Re-mixing Public Health: A walk (long) through Open Health &

the Emerging Social Mediascape

Jody Ranck, DrPHPrincipal Investigator, Public Health Institute

July 2009

Why Re-Mixing?

• Because it sounds trendy?• Borrow and steal from already existing tools,

disciplines• Recombinant innovation• Making the invisible visible and changing behaviors

and policies—the mash-up is an important metaphor• Complexity of our problems—demands solutions

coming from multiple sectors, geographies, etc.

Why should Public Health Care about social media?

• New types of communities/knowledge systems emerging

• Socio-techological change: not a question of WHETHER social media will change how we think, behave, etc. but rather, it is a question of HOW?

• Complexity of health issues requires new thinking• New modes of governance & citizenship• Ways of delivering healthcare changing• Luddites will become irrelevant in many areas

Public Health Challenges• From command-control systems to distibuted systems and

production• System built on 1910 Flexner Report• Health Society: expansion of territory of healthhealth is no

longer just about health systems• Health outcomes linked as much to other sectors as health

sector—perfect multi-sectoral issue, but many silos• Health competes with many other issues• Behavioralist paradigms-dated, not producing outcomes• Socio-technological change: health innovations change

societies, social change changes innovation systems: New Meanings of Health AND Innovation!!!!!

Government/Civil Society Shift

Section 1: Social Media and Public Health

• Introduction to Social Media Tools• Medicine 2.0• Health 2.0• How do we get to Public Health 2.0 and

beyond? Why should we care about social media?

How do we respond: Social Media• Blogs, wikis, vlogs• Podcasts, photo-sharing• Social Networking Platforms• YouTube• RSS• Social Tagging, eg. Delicious• Microblogging: Twitter• Data Visualization/Infographics• Enterprise 2.0 Platforms• New and Old media ecosystems together

Social Media: an Ecosystem

Eco-system of ‘old’ and ‘new’

Convergence of old and new

• Old media reporting on stories from social media, eg. Iran election & CNN

• Campaigns that use social media to drive broader media strategy, eg. Obama campaign

• In developing world use of mobiles and radio in agriculture and health

• Online video growing rapidly, eg. Hulu• I’m sick of the word “new”

Public Health 2.0• Social Media• Architecture of Participation• Open Innovation• Crowdsourcing• Citizen Engagement through social media• Mobiles• Urban Informatics• Cloud Computing• Design Thinking

Medicine 2.0/Health 2.0

Medicine 2.0

If Medicine can do it…

Public Health 2.0? Can we do better than “cope”?

Why does it matter?

• A new type of web: mobile, participatory• Demands for transparency, eg. Recovery.gov• Non-profit sector is adopting & innovating rapidly in the social

media space• Convergence of old and new media: it’s not just about teens

on MySpace anymore!• New forms of sociality emerging: biocitizenship and social

networks in health• Ethos of cooperation• New commons Health commons New public health +

spirit of innovation

Section 2: What do we do with Social Media?

• Content• Community• Collaboration• Collective Action

Why social media?

Gaurav Mishra’s 4 C’s of Social Media:• Content: everyone can be a creator• Collaboration: conversation, co-creation,

collective action• Community: Sustained collaboration• Collective Intelligence: Joy’s Law-the smartest

people work somewhere elseSee : http://www.gauravonomics.com/blog/the-4cs-social-media-framework/

Content

Content

Content Aggregators

Hyper-local/citizen news

Hyperlocalities

Content: Neighborhood News

Content: New Journalism –business models

Content: blogging the city

What’s up with that “Twitter thing”

Twitter as listening post, filter…

Twitter and distributed surveillance

Twitter & misinformation

Twitter and civic engagement

Twitter

Source: http://applicant.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/tweetcurrency1.jpg

Twitter for Public Health

• Find interesting minds: @mindofandre, @AndrewPWilson, @bloodandmilk, etc.

• Follow conferences, legislative updates, reports from field

• Pool/aggregate data• Suite of Twitter tools• Social News Campaigns: podcast, blog, etc.

