Relevant Emotions - University of Waterloocogsci.uwaterloo.ca/Lectures/relevant.finland.2016.pdf ·...
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Relevant EmotionsPaul Thagard
University of Waterloo
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Outline1. Relevance 2. Semantic
pointers
3. Emotion
4. Epistemic emotions, e.g. interest
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What is Relevance?3-analysis
Exemplars: work, life, law
Typical features: topic or question, person or group, connection between topic and person, goals
Explains: decisions, actions, attention, language, inferences
Explained by: ?
Concepts are Semantic Pointers: Blouw, Solodkin, Thagard, and Eliasmith, 2016, Cognitive Science.
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Legal RelevanceCommon law, e.g. USA, court objections.
Evidence is relevant if:(a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and(b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action
Problems: probability, consequence4
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Relevance LogicIn propositional logic, if p then q is true if p is false, e.g. if Helsinki is in Sweden, then Thagard is Chinese.
Solution: require some relevant connection between p and q.
Semantics: possible worlds.
Problems: connection not specified, possible worlds remote from human thought.
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PsycholinguisticsGrice’s maxim of relevance: expect a partner’s contribution to be appropriate to immediate needs at each stage of the transaction.
Sperber & Wilson, Relevance Theory: 1. Stimulus is relevant enough for it to be
worth the addressee's effort to process it.2. Stimulus is the most relevant one
compatible with the communicator's abilities and preferences.
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Relevance and Emotion
Problem: how does the mind/brain judge relevance?
Hypothesis: Relevance judgments are typically emotional.
Positive: interesting, surprising …
Negative: boring, confusing, annoying …
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Theories of Emotion1. Emotion is a property of non-material souls.
2. Emotion is cognitive appraisal (Nussbaum, Ortony, Scherer, etc.).
3. Emotion is physiological perception & embodiment (James, Damasio, Prinz, Niedenthal, etc.).
4. Emotion is social/linguistic construction (Harre, etc.).
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5. Emotions are Semantic Pointers
Emotion = bind (concept or belief, cognitive appraisal, physiological perception)
Example: being happy to be in Finland = bind (Finland, appraisal, physiology)
Concepts, beliefs, appraisal, and physiology are all patterns of neural firing.
Binding is by convolution as performed in the Semantic Pointer Architecture.
Thagard and Schröder, Emotions as Semantic Pointers, 2014. 9
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The New SynthesisThesis (1950s): Intelligence results from the
processing of physical symbols. (Herbert Simon, traditional AI)
Antithesis (1980s): Intelligence results from sub-symbolic processes in neural networks, operating with distributed representations.
Synthesis: Neural networks are capable of symbolic processes, using semantic pointers.
Chris Eliasmith: How to Build a Brain, Oxford U. Press, 2013. Eliasmith et al. (2012), Science.
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Representation and BindingRepresentation: pattern of firing in population of
neurons
Synchrony: neurons fire in temporal coordinationSyntax: e.g. Shastri, HummelConsciousness: e.g. Crick, Engel, Scherer
Convolution: activity of neural populations becomes “twisted together”: convolve.
Representations are braided together.
Eliasmith has shown how neural populations can perform convolution.
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Semantic Pointers (Eliasmith 2013)
Semantic pointers are patterns of neural firing that:
1. provide shallow meaning through symbol-like relations to the world and other representations;
2. expand to provide deeper meaning with relations to perceptual, motor, and emotional information;
3. support complex syntactic operations; 4. help to control the flow of information
through a cognitive system to accomplish its goals. 12
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semantic pointer
sensory motor emotional verbal
bind bindbind
FORMATION
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sensory motor emotional verbal
semantic pointerinfer
unpack unpack unpack
FUNCTION
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sensory motor emotional verbal
COMPETITIONsemantic pointers
recurrent connections
bindings bindings bindings
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emotion semantic pointer
situation physiology appraisal self
bind bindbind
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sadnesssemantic pointer
situation: rejection:
sensory, verbal
motor:withdraw
physiology: low heart rate,
etc.
appraisal:e.g. no
relationship
bind bindbind
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Cognitive AppraisalAppraisal is performed by parallel constraint
satisfaction that integrates relevance of multiple goals. Thagard & Aubie, Emotional Consciousness, 2008.
Fast & frugal appraisal can employ emotional associations of words.
Appraisal in humans can take into account complex representations of self and social situation. Thagard, The Self as a System of Multilevel Mechanisms, 2014.
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Emotional ConsciousnessEmotions are usually conscious because they
outcompete other semantic pointers.
Emotional intensity contributes to the salience of semantic pointers: appraisal, physiology, language.
Conscious emotions can influence actions because they can outcompete automatic actions.
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Epistemic EmotionsEmotions are crucial to actions, including decisions about how to pursue knowledge, e.g. The Passionate Scientist
Positive: interest, intrigue, curious, exciting, enjoyable, surprising, wonder …
Negative: boring, annoying, dull, confusing, frustrating, disappoint …
Bind: object, appraisal, physiology20
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Generatequestions
Try to answerquestions
Generate answers
Evaluateanswers
happinesshope
happinesssurprise
beautyhappiness
avoidboredom
fearangerfrustration
worry disappointment
interestcuriositywonder
Emotions in Scientific Thinking
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InterestObject: question, topic, fact, hypothesis
Appraisal: object fits with goals such as learning, problem solving, and action: emotional coherence
Physiology: facial expression, body language, dopamine, arousal
Competition: outcompetes others
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BoredomObject: question, topic, fact, hypothesis
Appraisal: object does not fit with goals such as learning, problem solving, and action: emotional coherence
Physiology: facial expression, body language, low arousal -> arouse action
Competition: easily outcompeted, e.g. daydreaming
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Conclusions
1. Relevance is usually based on emotional coherence with goals.
2. Emotions are semantic pointers – brain processes.
3. Epistemic emotions are important for relevance in education and creativity.
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