RELATIONSHIP OF ADVERSITY QUOTIENT AND EMOTIONAL … · Adversity Quotient, on the other hand, is...

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RELATIONSHIP OF ADVERSITY QUOTIENT AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON MENTAL HEALTH OF FEMALE ADULTS IN SELECTED SLUM AREAS IN DISTRICT VI, QUEZON CITY A Thesis Presented to School of Science and Technology Centro Escolar University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor of Science in Psychology by Jessa P. Pacampara Pauline E. Dela Paz Mitzi Marion B.Callorina Mary Grace A. Russell March 2019

Transcript of RELATIONSHIP OF ADVERSITY QUOTIENT AND EMOTIONAL … · Adversity Quotient, on the other hand, is...

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RELATIONSHIP OF ADVERSITY QUOTIENT AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON

MENTAL HEALTH OF FEMALE ADULTS IN SELECTED SLUM AREAS

IN DISTRICT VI, QUEZON CITY

A Thesis

Presented to

School of Science and Technology

Centro Escolar University

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for Bachelor of Science in Psychology

by

Jessa P. Pacampara

Pauline E. Dela Paz

Mitzi Marion B.Callorina

Mary Grace A. Russell

March 2019

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CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Slum residents are believed to be increasing in population, especially in developing

countries but information about these mental health issues are not properly addressed. In

a study, it was found out that common mental health involves stress, some psychiatric

symptoms presents in housewives and unemployed residents (Manna, Mondal & et. al.,

2016).

It was highlighted that mental well-being of mothers in the slum areas are given small

attention and there is alarming risk that 36% of mothers has a chance of being a mentally-

ill person (Reinchenheim & Harpham 2018).

The importance of Emotional Intelligence in Mental Health can be view as people

started to motivate themselves to survive in face of frustration; delay gratification. They

regulate their moods to think and empathize and hope (Grant and Kinman, 2015).

Adversity Quotient, on the other hand, is important to maintain people’s health,

vitality, and happiness. It refers to person’s accomplishments, productivity and creativity

to reflect in his daily dilemmas and how long the effect of the dilemma can be shown in

his actions (Luo, 2013).

The role of Adversity Quotient is seen in dealing with daily challenges He defines it as

the ability of people to setback and feels ease when problem arises. However, they are

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people who they hardly find solutions and tend to give up in these hardships (Relojo,

2016).

This is a growing concern towards social and mental health that covers social, cultural,

and economic and health aspects for people living in slum and needed attention. The

adversities in the poor setting, slum areas residents are known as “houseless population”

in which they are describe as those informal settlers in under flyovers, street pavements

and other open places (Kaur, 2016).

The researchers decided to focus in a working title, “Relationship of Adversity

Quotient and Emotional Intelligence on Mental Health of Female Adults in Selected

Slum Areas in District VI, Quezon City”. The researchers found this as

phenomenological issue that is need to be addressed immediately, as slum areas increase

in population affecting not only the growth and development of the individual but also

how they interact with people and their environment. The research study conducted in

District VI of Quezon City particularly in three identified slum barangay, specifically,

Barangay Baesa, Barangay Unang Sigaw, and Barangay Sauyo.

Background of the Study

The study covered Quezon City as it was describe as “Squatters within its prime lots,

as the city labeled as squatter capital of the Philippines. He describes the environment as

litter on the streets, especially where there are sidewalk vendors, jeepney terminals, and

pedestrian overpasses. He pressed that even in City Hall Park crammed with structures

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and the homes of squattersCruz, N (2014).

Patel & Kleinman (2017) identified risk factors of developing common mental

disorders are associated with poverty, and consistently because of low level of

educational attainment, however it was found out that low salary and wages could

contribute less association towards developing mental health disorders. Vulnerability of

the poor to these disorders is affected through their experience of insecurity and exposure

to violence and rapid social change. It was suggested that education may have lessen

these risk factors as well as having a primary mental health care services.

Deiveegan, Ramakrishna & Johnson (2017) said that the mental health of married

women in slum areas is affected by intimate partner violence. Husbands of women who

are alcohol dependent are found to make complications on the women’s mental health.

