Religious Wars
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Transcript of Religious Wars
Religious WarsCh 12
I. IntroductionMid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence
Calvinist (mostly) and CatholicsResult of Catholic Counter-Reformation
Unquestioning obedience to the Catholic church and its hierarchy
Wars consisted of internal civil wars and those that crossed country borders
I. IntroductionMajor Cultural differences
ArchitectureCatholic- Baroque (Very Ornate)Protestant- Reserved and Functional
Church OrganizationCatholic- HierarchalProtestant- Decentralized (No individual in power)
Secular GovernmentCatholic- Absolute MonarchiesProtestant- Parliamentary/Congressional
II. French Civil WarTook place between 1562-1598
Catholics vs. Huguenots (Besancon Hugues)
France was ruled by the Valois familyHenry II ruled during the first part
Was killed at a tournamentFrancis II takes over but dies after a year
Followed by Charles IX & Henry III.Catherine de Medici- Controlled sons
Played both sides to her advantage
II. French Civil Warso There were two sides:
o Guise family led Catholics in Northo Bourbon family led Huguenots in Southo Fighting for the royal inheritance and to
control royal familyo Catherine supported the Guises initially.
o Wanted Catholic Franceo Afraid of Guise rule
II. French Civil Warso St. Bartholomews Day Massacre
o August 22, 1572o Attempted to kill Coligny- leader of the
Huguenots o Catherine panics and orders the massacre
o August 24, 1572o 20,000 Huguenots were killedo Led to Protestants becoming more
active in resisting Catholic rule
II. French Civil WarsCatherine started supporting the Bourbons
Saw that they were most likely the ones to win
Henry of Navarre (r. 1589-1610)Bourbon Succeeded Henry III (Valois)Becomes Henry IV of FranceDefeated Catholic League in 1598Sought to institute religious tolerance
II. French Civil WarsHenry IV (cont.)
Converted to Catholicism Did this to compromise and make peace“Paris is worth a mass.”.This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]
Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598Granted religious rights to HuguenotsDid not grant religious freedom for all
P397 DBQ
III. SpainPhillip II (r.1556-1598)
Son of Charles V (HRE)Also heir to the HRE
Took over the Imperial Superpower Ruled during a time of huge supplies of silver and gold from Americas
Strangely died massively in debtWealth held by small fewHad the largest Navy
II. SpainPhillip became heavily involved in numerous regions of Europe
Fought the Turks in the Eastern MediterraneanNetherlands (source of conflict due to extreme wealth)
First “modern economy”Married Mary I (of England)
Part of major Catholic conflict in EnglandFrench Civil War
Financed the Catholic League
III. EnglandMary I (r. 1553-1558)
CatholicTook over after Edward VI diedMarried Phillip IIDevout Catholic
Heavily persecuted protestantsBurning at the stake for heresy
III. EnglandElizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)
“Virgin Queen”A politiques
Unity of country over religionRemoved all anti-Protestant laws and stopped Protestant persecution
Actually brought many exiled protestants into her courtMerged Protestant and Catholic doctrine in the Anglican ChurchExecuted her cousin Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots for
plotting her assassination.Openly funded Henry of Navarre
III. EnglandSpanish Armada (1587)
Spain was the major naval power in EuropePhillip II initiated conflict after Mary Stuart’s executionFor a long time, Elizabeth secretly supported Sir Francis Drake on pirating expeditions against the Spanish Gold ShipsMay 30, 1587
A smaller force of English and Netherland ships, won a decisive victory against a Spanish fleet of 130 ships
IV. 30 Year’s WarWar fought in various phases in and around the territory of the HRELasted from 1618-1648Initially between Catholic and Protestants but soon became a war over the rule of the Hapsburgs
Each of the major European powers were involved in this conflict
IV. 30 Year’s WarConsisted of 4 phases
Bohemian Phase 1618-1622Danish Phase 1625-1629Swedish Phase 1630-1635French Phase 1635- 1648
IV. 30 Year’s WarBohemian Phase 1618-1622
Started when Ferdinand II took power as king over Bohemia
HapsburgEducated by Jesuits Revoked religious freedom for protestants
Defenestration of PragueProtestant nobles pushed his regents out of the royal palace
IV. 30 Year’s WarBohemian Phase cont.
Ferdinand II becomes the HREBohemians deposed him and made protestant Frederick V king of Bohemia
Spain gets involved in the conflictFerdinand eventually put down the revolt by 1622 and makes it a catholic state
IV. 30 Year’s WarDanish Phase 1625-1629
Ferdinand II tried to end all protestant resistance and sought to re-conquer the Northern part of the HREHired Albrecht of Wallenstein to command his forces
Extremely successfulInstituted Edict of Restitution (1629)
Outlawed CalvinismAll former Catholic lands had to be returned
IV. 30 Year’s WarSwedish Phase 1630-1635
France and Sweden feared the increased power of the HapsburgsFrance backs the Swedish forces as they invaded HRE under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus
Employed more mobile tactics (fire and move)Ferdinand brings back Wallenstein
Adolphus is killed in battleBut assassinates Wallenstein because he was working on deals with Protestants
IV. 30 Year’s WarFrench Phase 1635- 1648
Most destructive part of the war1/3 of Europe’s population was killedResulted in German famineDestructive to European trade
France took a more active roleMost of Europe became involvedWidespread pillaging
IV. 30 Year’s WarTreaty of Westphalia 1648
Ended the war in the HREWritten in French
Granted German princes freedom from HREDetermine their religion
France gained the Alsace Switzerland becomes and independent stateSweden gains territory in Northern GermanyCalvinist are recognized as a legitimate religion and given equal liberties
This treaty gets blamed for many problems to come
V. ConclusionMany minority groups were recognized after this periodEurope’s balance of power shifts once againReinforced the right of rulers to determine the religion of their territory