HINDUISMHISTORY, BELIEVE, TEACHING, PHILOSOPHY,

RITUALS, AND CEREMONIES

Benedict Timothi & Dedi Burhanudin

HISTORY

•WHERE “HINDU” CAME FROM?

•WHO IS HINDU?

•WHAT IS HINDUISM?

•WHEN IT APPEAR?

•WHO IS THE PIONER?

HINDUHindu is derived word from sanskrit called ‘Shindu’. Shindu is historical local name for Indus River.

Term ‘Hindu’ firstly is refer to geographical term for people who live beyond indus river and didn’t refer to the religion.

Century

In 14th Century, term ‘Hindu’ occasionally used in some of sanskrit text.Term Hindu as

‘religion’ (Dharma) was set in opposition of Islam (Turaka Darma) by poets such as Vidyapati, Khabir and Ekhnat.

Islam came in

Arab at 7th

century and

start spread

through the

world and come

to Persia.

16th - to 18th - century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava texts including Chaitanya Charitamrita and Chaitanya Bhagavata also made similar comparisons

In the end of 18th century, the European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus

term Hinduism introduced into the English language to denote the religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions native to India in 19th century.

WHAT IS HINDUISM?

Century

Decline of Buddhism in India

4t

h

5th -

8th

Traditions of Vedic Brahmanism and the mystical schools of Vedanta were combined with Shramana traditions and regional cults to give rise to the socio-religious and cultural sphere

The result of combination discribes as “Hinduism”

18th

6500

Earliest of the Hindu scriptures – The Rig Veda – was composed well

Hindu have existed – Refer to Shindu in sanskrit text.

10.000

Cannot be

traced to any one individua

l

1st -

2nd

Term Hein-tu" was used by Chinese, for referring to North Indian people

Term of Hinduism become well known in english language as religion of India people.

Hinduism has accommodated a host of new religious and reform movements - Arya Samaj (the most notable) output

19th

Some scholars, seeing Hinduism as a 19th-century construct

Continue

BEALIVE“Truth is one; sages call it by different names”

• What Do Hindus People Believe?

• Who Is Hindus Bealive As God(s)?

WHAT DO HINDUS PEOPLE BEALIVE?

Three (3) basic beliefs are generally regarded as boundaries

outside of which lies either heresy or non-Hindu religion. These

fundamental Hindu beliefs include:

1. The authority of the Vedas (the oldest Indian sacred texts) and

the Brahmans (priests)

2. The existence of an enduring soul that transmigrates from one

body to another at death (reincarnation - samsara)

3. The law of karma that determines one's destiny both in this

life and the next

WHO IS HINDUS BEALIVE AS GOD(S)?

Most Hindus venerate one or more deities, but regard these as

manifestations of Ultimate Reality. So who, or what, is the Ultimate

Reality that is behind the universe and all the gods? In the Veda, it

is referred to as "the One." In the Purushasukta, it is given the

name "Purusha," and in the Upanishads it is called "Brahman,"

"the One," and several other names. But overall, Hindus call Him

as Brahma: The Ultimate Reality

BEALIVE CONT,,,

The Creator and Destroyer

Shiva

The Preserver

Visnu

The Protecting Mother

Devi

His consorts include the loving Parvati and the ferocious Durga, who represent the feminine aspects of his complex nature.

The one who protect the creatures and his two most popular incarnations is Krishna and Rama.

Appears in some form in every region of India. She is often identified as the creative energy of the universe, and is considered by her followers the equal of Vishnu and Shiva.

BEALIVE CONT,,,Brahma

Shiva Visnu Devi

Shiva, Visnu, Devi letter have more and more reincarnation and the represntation of their ‘Godness’ into several ‘Gods’. The number of Gods up to 350 million Gods who representation of every single people’s need and willingness. In the end, all of Gods are representation of ONE GOD, BRAHMA.

BASIC TEACHINGPeople said there are 4 basic teaching in Hinduism, but if we refer to Veda

basic teaching in Hinduism devided into three, there are;

1. Dharma is the religious duty of people to follow the principals of the cosmic order, including the rules that guide the morality of all human beings. Adherence to dharma means following laws and virtues for a good way of living.

2. Karma, on the other hand, is the set of individual rules for a specific person's life based on their status and deeds in both their current and past lives. Any future existence depends upon a person's good and evil actions.