Vaid & Evans (2016) stated that women who came from slum and moved to public

housing shows better physical and mental health than those women who remain living in

slum areas. He suggests that improving housing quality can enhance mental health and

well-being of women.

Another study found out that there is high prevalence of substance abused disorders

resulting to Intimate Partner Violence and psychiatric morbidity and factors associated

with the similarities among married women aged 18-60 years living in an urban slum.

The lifetime prevalence and alcohol dependent spouse were significantly associated with

IPV. Also, it significantly reflects to the mental health of woman. The alcohol

dependence among husbands has also been found to be difficult to resolve with the

women's mental health (Lovestad, Vaez et.al, 2017).

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It is shown to have improvement in mortality and health concern in recent aggregated

data collected, it was mothers are poorly educated, and adolescent are early exposed to

sexual interaction resulting in early pregnancy and high HIV rates and adopt risky

behaviours from their social interaction. Some effects of slum living condition is shown

in early childhood and lately shown long term health problems like obesity, heart disease,

and mental illness (Unger, 2013).

Shen (2014) mentioned when individuals are struck by adversity, and there is a space

between outcome and expectation, there will be a psychological reaction. Hence, the

Adversity Quotient consists of the figures of individuals’ psychological reaction when

encountering adversity. When encountering adversity, females tend to blame themselves

and males usually focus on the result of adversity.

Theoretical Framework

The certain moods and personalities of people living in slum areas are stresses in

Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance in 1940. The theory describes people in unison to

achieve their goal of success to their drives of acquisition of wealth and material

possessions. Merton argues that the existing imbalance between their goals and

institutionalized means are not sometimes attainable. This imbalance produces a tension

between the goals and means which produce unsatisfied aspirations (Thompsons, 2016).

According to Merton, people may even begin to feel the concept of “anomie”, a sense of

meaninglessness and normlessness, because they are not able to fulfil their cultural

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requirements and expectations. Strain theory is the idea that due to the discrepancies

between the cultural aspirations and the realistic impediments to their realization

individuals will begin to feel anger and frustration. All deviant behavior is defined as the

product of restricted motivations and opportunities (Thompsons, 2016).

The study focused on concepts involving adversity quotient and emotional intelligence

on mental health on female adults on slum areas. The researchers have identified and

adversity quotient and emotional intelligence as independent variable and mental health

as their dependent variable. In addition, the factors were identified through Merton’s

Strain Theory that the development of an individual and his behaviour towards his

environment was influenced by desperation or deprivation of acquiring what she/he

cannot have, which emphasize of people who belong to low socio-economic class being

helpless and driven mad (Thompsons, 2016).

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

Adversity Quotient®

Emotional Intelligence

Mental Health

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Assumptions of the Study

The assumptions of the researchers are aligned with the honest response of the

participants toward the questionnaire; the researchers assume that Adversity Quotient®

and Emotional Intelligence of the respondents have an impact of living in slum areas that

may have significant effects with mental health. The researchers assumed that

respondents living in slum areas experiences high level of difficulties in terms of

financial, emotional and interpersonal relationships.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers aimed to identify the relationship of Adversity Quotient® and

Emotional Intelligence on Mental Health of Selected Female Adults of slum barangays

areas in District VI, Quezon City.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the characteristic of the respondents?

1.1 Age

1.2 Educational Attainment?

2. What are the characteristics of the respondents in terms of the following:

2.1 Adversity Quotient®

2.2 Emotional Intelligence

2.3 Mental Health?

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3. How do the age and educational attainment compare in terms of the following:

3.1 Adversity Quotient®

3.2 Emotional Intelligence

3.3 Mental Health?

4. What is the relationship of Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence of

the respondents to their mental health?

5. What is the relationship of Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence?

Hypothesis

The study entitled, “Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence on Mental

Health of Female Adults on Selected Slum Areas Residents in District VI, Quezon City”

is determined to test the following hypotheses:

Ho1- There is no significant relationship between Adversity Quotient® and Mental

Health of Female Adults in the Selected Slum Areas Residents in District VI, Quezon

City.

