Nr. en

2.

Remarkable Oak Forests in Europe

B' Dr. '""- .Sulian Rtulu wtd For. Enr:. Corina CoandO -\rbort'tum Stmuia. Dt.'la. RmtUJJJ a

Introduction The pnme\al o:il forest. wh1ch m prehJ,toncal lime<; grew m nch '01h and co\en:d

1remendous area,, ha' been dra,ticall} reduced dunng the centurie, h) dillerent human ac­ll\llle' II has been replaced b) agriculture. gra~'land' or human ...:ulemcnts E'en where the forest- ha\e not b<.>en con,encd. the utilization of the lrees for \ariou' W()(xl produ<:l\ ha' re,ulted m a progrc,\1\ e fragmcntallon and structural degradallon of these eco') \tem,. Toda} there ha.' been a \1-orldw ide decline of oak.s and a reduction in the1r biodi\CNt}. Oili ha\e been U\Cd for a \anety of purposes including building,, tools. fortiticauons. ship,, charcoal tor mctallurg). and for many other more or les~ noble u'e~. including food and game.

Oak forests in earlier umcs sen ed many purpose~. They were temples tor pnmJLive peoples, impenetrable domains for outlaws. >anctuarie> for redu'e believers, a parad1~ for w1ldlife, and later, the sHes for royal and ari>tocratic \port hunung. Today the~ forests sun J\C only m

a qua.\J·natuml \talc a.s protected remnants in :-.lauonal Park>. Biosphere Rescncs or Forc~t Rc,enes.

U ,jog a\ aJiahle mfurmauon that 1\, no doubt, incomplete, \1-e ha\ e lncd to compile a IJ,t of wme of the more remarkable natural European oak forest\. 'pec1f) mg thc1r location. com­po,Juon, h1stOf} and some 'pec1al features. The...: forcsls are crillcal resources and pro' 1dc a 'anet) of fum:uons mdudmg growmg umber product,, pro' idmg nch h•ologJcal divcr,Jt), protecung watershed luncuon . ..cnmg a> re'enoirs of genetic va.nabJIIly, and pro,iding a hJstoncal record ot the pa,t oak management pracucc'

Famous and Interesting Oak Forests in Europe

Compiled b' Dr. Stelian RADL and Fort'fll( Conna Co.v;DA

Count!') Fore!>t or rC!>Crve name Location, Area (ha) Oak species

Remark!. : ~pecific feature.,, history, performances, sourees

ALBANIA DAJTI-1'\ATIO~AL

PARK

Q. ile1 Slluatcd 10 km from T1rana. the :-.IP Q. robur co,ers a large area C:!400 hal, bet\1-L'Cn Q.cm:cifera (probably) 200 a.nd 1216 m a ~-1. and contrun\

TIRA~A AREA 2.-JCX)

AR.\1£.'\lr\ Q. tberica DILIJA:'\ ' 'ATIJRAL Q llklCTOflfhND

RESI!RVE-21,822 (fore,!)

matol) faf(JII sylwttca, Pmu1 /eucodemtil and Ab~t·r alba forcsh The lower 'llcs are pn.>donunantly wmpo..ed of oak' and t) p1cal \peen:' of ~1edJLerrancan macchia C Enm Arblllm. Q. tlet). Gobel. Keller Stcmhach. 1996; lone..cu & Condur _teanu-Fe-.cJ, 1985

Slluat~-d on the nonhem lope' of Small Caucasu,, it CO\ers a \Cf)

fragmented rehef 'The intcnor fore~t

layer '' romposed by oak and beech \Land.,_ .Mam pL'Cic~ arc Q. tln•nca, Q llwcrcmthua, and ftz~uf onenldlt\ 10

15

Q lht'ri<(l

Q. maaamhua (contmued)

AR:\1E!:'<l r\ Q. mm rant/rem HOSROV NATURAL Q. 1bencu RI-SI-R\<1:

4. AUSTRIA Q. mhur MARCIIEGG-

5

6.

7

f(J

MARCHAL I 1'0 NIEDEROS rFRREICII -200 lin the l'ramc nt II 00 ha protcc:tcd area )

Al STRIA ST\\1SER EICflE:\WALD TIROl~ 1:-.;N Rl\ ER VALLEY -5

AUSrRI'\ KALKSBLRG IIIMMELS'W lESE \'v lEN 1:!

Al!STRIA JOHA\;'-iSLR KOGEL OAk. fOREST RESERVE LAJ\,ZER TIERGARTEN. W!F_..;ERWALD 1.9'5 ( lon:,tarca) ol :!,450 protected area

Q. pt•traea

Q pube~cens Q. robur

Q. pnraea Q. nrr11

mixture "'ath \ccr p., Ulmus p, 7iluJ 'P·· Fnui11111 and many other ucc ami 'hnab 'peciCS.

Fore t cnC) eloped a a. I. 19li5

Satuatcd on wuthcrn ramifkauon of Heham'l.. \1t- on I) pica) hagh mountaan relief !bctY.c.:n 16110-4.'011 m altnude) fragmented b) numcmu' narroY. path,. Prcdomanant \tand' of Q. ma•-ranthem. Q. ibertca, Fra.\111111 'fl .. Aar 'P· and Ulmus 'P· an the interior moumam la)cr Fore'' encyclopcdta, II , 1986

Predominant pannomc forest as,ocaauons ULucojo· f'rtuint•/llln an~ullifoliae and Quaco-Uimettml) umquc for Austna. lnternauonal amportanc:c area IWWF Rc,cnc, 19731, 1\llh strong negaii\C game and toun t anllucncc Dcclim: ol oak and Ulnu11 Zukngl, 1990

Very old ..c"ik oak lame and grc} alder \land at 701hn altlludt: on allll\aal ,oj(,,

Um!JU<! broadlcaf lorc'l rcscnc an Inn Ri\cr Valle}. Damaged b} ''land JX"tuon and vi,iwr... Zukrigl. 1990

Stand' of Q. pui>t'll't'll!, Q. mbur. Curpuws brtulus and PimH ni11ra at 270..140 m alutude, on Dolamit aod Jurra,ic hmctiXK-.at daflcn:nt exposure~. lntercstmg tlomtil' complex ol marginal Vv'i~n lime lore'l' Zukrigl, 1990

Dt.ltcrent 'uba"ocaallon ol European oak­hornbeam '~'Cte,. r\d\'ano.:ed 'tand de\clopmcnt 'tagc Y.tth typkaltermmal and disantcgr.uion pha..c' The :!00-4CXl }Cat\

old oak trees m O\ef\101) an: O\ermatun:. >A-tth reduced 1 atalit} and in~n:asmg rnortalll} . Young grov.th of hornbeam begms to reach the middle and upper story m most of the an:a. illustraung the natural comeNon ol the oak chma\ forc't mto a hornbeam assocaauon. Due to the high game population there i' no natural regeneration of Q. petraeu and only a httlc of Q arm :!00 year.. ago, at the time Y.hen the old oaks greY. up. the l..amzcr liergatcn >A-a> nul fenced and game JX>pulations "'ere lov. cr. "'hen: as today,

Q petraea Q. tuns CCJIItlnllt'd

natural regeneratJon of oak stand~ j, impos~rble ~ rthout fencrng Srmilar problems ol ,tan<J structure and natural reg.:ncrauon ol oak 'tand' occur rn the oak reo;ene~ Spes53.1t (Germany) and Bralo\loie.ta 1Poland1 ~1a)er & Tichy 19"'9

8 BELARUS and POLASD BEI.OVFJSKAIA PUSCIA PUSZCZA BIELOWII:.SKA BIAVLOWIE7.A ~ P. 77,100 (Bdaru'l 58.000 (Poland)

9 BOSNIAand HERZEGOVINA VIRGIN FOREST PERU ICA I'< P SUTJESKA 1,434

10. BOSNIA and HERZEGOVI~A

~.P. KOZARA 3,375

10. BOS:-IIA and HERZEG0\'1:-.oA

N.P. K07.ARA 3.375

Q robur + Q. pnraea {6-10% both)

