Distributed System:Remote Method Invocation

PRESENTED BY: SONALI PARAB, 32

Introduction: The Java Remote Method Invocation Application

Programming Interface (API), or Java RMI, is a JAVA API that performs the object-oriented equivalent of Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), with support for direct transfer of  serialized Java objects and distributed garbage collection.

The original implementation depends on Java Virtual Machine (JVM) class representation mechanisms and it thus only supports making calls from one JVM to another. The protocol underlying this Java-only implementation is known as Java Remote Method Protocols (JRMP).

In order to support code running in a non-JVM context, a COBRA version was later developed.

What is Remote Method Invocation?

A mechanism that allows object to interact which

are locate in different computer in different

network.

A package for writing, executing java program.

Provides framework for developing & running

servers.

A true distributed computing application

interface for Java, written to provide easy access

to objects existing on remote virtual machines.

Helps provide access to objects existing on

remote virtual machines.

Handles marshalling, transportation, and

garbage collection of the remote objects.

Became part of the JDK with version 1.1.

► Strictly Java. Cannot use with other code outside Java

Cannot guarantee that a client will always use the same

thread in consecutive calls. Meaning you need to write a

mechanism for identifying the client yourself

Security needs to be monitored more closely.

Restrictions on Remote Method Invocation?

WHAT IS JAVA RMI?• JAVA RMI hides all the aspects of d.s & provides a

uniform way by which object can be access.

• Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI) enables the programmer to create distributed Java technology-based to Java technology-based applications, in which the methods of remote Java objects can be invoked from other Java virtual machines, possibly on different hosts.

• RMI uses object serialization to marshal and unmarshal parameters and does not truncate types, supporting true object-oriented polymorphism.

WHAT IS JAVA RMI?

• Java RMI is included with Java SE and is available as a separate download for Java ME.

• Eg: RMIServer.java provide methods string gets(),void gets(s).

client may use 2 methods for retrieving & storing a string in s.

client may modify & inspect local state of server object.

Implemented of RMI in three layers:•A stub program in the client side of the client/server

relationship, and a corresponding skeleton at the server end. The stub appears to the calling program to be the program being called for a service. (Sun uses the term proxy as a synonym for stub.)

•A Remote Reference Layer that can behave differently depending on the parameters passed by the calling program. For example, this layer can determine whether the request is to call a single remote service or multiple remote programs as in a multicast.

Implemented of RMI in three layers:

•A Transport Connection Layer, which sets up and manages the request. A single request travels down through the layers on one computer and up through the layers at the other end.

RMI is supplied as part of Sun Microsystem's Java Development Kit (JDK).

DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF LAYERS OF RMI:

ARCHITECTURE OF RMI:

JAVA RMI ENVIRONMENT:

WORKING OF RMI:

Java1.1 Remote Method Invocation allows you to send a message to some objects living on another machine and get a result as if the object lived on your local machine.

Let we see how to create our own RMI objects. 1. REMOTE INTERFACES:

When you create a remote object, you mask the underlying implementation by passing around an interface.

When you create a remote interface, you must follow these guidelines:1. The remote interface must be public.

2. The remote interface must extend the interface java.rmi.Remote

3. Each method in the remote interface must declare java.rmi.RemoteException in its throws clause, in addition to any application-specific exceptions.

4. A remote object passed as an argument or return value must be declared as the remote interface, not the implementation class.

Examples:InterCCRead.java InterCCWrite.java.

2.IMPLEMENTING THE REMOTE INTERFACE:• The server must contain a class that

extends UnicastRemoteObject and implements the remote interface.

• This class may also have additional methods, but only the methods in the remote interface will be available to the client, of course, since the client will get only a handle to the interface, not the actual class that implements it.

• You must explicitly define the constructor for the remote object, even if you are only defining a default constructor that just calls the base-class constructor.

• Examples: TheServer.java; RServer.java; SMO.java

3.SET UP THE REGISTRY:• In the server codes, you see a call to the static

method Naming.bind().• However, this call requires that the registry be

running as a separate process on the computer.• The bind() command becomes:

Naming.bind("//machine_name/TheServer", service_name);Naming.bind("TheServer", service_name);

• The important thing is that it's a unique name in the registry that the client knows to look for to procure the remote object. If the name is already in the registry, you'll get an AlreadyBoundException.

• To prevent this, you can always use rebind() either adds a new entry or replaces the one that's already there.

4.CREATE THE STUBS AND THE SKELETONS:• You must create the stubs and the skeletons that

provide the network connection operations and allow you to pretend that the remote object is just another local object on your machine.

• You invoke the rmic tool on your compiled code, and it creates the necessary files.Note:The rmic tool is particular about packages and classpaths.You don't have to be in the directory containing TheServer.class when you execute this command, but the results will be placed in the current directory.

• When rmic runs successfully, you'll have two new classes in the directory:  TheServer_Stub.class TheServer_Skel.class. 

IMPLEMENTATION MODEL OF JAVA RMI USING STUBS AND SKELETON:

5.USING THE REMOTE OBJECT:• The whole point of RMI is to make the use of remote

objects very simple.

• The only extra thing you must do in your client program is to look up and fetch the remote interface from the server.

• From then on, it's just regular java programming: sending messages to objects.

• Example:  TheClient.java

PROGRAMMING A CLIENT:• Having described how to define Remote and Serializable classes, we now

discuss how to program the Client and Server.

• The Client itself is just a Java program.

• The name of a remote object includes the following information:

1. The Internet name (or address) of the machine that is running the Object Registry with which the remote object is being registered. If the Object Registry is running on the same machine as the one that is making the request, then the name of the machine can be omitted.

2. The port to which the Object Registry is listening. If the Object Registry is listening to the default port, 1099, then this does not have to be included in the name.