Ho2- There is no significant relationship between Mental Health and Emotional

Intelligence of Female Adults in the Selected Slum Areas Residents in District VI,

Quezon City.

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H1- There is significant relationship between Mental Health and Adversity Quotient® of

Female Adults in the Selected Slum Areas Residents in District VI, Quezon City

H2- There is significant relationship between Mental Health Profile and Emotional

Intelligence of Female Adults in the Selected Slum Areas Residents in District VI,

Quezon City.

Significance of the Study

The study is a good call for parents and spouses in slum areas; to give support and

proper guidance the youth in slum, so they will avoid and prevent the possibility of

developing mental health morbidities and disorders.

The study would make a good help call to local organizations and government

organization concern to a well-being of the people living in slums area, and try not only

to focus on physical health, but also in their mental health.

The study will help in developing mental health care programs, intervention and plans

to local government by providing and maintain psychological, psychiatric and emotional

health by means of diagnosis; treatment, and prevention of mental illness.

The study will provide a good start to the professionals who want to improve their

study regarding to mental health awareness in the Philippines.

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Lastly, for the residents to developed ways and strategies to deal with daily

adversities present in their lives, and have a very strong mind set to solves all their

difficulties and challenges.

Scope and Delimitation

The study is limited to its scope of identifying relationships of Adversity Quotient®

and Emotional Intelligence on Mental Health. Specifically, this study was limited to the

following:

1. The subjects of the study must be at least able to read and write and

understand Basic English. They are randomly selected and their participation

is voluntary.

2. The study was conducted in specific barangay areas such as Barangay Baesa,

Barangay Unang Sigaw and Barangay Sauyo of District VI, Quezon City only.

3. The study identified only their mental health status of the slum area residents

through a standardized test and their correlation to the adversity quotient and

emotional intelligence of the respondents.

4. The study was only opened for respondents’ ages ranging to 20 years old to 60

years old.

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5. The study was only opened for female residents of slum areas for not less than

5 years.

6. The study period was conducted within AY: 2018-2019.

Definition of Terms

The study entitled, “Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence on Mental

Health of Female Adults in Selected Slum Areas Residents in District VI, Quezon City”

will have following terms are used in the immersion of the study and defined as follows:

Adversity. It refers to as daily challenges or misfortunes in one’s life.

Adversity Quotient®. It measures the ability of a person to deal with difficulties in life.

It has four (4) dimensions which are Core, Ownership, Reach and Endurance.

Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory. It is a self-report test that helps the person to

assess his emotional capabilities.

Core. This is the ability to control one's response to anything that might happen.

Deviant Behavior. It is an unacceptable behavior or action that violates social norms.

Emotional Quotient. It refers to person’s perceive emotions and capability to control

them.

Endurance. This is a domain of adversity quotient it is the ability to keep doing

something difficult for a long time.

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Informal Settlers. They refer to people who live in slum areas, usually build houses in

lands that they don’t have legal rights to settle in.

Low Educational Attainment. It refers to educational level of a person in which he/she

doesn’t reach a degree program or academic course in university.

Low Socio-Economic Class. It refers to people who have low social position in terms of

income, occupation, education.

Mental Health. It refers to a person’s psychological well-being.

Mental Health Inventory. It refers to a test that assess a person psychological well-

being and functioning.

Psychological Well-being. It refers subjective perception of a person’s contentment,

satisfaction with all elements of life, self-actualisation.

Quezon City. It refers to the largest city in Metropolitan of Manila. It is well-known as

Squatter’s Capital of the Philippines.

Roofless People. They refers to people who live besides flyovers, street pavements and

other open public place, usually unable to meet their basic needs such as food, shelter,

and clothing.

Slum Area. The highly populated area with low sanitation, high unemployment rates

populated mostly of those belongs in lower socio-economic class.

Squatter. A person who is unauthorised and unlawfully occupies an uninhabited building

or unused land.

