Religious Wars

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Religious Wars Ch 12

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Religious Wars. Ch 12. I. Introduction. Mid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence Calvinist (mostly) and Catholics Result of Catholic Counter-Reformation Unquestioning obedience to the C atholic church and its hierarchy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Religious Wars

Page 1: Religious Wars

Religious WarsCh 12

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I. IntroductionMid-1500s to Mid-1600s were marked by religious violence

Calvinist (mostly) and CatholicsResult of Catholic Counter-Reformation

Unquestioning obedience to the Catholic church and its hierarchy

Wars consisted of internal civil wars and those that crossed country borders

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I. IntroductionMajor Cultural differences

ArchitectureCatholic- Baroque (Very Ornate)Protestant- Reserved and Functional

Church OrganizationCatholic- HierarchalProtestant- Decentralized (No individual in power)

Secular GovernmentCatholic- Absolute MonarchiesProtestant- Parliamentary/Congressional

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II. French Civil WarTook place between 1562-1598

Catholics vs. Huguenots (Besancon Hugues)

France was ruled by the Valois familyHenry II ruled during the first part

Was killed at a tournamentFrancis II takes over but dies after a year

Followed by Charles IX & Henry III.Catherine de Medici- Controlled sons

Played both sides to her advantage

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II. French Civil Warso There were two sides:

o Guise family led Catholics in Northo Bourbon family led Huguenots in Southo Fighting for the royal inheritance and to

control royal familyo Catherine supported the Guises initially.

o Wanted Catholic Franceo Afraid of Guise rule

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II. French Civil Warso St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

o August 22, 1572o Attempted to kill Coligny- leader of the

Huguenots o Catherine panics and orders the massacre

o August 24, 1572o 20,000 Huguenots were killedo Led to Protestants becoming more

active in resisting Catholic rule

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II. French Civil WarsCatherine started supporting the Bourbons

Saw that they were most likely the ones to win

Henry of Navarre (r. 1589-1610)Bourbon Succeeded Henry III (Valois)Becomes Henry IV of FranceDefeated Catholic League in 1598Sought to institute religious tolerance

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II. French Civil WarsHenry IV (cont.)

Converted to Catholicism Did this to compromise and make peace“Paris is worth a mass.”.This was an example of politique [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Passed Edict of Nantes in 1598Granted religious rights to HuguenotsDid not grant religious freedom for all

P397 DBQ

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III. SpainPhillip II (r.1556-1598)

Son of Charles V (HRE)Also heir to the HRE

Took over the Imperial Superpower Ruled during a time of huge supplies of silver and gold from Americas

Strangely died massively in debtWealth held by small fewHad the largest Navy

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II. SpainPhillip became heavily involved in numerous regions of Europe

Fought the Turks in the Eastern MediterraneanNetherlands (source of conflict due to extreme wealth)

First “modern economy”Married Mary I (of England)

Part of major Catholic conflict in EnglandFrench Civil War

Financed the Catholic League

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III. EnglandMary I (r. 1553-1558)

CatholicTook over after Edward VI diedMarried Phillip IIDevout Catholic

Heavily persecuted protestantsBurning at the stake for heresy

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III. EnglandElizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

“Virgin Queen”A politiques

Unity of country over religionRemoved all anti-Protestant laws and stopped Protestant persecution

Actually brought many exiled protestants into her courtMerged Protestant and Catholic doctrine in the Anglican ChurchExecuted her cousin Mary (Stuart) Queen of Scots for

plotting her assassination.Openly funded Henry of Navarre

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III. EnglandSpanish Armada (1587)

Spain was the major naval power in EuropePhillip II initiated conflict after Mary Stuart’s executionFor a long time, Elizabeth secretly supported Sir Francis Drake on pirating expeditions against the Spanish Gold ShipsMay 30, 1587

A smaller force of English and Netherland ships, won a decisive victory against a Spanish fleet of 130 ships

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IV. 30 Year’s WarWar fought in various phases in and around the territory of the HRELasted from 1618-1648Initially between Catholic and Protestants but soon became a war over the rule of the Hapsburgs

Each of the major European powers were involved in this conflict

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IV. 30 Year’s WarConsisted of 4 phases

Bohemian Phase 1618-1622Danish Phase 1625-1629Swedish Phase 1630-1635French Phase 1635- 1648

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IV. 30 Year’s WarBohemian Phase 1618-1622

Started when Ferdinand II took power as king over Bohemia

HapsburgEducated by Jesuits Revoked religious freedom for protestants

Defenestration of PragueProtestant nobles pushed his regents out of the royal palace

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IV. 30 Year’s WarBohemian Phase cont.

Ferdinand II becomes the HREBohemians deposed him and made protestant Frederick V king of Bohemia

Spain gets involved in the conflictFerdinand eventually put down the revolt by 1622 and makes it a catholic state

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IV. 30 Year’s WarDanish Phase 1625-1629

Ferdinand II tried to end all protestant resistance and sought to re-conquer the Northern part of the HREHired Albrecht of Wallenstein to command his forces

Extremely successfulInstituted Edict of Restitution (1629)

Outlawed CalvinismAll former Catholic lands had to be returned

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IV. 30 Year’s WarSwedish Phase 1630-1635

France and Sweden feared the increased power of the HapsburgsFrance backs the Swedish forces as they invaded HRE under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus

Employed more mobile tactics (fire and move)Ferdinand brings back Wallenstein

Adolphus is killed in battleBut assassinates Wallenstein because he was working on deals with Protestants

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IV. 30 Year’s WarFrench Phase 1635- 1648

Most destructive part of the war1/3 of Europe’s population was killedResulted in German famineDestructive to European trade

France took a more active roleMost of Europe became involvedWidespread pillaging

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IV. 30 Year’s WarTreaty of Westphalia 1648

Ended the war in the HREWritten in French

Granted German princes freedom from HREDetermine their religion

France gained the Alsace Switzerland becomes and independent stateSweden gains territory in Northern GermanyCalvinist are recognized as a legitimate religion and given equal liberties

This treaty gets blamed for many problems to come

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V. ConclusionMany minority groups were recognized after this periodEurope’s balance of power shifts once againReinforced the right of rulers to determine the religion of their territory