3. The local name of the remote object within the Object Registry.

Here is the example Client program:

/** * Client program for the "Hello, world!" example. * @param argv The command line arguments which are ignored. */ public static void main (String[] argv) { try { HelloInterface hello = (HelloInterface) Naming.lookup ("//ortles.ccs.neu.edu/Hello"); System.out.println (hello.say()); }

catch (Exception e) {

System.out.println ("HelloClient exception: " + e);

} }

• The Naming.lookup method obtains an object handle from the Object Registry running on ortles.ccs.neu.edu and listening to the default port.

• The remote method invocation in the example Client is hello.say(). It returns a String which is then printed

PROGRAMMING A SERVER:The Server itself is just a Java program.

Here is the example Server:

/** * Server program for the "Hello, world!" example.

@param argv The command line arguments which are ignored. */

public static void main (String[] argv)

{ try {

Naming.rebind ("Hello", new Hello ("Hello, world!"));

System.out.println ("Hello Server is ready.");

} catch (Exception e)

{

System.out.println ("Hello Server failed: " + e);

} }

PROGRAMMING A SERVER: The rmiregistry Object Registry only accepts requests to bind and unbind objects running on the same machine, so it is never necessary to specify the name of the machine when one is registering an object.

The code for the Server can be placed in any convenient class. In the example Server, it was placed in a class HelloServer that contains only the program above.

STARTING A SERVER:•Before starting the Server, one should first start the Object Registry, and leave it running in the background.

•One performs this by using the command: rmiregistry

• The Server should then be started; and, like the Object Registry, left running in the background.

• The example Server is started using the command: java HelloServer

RUNNING A CLIENT:• The Client is run like any other java program.

• The example Client is executed using: java HelloClient

EXAMPLE:•In the example program, we need a Remote class and its corresponding Remote interface.

•We call these Hello and HelloInterface, respectively. Here is the file:-=HelloInterface.java:

EXAMPLE:import java.rmi.*;/** * Remote Interface for the "Hello, world!" example. */public interface HelloInterface extends Remote { /** * Remotely invocable method. * @return the message of the remote object, such as "Hello, world!".

* @exception RemoteException if the remote invocation fails. */ public String say() throws RemoteException;

}

Here is the file:= Hello.java:import java.rmi.*;import java.rmi.server.*;

/** * Remote Class for the "Hello, world!" example.*/

public class Hello extends UnicastRemoteObject implements HelloInterface {

private String message; /** * Construct a remote object * @param msg the message of the remote object, such as "Hello, world!". * @exception RemoteException if the object handle cannot be constructed. */

public Hello (String msg) throws RemoteException { message = msg; }/** * Implementation of the remotely invocable method. * @return the message of the remote object, such as "Hello, world!". * @exception RemoteException if the remote invocation fails. */ public String say() throws RemoteException { return message; }}

•All of the Remote interfaces and classes should be compiled using javac.

• Once this has been completed, the stubs and skeletons for the Remote interfaces should be compiled by using the rmic stub compiler.

•The stub and skeleton of the example Remote interface are compiled with the command: rmic Hello.

Enhancements in JavaTM SE Development Kit (JDK) 6• java.rmi.MarshalledObject  is now generic.• The class  MarshalledObject now has a type

parameter representing the type of the contained serialized object:

• Bug fix: Explicit TCP ports freed after remote objects unexported

• Bug fix: Garbage collection of client socket factories

• Default GC interval lengthed to one hour

ENHANCEMENT & CHANGES IN PREVIOUS RELEASES:

Dynamic Generation of Stub Classes (since 5.0)•This release adds support for the dynamic generation of stub classes at runtime, obviating the need to use the Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI) stub compiler, rmic, to pregenerate stub classes for remote objects.

•When an application exports a remote object and a pregenerated stub class for the remote object's class cannot be loaded, the remote object's stub will be a java.lang.reflect.Proxy instance (whose class is dynamically generated) with a java.rmi.server.RemoteObjectInvocationHandler as its invocation handler

ENHANCEMENT & CHANGES IN PREVIOUS RELEASES:

•An existing application can be deployed to use dynamically generated stub classes unconditionally (that is, whether or not pregenerated stub classes exist) by setting the system property java.rmi.server.ignoreStubClasses to "true".

•If this property is set to "true", pregenerated stub classes are never used.

SECURITY:• One of the most common problems one encounters

with RMI is a failure due to security constraints.

• One sets the security policy by constructing a SecurityManager object and calling the setSecurityManager method of the System class.

For example, • RMI will download a Serializable class from another

machine only if there is a security manager and the security manager permits the downloading of the class from that machine.

SECURITY: • The RMISecurityManager class defines an example of a

security manager that normally permits such downloads.

The following code illustrates how to do this:

System.setSecurityManager (new RMISecurityManager()

{ public void checkConnect (String host, int port) {}

public void checkConnect (String host, int port, Object context) {}});

ENHANCEMENT IN SECURITY:•Defining and installing a security manager was the original technique for specifying a security policy in Java.

•Unfortunately, it is very difficult to design such a class so that it does not leave any security holes.

•For this reason, a new technique was introduced in Java 1.2, which is backward compatible with the old technique.

• In the default security manager, all check methods (except checkPermission) are implemented by calling the checkPermission method.

• The type of permission being checked is specified by the parameter of type Permission passed to the checkPermission method.

• Example, The checkConnect method calls checkPermission with a SocketPermission object.

• The default implementation of checkPermission is to call the checkPermission method of the AccessController class.

• This method checks whether the specified permission is implied by a list of granted permissions.

• The Permissions class is used for maintaining lists of granted permissions and for checking whether a particular permission has been granted.

THANK YOU!

Q & A?