Relativistic Nuclear Physics from SPS to NICA O.V. Rogachevsky for

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APMP, Belarus Gomel, July 26, 2007

Relativistic Nuclear Physics

from SPS to NICA

O.V. Rogachevsky for

NICA/MPD working group

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Physicists have long thought that a new state of matter could be reached if the short range repulsive forces between nucleons could be overcome and if squeezed nucleons would merge into one another. Present theoretical ideas provide a more precise picture for this new state of matter: it should be a quark-gluon plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons, the fundamental constituents of matter, are no longer confined within the dimensions of the nucleon, but free to move around over a volume in which a high enough temperature and/or density prevails. This plasma also exhibits the so-called "chiral symmetry" which in normal nuclear matter is spontaneously broken, resulting in effective quark masses which are much larger than the actual masses. For the transition temperature to this new state, lattice QCD calculations give values between 140 and 180 MeV, corresponding to an energy density in the neighborhood of 1 GeV/fm3, or seven times that of nuclear matter. Temperatures and energy densities above these values existed in the early universe during the first few microseconds after the Big Bang.

Quark Gluon Plasma

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Phase transitions

the end point of a 1st order line = a critical point of the 2nd order (at the critical point the phases start to be indistinguishable)

Phase diagram of water Phase diagram of nuclear matter

critical point 1st order phase

transition

cross-over

The qualitative shape of the equation of state for hot hadronic matter at zero chemical potential. Fig. (a) refers to a first order phase transition with metastable states (dashed parts of the curves), Fig. (b) corresponds to a smooth transition.

L. Van Hove Z. Phys. C 27, 135-144 (1985)

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Phase transition in hadronic matter

Theoretical phase diagram of nuclear matter for two massless quarks as a function of temperature T and baryon chemical potential µ

K. Rajagopal, Acta Phys. Polon. B31 (2000) 3021

Lattice QCD results for the energy density ε/ T 4 as a function of the temperature scaled by the critical temperature TC . The arrows on the right side indicating the values for the Stefan-Boltzmann limit.

F. Karsch, Lect. Notes Phys. 583 (2002) 209

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CERN lead beam programme

Time: from 1994 to 1999

Seven large experiments: NA44, NA45/CERES, NA49, NA50, NA52/NEWMASS, WA97/NA57, and WA98

There were multipurpose detectors to measure simultaneously and correlate several of the more abundant observables and dedicated experiments to detect rare signatures with high statistics

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NA49

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Evidence for a New State of Matter: Results From the CERN Lead Beam Programme

A common assessment of the collected data leads us to conclude that we now have compelling evidence that a new state of matter has indeed been created, at energy densities which had never been reached over appreciable volumes in laboratory experiments before and which exceed by more than a factor 20 that of normal nuclear matter. The new state of matter found in heavy ion collisions at the SPS features many of the characteristics of the theoretically predicted quark-gluon plasma.

The evidence for this new state of matter is based on a multitude of different observations. Many hadronic observables show a strong nonlinear dependence on the number of nucleons which participate in the collision. Models based on hadronic interaction mechanisms have consistently failed to simultaneously explain the wealth of accumulated data. On the other hand, the data exhibit many of the predicted signatures for a quark-gluon plasma. Even if a full characterization of the initial collision stage is presently not yet possible, the data provide strong evidence that it consists of deconfined quarks and gluons.

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Striking New STAR Results

STARSTAR

Pedestal&flow subtractedIn central Au+Au collisions:Strong suppression of inclusive hadron productionDisappearance of the away-side jet

d+Au looks like p+pJet quenching in the dense medium

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RHIC 2005 White papersFormation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration.

arXiv:nucl-ex/0410003

Experimental and Theoretical Challenges in the Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma: The STAR Collaboration’s Critical Assessment of the Evidence from RHIC Collisions. arXiv:nucl-ex/0501009

The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC. Nuclear Physics A

Quark–gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment. Nuclear Physics A 757 (2005) 1–27

The theory-experiment comparison indicates that central Au+Au collisions at RHIC produce a unique form of strongly interacting matter, with some dramatic and surprisingly simple properties. A number of the most striking experimental results have been described to a reasonable quantitative level, and in some cases even predicted beforehand, using theoretical treatments inspired by QCD and based on QGP formation in the early stages of the collisions.