Q petraea

Q. JX'Ifaea

Q pt!lrtUtJ

Lartc complex of boreo-oemoral, le disturbed pnmary old fore,r "ith unrnterrupted tree cover ince prehistoric umc, belongmg to both countries \1o>a~c

of soils and rand composed by prnc, pruce, oak and other broatllea' es 126

tree peel ),

Great dhcl'>lly · 900 plant ~pccb, 59 marnmah 'P !r•'tl deer, wrld boar. roc buck, European bro;on,, \loolfs, lynx, foxes, beavers), 2JO bird \pc!(:ICs (stork,, kites. mountarn cook~. black grou~e). Vef) \aluable and rich gcneuc center. National Park and Bro•phcre Rc<crvc. Center for aurochs reintroduction. Veritable natural 'k!nctuary Horne of o;ome of the talle t and olde\1 indivrdual trees rn Europe {oak: 4~ m: 400-500 yr old; prucc: 55 m; 300 yr old. Scoh pine : 40 m; 350 yr old, ash : 4:! m, lime : 40 m; maple. 35 m) Forest en.-yclopcdra. \O) I, 19!!5

The N P include area' wuh alurude, ranging from 500 m ro 2370 m. Due ro rL~ great vanance of bedrocks and o;oil conwuon~. drfferent foreM associa­tions developed here (more than twenty), rangtng from Carpi11e111m oriemalis to Pinetwn muKiri. Pintari_. 1999

'atur.ll 'rand of l>C'>ilc oak (Quuc-etiJ­Carpmrtum) and beech (Fug~tum). Oak forest ol Rosnra and Hcm:go\ rna are composed by Q. petrat·a, Q arrif, Q robm; Q framello, Q pu~satu and Q. lraJOTIO. Pinrari... 1999

Natural 'tand' ol se"1le oak (QueruiiJ·CarpiMIIun) and beech (FaK~tum). Oak fore'! of Bo,ma and Herugonna are composed b) Q. perraea, Q. arm. Q mbur. Q. Jrainmo. Q. pubefcl'nf and Q tiV)UIIll.

Prntari_. 1999

17

II. Bll CiARIA Q luurnmwna usu;-.; BODJ \RK <LOPU NA) NAlU-RAL RI·SER\' E

~.83()

1~ - CROATLA Q. mlmr PRA NIK OAK RE<;ERVE OKU _ANI 'i8.0

13. CROATIA MU Kl BU!'\AR 0.\K RESERVE PSl':'\J 58.67

Q. petraea

Located 1n Sll1mdJa at I 00-1 'iO m altitud.- this re!tCrVe mcludc dominant old oak tore,tm mtxture wtth fagrtt syltarrca. Q humdsstatUJ Rhndc•ckn· dmn pnnttcum. J)crphne fJ(.mlic a /let

IUJuifollm Note : common oak ~pccte.' m Bulgana are Q. perra,•a, Q frame/lo, Q. arm and Q n>hnr. Other pc:<"ie': Q coni[.. m, Q. macednmca, Q. <aJII/ops and Q tm)otUJ. loncscu & Condur_e.mu-r'I!Scl. 1985

Virgin forc>t of pedunculate oak and common hornbeam and a Slavoman forcM of Q. mbur "P· _,famnicu. Oak trees are between 250 and 150 ]Car' old. thetr dbh mngcs from 70 to ~(XJ em. and 36m talL Accordmg to the latest mventory there an: 99\ the volume ol some mdi~ tduab old oak.' trees exceeds 50m3. KJepal', 1981

Remnant ol300 )Cill'S·old vtrgm forc't of bcel·h and beech \\ tth st"ile oal... :Sotc Both these small forest rescn es arc rcnmant' ol lamou' large pre\1ous Sla\Ontan oak forc't located between Sa\ll and Dr.na nvc.:r-, parttcularly in the Sa\ a Ri1er Valle) tPasa\ tnaJ. A trunk \\tth 260 em dbh and 65 m3 \\Cre prc­'cnted at the lntcmauonal Exhtbtllon in 1990 111 Pan,, fro~grnentation, lo\\cnng ol ground v.atcrs, Dutch elm disca~e. ab­sence of lrucllricatton, d~lohator~ and dt,t!ascs mak~ toda; the,c ecosystem~ fragtlc, like other oak ~lands in Europe A' conc~mmg thetr rnanag~mcnt, Kl~pal' contirmcd the hndtng of local (l<.'Oplc that "oak gn:>\\S (VIgorou 1;) in the fiN 100 }l!lmi. rnatum m the folio" ing I()() yeaf'. and dtes dunng tile other I 00 year.". For thi rca.;,on, \'llluahle oak timber can b.: obtained only 111 the and ot a 300 )Car

management qdc. KJepac, 1981, :\laue. 1999

Others ~(l<.'Ctal rcsef'\e' (\irgin forc~L'i) for oak specie' in CROATIA:

14. Stupm_ki lug-_rct, Q. rob11r

18

1\.toto\'unska (lstna). Lo_c (Otok), Radt e\o (Vrban.Ja): _c rna and Varu_ki lug- all together - • S3 ha:

Uatrc, 1999

15 Tu'll Hh· Krcmcn)ak Q pttrat!a lon ~!.:t.hcdmcal ;

Babjt /Ub· Pnml\c und DugaJ;n brdo-all tnghcther - 179 ha:

16. Lokrum- Q ilet Dubr0\1\tk. Dundo {hland Rnb), \'elil.:a dolina (!';P MljCI) and Gla\(Jtok ("land Krk)- all- 195 ha

17. Gmcck - Luko\ tea · Q. pube.vc t'n.f

Rebar I on McdvcdmcaJ and Kontija (l~tnaJ • all -62 ha

18. CYPRUS Q. <llnifolra TRJPYLOS

·'20

19 CZECH Q. robar RI:PLBLIC LA!'<_HOT Stat~ Natur.tl Re-.ene DOL NO· MORAYSK CYAL 3!!.63

20 ES10SIA Q mbur \ ITDtJ~IJAESK Rcscnc

JSL.M;O SAARE.\tt\A 96 7 (fore,!)

21 FRA!';C£: Q pl!lrut•a BELLE.\IE and Q. robar RF ... ...;o. YALDIF.U ORr-;E 4,000

Small area of scmt·nntuml mtxed fore't of pme (Pmu> bntlla), gold.:n oak <Q. uilli((J/ial and cedar (Ct!dms brnifolitl). Ibcro, 1994

l.o<.-atcd at the Ct>nfluence of ~lorJ\ a and D}JC (Thei"> Rt\ef\, at the border \\ tth Slo\ak Repubhc. tht' fll'>Od plam old \ u-gm fore.,t i' compn~d b)' mixture of a,h, oak, maple!, homhcam, elm and lime ,pede' It contam I'-'O -.ectal'\ : Cahnm and Ran_ purk. at the altttude 150-160 m Oak tree' reach 164 and I !!3 em dbh, 37 m tall and 43.1 m3. and a'h 134 em. 37m and 27.01 m3. Korpd. 1995

Mixc.'tl Scot' pme - Oak fore't \l.ith domm.mt oak s..'Cond la)'er and under't<ll) of hazel. \~burnum p. and honey ,ucldc. :\umcrou cndcmtc, rehct and rare plant' Forest encyclopedia, 19SS

One of the mo't pre,tigtou' oak fore'" of France. Located on the Perc he plateau I 200 malt.) in a mtld and humtd dunatc, on deep grc} bnm n 'oi ),, the oa~ and beech ,tand' find here opumal condtllon\. Tree' reach current!} 35-40 m and e"el b} thetr rectitude. An oal from Reno-Valdteu rcpre-ented the Fren.:h fore''' at the Bru\\Ch lntematiunal Exhibtuon 119581. Tht\ lore't Olil\\tl i' '-'CII kno\lon and

19

22 FRA 'C!: BERCE SARTfiE 5,391

23 FRANCE

20

FONTAINBLhAU SEINE ct MARNE ncar PARIS 17.000

Q fletraea Q mbur

Q. robur Q. petraea

managed 'tncc the 16th (t:ntul), pruducmg succc.si\e htstoncal lorc't product' (a,orns. fuel ... ood. marindnaval timt...:r. charc:oal, 'aboL~ dogs. cognac 'taves) and linall) high qualit} timber for modem u-c,. Office National de' Foret\. 1991

