution: 2.5-26 days

5. The Nadir Viewing The nadir viewing The off-nadir viewing

5. The Nadir Viewing .. The two 60km swath overlap 3km The total swath is 117km

5. The Off-Nadir Viewing.. Can view in a maximum 27o in 45 steps of 0.6o each Can view an area of a maximum 950km, with each scene 60-80km http://hosting.soonet.ca/eliris/remotesensing/bl130lec11.html

5. The Off-Nadir Viewing .. The same area can be viewed from different angles to acquire stereo coverage The twin sensors can operate in different viewing angles

http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot.htm#vegetn

SPOT 1, 2, 3 SPOT 1 was withdrawn in 1990SPOT 2 is deorbited in 2009SPOT 3 stopped in 1997

6. SPOT 4, 5, and 6 SPOT 4SPOT 5http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spot5.htmSPOT 6

6. SPOT 4 Launched on Mar 23, 1998 High Resolution Visible and Infrared (HRVIR) An additional mid-infrared 1.58-1.75mm for vegetation, mineral, and soil moisture monitoring Replace the pan band with a red band that produces both 10m black/white and 20m XS data A wide IFOV Vegetation Monitoring Instrument with 1km resolution, 2250km swath, B, R, NIR, MIR bands

6. SPOT 5 Launched on May 3, 2002 Replace HRVIR with two high resolution geometric instruments (HRG) A 5m pan band, 10m G, R, NIR bands, and a 20m MIR band High resolution stereoscopic (HRS) instrument, prepares 10m global wide DEM

6. SPOT 6 Launched on September 9, 2012 Altitude 694 Km A 1.5m pan band, 8m B, G, R, NIR bands High resolution stereoscopic (HRS) instrument, prepares 10m global wide DEM

7. SPOT Data Direct transmission occurs within 2,600km to the ground stations, otherwise tape recorders are used

SPOT Image Co. http://www.astrium-geo.com/en/147-spot-6-7 http://www.astrium-geo.com/na/

Moderate Resolution Land Satellites IRS (the Indian Remote Sensing)

RESURS-01 (Russia)

ADEOS (ADvanced Earth Observing Satellite, Japan)

JERS-1 (Japan)

1. IRS (The Indian Remote Sensing)Developed, launched, and operated by the Republic of India

IRS-1A(1988) and IRS-1B (1991) - XS bands similar to TM bands 1-4 - spatial resolutions 72.5 m and 36.5m - 140+ km swath

IRS-1C (1995) and IRS-1D (1997) - XS bands 23m resolution, a MIR band 70m resolution - a pan band 5.8m resolution - Wide Field Sensor 188m resolution, 774km swath

2. RESURS-01 1-4 (Russia)The series was launched by Russia in 1985, 1988, 1994, 1998 RESURS-01 3, 4- 29-45m, 140-185m resolution for the green, red, and 2 NIR bands - 520-740m resolution for the thermal band - 600-710km swath - 4-day temporal resolution at the equator, daily at high latitudes

3. ADEOS (ADvanced Earth Observing Satellite, Japan) Launched by Japan in 1996

The Advanced Visible and Near Infrared Radiometer - B, G, R, NIR bands, 16m resolution - a pan band 8m resolution - 80km swath

Ocean Color and Temperature Sensor - 8 bands in visible and NIR, 4 bands in thermal region - 700m resolution, 3 day temporal resolution

4. JERS-1 (Japan) Developed by Japan, 1992-1998 Optical Scanner - uses pushbroom scanning in 7 visible, NIR, and MIR bands - stereoscopic observation - 18x24m resolution - 75km swath

5. Other satellites launched since 2000 by many countries China-Brazil, korea, European space agency, Algeria, Turkey, Nigeria, UK, India, Thailand, Russia, China

Readings Chapter 6