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M.G.Gorenstein JINR Winter school, 2006

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Nu Xu “Critical Point and Onset of Deconfinment”, GSI, July 2007

STAR Low Energy Commissioning √s NN = 9.2 GeV Au+Au Collisions taken on June 7, 2007

RHIC at 9.2 GeV

- Au+Au Collisions at √s NN = 22, 9.2 GeV are done. - Next: ~ 5 GeV, in 2008!

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Compressed Barionic Matter

Dynamical trajectories for central (b = 2fm) Au + Au collisions in T − nB (left )and T −µB (right) plane for various bombarding energies calculated within the relativistic 3-fluid hydrodynamics. Numbers near the trajectories are the evolution time moment. Phase boundaries are estimated in a two-phase bag model.

Y.B. Ivanov, V.N. Russkikh and V.D. Toneev,

nucl-th/0503088.

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FAIR at GSI

Construction costs: 1187 M€

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Compressed Barionic Matter (CBM)

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CBM Physics

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Research Program & Expert's Report

Organizing Committee

Photographs

Program

Talks

Round Table Discussion

Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting matter at the JINR Nuclotron

July 7 - 9, 2005

http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2005/roundtable/

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http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2006/roundtable/

Round Table Discussion II

Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting matter at the JINR Nuclotron:Nuclotron facility development

JINR, Dubna, October 6-7, 2006

Conceptional project Design and construction ofNuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) and Multi-Purpose Detector (MPD)

http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2006/roundtable/booklet.html

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NICA/MPD goals and physics problems

the second stage ♣ Electromagnetic probes (photons and dileptons)

Study of in-medium properties of hadrons and nuclear equation of state, including a search for possible signs of

deconfinement and/or chiral symmetry restoration phase transitions and QCD critical endpoint in the region of √s NN=4-9 GeV

by means of careful scanning in beam energy and centrality of excitation functions for

the first stage♣ Multiplicity and global characteristics of identified hadrons including multi-strange particles♣ Fluctuations in multiplicity and transverse momenta ♣ Directed and elliptic flows for various hadrons♣ HBT and particle correlations

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NICA general layout

Circumference 251.2 m

Averaged luminosity (1-1.5)1027 cm-2s-1

Cost saving factors: •No new buildings, no additional power lines. • No extra heat, water cooling power.

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NICA scheme

Booster (30 Tm)5 single-turn injections,

storage of 8×109 at electron cooling

bunching & accelerationup to 590 MeV/u

Nuclotron (45) Tm)injection of one bunch

of 3×109 ions,acceleration up to

3.5 GeV/u max.

Collider (37 45 Tm)Storage of

20 bunches 2.5109 ions per ring at 3.5 GeV/u max.,

electron and/or stochastic cooling

Injector: 2×109 ions/pulse of 238U30+ at energy 5 MeV/u

IP-1 IP-2

Stripping (eff. 40%) 238U32+ 238U92+

Two collider rings

2x20 injection cycles

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Preinjector + Linac

Cost estimates

Conceptual design ~ $ 10 k

Design, manufacturing at IHEP

and assembling at JINR ~ $ 10 M

Injector concept

KRION suspended up to 200 kV

RFQ pre-accelerator

Linac (unique design, “H-wave” type)

Equipment to be delivered by IHEP

1) RFQ + Linac structures

2) RF generators

3) Diagnostic system

4) Control system

5) Water cooling system

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Booster

“Warm” booster

on base

of the Synchrophasotron

B = 30 Tm, C = 210 m1) 5 single-turn injections 2) Storage of 8×109 238U32+ at electron

cooling3) bunching 4) Acceleration up to 590 MeV/u5) Extraction & stripping

Nuclotron

Booster

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Booster (Contnd)

Cost estimate, $ M(the Central Machinery Workshop of JINR)

1) One dipole magnet of 1.36 T max field 0.315

2) 70 dipole magnets 2.2

3) Total cost of the booster ~ 8.0

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Collider Electron cooling system