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Strain Theory of Deviance. A theory proposed by Merton that emphasizes the idea

when people are prevented from achieving culturally approved goals through institutional

means; they experience strain or frustration that can lead to deviance in their emotions,

well-being and actions in response to situations.

Urbanization. The development of increase population living in the cities or towns.

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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the review of the related literature and studies which the

researchers have perused as guidance with the identified variables of the study.

Females’ Mental Health in Slum Areas

Annan (2018) stated that, people who suffer from mental and psychosocial disabilities

are living with poverty. He identified that the biggest enemy of health in developing

countries is poverty. There is emerging growth of poor mental and physical health in poor

areas in the world and he believed that mental health should be considered as one of areas

of development together with education, employment, and promoting a good living

environment. He emphasizes the poor people who suffered from mental disabilities are

considered as a vulnerable group that receives stigmas and discrimination. They

experience high rates of physical and sexual victimization, as wells as restrictions to

practice their civil rights and access education that could lead to employment. He

explained that vulnerable groups often have high rates in developing mental disabilities,

two-thirds of people with HIV/AIDS have depression, while homeless residents can be

greater than 50% as their mental health is not properly addressed he mentioned that they

must be employment offers to people who have mental health disabilities as well as being

taken account in social services and housing development.

Panigrahi & Panigrahi (2016) said that mental health of women residing in slum areas

is a neglected and important public health concern. According to them, the results of

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multiple logistic regression stated that presence of a mental disorder was positively

associated with not being satisfied with managing household financial affairs, not having

time to attend social obligations, addiction of a family member to alcohol or drugs, and

misunderstandings or quarrels in the family. Policy makers should be encouraged to

incorporate such determinants in schemes or interventions intended to advocate the

mental health of married slum women.

Luczak & Tsirigotis (2015) stated that, the violence can be seriously a problem in

social and psychological with harmful consequences, the emotional process of the victim

and it is illegal. The goal of their study is to determine the emotional intelligence of

women who suffers from domestic violence in slum. Their study used “Assessing

Emotional Scale” by Schutte. 40 women aged 23-47 years old. The emotional

intelligence of women who suffers violence tends to have a lower emotional intelligence

than women who does not experience domestic violence. It seems advisable to consider

emotional intelligence in the process of providing women who suffers from domestic

violence.

According to Travasso, Rajaraman & Heymann (2014) stated that, the mothers in

Bangalore, India faces many challenges such as having a low income in their work, the

environment they interact and their working conditions which is the reasons why their

mental health is affected. In India, most of women are having a high prevalence of mental

health problems but also there is a factor that their home and in workplace can also affect

their mental health.

Srivastava (2013) explained about how broadly talks about women’s health and well-

being issues which addressing the biological and reproductive factors. Such as work load

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or too much work, stress, migration and nutrition is equally important. The gender plays a

big role in definition for women and men’s mental and physical health in life cycle. The

primary need for good mental health are economic independence, physical, sexual, and

emotional safety and security. But some of the primary needs are claimed that it is not

true because of their status. Also, the gender discrimination are increasing because of

having a poor mental health. In burden of Disease, the most important cause of disease is

depression which men and women can experience. He also includes the violence and self-

inflicted injuries which is connected in women’s mental health.

According to Mathias, Pandey, Armstrong, Diksha & Kermode (2018) Poor mental

health is associated to childhood adversity such as poverty, gender inequality, and low

educational attainment. Factors that may lead to poorer health outcomes include low

educational status and low literacy and may also result to decrease in the development of

protective social and cognitive skills that may lead to risks for mental distress.

Travasso, Rajaraman & Heymann (2014) explained low-income urban working

mothers face a range of challenges in their domestic, environmental, and working

conditions that may affect their mental health. To meet financial needs, majority of

women work, but they commonly have limited job choices and frequently find heavy

workload challenges. They suggest that life stressors associated with poverty increase the

risk of mental health disorders. Women are more vulnerable than men to mental health

problems like unipolar depressive disorders, schizophrenia, unipolar affective disorders

and self-inflicted injuries. While urbanization brings many social and economic

opportunities for women, men, and families, the urban poor face a particularly

challenging socio-physical environment, which can take a toll on their mental health. The

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suicide rate in India is among the highest in the world, at 3% of all deaths, 56% of which

are women. One of the largest population-based studies of mental health in India was

carried out in urban South India among 26,001 participants, and recorded a 15.1%

prevalence of depression in the general population. Depression was reported at higher

rates amongst women (females 16.3% vs. males 13.9%).

Hodgkinson, Beers, et. al (2013) state that the Adolescent parenthood is associated

with a range of adverse results for young mothers, including mental health problems such

as depression, substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Teen mothers are also

more likely to be reside in communities that are socially and economically

disadvantaged. These circumstances can adversely affect maternal mental health,

parenting, and behavior outcomes for their children.

Sarmiento & Rudolf (2017) identified the risk factors, prevalence and mental health

consequences in later life of childhood maltreatment in Quezon City, Metro Manila that

is considered to be the largest metropolitan city in the Philippines. It was proved that 4

out of 5 Filipino children have minor physical abuse experience in childhood. Through

this the researchers was able to find out that those who have lower education attainment

face higher risk in development due to exposure in abuse. However there was no

relationship found in comparison of childhood physical abuse and young adults’ mental

health.

Tuliao (2014) have a study focuses on identifying help-seeking behavior among

Filipinos living in Philippines and other foreign nations. It was found out that mental

health services are currently inaccessible in some far provinces and poverty prone areas

in the country, which considered being prohibitive, and monetarily having belief about

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the inconsistency of nature of mental illness with medical model. It also affected through

cultural beliefs such as stigma, shame that discourage the Filipinos to build interest in

mental health awareness. It is concluded that economic status and culture have been

credited in conceptualizing Filipino’s utilization about mental health.

Adversity Quotient on Mental Health

Mitchell (2016) explained the psychological advantage brought by Adversity

Quotient. She emphasized that creativity could be considered as adversity factor that help

us thrive from out struggles and challenges. She recognized that recognize that people

face and overcome adversity, fear, grief, and failure in many different ways. They also

begin to understand that adversity can be devastating—leading to addiction, suicide,

helplessness, and other misfortunes, however most people who recover from trauma

show symptoms of positive psychological growth.

Nikham and Uplane (2013) said that according to Paul Stoltz, AQ is the science of

human resilience. People, who successfully apply AQ, perform optimally in the face of

adversity and the challenges that confront us each day. In fact, they not learn from these

challenges but they also respond to them better and faster. Adversity Quotient is designed

to measure an individual style of responding to adverse situations includes the Adversity

Quotient consists of following 4 components i.e. Control, Ownership, Reach and

Endurance. Control measures the degree of control the person perceive that he or she has

over adverse events. Ownership measures the extent to which the person owns or takes

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responsibility for the outcomes of adversity or the extent to which the person hold

himself or herself accountable for improving the situation. Reach measures the degree to

which the person perceives good or bad events reaching into other areas of life.

Endurance measures the perception of time over which good or bad events and their

consequences will last or endure.

Quero (2018) discusses Adversity Quotient in the Philippines has implications for

advocating corporate social responsibility. This pertains to the challenge of instilling

among organizational members the value and culture of social and economic inclusion.

The theoretical foundations of Adversity Quotient are from the science fields: First is

from psychoneuroimmunology, which examines the mind-body relationship. This

emphasizes that the thoughts and emotions determine the strength of their body chemistry

and even deep down to our cells. Second is from neurophysiology, which focuses how

the brain learns and functions. This emphasizes that the habits of thought and behaviour

are hardwired to the brain such that they can learn how to change those habits. Third is

from cognitive psychology, which focuses on how thoughts and feelings affect a person’s

mental health.

Emotional Intelligence to Mental Health

Gill (2017) said that Emotional Intelligence could lead in discovering strategies in

improving mental health. He modelled Emotional Intelligence as a strategy to those who

have suffer from lower ends of mental health through Self- Awareness, Regulating

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Emotions and Motivation Empathy, and relationship building. He emphasizes Self

Awareness as the ability to assess feelings and emotions that could have impact one-self,

as well as discovering areas to improve, for example the person is aware of what he/she

feels or acts upon, then she could convert in as his/her strength to overcome his dilemma.