Famous highly productl\e old oak for~,,, an authentic green JC\\cl, remnant of tmmensc Carnuta Sylva (fore~t ufC.'Irnutcs) exi~tin!l 11

lhc ume of Gaul eunqu~ 1 b) Roman,_ Sa\ed from medtae,·al clear-cuttmg due to its h11~h topography and poot sotls, the fore't l>elonged \Ucce-.~1\d) to AnJOU famtl), to Royall) ( 1337) and to the State (stn,c 1791 ). Proc.ludng mannc timber lor French .:"'avy. Ben:e forest · like other oak m~stvcs. ha,, from Colben ume (1669) until 19:!1, a 'trategic role and .,.,as pc:ml<tncntly \\O:Il managed The regular htgh foresltrcauncnt ha, been practiced here for 500 year., .,.,. ith a 240 )Car rotation, ha\ ing as a result the production of valuable tnnl>er, tn tall. den...:. and stro11ght 'tands The famou~ "Futaie des Clos" presel' ecJ on 8 ha 440 tn:es of Q. perraea 365 yean. old llhc Emcf}' Oak reach 44 m taiJ other ()ak., 45 m). Ltkc other fore't ma."i'e' m Fr.mce, Bcrce wa' parually damaged by the dtsaMrous humcane of 26 December 1999 Timber ~tuseum in Juptlle.' O.N.F., 1991: Arhoresccnccs, 831:!000

Large and famous oak. beech and comfcrous (Scot~ ptne) fore~ I founded tn II Lh century by Roben II as royal hunting domain. Royal castles of Francois 1st (1528) and Henry 2nd. Napoleon ~igned here hi> abdtcauon (I!! 14 ). Famous ani~ltc school of painters (Barbuon). As royal hunting forest domain Fontatnhleau was apprectated. enlargetl and tmpro\ed b}

almost all French ~overeign~. Climatic and geologic diverstt} determine an e~tcepuonal richne'' of flora and fauna · 5685 vegetal specie' (1350 flo" er plant,, 460 mas~. 2700 mushrooms. 675 lichen> and 500 alga) and 6600 aruma! specie> (57 mammals. 195 birds. 5600 in'\CCIS). The landscape vancty is also unusual The prolonged con\CI'atton of fore-.t as an ani,ttc resenc between 1850 and 1970 determined a systemauc aged structure of stands. The monumental Jupiter' Oak <Q. robur) wtth tts > 600 years. 190 em dbh and 35 m tall. died m 1994 after drymg, but ts sull conserved at tb base wtlh rooted cutungs. Fontambleau recei~es 10 million; ~tsitors artnually .. ONF. 1991

24 fRANCE TRO. -~AIS ALUER 10.812

F-1 R0\1 (fonner Yugo-la,lc Repubbc \laccdoma) GALI_ICA;\P

22,700

Q pt'ITat'tJ

Q. robur

Q. trojQJUJ Q. rrwadomca and olhe"

Known from ancientumes, the fore 1 \li:t

during the Mtddle Age owned b) 14 pan flc,, and latter belonged succc t\ely to the Bourbon fanul), from 1327to 1528 whc:n \\:IS It was confiscated by the Kmg Located on add, sandy, p:u11y hydromorpluc soil~. Tron~t \\"a.'

subjected to muluple fires and USt.>s, pastured and renewed as a result of Colben's orders ( 1670) through cuttmg-l><tcl; and mtensn c reforestation, m order to tum 11 mto a high fore>! producing \\ ood for the rta\ ). \\ tth a 200 ye:tr.> rotauon. Starting from 1788, t\1. u third' of th..: fore't wa< managed as coppu:c Yr ith ~landard, producing char oal for tron furnace,, located in the torcM. The decbn.: of tht' technology brought about the rcnunctauon ot this 'Y'tem in l!i35 and the return to a high s}stcm. In order to obtam big£er ,j,.e trunks, th.: intual rotatiOn of I 00 ) c:tr.> o,o;as ucce~­,i\el} mcreascd to 180-.215 and c\en to 150 year<. AJlll(¥.,t on tb whole area, the f~'l how<o fao, or-.. ble sue condition' for Q pt'lrat:a managet.l as regular htgh torcsL The SJhtcul· tural pruct~Cc a.Jm to obtam Mratght thid. trunk' (wllh dbh larg!.'r than 50 em to I m and more), \\tth regular groYrth and hght Yrood, free of defictcnc) logs, for pi)'Yrood, carpentry. and 'ta'e . TYro important ptinetplcs charncteri7e thts cla.,~tc oal sth1culture: the natural rcgencralton (from seed\) of mature stand' by the \heltcf\\ood '}'tern (con,cr.ing the geru:uc fund), and the perm.mcnt tending of 'tnnd' during thctr \\hole life (rclea-c~, cl.:-.tnings and thinning\), in order to rrom\>tc the b.!~t tree,. fhe l ore~t contam~ man} thrcc-,cntury-old lr.:C' (for in,tan<.'C :The Oak ot Rcsistan'e - 40 m: the T\\in - '70420 )Cllf,) and ha~ toun't fadhtie, (marked paths, tishmg, swtmming, boating in marshc:,). Paradise of btrd (6 sp. of woodpecker,), dt\cmty of predatuf) launa. In 1976 the pedunculate oak was affected by dcchnc, particularly at stte on \t."') actd o;oils and \litth 11 high temporary \\1ltcr table. O:o-:F. 1996: Arborcsccnces 1\o 73/1998

This :-;.P. mdudc~ lime mountam~ area t700-2000 m alt.J \litth the Ohrid la}.:c (659 malt.), ~pa tale !853 ml and the pte Magaro (22q ml. Contam' 150 tree ~pcctc~. among other\

Jumperus commllnt.l, Cl'itu auftralis, Q~~t'n·ul

trojlllla. Q mact'donica, Q ct rm, Q. frainmo, Q. petrat'a Q. pubesctn.! on ~teep slopes of inferior 'cgctaU\c la}cr. GObel, Keller Sternbach. 1996: lone cu & Condur_eanu-Fe-ct . 1985

21

26 GEORC.IA Q tmaetina Located 1n the \alky uf Rtnnl Rl\~r. the \OJ \\fETSK Q hum" •iana rt:-.:f\C houw~ UDJ4UC IIIli' 1\CS Of

RI:..SLRVE Q. ibmca Cauca,ian oaks (Q tmt'l"f'IIIICI Q. COl CHIDA ham•1HUJIUI and Q. •~tUu) 10 m1'-ture OEPRF..'iSI0:--1 \Hth hornbeam, maple. ash and P\ntl

4,700 (lore t) saltcifolza The undcn.tof) j, composed of Cratac~:us sp., Carpmus onenra/11. ZIZ'oplws Jll)ttha. 1/t'x aquifolmm. A~lt'a ponuca and Rosa p. On 11.5 ha i prescf\cd a reltct 'tand of 7.dkt.Jm carpmifalw Forest eru:w·lopetlw, /9R5

27 GERMANY Q. petmea The Natural Par!. Includes a large area of NATURPARK Beech-Oak forests. Spc"art ('Spcchteshan· BAYERISCHrR or 'Wocxlpccker Forest') I' an upland rcg1on SPESSART of deciduous forest at altitude of some 500 BAY ERN m. I ~0.000 Dittrich. /9QO {;')

28 GER\tA~Y Q. petrw:u The Natural Park mdudes remarkable 'ATI,RPARK mixture, of dcciduou' sp..-c1es mcluding

HFSSICIIER oak. SPESSART Gobel. 1\dlt•r. SrefniJach. 1996 HESSE.S~ 71,000

29 GEIUI.1ANY Q. robur Remnant' of fom1er large and grand oak NATURPARK Q petrut'a forests ,urrounded h) a "'ell con..ef\·ed HOllE MARK natural land.cape NORDRHEIN Gobel. Kellf'r. Sttmhaclr. 1996 WESTFALE I 04,000

30 GER\1t\SY Q pt·traea l\11xcd Scob Ptne- Beech - Oak forest NATURPARK covers two third' of the natural park area PFALZI.R WALD GObel, Keller. :llt'mbad1, 1996 RJIEI:SCI.A:-.10-PHAI Z 179,300

31 GERMA!\Y Q robur Tile Vordcrer Odc:nwald I' a rcg1on of :-:ECKARTAL- Q.pt'trat'a rounded hill~ bu1ld up of cry,taJhne rock, ODEl'<'WALD CO\ered b) dec1duou, fore't (1ncludmg BADE.- ollil pmed b~ \aile}'· WURTE:-.iBERG Gobel, A'ella. Sreinha< h. 1996 and HESSE DO.OOO

GER..\.1ANY

:-.iumcrous 'mall natur.tl oak fore,t re<.erves (Bannwaldcr) !pure oak \tand' or m1xturc with

oak<J a' folio"'' ·

n

- m Baden-Wunenl>er!!