Content in summary: Public Health 2.0

• Citizenry as co-creators of content• Need for deeper listening to what matters• Use of social filters to highlight what is important• Experts are often poor prognosticators• Yet, we need to move beyond populist rhetoric of the

crowd• New forms of biological/technological citizenship

emerging-people can find like-minded people on social media platforms and build, curate content, eg. Blogs, wikis, Twitter hashtags (eg. #H1N1)

Collaboration

• Content become center of conversations• Curation of aggregate content• At what point does content and conversation

convert to meaningful collaboration?• How can you break problems down into

modular, workable pieces that engage community?

Types of collaboration

• Defining or framing a problem• Debate about strategies• Moving across silos/sectors• Filling in holes in data• Ongoing conversations around issues• Rapid response to emerging issues

Collaboration: platform for government & citizens

Toronto Transit Camp Case Study

• TTC did not define problem to be solved• Sought ideas for reform from users• Used blogs, wikis, discussion boards, offline

polling, etc.• Can use additional tools such as citizen study

circles, citizen juries• Illustrates need to identify the “right”

networks

Platforms: moving beyond silos

All Hazards Consortium Case Study

• Involved VA, MD, DC• Brought together private sector, non-profits,

universities, citizens, govt agencies• Govt Agencies are the “innovation champions” in the

network: create collaborative environment• Govt role is about controlling the process• Govt creates infrastructure for social knowledge

creation

Collaboration: defining a problem

Collaboration: mapping problems

Collaboration: open street map

Open Street Map: telling stories

More Telling Stories with Maps

Open Street Map: coordinating agencies

Collaboration: co-created problem definition

Collaboration: Gov 2.0 using the cloud to break down silos

Virtual Alabama Platform Results

• $150,000 to build• 10 days to create• Can now share data in the cloud across

government sectors • The cloud is growing in importance—public

health needs to be part of the discussion! But more on that later….

Collaboration Lessons

• Sourcing knowledge from edges• Learn from outside of the health field• Collaborate with other sectors in more robust manner• Co-creation of knowledge with users• We’re often our own worst enemies: silos, blinders• Our value networks are more complex: need more debate,

discussion to deal with complex ecosystem of partners• We deal with PUBLICS not a public• Collaborative problem-solving is central yet not typically

funded by foundations

Collaboration: co-creation of knowledge

Jason Corburn shows how citizens can challenge dominant risk assessment paradigms used by EPA and scientists. Citizens as co-producers of expertise or citizen-scientists

Community

• Difficult to sustain engaged community• MyBarackObama, DailyKos, etc.• But we see PatientslikeMe.com with diverse

patient communities• TuDiabetes • Sharing, aggregating, conversing-• Translation into Collective Action

Community

Communities

Community of shared interests

Communities

Communities

Communities

Communities

Genetic Alliance

• Information portal• Policy Advocacy• WikiGenetics, WikiAdvocacy• Resource Repository• Good Example of emerging bio-sociality &

biocitizenship in action

Health 2.0 Communities

• Communities around micro-macro issues• User-generated content, filters• Informationknowledgenew power relationships in

clinical encounter• Platforms for fundraising, policy, advocacy• Data aggregators that move beyond HIPAA constraints• We’ve yet to see substantial movement in power structures

of health & medicine• But they’re still potent “issue networks” and signal of new

form of bio-sociality that has potential to shift health politics

Where does Public Health fit in?

• Need to move from top-down approaches• Less control, democratization of expertise-we are no longer

the privileged experts all the time: listen, engage• Think critically about populist hubris in social mediasphere

without resorting back to PH knows best ethos• Who speaks for communities? Beyond bioethics to somatic

ethics and relationships online• How can we cultivate democratic ethos of public health in

social mediasphere?• Organizational design: how to incentivize collaboration and

community building rather than maintenance of silos?

Thinking About ROI of Social Media

http://blogs.forrester.com/groundswell/2007/01/new_roi_of_blog.html

ROI

• Government 2.0 sites: transparency, accountability, efficiency

• Open innovation platforms: valuations of each app or service

• Citizen feedback and trust• Social capital from highlighting successes and

even failures

ROI (Social Media)

• http://www.frogloop.com/social-network-calculator• Beth Kanter: Return on Insight:

http://beth.typepad.com/beths_blog/2009/02/nten-and-techsoup-webinar-share-your-story-roi-and-social-media-slides-and-notes.html

• More than Math: Listen, Learn, Adapt• May need internal organizational/cultural changes• Pick the Right Metrics• Tangible and Intangible Benefits• Numbers and Stories

Section 3: Social Media Platforms

• Collaboration: digging deeper• Typologies of collaborative platforms• What problem are you solving for?• What are some characteristics of collaborative

organizations?• Network Organizations and Public Health

Collaborative Platforms: Some lessons from Satish Nambisan

• Exploration: Defining a problem where dissensus exists

• Experimentation: Testing out solutions• Execution: Disseminating solutions• Each of these is a form of crowdsourcing

See: Satish Nambisan (2009). Platforms for Collaboration. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Summer, Vol. 7, No. 3.