3. Moksha is the state of escaping the sufferings of the physical world in death. It is the end goal in a person's life and marks the end of the cycle of rebirth

BASIC TEACHING CONT,,,

From those both basic teaching and bealive, Satguru Sivaya

Subramuniyaswami, Hinduism Today's founder, assembled these beliefs, a

creed shared by most Hindus, to summarize a vast and profound faith. If we

summerize his writing, we got “9 basic bealive - teaching” those are;

Revere

nce f

or

Ou

r R

eveale

d

Scri

ptu

resHindus believe

in the divinity of the Vedas, the world's most ancient scripture, and venerate the Agamas as equally revealed. These primordial hymns are God's words.

All-P

erv

asiv

e D

ivin

ity Hindus believe

in a one, allpervasive Supreme Being who is both immanent and transcendent, both Creator and Unmanifest Reality.

Com

passio

n a

nd

N

on

inju

ry Hindus believe that all life is sacred, to be loved and revered, and therefore practice ahimsa, "noninjury."

Th

e L

aw

s o

f K

arm

a

an

d D

harm

a Hindus believe in karma--the law of cause and effect by which each individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds--and in dharma, righteous living.

Th

ree W

orl

ds a

nd

C

ycle

s o

f C

reati

on Hindus believe

there are three worlds of existence--physical, astral and causal--and that the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation and dissolution.

Rein

carn

ati

on

an

d L

ibera

tion Hindus believe that

the soul reincarnates, evolving through many births until all karmas have been resolved, and moksha--spiritual knowledge and liberation from the cycle of rebirth--is attained. Not a single soul will be eternally deprived of this destiny.

Tem

ple

s a

nd

th

e

Inn

er

Worl

ds Hindus believe that

divine beings exist in unseen worlds and that temple worship, rituals, sacraments as well as personal devotionals create a communion with these devas and Gods.

Yog

a G

uid

ed

by

a S

atg

uru Hindus believe that a

spiritually awakened master, or satguru, is essential to know the Transcendent Absolute, as are personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage, self-inquiry and meditation

Gen

uin

e

Resp

ect

for

Oth

er

Fait

hsHindus believe that

no particular religion teaches the only way to salvation above all others, but that all genuine religious paths are facets of God's Pure Love and Light, deserving tolerance and understanding.

PHILOSOPHYHindu philosophy is the longest surviving philosophical tradition in India. We can recognize several historical stages. The earliest, from around 700 BC, was the proto-philosophical period, when karma and liberation theories arose, and the proto-scientific ontological lists in the upanisads were compiled.

PHILOSOPHYThe history of Hindu philosophy can be divided roughly into three, largely overlapping stages:

Non-Systematic Hindu Philosophy,

found in the Vedas and secondary

religious texts (beginning in the

2nd millennia B.C.E.)

Systematic Hindu Philosophy

(beginning in the 1st millennia

B.C.E.)

Neo-Hindu Philosophy

(beginning in the 19th century C.E.)

PHILOSOPHYNon-systematic Hindu Philosophy: The Religious Texts

• The vedas

Are a large corpus, originally committed to memory and transmitted orally from teacher to student. The term “veda” means "knowledge" or "wisdom" and embodies what was likely regarded by its original attendants as the sum-total of the knowledge of their people. On the basis of linguistic variations in the corpus, contemporary scholars are of the opinion that the vedas were composed at various points during approximately a 900 year span that can be no later than 1500 B.C.E. To 600 B.C.E.. The vedas are composed in an indo-european language that is loosely referred to as sanskrit, but much of it is in an ancient precursor to sanskrit, more properly called vedic.

The vedic corpus is comprised of four works each called “vedas.” The four vedas are ṛg veda, sāma veda, yajur veda and atharva veda, respectively. Each of the four vedas is edited into four distinct sections: mantras, brāhmanas, āraṇyakas, and upaniṣads.

• Secondary Texts: Smṛti Literature

On many traditional Hindu accounts (specifically the account found in the Pūrvamīmāṃsā and Vedānta schools), the Vedas are regarded as “śruti”, "heard" or revealed texts, and are contrasted with smṛti or remembered texts. The smṛti texts are far more numerous, but purport to be based upon the learning of the Vedas. Unlike the Vedas, the smṛtis were traditionally regarded as appropriate for general consumption, while the Vedas were regarded as the sole preserve of the high castes. The smṛti literature, as a rule, was originally authored in Sanskrit. Over time, however, translations into vernacular languages became popular, and additional texts were authored in vernaculars.