Bucl-111~, /9!16

32 Bcchtalcr \\aid 10

Uppo:r Rhine bil! in Oak - Hornbeam fiJre - n ha

33 Sautrieb an Odenv. ald Beech - Oak fore't -12 ha

.34 Schnap!>ncd tn

Odcnv.ald Beech - Oak tore~t with Scot' pine - 16 ha

35 Stammbcrg m Ncckar1and Beech - Oak and Oak forest - 23 ha

J6 undoch tn

.:-.:eckar1and Beech - Oak forc-t -16 ha

37 Schhcrbach 1n Neckar1and Beech - Oak fore~! -27 ha

38 Grcifcnbc~ m Neckar1and Beech - Oak forest -13 ha

39 Sommcrbc~ in 1'\eckar1and Beech - Oak forest -12 ha

40 Ei'cnbachhein m 'eckarland

Beech - Oak fo~t -8ha

-mother d1ffercnt Rcg1om

41 Shubcn~v.ald m Spe"an - Od~nwald (Oak) - Beech forest -~3.4 ha

A/brecllr. /990

23

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

24

\l.olfsec: an frlinktschc Plane Oak - llombeam -Beech forest - 183.9 ha

D1ancn,ruhe m Fr.ml..l'hc Plath: Oak - H<>mto.:-.. m forc't - 22.2 ha

llethgc Hallcn m l'rllnl..• chcr Keuper and \lbHlrland Oak - llomh.:am nnd Beech forc't - 20.9 ha

Fa,ancne m Sch\l.abi~h -

Bayerbche Sl.hotterplattcn Oak - A'h - Homh.:am fore't - 40.8 ha

GREECE AF:.'\;OS ~I' ISL.A:\D KEFALONIA 2,!!00

GREECE OETI N.P. Ncar LAMIA (central Greece) 7,200

GREECE OL'\ MOPOS N.P

3,99

GREECE PRESPASP.

19,470

Q. carrifera Q tle.x

Q. petraea Q. coccifera

Q pube.scens Q coccifero

Q. pub~~Ct'tU

Q. < lK cifera

In the lrame of th1 mall !'i.P. declared for the protection ol natural pure 'tands of A hit' • 'l'phalonica, at the mtenor alutude arc gro\\mg Q coccifua, Comu1 all>a. P)rus 'll , Ro.1a sp. On th.: Mt. R<)U<h IIIla corJma, Q de\, Rluu

'll·· l..nllll t ra ~p .. HeJua ht'li.' and other 'hruh,, Gobel. Keller. Stcmhach. 1996

Large \tand., of Q. pelrat·a up to the altitude of ROO m and in the northcm part. den-.e bu'he' of Q. m cnfera. Arbu1w sp .• Rhus sp .. Jumperus ' P· GObel, Keller, Stembach. 19%

The .. House of Gods" ,\hove the \fedncrranean machia (corn[!OSed b) Vaccuuum Ju~niS, Q cocl'ifera, Rlws ntra cordota nnd dtfferent Encaceae on slope , mall sumd of Q. pube.scens. b..--cch. maple. elm and conifer~ lil<c Pmus mgra and h)bnd of Abu•s uphalomca Gt~l. Keller, <;tembach. 1996

::--1atural fore t of Q prthelcm5, Q ct rm, maple. alder, Ostl'\a carpmijvlia and ~pc:n 111 the infcrior pan of the !': .P. Gobel. Keller, Stcmbach, 1996

50 HUNGARY AGE1E..I·K ~ P and B.R.

19,947

51 HU/\GARY B0KK SP

·H.lOO

52 IRni.A!\'D KII.LAR."''EY N P.

10,263

53 ITAD ABRUZZO :-I P.

44,000

54 lfALY ClRCI~O 'P.

Q pnra~u Q. ~ems

Q cerris Q. p.:lrata Q pu~.scen.f Q. I lry(l/tanu

Q f"lra~a

Q urns Q p~lra~u

Prcdolll111:1Ilt Hornbeam- S s!le Oak assOClaUon cov'CfS the do\\n} surfaces of the htll , between 400-600 m abO\ c see level On lo\\er altitudes {250-400 m) appears the Turkey-Se!.SJ!e O:i a sooauon Volo_uk, Ouska, \arga. 1999

OdTc:rent as.wctauons can be found m thts large area. according to clunatic and sot I conditions. as follow' : - lbe Turkey oak - sc~tlc oak forest a,sociation. in the wet. cool Cemral Bukk, up to 500 m: · l11e Hornbeam sessile oak zone (Qul.'rms pt·lrut>a~·Carpmetum) on southern htll~ides, between 400 and 600 m: ·The tcnnolil oaks (Como-Quen·ewm petrt'ae-pul'l'\Ct'n/1.'1), on dry. wanner south slopes on chaJJ..y forest soils: -The calciphobtc oak a"octaLton (Gemsto tmctonat' • Quuretum and Geni.110 pilosal.' - Quucetwn) on warm. dry habttat wtth actdJc sotl or quarz stone bases - The caletphobtc Sour chcrry-do\\ny oak (Cemso-Quur:ttum pubesct·misJ, the relict hare\ tatl gra"-do\\DY Oak assoctauon (Setlerir> - Qul'ratum publ'tcenm 1.'1

n~iliand and the Poa pannoniCJ -QIIUC't'tllm - on volcantc stone and dolomite: the submedttcrraman-Jikc karst Querrelllm- on volcanic Mone and dolomite, and the ~ubmeditcrranean like kmt forest wtth smoke tree !Cotmo­Quncetum pul>e.tcmri.l) • on the wanne~t.

barren 'oiled ~lope'>. Volo_ ul.. Du5kn, Varga. /999

:-o:atural Mand' of tic oak and nu~tures wtth buch, European mountalll ·3 h. )C"

and rurtl) ash Under the green cover of oaks, dense holly, mosses, hchelb and fern cover lhe soil GObeL R~llcr. Stl'J'n./J(uh, 1996

Beech and corufers nn: the dommant tree

\pccic , acconbng to the alutude, but in \\arm ~alleys can be found Q c~m;,, Q. ~rraea. maple. holl}. chc'>tnut and a localtorm of black ptnc Go/xi. Ktllu. Stt•mbuch. /996

This :--.; P 111 ludel. se-.1~1 dunes, peat bog,, Mc:dllcmmcan maquis and

25

South of ROME 7.445

55 L·\TV!A Q. robur AUK TAITIJA N P.

J0.209

56 LITHUANIA Q. rolmr GAUJA NP.

57 \101 DOVA CODRl 'lATURAI. RLSERV£ LOZOYA CAPRIANA 5 174

Q. petrea Q. n>bur

58 THE ETHERl.ANDS Q. mbur

:!6

remnant of natural fun!''- The dcndrunnra are represented by Q 1/et Q Sllbt '· a,h, Juniperus phoemcea, II rbulll• unedo, Pistacia tel< bintu.1, P. /omscll•. \hrtu\,

Olea r•l<asler, fnca arborea RoSTrnJnnu._, and many endemic herb-. lonncu & Co11dur_emzu f't:sn, /9'{5

In addttton to birch torc,ts and 'mall remnant, of ori!!inal oak >Lands m N.P. there are Norna)· Spru.:c old ~wnd,, w tth trees more than .200 year old and paruall) with the appcaruncc or the untouched virgm fore,!'.. Giihel. Keller; Steilllx~tk I 'IIXI

Among Swls pu1c, Nol"Va} spntce and birch predominant \tands, there are few old oals and ash tree>. Btg trees are constdcn:d from the (lt!riod before Chmuan time a' holy places ben alter thetr Chri\llanuauon, the Baluc !X'<'Pic show<.'<! a real attachm~nt to nature and a 'J'I<:cial prutccuon of giant tree' in the !\ P In the place On Tunuda there '' an oak wtth more than 7-m ctrcumfcrcn,·e, a Scot' pme wtth 4.4 m. a birch wtth :u m. a w tllow w tth 5.4 m and an alder w tth J. m cm:umference. Gobd, Keller. St.·it~h.lt h. 1996

Compact fore~t ma~\tl compo~ed by oak. hornbeam. and beech \tanth m which predominant 'pecic~ are Q. petraea. Q. mbur and Fagus svll•atlca Compamon '>pccics: Carpuuu bt•tu/u.\. FratllltH exct'lunr. Tilit1 tome/1111\ll, Acer plalllnoldt'l , A. campt·•trc, Pmn111 tl\1/1111.