Exploration Platform

Exploration Platform

Exploration/Innovation Platform

Exploration Platforms

• Used to help frame issues• Create communities around different aspects

of a problem—modular approach• Science of asking the right question• Used to build consensus around vision,

strategy, approaches• Participants need to know what they’re being

asked to accomplish

Experimentation Platform

Experimentation Platforms

Experimentation Platforms

• Too many organizations go from idea to implementation without testing idea

• Neutral environments for testing things out—rapid prototypying

• Virtual innovation labs: Y Combinator• Need agreement on success metrics• Uncover implementation challenges

Platforms for Implementation

Implementation Platforms

• Used for rolling out findings• Create and distribute templates to assist

replication• Coordinate efforts of those in network• Connected to offline sessions for sharing

information, experiences

Innovation Platform: turning ideas into action, social businesses

Sambisan’s Ingredients for Platforms

• Need a Network Perspective: embrace non-traditional partners

• Modular or Plug-and-Play Expertise: agile• Portfolio of Success Metrics• Ability to dismantle barriers between

government, business, non-profits

Networked Public Health

• Different types of networks: loosely coupled, centralized, distributed, etc.

• Partnerships and Networks are not the same thing• Rather than broad social movements-see more micro-

movement• Coordination and Control of Networks—governance• Designing Networks: building relationships, managing in less

hierarchical domains, interdependencies, roles and accountability

• What would the PHR for public health look like: collaborative platform that enables citizens to build, share, use data

Section 4: Apps for Democracy Example

• New way of driving innovation through engagement with citizenry

• Democratizing data• Improving the quality of data• Building platforms for win-wins for

gov/citizens• What can we learn from this for public health?

Platforms: Apps for Democracy

AppsforDemocracy examples..

Apps for Democracy

Apps for Democracy

Apps for Democracy

Apps for Democracy

Apps for Democracy

Apps for Democracy Lessons

• How can we do more with less?• Some initial apps may appear trivial, incentivize for quality• Helps move out of silos, command/control structures that

hinder civic engagement• Many agencies will resist change and not release data—

incentives? What are costs for non-engagement?• Opening up data creates conditions for innovation, better

data• Respond to citizens, not customers

Apps for Health?

• Crowdsourcing new tools for citizen engagement in public health

• Multiple rounds on different themes• A way to drive innovation in tough economic climate• Apps for Healthy Cities 2.0?• Highlight neglected public health issues• Incentivize multi-sectoral collaboration

Challenges for AppsForHealth

• Privacy issues with health data• Development of open standards• Apps for individuals vs. community health

outcomes: difficult translation• Lack of good behavioral change models:

crowdsource alternative paradigms?• Complexity of chronic diseases vs. simplicity of

apps

Section 5: The City and Public Health as Platform

• City as Platform• Open Innovation Platform• Tools to think with

City as Platform

The City as Open Innovation Platform

Villes 2.0

• Can the city be re-imagined as a platform that can be modified by its users?

• What resources can be shared and mobilized for re-thinking the city?

• The suite of web 2.0 tools available can be used to re-fashion urban services, make user-friendly

• New Ethos embodied in Apps for Democracy

Government-Citizen Cooperation

Co-created Govt services

Responding and Engaging in a world of Tweets

Gavin Newsom claims using free service like Twitter saved 100k over using SMS for 311 service

Disaster planning

Use of social media platforms to cross silos and help build more resilient infrastructures—avoiding future Hurricane Katrinas

Civic Partnerships

Civic Engagement

The tools are here…

• Mapping• Open data• Transparency• Data visualization• Platform integration for services• How to tie it all together and make sense?• We need to rethink organizations, networks, communities• In many ways this is what AppsForDemocracy points toward…

Opportunity Mapping: how to make it user friendly?