The VedasSmṛti Literature

PHILOSOPHYStage Two: Systematic Hindu Philosophy: the Darśanas

The history of Indian philosophy is replete with darśanas. Darśana (also Darśan or Darshan; Sanskrit: दर्श�न) is a term meaning "auspicious sight" (in the sense of an instance of seeing or beholding and being seen or beheld at the same time; from a root dṛś "to see"), vision, apparition, or glimpse. It is most commonly used for theophany, "manifestation / visions of the divine" in Hindu worship, e.g. of a deity (especially in image form), or a very holy person or artifact. One could also "receive" darshana or a glimpse of the deity in the temple, or from a great saintly person, such as a great guru.

Darshan is ultimately difficult to define, since it is an event in consciousness—an interaction in presence between devotee and God/guru; or between devotee and image or sculpture, which focuses and calls out the consciousness of the devotee. In either event, a heightening of consciousness or spirituality is the intended effect. A convention has developed over the centuries to count systematic Hindu philosophy as being comprised of six (āstika, or Veda recognizing) darśanas. The six darśanas are: Nyāya, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṅkhya, Yoga, Pūrvamīmāṃsā, and Vedānta.

PHILOSOPHYStage Three: Neo-Hinduism

The term “Neo-Hinduism” refers to a conception of the Hindu religion formed by recent authors who were learned in traditional Indian philosophy, and English. Famous Neo-Hindus include Swami Vivekānanda (1863-1902) the famous disciple of the traditional Hindu saint Rāma-Kṛṣṇa, and India’s first president, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) a professional philosopher who held academic posts at various universities in India and Oxford, in the UK.

A famous formulation of the doctrine of Neo-Hinduism is the simile that likens religions to rivers, and the oceans to God: as all rivers lead to the ocean so do all religions lead to God. Similarly, Swami Nirvenananda in his book Hinduism at a Glance writes:

All true religions of the world lead us alike to the same goal, namely, to perfection if, of course, they are followed faithfully. Each of them is a correct path to Divinity. The Hindus have been taught to regard religion in this light. (Nivernananda, p.20.)

Swami Vivekānand

a

saint Rāma-Kṛṣṇa

Sarvepalli Radhakrish

nan

Swami Nirvenanan

da

RITUALS• The religious life of many hindus is focused on devotion to god (perceived as brahman, shiva,

vishnu, or shakti) or several gods. This devotion usually takes the form of rituals and practices associated with sculptures and images of gods in home shrines.

• More philosophically-minded hindus ignore the gods altogether and seek realization of the self through intense meditation. Still others focus primarily on fulfilling the social and moral duties appropriate to their position in life.

• These various approaches are regarded as equally valid, and in fact are formally recognized as three paths (margas) to liberation:

• bhaktimarga (the path of devotion)

• jnanamarga (the path of knowledge or philosophy), and

• karmamarga (the path of works and action)

RITUALSHINDU RELIGIOUS STAGES

Hindu religious practices center on the importance of fulfilling the duties associated both with one's social position and one's stage of life. With regard to the latter, traditional hindus are expected to pass through four stages (ashramas) over the course of their life:

• Brahmacharga, which takes place during the school years, is focused on acquiring knowledge and developing character;

• Grastha, the middle years, is focused on worldly pursuits and pleasures such as marriage, family and career;

• Vanaprastha, when one's children reach adulthood, is a time of increased focus on spiritual things; and

• Sanngasu, in the last years of life, one may abandon the world entirely for a life of contemplation.

Ayurveda

Hatha Yoga

Kundalini Yoga

Namaste GreetingPuja (Pooja)

The Sadhu (Holy Man)

Temples Rituals

Hindu ReligiousPractices

The hindu traditions of yoga and tantra which leading to the ultimate goal of raja yoga, or contemplation of the one reality

A tantric form of yoga focused on awakening the kundalini, the latent psychic energy that lies at the base of the spine, and making it rise through the seven chakras to the top of the spine

A simple act made by bringing together both palms of the hands before the heart, and lightly bowing the head

A way of relating humans to the domain and actions of the divine, and can be performed for anything considered divine, from Vishnu to a holy tree

People who renounce their possessions and devote themselves to a particular god and/or meditation, yoga and spiritual discussion.