Predominant arc \egetatl\t!ly reproduced ~Land.~. t! ndcrgrow th ts compmed b} Comus IIUJ.I , Euommu.• 1·ernrcosa. ~fbumum kantana There are 900 '>pcctc' of plant' 04 rMC

\pcctes) and nch fauna (mammal-. birth a.o.). Re-earch projects on d} narruc~ and productt\lt) of forc\t ceo'~ '>tem' Forrsl enndopedw. /985

Oak ,pecte~ c'dn he found in some Dutch forcq rese"~· forrnmg dtffercnt flon,uc a,;;ocmuons as lollo~ For. Res. Starnumaru.bos- Gaastcrland • 53 ha • assoctauon Bnulo • Querct'lllm; For. Re~. Galgcnhcrg • Amemngen • 48 ha - o.~..ocianon Fago-Qurrcrzum;

59 POLA~D

PLSZCZA BIALOV!ESKA N P.

60 POLAND DRAWIE:SSKI N P.

8700

Q. robur Q.ptlraea

61 POLAND Q. robur W!ELKOPO!. SKI l>o.P Q. petraea

62 POLA ·o OJKO\\ SKI \i.P ~car KR<\KOW 1,592

63 POLAND ROZTOCZANSKI NP

6.800

64 PORTt:GAl. PENEDA·GEREs NP 72.000

65 ROMANIA l.FTI.A NAWRAL FORFST Rf'SI::R'\E

Q. robur

Q petraea

Q petraea Q. p~rcnaica

Q. rc>bur Q. peduncultjlom

For. R~'S. Pijpcl>randje • Speuldcrbo • 36 ha • a< 'K>Ciation Fugo • Quurnum: For Re~. Driedwn 3 • Sd!Oo.Jrl • 2l! ha -a"octauon Bctub • Qunrerum, f'Or: Re,. Roodam! • Crumcum • 35 ha -association Comal/arw - Qunretum ll!ld other 12 forest rescr. es Broeknu'\a. S:ubo, 1993

Secc '\o 8

Oak and beech natural m1xed primeval fo~t.

Gabel. Kflkr. Stt•inb"'h, 1996

Primeval oak. ptne and m1xed fore~t~ \lolth

mtere,llng Oora and launa Among d1flcrcnt \pt:cle' C.ramh1X cenlo - om: of the largt:'>t Europe\ l>cctle' rcache' a length :!5-'\0 mm Gobel, Ke/lrr Stt·mhach. 1996

Oak-homb.!am forest' on 40% of the N P. area. Gobel Kr/lu, Stt'rnbach, 1996

Large area CO\Crcd b) beech, fir t50 m tall). oak and Scot' pme v. ooch, located not far from the Renai\\.lnce t~1v.n Zamo~k

Giibel. Keller. Stemhach. /9<}6

The fonncr large oak natural foreM wa\ in 1930 replaced by ma~'I\C man·m:lde plant;Jtion' of Eumlwtm p. and Acacia dt<llbaw. fev. old, Lnoll), (.'0\ercd l>y lichens and mos'cs 'pec1men of Q petraea and Q fJ\rt'Ml<ll c-.m b.! lound on diflkult 1tcs The) arc oceompanicd b) Arhl/IUf r. llt!t aquifoltun~ PJntS p .• Salu 5p. nod 1ilta cordata The SOil i CO\ .:red b) <;p. :O.:otc Brockln(."}er & \'o,, 19«J.' mentioned the vccumnce of some fragments of' 1rgm oak for~ ts v.uh lau~l·lca\t.-d ~hrubs tn northern Ponugal. Gobel. Kellu. \'temht~ch, /'1%

Located on latest Romama ·, rchel, ma.ke up in holoccn from aiJu, 1a tran~ported b) Danube ami mannc ,;~nd, earned h~ Blad. 'ca 'trcams. the

:!7

67

28

ISLAND LE'IEA­DA!'iUBE DELTA 2.825

R0\1A;<;IA BOLil\TlN !"ATIJRAL FOREST RESERVE Ti:;II:ORMA:'\'S PLAIN t'\1: \R BUCHAREST) 1,263

ROMANIA BEJAN NATURAL FOREST RESERVE DEVA ::!35

Q mbur

Q. robur Q. ct-rri.r Q. pt:lraecJ Q. dnlt-cluunpii

Q. polycarpa Q. frammo Q. pubt-suns Q. l'lf1llliana and numerous natural hybrid, of moM of them

pnmary torc~t .:o\trs the numerous dcpres SIODS ll.III\lng sand dunes. Accorthng to the nuuoaltlludc and the sJtc conilitJons, the forest btoccnosr~ are composed of oak., ( Q. mbur. Q pt-tlunculijlora ). Fro.tmu~ mrgu.rtifolia, F. fJ<IIIifiU', Populuf alba, P. tremula. P. ccmelafll. Alnr~> gluttrul\11,

accompanred by numerous 'hrul" CS.unl>ucu1 nigra, Tebcrtmia sungumtll, Crt~taegu< monog)IID. Ugmtmm lUll/UTI!', Berbew. \'ulgari<, Viburnum opulu<, RlrnnuuH catluzmc11 a. a.) and Iiana (Paiplow grczcca, Htdt-ra he/it, Hwnulu< lupulrH, Clmu/11.\ l'italha, Vim nll~stril).

The strip of gallery forests arc ordered m a fan and the pcnnanent hum1d dcpress1ons are partially covered by w11lows (Sr~lu alba, S. fra!(ili.l, bushes ol Sabx cinerea). reed. Caret sp. and aquatic herbs. By their compm1t1on, structure and landscape dhersit} the Letea forest and the Camorman forest - situated also in Danul>c Della - are unique rn Romama and Europe Doni_, Biindiu, Biri_. 1999

Remnant of pre\10US pnmal)· large oak torcst of Romll.llla's Plain, these extended fonnerl) up to Danube. T'h.: tree la)<.'r

'tanJs are compo,eJ b) Q mbur and rare Frarmus angtwifalza (I. t layer). 7ilw tomentum (2nd la)Cr) and CarpimH betulus t3rd fll)Cr) Oak e:-.cced the ugc ol 100 )Cars and reach ~5 m 1al111nd 92 em dbh. The herb l.l)Cr" composed by Allium w-smum. mull 11om or gr."~c,, SlotcuJe,cu, 1999

Famous for the occurrence of eight nauve oak ~pecie' and hybnd'. most of them in a remarkable forcM area of Jc,, then one square mile. The prevtOtl\ literature c1te' the follov. rng oak h) brid' m the Be Jan Fore t

Q. t tahajdwrw Stmonk, Q. ' tuf<Je Sunk., Q. x dacica Sorb., Q. ~ luntU1Id1tma

Simonk., Q .. t k€mm Sirnonk., Q. t

buden.m Borb. and 'orne vaneue' of them. The oev.l) idenulicd taxa (1988-1990) are · Q t ms<JCI"D Besch.st With 1

varietie,, Q. x pstudodalnluzmpir CrtL., Q. x c.wtai Borb., Q drl'ersifroru Sorb., Q. t ca;:ent'nsts Pascovschi Q pt·traea t

Q. dnlt!('hampir. Q. petrae11 .t Q. po{)mrpa mid Q. dnluhampu t Q. polycarpa. St.anciu, 2000

68 R0\1Al"IA Q. poh'Carpa Old quasi·\ argm ses ilc oak forest and RU.SCU·GRO_I Q dalechampu rmxture of Q. polw:arpa wtth fagu5

ATURAl. n-lmuca ssp ~naca Sc sale o:tks are FORf:.ST RE..'iF..RVE betw"t"en 120 :md 200 ye.vs old and reach MT ZARA>.;D a he1ght of 42 5 m and 72 em and more 10

(BARi'AVA) duuneter 262.2 Dom_. Bm_. 1999

(:f) R0:'.1ANIA Q. petraea .Satural and quaSI•\ttgin f~b of COZIA NP. Q. robur beech. se"ile oak. 'pruce and lir. VfLCEA Occurrence of Q robur at high altuudc' 6.747 (1800 m).

Radu, 1999

70 ROMANIA 5 Querru1 ,pecie' Sema·nalural 'tand' on hme,tone along the POR_ILE DE ncR Danube \\'lth bt-et·h (Fa1(Ul S\1\atica, <IRON GATISl Fagus taunca, 1-itgll) Ort~lllllfis) and o .. k NATURAl PARK 'JX'Cit!S (Q ams, Q pub,•><tns, Q MEHEDIN_l lll'1(1limra Q pol\cuq•a and Q. 42:\ daft'< lu1mpii).

Radu 1999

71 Q. robur Small resen;e (~ince 19.'2> 11.1th 371 \cry

R0\1ANTA old I> 500.650·720 years) oak tree' FOREST MOCIAR growmg on heavy. moi't 'Oil\, ~~>ith

48.8 conical 'haped trunk.\ 13-4 dbh and 18 m tall) and dried top' Till now wa.~ not pos,ible to reproduce thi' ongmal ecorype and area w:~J> re'tocked by planting Frcumus l'tC1'/s10r, Q. n•bur; Q. borealis, Q. petraea. Pnm11s a1·ium and PmiJ.I sy/1 rstris The under..tory IS composed by Crataegus monOI()tut, Rhamnus fran~:ula. Conlu.t m·e//ana a.o. Radu. 1999

72 RO\IA 'I\ Q frameuo Natural \tand' With Q fiii~S< t'IIS, Q. D0\10GLED Q arm am.1, Q frumtlto and other f'OREST Rf:SERVE Q pube.tUIIS 'ubmedllerrancan treeS and hrub JX"Cies B_ILH HERCULA~E (Carpmus oriental!<, Sorbw tomrmaliS, .S 2,500 Cfl'll(a, S borhasu. fraxmus omus, Rasll

<pmassiSuna. Cary/us columa S~ringa 1ulgaris n.o. ) Occurrence on PmJU mgra

p ha•Ulftca and of mlllly cndem1c plants RaUa. 1999

73 ROMANIA Q. pedunculiflnra NatUial oak fore,t of these four oak HTRBOA~CA· Q. pubescens \pecle~ an syh IC·,teppe, v.1th occurrence BROHO OAJA Q. da/echampit of the1r natural hybrid populatl()ns FOREST RESERVE Q. llrt:iftmw Radu. 1999 VASLUI 70

29

74 R0~1A~IA

COMAI\A I ORT- ST Rf:.SERVE OIURGIU -lW

7~ RO!'.iA~IA

SEACA-OJYf ANI fOREST RESERVE OLT 434

76 ROMA!-<1,\ TISMA:\A· POCRUIA FORJ..._'l~l' RESI:RVE GORJ .!.!0

77 ROMANI\ FOREST DRI!\0\A-LUG OJ Tl\11

78 R0\1ANIA FORF-<;J' CHEVERE_-I.UNCA Tl:MI_ULUI TIM I_

79 RUSSIAN FEDERA-TION SHIPOV fOREST VORONEJ REGJO:'Il 35,600

30

5 Quercus ~pede~

Q fmmertu

3 Quernu specie'

Q. perraea

Q. mbur

Q. mhur

Complex ol naturnl Q. ra/mr, Q. p~dunculiJ1orcz Q pu!Jrf< <'ILf Q Jram~rtn, Q Ct'rri< fore,h, "htth include resen.:• of mre and threatened ~pccte (Com'OIIana 1/IIJ}a/o, Pue(>tiUl pet~rina, Ruscus llCII/t'at/11).

Radu, 1999

Old remnant ol anu.:nt :!OOO·ha pure ma,,if of Q. Jrc~merto.

Radu. 1999

Remnant groups of natur.ll Ca.ll<UU'll

sal/l'll, dt;,pcr.t-d m n,ttural oak (Q. pt'lrat•u, Q. cerm. Q jram<'l/o) or beech \land\.

Radu, 1999

Old growth mt\ture of 'c"tk oak '"th beech, hmc. homhcam ;md maple remarl.:able b) the pcrformanc.:' of the high producU\C and qualn~ Q. pumea. Radu, 1999

Old gro\\th Q. rolmr monumental stand, propoSI..'tl a.s •·monument of nature" Butulw. Smt]kal. Vi_mu.Smejlwl. /995

Located on the nght hank ol Osercdt river (tributary of Don nver) at the border bemeen steppc and fnrcst 'teppc on chcmoLem ,oiJ,, TI1e a\erage lorc't compo>ition i' oak 19:!'~ l "tth rare a\h. aspen. maple,, elm and June Thc~c arc n:mnanb ol ancient large f<•rc,t>. ~htch cxen great hydrologtc,ol and climato­logical prote.;tton fun,uon . By the order of Peter 1\t, in 1709. th" fore't ~a' mdudcd tn the category of ,hipbuilding fore'l. Penodical management plans ~ince 1770 unul present da) s. Here " ~orking a fore't gencucs Jahor.llory . The ~1osko~ Histoncal Museum exhibit an 8 m long lloat made from onc oak trunk, di\Cm cred m 1954 by an archeological expedition m the Don R.tvcr Con,cned in the earth appro:\i­matdy .WOO year., the boat pre,encd ~ell, not only the ~hape, hut aJ,o the orifices m "htch ~ere lixed the 8 pairs

80 Rl SSJA:-o; FEDERATIOr\ FOREST MASSIF BORISOGU·BSK mdude • TELLER~tA:-.1

f'ORLSf HOPfRSK RESERVf lf:.LLfRMAN E.\PERl\1 DISTRICf \iORO:-o;fJ REGIQ:-o; 60.000

Q. rvl>ur

of OMS. Impregnated "irh spcc:1al re'm~ rh•' boat "111 un I\C ,1111 rhou,and of )Car,. A~ a rule other \\ood rhmg' r.uely can be con-en ed under earth more !han 1000 )Car' Fighllng lor a rauonal uuliL!uon of \aluablc umber, Peter bt fom1d the litung out of gra' e~ "1rh oak or pme "ood, mdK'<IUng the u-.e ot 'pruce. birch and ald.:r for rhe-.e purpo-e,. Fore't enc.:}dopc:dm. 1986; Va,ihe~. 1966

Locmcd :-.'orth of the to\\n BoriwgJcb,k, along !he O\er Vorona at Hoper, at the hordt:r of rht: teppc and forc,t steppe. on h<lrh O\cr·, bank,, 10

d10erent 'ite conditions ol h1gh plateau (right bank) and Ooodl!u pla~n + terrace (lefl hanJc,l Farnou' old and produc.:llve oak forc't (\\llh some: a'pcn and elm) dc,ignatcd by Peter ht a, forc't re>en e for h1pbuilt.hng umber. Cuotam man} giant o:OO. IR0-280 ycm' old (!be champ1on: 35 m tall, 2m dl>h at 350 }ear-). l:'..xten i'c oak plantatiOns m tbe frame ol mas 1f Valuable .;eed -ource. F..xpcomental foreM dtstrict estahh~ed m 19~8 b) acad.:m•~,an \'~IIJ. Sukac10\. Here \\Vrked forester Komako\ 1..1. rore't encyclopedia. 1985

81 RUSSIA 'I Q. mbur FEDERATION

Located at !he 'teppe and fore't \tcppc border"' belt\ 2-5 km \\ide. In !he fmme of !he fore't common oak alternated wirh a,h and hme \tand'> plu~ \econd gro'' rh of b1rch and aspen and oak plantauon,. For<!\t of \lratcgic imp<>nan,e. Thc1r belt \tlllcturc "~ e>tabh,hcd in IJ!h century at !he 'ourhcm border of Ru,,ian a.' ob~tacle, agam't Tat.anan 10\'3.\IOR, usmg felled tree,. dllchc~. and fonre" Man} method' of oak planung and tending "ere clabomtcd here At !he bcgmning of 18rh ccntuf) \\Cre a"igned to !he Tula \\Capon factory. hN fore,t m Ru"1a "here a tern tonal organuallon and fore,t escon wa.' e'tabli'hcd

TliLSKU· /.ASi'KI TL'LA REGION 7~.300

82 SERBIA DJERDAP :-; P. (IRQ;...' GAl ES1

63..500

Fore;t enqclopedra. 1986

10 Quur:u1 spcc1C\ Loca~-d on !he nonh-castem mountrun p3rt of Scrb1a as tar 3.'> !he Danube- the border wtth Romanta- the N.P. was organued m 1974 a' an large "protected landscape area" In rh" area i snuatc:d !he famous Scrbo-Romanian hydropo-Aer

31

83

84

85

86

32

SLOVAK REPUBLIC NATURAL STATE RESERVE KOVA OVSKE· KOPCE-SOUTH CONfl.UE]';CE OF RIVERS HRON A:-.ID IPEL 3M 14

SLOVAK RI:PL L IC NATURAl. STATI: RI:.SI:RVI: BOKY !\IT. KREMNITZ 176.5

SLOVAK REPUBLIC NATURAL STATE RESERVES KA_IVAROVA and LESNA ~IT. _TIAVNICA 20.44 + 3 93

SLOVAK REPLBIJC NATURAL S"TA:Ic RESERVES BUJANOV

IT CTER>"'A HORA 882

Q pubt•.scens Q cerris Q. petraea

Q rerris Q. f't'(TcJt'O

Q. mbur

Q. petrtu'a

Q petraea

plant Djerdap- Porttlc de Fter (Iron Gatc:s) • one of the btggcst 1n Europe A lot of cultural and nrtheolngt.:al mnnumcnh and m:m) natural reserves "tlh rare and endemic plants arc tn the !II I'~ mcluding abo senri· natural and natural fon.'SI,. AC(.'Ordtng to J. ~1mcan, 10 ook '(lCCtt: arc gTO\\tng m tht

area (Q. robur. Q petre~m. Q. pubclteiB, Q. Jrammo, Q curis, Q pe.d111u·u/iflara. Q. 'rrgilimul, Q Ja/t<champu. Q. pul)cllrpcl and probably Q. tmJaruJ). A "milar natural P..ui.: '"Ponile de: Fter" ts ,auak.'<l on the: Romanian bank on 2700 h:l, .tlong 134 k.rn of Danube. w llh many natun1l rcsen e~. Gobel. Kdh:r, Stcutbach, 1996

Fores1 were destroyed 'mce ancient ume in thi~ area ~ituatcd at the limll of foreM and fore~t \lcppe 1.onc~ at 120-180 m altitude. but this remnant, protected \tnce 1888. w~ :.aved by ib poor accessabihty and low economic 'alue Rare tree layer '' composed by Q•urnt< puht>ICt.'IH, Q. cerris. Fru.xmttl umu.1, An·r campertre. A. ratancum. and the oldc't specimens arc 220-240 year. old Second layer i' formed by Comus ran~:umw. C alba. Rltamnu.\ mtlwrtica. l.Jgllftrum \p .. Euommus 'll·· Rosa ~p., and Pnu111.1 spmo111.

Korpel. 1995

Mi;~~ed oak fore't ~tth rcmnanh of virgin ~u.nd' ol Q. ml>ur. (,! cari.1. Q. petraea with Curp11111\ m fllltll. Fcrgll\ S\'lmricu and Smbu1 rormrnCtli,· 111 dtffcrent de\clopmcntal pha'SCl Cgrowmg up, opumal, decadent) Korpcl, 1995

High quahty and productive of Q. petraea m mi;~~ture ~•th beech. fir. lime. hornbeam and Pnmus auum m dtfli:rent dc\elop­mental phase~. Korpel, 1995

Htgh quahty nnd very productive mtxed \irgin oak-beech fore 1 m different de\ clopmental phases. Korpel. 1995

87 SLOVAK Q. ptrraea !'.h~ed '1rg10 fnre,t composed maml~ by REPUBLIC Q cerns bc:«h. '<!"1le oak ami '~camore. Q. !'{ATURAL STATE cerm. maple, hornbeam. u'h and fir RF.SER'v 1' SJT'O participate aho m a reduced proportion !\IT SCHEM~!TZ Different ~lllnd dc,cJoprncntal pha-.c' 11010 malt l lgro"mg up, opumal and decadent) ~an 92.68 be found m th" re-ef\e

Korpel. 1995

8 SLOVAK REPL:BLIC Q robur Dommant pure beet:h to~1 \\lth 50I1lc!

POLO~I:'I:Y Q.~tn:a oak-beech stands on the lo\\ e~t and • ' .\TJO:-;AL PARK ·wanne l '1tes In add1tion to the EASTFR:'I: dorrunant spcc1c ( Q. mbm. Q pet raw, SLOVAKIA CAT TirE Carpu1u1 betulu.•J. lhe-e fl,n!'l' aho BO~DAR) WITH mcludc maple' (Aca pl<ltanoidl's, A. POLA.SD t\."iD campewd and June Oili<l plath\pln11a. UKRAINe) T tordara). I. 778 (prot. forc,t) Volo. cuk, 1999

89 SLOVAK REPUBLIC Q robur The mo\t frequent fmc'" in th1' B R SLOVAK KARST Q perrea and othcl"' are Carpath1an oal-hornbeam fore\t\ BIOSPHERE. Oaf.: Spec!C' and \ern-thermophilous oak forc,t on RESERVE alkalme bedrock,, An oak nrgm fore<ot SOL'THEAST ., mentioned m Ja.'><l\ 'ke dubm) SLOVAKIA Volo uk. 1999 -36.170

90 SLOVAK Q cerri$ Bet..-ch and fir·l'k!ech tore'" are the mo't REPUBLIC Q. pnraea frequent fore't comrnumtie,, but POL' A:'~: A Q. robur remnant~ of h<:cch-oak and oak-beech BIOSPIIAERE remam only m the south\\ estern RESERVE foothill' Be tde the oak> and beech. CE'\'TRE OF these fore'" al-c1 mcludc hornbeam and SLOVAKIA hmcs. 20.080 Volo_uk, 1999

91 SLOVAK REPt.:BLIC Q. pubescens Predominant arc the beech and bcc,h-SLOVAK PARADISE Q .permea comferou' fore'''· but tn the \\3rmC\l

t\ATIONAL PARK regiOn of the northern pan of tho.: Homad SLOVAK ORE Ravine !here are frequent commumttc' of \10L!\I\l~S the alhance Quernon puhe.sceflfl!i ·petmeae, !SOUTH \\FSTt "here tn ~orne 3\'>0Ctation there are J1.76~ number\ of lermoph1le. C\en xemthcrmtc

'pectc' ol plan!\ Volo_ uk, 1999

92 SPA!:' Q. petraea In a \3Sl high mountalll and K:l!SI area of

CAVA.DO:-;GA. 1\orth of Spam, tn the mtddle mountain

~ATJO:-;AL PARK layer fragmented forests composed b) CA.,IABRIA ~ITS beech \\ tth othc:r pecte' (lie~ aquifolium,

65,000 7iuur. Q ~traeu Fruxmus. •ycomore and 7ilia tan be fmd). Under thi, layer, ~land of Q. pt:trat'<l tn mmure \\ith PtJWCitl, Arbutus and other thcrmophtle

~3

«fl SPAI...;