GIS is enabling greater use of maps and geo-coded data to make patterns more visible

Urban Eco-Maps

Green Maps

Crime Mapping

Crime Mapping

Crime Mapping

Open data

Open Data

Democratizing Data

DBpedia

Databases

Linked Data

Linked data and semantic web are next stage of where the internet is heading

Open City Data (San Francisco)

Wikis and linking communities

Transparency

Transparency: legal

Crowdsourcing Health Politics & Transparency

Transparency: Food Safety

Transparency

Transparency

Transparency: Corporate

‘Radical’ Transparency

Transparency policies

Transparency Policies:

• Need to provide info that is easy to use• Target transparency systems towards interested parties• Be nimble in responding to changed priorities of users• Create benefits for disclosers of information• Design with metrics for accuracy and compatibility• Design for comprehension: eg. Visualization/infographic tools• Incorporate analysis and feedback• Sanctions for non-reporting

Data Visualization tools

Data Visualization tools

Services for Creating Visual tools

Data Visualization

Infographics

Widgetization of Web

Mapping Services

GeoCommons

Geoweb

• More data are geocoded, web-based and mobile

• Growth in use of Google maps, etc.• GIS becoming more ubiquitous, user-friendly• Peer-to-peer geo-based services on iPhone• More bottom-up, co-created maps• Power of place and information in policies• Participatory mapping and planning

Planning differently…

Participatory Budgeting

Social media tools and Wiki Government + Mapping and Visualization Tools can re-make the participatory budgeting movement

Planning: Wiki Government

Geosimulation

DIY: tools for building urban tools

Section 6: More tools and signals

• Making the Invisible Visible• Mobiles and Urban computing• Persuasive Technologies and Games

Tools for making the invisible visible

• Low cost diagnostics• Sensors• Visual Tools• Augmented Reality• Mash-ups• Mobiles=Tools for Collective Action on Health Issues

Making the invisible visible…

Spatial Information Design Lab

Making it Political VISIBLE

Aesthetics of Political Visibility

Augmented Reality

Urban Computing

• Urban infrastructures• Maps, traffic info• Sense of place• Mobile devices, sensors• Social computing/networking: familiar

strangers• City info, open data• Augmented Reality—now on mobiles

Urban Computing

• City Sense: San Franciso-Hot Spots• Understand behaviors of “users” of the city• Citizen Science, eg. Working with SF Street Sweepers on air

quality• Ergo—mobile air quality

Urban computing: sensors

Urban Computing (cont.)

Urban Sensing: mobile computing

CENS:(Cont)

CENS: (cont)

CENS: Feedback Loops

Persuasive Tech Example: Prius dashboard: changing behavior

Persuasive Technologies—mobile web

Persuasive Technologies: BJ Fogg

• Captology: computers as persuasive tech• About intentions of designers of products

persuading user: goal focused• Less concerned with altering framing of

perception that user has already developed

Persuasive Technologies

• Reduction: reduce complex behavior to simple tasks• Tunneling: leading user through pre-determined set of actions• Suggestion: suggest behavior at most opportune moment• Self-Monitoring: monitor behaviors to achieve pre-

determined goal• Surveillance: one party monitors behavior of another• Conditioning: using operant conditioning to change behaviors,

eg. Telecycle—when pedaled to a target speed and image is clarified on screen

Persuasive Games

Persuasive Games: Ian Bogost

• More focused on using rhetoric to engage user in a discourse about behavior itself, more reflexive

• Does not accept as a given that user understands or accepts the larger reason for a behavior

• Persuasive Tech is largely framed around psychology, Persuasive Games around rhetoric

Persuasive Games

• Stimulate critical thinking: not the same as “serious games” that do not question established norms

• “Killer Flu”: helps to understand how pandemic flus mutate and the geographical contingencies of the epidemiology

• “Fat World”: politics of Nutrition• “Food Import Folly”: interrogates role of FDA, in collaboration

with NY Times• “Bacteria Salad”: on agri-business, food safety• “Stone City: Cold Stone Creamery”: on portion size and profits