MPD

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Collider parameters

Ring circumference, m 251.2

Ion kinetic energy, E [GeV/u] 3.5

Particle number per bunch, Nion/bunch 2.0×109

Bunch number, nbunch 20

Horizontal emittance, [ mm mrad] 0.7

Momentum spread, p/p 0.001

IBS life time [sec] 100

Beta function at interaction point, * [m] 0.5

RF voltage, U_rf [kV] 200

Laslett tune shift, Q 0.0044

Beam-beam parameter 0.009

Peak luminosity, L [cm-2s-1] 2×1027

Average luminosity, L [cm-2s-1] (11.5)×1027

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NICA Cost Estimates ($M)

KRION + HV “platform” 0.25 Injector (IHEP design) 10Booster 8Collider 2 x 10

Total ~ 40

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TOF F

Silicon Vertex System

TPC

Zero Degree Calorimeter

TOF

MPD general layout

Simulated tracks from U+U collision with √sNN= 9 GeV

energy with UrQMD model.

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350 cm

25 cm

TOF Start

TOF RPC

TOF Start

Tracker (TPC)

SVD 4 planes

ECal

Interaction region ~50 cm

Forward ECAL

30 c

m

ZDC

300 cm

200

cm

Multi-Purpose Detector

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MPD cost estimate ($M) ~ 25 Silicon vertex detector 4.8 Time projection chamber 5.0 TOF system 4.0 EM calorimeter barrel 3.5

Required MPD parameters

• |y|<2 acceptance and 2π continuous azimuthal coverage • High track reconstruction efficiency • Adequate track length for tracking, momentum measurement and particle

identification • Momentum resolution Δp/p<0.02 for 0.1< p<2 GeV/c • Two-track resolution providing a momentum difference resolution of few

MeV/c for HBT correlation studies • Determination of the primary vertex better than 200m for high momentum

resolution to be able to identify particles from the primary interaction • Determination of secondary vertices for detecting the decay of strange particles such as Λ, Κ0

s, Ξ±, Ω-

• The fraction of registered vertex pions > 75%

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• Stage 1: years 2007 – 2008- Upgrate and Development of the Nuclotron facility - Preparation of Technical Design Report - Start for prototyping of the MPD and NICA elements

• Stage 2: years 2008 – 2012 - Design and Construction of NICA and MPD detector - Design and Construction of the Booster Accelerator

• Stage 3: years 2010 – 2013 - Assembling

• Stage 4: year 2013 - Commissioning

The Project Milestones

http://theor.jinr.ru/meetings/2008/

Round Table Discussion III, Searching for the mixed phase of strongly interacting QCD matter at the NICA/MPD (JINR,Dubna) January, 2008

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NICA

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hea

t

NICA

compression

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Ion SourceIon Sources comparison

(Experimental results)

Ion source KRION, Au30+ ECR, Pb27+

Peak ion current, mA 1.2 0.2

Pulse duration, s 8 200

Ions per pulse 2109 11010

Ions per sec 2.5x108 5x107

Norm. rms emittance 0.150.3 0.150.3

Repetition rate, Hz 60 30

Crucial parameter: Ions per sec!

Thus, KRION has very significant advantage!

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Booster (Contnd)

Booster

Base of the Synchrophasotron

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Injector: Ion Source + Preinjector + Linac

d 238U32+

5 MeV/u

31 m

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NICA scheme (Contnd)

2 x 41010 ions of 238U92+

t

Time Table of The Storage Process

3.5 GeV/u

590 MeV/u

5 MeV/u

300 keV/u

20 keV/u 8s 0.1s 1s 3s 2 min

electroncooling5 cycles

of injection

2x20 cycles of injection

KRION RFQ LINAC Booster Nuclotron Collider

Eion/A

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Assembling of the ZDC at INR (Troitsk)

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The Nuclotron 6 A·GeV synchrotron based on unique fast-cycling superferric magnets, was designed and constructed at JINR for five years (1987-1992) and put into operation in March 1993. The annual running time of 2000 hours was provided during the last years.

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Preinjector + LinacNegotiations at IHEP (Protvino)

21-22 June 2007

Prototype of the linac for CERN

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Relativistic Nuclear Physics from SPS to NICA O.V. Rogachevsky for

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