94

9'i

DONA:-.:A:-.:A­TIO"iAL P-\RK SOl TH OJ SPAIN nooo

SPA I'\ ORDESA ~A·

nO'\AL PARK P't REt-.'EES ~ITS. 15.700

TIJRKEY KARATEPE ASLA~'TA_

NATIQ:-;AL PARK ADA:'\A 7,715

Q. wher

Q mber Q. ilt•.\ Q. p\renuica Q. mnmdijolia

Q. pt!lrtlt'll

Probably 6 Quen·us 'pec1es

shrubs occur Large arclh we c>C('Upietl b)' natural Cmumra sall\<l and )Oung plantation of pme and f..uc:alyptm p. GOb.:l, Keller, Stcinba~;h, 1996

Small an.<I' ot forest compm.:d by hght spen..:s, groups of shn11l' and m~adu"'' m an 'ariegatc:d 'egetal mc>-aic are l)plcal for thi' 'unht area. D"per-eJ old cork oak' !Q. 111/>c r) domina1e the land,c:ape. "''lh lmpenal Eagle and Great Egret' ne,ung m 1hc1r cro"'n'. 111

alternation wclh pmc lnro.:sh .md Metliterranc:an maquis 'hrut>,, and o;and dunes. Gobel. Kc:llcr. Stcint>a~h. 1996 Noles ll Brockmeyer and Vc". 199' mcnuoncd tho.: occurn:ncc ot some fragment of' irgm fore't bclongmg Ill the types· Holm-n;~l..: CnrK·naJ,; und oaJ,; on a 'cry mol\ I and "'aml .\1cdnerr.c nc:an chmalc 2) In Spam and Ponug;~l , multi·purpo'e C<;< •) Mem' called dehnm and mnmwitn were 1radiucmall~ us..:d and formed a la]uablc:. l)p•calland,cap..· of p:ll>ture ml\ed 111lh open "''xl<iland· the open 1rcc ~tra1um dommatcd by oak species ( Q llli>t·r. Q. II <'X, Q. (1\l't'lllll<'<l

and Q. mwndi[olia) wa' grown for cork. umber. fuel and charcoal. but al~o tannin and al·nm,, tngclhcr "llh shifting cultivauon ol ccrcaJ... and gra7mg ot pig~. 'hccp. goals and tallm~ land. The dt'lte.mvmmllado is lhc typical candida!~ foe a Red Book uf thr~atened land-.cap.!s. Europe's Em cronmcnt, ll)l)~

holah:d group' of r.m: Q. f>etruea dt,perscd m lldd. garden and mcadm" and also in fir beech for~ts.

Gobel, Keller. Steinbach. 1996

Locat~d in the ri1cr\ Cc}han 1allc~. lhc park include' a hill area c01ered b) oaks and pme forest In thi' area arc prot>abl) gro.,..ing Q. mbur; Q. petraea. Q terns, Q. mfecrorw, Q cocdfera and Q 1/abUTfiiSII ''P macrolep11 r\n mtcrcsttng "1ld tauna and man) arch<.'Oiogtcal \Csttgcs occur m the park lonescu & Condur canu. 1985

96

97

UKRAI~F.

fOREST MASSIF TROT I c\:>IETZK SU~1SK REGIQ:-; 19,241

UKRA I"<! KLZYISK'rl f-OREST ~1AS'ill TRA'ISC ARPATH IA:-.r REGI0'-0 7n~~

Q. mbur

Q mbur Q flt'lrGt'tl

98 U:-.i!TED KI~GDO~I Q mbur LAKE DISTRICT .':ATIO~AL PARK .SORTH-WEST OF GREAT BRIIAN 229.200

!'\ote E1ghtcen oak •pcc.:1c~ arc knO\\ n to t>c na!J\c to Turkej .tnd the) occupy :!51k of counl.t) 's furc't area. but man> of them are hca\ tl! degraded lgr;ucd. cut lor fueh. Acc.:onling to d1mauc.: cun<hllon' and to the1r ecolog1~-al dcmamh. the-e pe.:1e' arc locat.:d 10 tour chmauc.: and goograph1cal 1onc' · 1) the pont1c. temperate zunc, ::! ) the ~1.:dnerrancan zone, J 1 Central Antolia ~ 1th cunun ntal and 'ubde-ertlc.: climate 10 intenor and 4) ca,tcm Anatnlia ~•th mountam climate. In add1tton to the abme 'fl<!CIC'> can be mcntmned : Q IUJmnuuma, Q. pontrw. Q. frmneuo, Q pubi.'.IC'I.'III Q lnJ]UIIIl, Q. tin. Q auchen. Q libani. Q l'lf'!lilrww, Q. \'ttlmmt·a ami Q. bran111 Erta,, 1995: Hedge & Yalunk, 1994

Locat¢d 10 the fore,t-stcppe. m the 'aile} of Vor IJa Rher and on the \\atcr-hcd l>ct~ccn Vor-IJa and Po;cl 0\CI", on dillercnt soalt) pt.-s. In addJtion to the common nak in this area, Scot' pine, bi.I'Ch and aldcr are gro"' in g. ~1ore than 100 }Cars lheo;e fore,b \\ere uc.:c.:e"i'el} 'tudicd by farnou Ru aan fore t 'cicnu '-" «OriQ\1,, Visouki. Pogrcbmak. Juk~m. PJalniuka, Gur.l-.1 und other). Regular penodical management plan' \\ere practac.:ed here ,jnce 1878. In f<ro~,no-Troo,Uancuk un c:~.pcnmcntal fore' I 'tau on i~ "orkmg. Pore~! enc)clopcd1a. 1986

Located an the '>Outhcm ~lope~ ot the S\idmcckyi mass1!, tn the Kuzya mer b<bin on Jur.t'>'ic lime,tone l>cdrock'> The chmatc 1s mllucnccd h} wann no" lrom the Marmaro,kya Valle) . Ongtnal mi~ed oak·Oc<.'Ch communi­lie\ "'ith homt>cam occur at the altitude of I 090 m. rc:preo;enung the highe't location of the-e oak 'fl<!CIC' an Ulu.unc. \ulo_ uk. li:J'-N

In the vuncd landscape of thas famou ~ P. natural mi~ed fore 1\ composed b} common oak, birch. } C\\, a.,h, mountain elm and hme can be lind . Glihel. Keller, Stctnha<:h, 1996

35

99 LNrll:D KI:\GlXJf>l Q. petram SNOW DO:-; lA .:-it'\f!O~AL PARK WF-'i'I OF GRr.AT BRITA IS 214.200

100 Ul':JTED Kl:>iGD0\1 Q. ~trul'<l DART~OOR

:>lATIO:'-IAL PARK SOUTH\\ EST Of GREAT BRITAIN 95.400

101 UNITED KINGDOM Q. pctraeu PEAK DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK MANCHESTER ZO:--IE 14.l.800

In lhj, " land of eagles" 10 the narro"' \alley of Afon Hachno ri\ cr. fragment, of natural toreqs compoq~d hy Q

petraea 10 mtxture "'tth a,h, hlad. alder. btrch and mounlllin a'h (Sorbu\

arKuparw) are well preserved. GObel. Keller. Stembach, 1996

Only 'mall remnant- of the formerly large fore t, compo-ed h) se"ile oal..' with a dense undcNOl') ot lit~. fcm,, mo -.cs and li<:h.:n,, 10 the rm~r·s valle)' Gobel, Kdh:r Stttnhach. 1996

Old dectduou., forest Wtlh Fra\IIIIH

excem. Ulmus g/ahru, Acu pseudoplaumu.s, Q. pctrat·a and Ttlia plut\plnllos GOhcl Keller. Stcinhach. 1996

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16

KORPI·L. _, 1995 D1e Urv.alder der \\'e,lkarpaten Gust:!\ F1scher \crlag, Stungan. Jcna. ~c" Yorl.

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ZUKRIGL. K a.o .. 1990: N:uurv.aldrc..cr.alc m o,terrc•ch. Wicn

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**• 1979. Guid.: de Ia nalure en F-rance Borda\. Pam

•u 0:\f. 1991 L.:, Chene' de Bclleme et Rcno-Valdu:u

••• I m : l'_dunlc \Ill, ne - C\'ibl\lrgme dm Romama I\ lrgm and 4U3-\I\ Jrgm tore I 10

Romama). \1". IC~S Bucure_u

J7