Public Dashboards as Persuasive Technologies

Urban-Mobile Computing

Hypercities

Hypercities

• Layers of historical information about cities• Puts the archives of cultural histories and

diverse communities on the web• Encourages exploration of the history and

layers of the city• Goal is to change the way we interact with

information on the city and with each other

Mobile Health

Mobile Health: Frontline Medic/Open MRS

Source: Josh Nesbitt, http://www.jopsa.org/?p=404

Mobile Health Applications• Education and Awareness• Data collection (for public health or clinical domains)• Remote monitoring• Communication and Training for Healthcare Workers• Disease Surveillance and Epidemic Outbreak Tracking (Malaria, HIV/AIDS, TB, Avian

Flu, chronic diseases- esp. diabetes)• Diagnostics and Treatment Support• mLearning, mobile health 2.0 (citizen facing)• Emergency Response• Decision Support Systems• Remote Patient Monitoring• Health Extension Services

Smart Mobs for Health

RED: Open Health

• Design: don’t improve existing services but design for desired outcomes

• Design begins with point of view of individual, not the system

• Co-creation• Smart Mobs in Health=ActivMobs• Redesign the patient-professional relationship• Use this ethos for designing next gen mHealth?

Convergence of social media and mobiles, eg. InSTEDD

InSTEDD

Mobile Health Research: CITRIS

Mobile Crowdsourcing

Mobile crowdsourcing: micro-volunteering

Section 7: Innovation Systems and Public Health

• Open Innovation• User-led Innovation• Peer-to-Peer• New Commons• Prevention Economies• Design Thinking• Forecasting

How we think about innovation is changing…

NESTA (UK) Innovation: Cooperation and the Commons

New Innovation Approaches: User-led Innovation

Peer-to-Peer

P2P Health

Commons: Science/Health Commons

Prevention Economies: Nordic Region as Global Health Lab

Nordic Region Health Lab

• Prevention as top policy priority• Open access to data• Engagement with Civil Society organizations• Collaborative Ethos• Innovative science, strong industry

participation• Equal access to health• Citizens and User-driven innovation

Lessons

• Health as a goal in itself• Steps toward a prevention economy rather

than sickness economy• Health as economic driver rather than drain

on resources• Multi-sectoral• Demands open health model

New Innovation Architectures

• Clayton Christensen’s “Network Facilitation Model”

• Need to move beyond single slice, blockbuster product or service

• Cooperative models with Health Commons• Public Health as the Platform for “plug and

play”• Enabler of innovation

Design Thinking: IDEO’s Human Centered Design

• What do people desire?• What is technologically and organizationally

feasible?• What can be financially feasible?

DesireabilityDesireability

FeasibilityFeasibility ViabilityViability

Design Thinking

• Observations• Stories• Themes• Opportunities• Solutions• Prototypes• Implementation Plan

Service Design

Scenarios and Forecasting for Public Health

• Making visible the drivers of change and trends

• Identification of emerging opportunities and threats

• Building more resilient systems in a system that is not centered around command/control systems

Innovation, Risk & Failure

Woody Allen: If you’re not failing every now and again, it’s a sign you’re not doing anything very innovative

Wikipedia of Failures as Innovation Platform

• Failure as forgotten data point• But understanding why things fail can help

drive innovation• Rapid (Slow) prototyping in Public Health• Take risks, learn, rethink and innovate

Section 8: Future Issues

• Cloud Computing and Identities• Technological Citizenship• Resilience• Public Health Platforms in the Cloud

Pointing toward the Future: The Cloud…

• “At the end of August [2008], as Hurricane Gustav threatened the coast of Texas, the Obama campaign called the Red Cross to say it would be routing donations to it via the Red Cross home page. “Get your servers ready—our guys can be pretty nuts”, Team Obama said. “Sure, sure, whatever”, the Red Cross responded. “We’ve been through 9/11, Katrina, we can handle it.” The surge of Obama dollars crashed the Red Cross website in less than 15 minutes. —Newsweek

See J.D. Lascia (2009). Identity in an Age of Cloud Computing, Aspen Institute, Boulder CO.

Cloud Computing

• Virtual Platform, eg. SalesForce, web mail, Delicious, YouTube

• Transition from self-generated power to the grid (transition we’re going through now)

• Software as a Service (SaaS), eg. Amazon Web Services

• Enables greater customization• Can lower the carbon footprint of IT for orgs

Cloud Computing• Now, you use cloud computing at home, but your

CTO doesn’t allow you to use it at work• But we may have “inter-clouds” between orgs to

facilitate cooperation, eg. Virtual Alabama• Therefore, public and private identities emerging• Boundaries as socio-cultural constructs• How can public health take advantage of cloud?