Place where the rituals and ceremonies held

An ancient Hindu system of medicine and healing

CEREMONIES

Ceremonies may be performed during pregnancy to ensure the health of the mother and growing child. The father may part the hair of the mother three times upward from the front to the back, to assure the ripening of the embryo. Charms may serve to ward off the evil eye and witches or demons. At birth, before the umbilical cord is severed, the father may touch the baby's lips with a gold spoon or ring dipped in honey, curds, and ghee. The word vak (speech) is whispered three times into the right ear, and mantras are chanted to ensure a long life. A number of rituals for the infant include the first visit outside to a temple, the first feeding with solid food (usually cooked rice), an ear-piercing ceremony, and the first haircut (shaving the head) that often occurs at a temple or during a festival when the hair is offered to a deity.

Pregnancy, Birth, Infancy

CEREMONIES

A crucial event in the life of the orthodox, upper-caste Hindu male is an initiation (upanayana) ceremony, which takes place for some young males between the ages of six and twelve to mark the transition to awareness and adult religious responsibilities. At the ceremony itself, the family priest invests the boy with a sacred thread to be worn always over the left shoulder, and the parents instruct him in pronouncing the gayatri mantra. The initiation ceremony is seen as a new birth; those groups entitled to wear the sacred thread are called the twice-born. In the ancient categorization of society associated with the vedas, only the three highest groups - Brahman, warrior (kshatriya), and commoner or merchant (vaishya) - were allowed to wear the thread, to make them distinct from the fourth group of servants (shudra).Many individuals and groups who are only hazily associated with the old "twice-born" elites perform the upanayana ceremony and claim the higher status it bestows. For young Hindu women in south India, a different ritual and celebration occurs at the first menses.

Upanayana: The Thread Ceremony

MOST INTEREST BY DEDI BURHANUDIN

The most interesting about Hinduism is about their bealive to the gods. If we take a

look, this bealive is look like cristian who bealive “Father, Son, and Holy Spirit” as

one God and not three Gods. And when we see from islam perspective, we can see

we have the similarity between Hinduism and Islam. Hinduism bealive that we can

go to one God to ask something and go to another God to ask another thing. If we

compare this with Islam, we can see this is look like Angles in Islam. We know there

are uncountable angles which are Allah created and every single of angles have their

own duty. Like Mika’il who have duty to bring rain to the world. But the difference is,

Islam are not allow to workship Mika’il to ask the rain, but Hinduism ask (workship)

God representative to ask something.

MOST INTEREST BY BENEDICT TIMOTHI

Hinduism is generally regarded as the world's oldest organized religion. Hinduism is the world's oldest extant religion, with a billion followers, which makes it the world's third largest religion. Hinduism is a conglomeration of religious, philosophical, and cultural ideas and practices that originated in india, characterized by the belief in reincarnation, one absolute being of multiple manifestations, the law of cause and effect, following the path of righteousness, and the desire for liberation from the cycle of births and deaths.

COMMENT BY DEDI BURHANUDIN

Based on what I have learn, its quite sad reality when people use term “religion” to

make his/her act become reasonable and forgivable. For example like ISIS who use

“Islam” as cover their act, but when we see closer, Islam never told to do that. Even

when we are in the middle of war, there are several rules for Islam people. When we

talk about the latest issue, assassination to Islam people and humiliation of Muslim

India by people who use “Hindu” as their cover. But when we look closer, Hindu (and

every single of religion) have faith to the God, goodness, and respect to other people

who have different faith. And when we talk about basic teaching in Hinduism, there

are no single thing that direct to the strictness. Balance about this life and the next

life, Karma, Dharma, and all of the basic teaching of Hinduism tell us about

goodness, softness and LOVE.

COMMENT BY BENEDICT TIMOTHI

I believe that all religion used to spread peace between all believers and we may respect other beliefs. Conflict may happen sometimes between some religion believer and we should avoid any kind of conflict and take the good spiritualism values between another religion. The vedas are the list of rules and it contains a lot of guide which will lead the believers into peace and eternity.

THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION