Relat ive c lauses 5:extra information clauses (2)Prepositions + whom/which

You can use a preposition beforc whom (for people) and which (for things). So you can say:

to whom / with whom / about which / without which etc' :

. Mr Lee, to whom I spoke ar the meeting. is very interested in our proposal.

*. I Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost'

In informal English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. Ifhen $''

do this, we normally use who (zol whom) for people:

o I This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about'u i.l Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before'

.hem are married. (2 sentences)

whom are married. (1 sentence)

+ whom (people)

+ which (things)

In the same way you can say:

none of / neither of I any of / either of

some of I many of / much of / (a) few of

both of / half of I each of / one of / two of etc.

. : Martin tried on three iackets, none of which fitted him'

' ll Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office'

' :: They've got three cars, two of which they rarely use'

' :: Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with'

You can also say the cause of which / the name of which etc' :

. I The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established'

- r S7e stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now

which (notwhat)

iW All of / most of etc. + whom/which

Study these examples:

Mary has three brothers. All of

- '*- Mary has three brothers, all of

They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answ.:J most of -them

(2 sentences)

-. * They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (1 sentence)

Study this example:

Joe got the iob. This surprised everybody' (2 sentences)

Joe got the job, *i"n surprised everybody' (7 sentence)

telatiue clause ---'

In this example, which = 'the fact that he got the job'. You must use which (zof what) in

sentences like these:" i Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a pity. (not what was a pity)

- .: The weather was good, which we hadn't expected. (not what we hadn't expected)

For what, see Units 92C and 93D.

Aff of / most of etc. - t,:r i ' . t l i Both of etc. -

i- ln:'- 8!i Relative clauses 1-4 - i"jrri: ! l i- i l 'r:192

e rcisesWrite the relat ive clauses in a more formal way using a preposit ion + whomlwhich.

unit 96

1 Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before.Yesterday we visited the City Museum, .....ta....w.h.r+.'h....!.|&....n-e.xw....1.e8a...b-e+or.-er.

2 My brother showed us his new car, which he's very proud of.My brother showed us his new car) ..........

3 This is a photograph of our friends Chris and Sam, who we went on holiday with.This is a photograph of our friends Chris and Sam, .................

4 The wedding, which only members of the family were invited to, took place on Friday.

The wedding, .-.-.-................took place on Friday.

Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second sentence. Use all of / most ofetc. or the . . . of + whom/which.

1 All of Mary's brothers are married.

2 Most of the information we were given was useless.'We were given a lot of information,

3 Jane has received neither of the letters I sen

I sent Jane t'wo letters,

None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable.

Kate hardly ever uses one of her computers.'Kate has got t\,vo computers,

6 Mike gave half of the {50,000 he won to his parents.Mike won {50,000,

7 Both of Julia's sisters are teachers.

I went to a party - I knew only a few of the people there.

The sides of the road we drove along were lined with trees.

We drove along the road, the

10 The aim of the company's new business plan is to saYe money.

96.3 Join sentences from the boxes to make new sentences. Use which.

t her.

12 lane doesn't have a phone.3 Neil has passed his exams.4 Our flight was delayed.5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house.6 The street I live in is very noisy at night.7 Our car has broken down.

Laura couldn't come to the party, .....Nh.K|-4....1t1.@.t...k..Pi-tU,'..........

This was very kind of her.This means we can't go away tomorrow.This makes it difficult to contact her.This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes.Thrs-was-a?iry.This is good news.This meant we had to wait three hours at theairport.

7aL

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8 Glasgow, where my brotherlives, is the largest city inScotland.

9 A friend of mine, whosefather is the manager of acompany, helped me to get aj"b.

95.23 The strike ar the car factory,

which began ren days ago, isnow ovef.

4 I've found the book I waslooking for this mornrng. or... the book that/which I waslooking for.

5 The popularion of London,which was once the largestcity in the world, is nowfalling.

6 Few of the people who/thatapplied for the job had thenecessary qualifi cations.

7 Amy showed me aphotograph of her son, who isa policeman.

95.32 My office, which is on the

second floor, is very small.3 OK (The office thatlwhich I,m

using ... is also correct)4 Ben's father, who used to be a

teacher, now works for a TVcompany.

5 OK (The doctor whoexamined me ... is alsocorrect)

6 The sun, which is one ofmillions of stars in theuniverse, provides us withheat and light.

Lih,tr s6s6.12 of which he's very proud3 with whom we went on

holiday4 to which only members of the

family were invited

96.32 most of which was useless3 neither of which she has

receivednone of whom was suitableone of which she hardly everuseshal f of which he gave to hisparentsboth of whom are teachersonly a few of whom I knew(the) sides of which were lined

a

5

78o

with trees10 the aim of which is to save

money

96"32 Jale doesn'r have a phone,

which makes it difficult tocontact her.

3 Neil has passed his exams,which is good news.

4 Our flight was delayed, whichmeant we had to wait threehours at the airport.

5 Kate offered to let me stay ather house, which was verykind of her.

6 The street I live in is verynoisy ar night, which makes itdifficult to sleep sometimes.

7 Our car has broken down,which means we can't goaway tomorrow.

{.},vgT s?37.12 the man sitting next to me on

the plane3 The taxi taking us to the

atrport4 a path leading ro rhe nver5 A factory employing 500

people6 a brochure containing the

rntormation I needed

9V.22 damaged in the storm3 Most of the suggestions made

at the meeting4 The paintings stolen from the

museum5 the man arrested by the police

97"33 living4 offering5 called6 blown7 sit t ing... reading8 working ... studying

97.4J There s somebody coming.4 There were a lot of people

travelling.There was nobody else stayingtnere-There was nothing written onrt.There's a course beginningnext Monday.

[,,tr{'T es

exhaustingexhausteddepressingdepresseddepressed

98.:2a

b3a

bc

4 a excitingb excitingc excited

,38"22 interested3 exciting4 embarrassing5 embarrassed6 amazed7 astonishing8 amused9 terrifying ... shocked

10 bored .. . boring11 boring ... interesting

38"32 bored3 confusing4 disgusting5 interested6 annoyed7 boring8 exhausted9 excited

l0 amusingI 1 interesting

a"j&{rT *$t3*. i2 an unusual gold ring3 a beautiful old house4 black leather gloves5 an old American film6 a long thin face7 big black clouds8 a lovely sunny day9 an ugly yellow dress

1071,121374157617

18

a long wide avenuea little old red cara nice new green sweatera small black metal boxa big fat black cata lovely little old villaeebeautiful long black hliran interesting old Frenchpaintingan enormous red and yel lowumorella

39"22 tastes/tasted awful3 feel fine4 smell nice5 look wet6 sounds/sounded interesting

99.32 happy3 happily4 violent5 terrible5 properly7 good8 slow

99.43 the last two days4 the first two weeks of May

Key t* Exe rc isrs

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