What are the risks?• We need to start a discussion

Cloud Computing & Identities

• Management of multiple identities, eg. Biz identity, health identity, friend profiles

• Open identities that reveal just enough data• So this cloud is a mash-up of lots of social

objects with different rules• And markets are becoming cooperative

ecosystems, not zero-sum competitive markets

Cloud Eco-systems

• Drive for open identities and equalities comes up against old biz modelsconflict

• Privacy and security mean different things to different peopleHIPAA = blunt instrument, regulatory regimes are not the final word…

• Reputation systems/management not decentralizeddigital footprints

• Reputation as value

Cloud Computing and Innovation

• Greater customization• Reduced barriers to entry• Combinatorial innovation• Benefits of scope may outweigh scale• Greater organizational complexity and info transparency—

more distributed, collaborative approaches• Rapid proliferation of best practices and change• Innovation models themselves will change• Move from marketing push to customer (citizen) pull• But have to deal with risks as well

Risks of the Cloud

• Security of data• Reliability and backup systems• Data interoperability• Compliance and liability• PHRs and privacy in the cloud• Crime mapping • Broader privacy politics in context(s)

Technological Citizenship and Public Health

• Responsibility to know how to use these techs, understand rights

• Techno-social inclusion: need to build the tools and awareness to engage

• What are the new axes of inequalities?• Re-configuring public health as platform• Emergence of OPEN HEALTH paradigms• Whose transparency counts for whom?

Public Health 2.0

• Public Health for the Network Society: re-think organizational forms

• Public Health as Platform: enabler of user-led innovation

• Public Health as Multi-sector outcome: Health impact of all policies and actually creating multi-sectoral interventions that work

• Public Health & Social Inclusion in Network Society• Public Health as resilient system(s)

Social StatusSocial Status

EducationEducation

Physical Environment

Physical Environment

ParentingParentingQuality of LifeQuality of Life

Physical HealthPhysical Health

IncomesIncomesWorkWork

Mental HealthMental Health

Determinants of Health: How do we design for this?

Source: Welling Project, Scotland

Resilience and Public Health

• Resilience from the non-system called the health system• Substantive reform unlikely to come from federal govt• Multiple layers of sustainability: ecological, financial• Sense, learn, create, re-organize (Andrea Saveri)• Design platforms for managing complexity• Increase ability of organizations to absorb threats

(pandemics, State of California dysfunctional system, etc.)• The tools for doing this are already available

How can we respond to this vision of health? From PHRs to ePHIS

• ePHIS= personal health information systems as open platform for community-driven innovation

• Data + networking/communication• Connected to tools and platforms presented

throughout this presentation• Eg. Portugal created i-Citizen project for rural

diabetic community

Public Health Innovation

• Not just new products & services• Prevention is rarely more than 2.9% of overall health

budget: need policy innovation• Will have to be open innovation: open health• Network governance, new partnerships, taking social

determinants seriously• Become experts at building and maintaining open

systems, ie. open health, cooperation, managing new health commons, city as platform

See KickBusch, ed. (2008), Policy Innovation for Health

Challenges

• Dynamics of network organizations?• New governance models• How to manage the commons formed through

interdependencies?• Moving from innovation being about tech to

innovation concerned with knowledge that creates value

• PPP-P: the extra P = People

The tools are here…• Social networks and new governance• Participatory approaches• Co-created, peer-to-peer, sharing economies• Maps, data, platforms• Mobiles as platform but need more than just mobile talk—policies,

strategies• Need new approaches to behavior, communications, health politics• We lack coherent strategies and platforms in public health• Mindset shift towards innovation, open approaches, prevention,

decentering expertise

Resources• Us Now documentary: http://www.vimeo.com/4489849• Wiki Government, by Beth Simone Noveck• http://www.gauravonomics.com/blog/• Full Disclosure, by Archon Fung et al.• Investing in Democracy by Carmen Sirianni• Platforms for Collaboration by Satish Nambisan, Stanford Social

Innovation Review, Summer 2009• Smart Mobs by Howard Rheingold• https://www.taik.fi/kirjakauppa/product_info.php?cPath=11&products_id

=134• Policy Innovation for Health ed. By Ilona Kickbusch• IDEO Human Centered Design Handbook• Here Comes Everybody by Clay Shirky