Second ability is the ability to regulated emotion could be essential for dealing in mental

health. He believed that emotions can lead to actions, and mental health can be affected

especially in minor issues become major due to inability to cope. He proposed also that to

enable growth to people who suffers in their mental health, motivation is a necessity, as it

directs people to their goal. Empathy prevents the isolation and seclusion of those who

suffers from mental health. He believes that it could assess building good relationships

from another people in the community.

Nizielski (2013) identified Emotional Intelligence as a factor that contributes to

Mental Health. She describe patients with mental disorders have low overall emotional

intelligence. She agreed to previous studies that emotional problems are related to

tendency to get involved in deviant behavior and self-destructive acts. She focuses on

increase of emphasis on psychotherapy, and believed that emotional abilities are of

particular relevance to psychological health and well-being.

The study shown that it is important to know what are the social and psychological

factors of the family in which it is the most essential or needs for developing of

Emotional Intelligence. It was establish that El level is statistically significant which is

related in family factor includes psychological climate in the family, strength of the

subject with relations to his/her mother, father, also with subjective perception of family

financial status (Lekavicienea & Antinieneb, 2016).

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Bance (2017) studies how Emotional Intelligence affects the individual growth and

development. She emphasize that Philippine schools neglected to put an ample attention

to one’s emotional and social growth. They suggested that the overall emotional

intelligence has significant positive associations with intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress

management, adaptability and general mood scales.

Torres (2014) studied Emotional Intelligence in Calamba, it was found out that when

participants are stressed they feel more motivated; whereas. It is recommended that the

results be used as inputs in crafting a development program focusing on emotional

management skills.

Similarities and Differences of Past and Present Studies

Vinas and Malabanan (2015) determine the Adversity Quotient and coping strategies

are classified based on the ability to find out their adversities, coping to a situation,

gaining confidence and make up from strong network after adversities or difficulties.

There is a significant relationship between profile variable and adversity quotient. This

locally support the current study that overall adversity quotient can affect the mental

health of the respondent’s in slum areas.

Knoop (2016) investigates the emotional intelligence and mental health state of

unemployed persons. The study shows that unemployed women has a greater intensity of

having a mental health disorders that unemployed men. Emotional Intelligence is not

significantly correlated with Mental Health disorders and the correlations are few and

weak. In other hand, if unemployed person has a low, average and high emotional

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intelligence are compared, respondents having a low Emotional Intelligence are

significantly has a worse condition mental health that average and high emotional

intelligence.

The present study focused not only on Adversity Quotient but also in Emotional

Intelligence combining this to consider that living in a poor environment altogether may

influence their Mental Health.

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CHAPTER 3

Methods and Procedure

This chapter presents the methods used in the study. It describes the subjects,

setting, instruments used, data gathering as well as statistical treatment of data.

Methods of Research

A quantitative descriptive method of research was used by the researchers in this

study. Numerical values and computations will be sufficient to the study since it aimed to

measure the Relationship of Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence on Mental

Health of Female Adults in selected slum area in District VI, Quezon City.

Subjects of the Study

The subjects of the study were Female Adults in selected slum area in three barangays

of District VI, Quezon City specifically, Barangay Baesa, Barangay Sauyo, and Barangay

Unang Sigaw. Without a specified population given by Barangay Councils, the researcher

decided to target 90 respondents in total with 30 females each barangay. They must be

able to read, and write and comprehend Basic English and must be under the age range of

20-60 years old who resides in the slum area for not less than 5 years.

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Settings of the Study

The actual immersion of the study would focus on popular slum barangay areas in

District VI of Quezon City, which are identified as Barangay Sauyo, Barangay Baesa and

Barangay Unang Sigaw.

According to Quezon City Government Website (2018), Quezon City is known to be

the largest city in Metropolitan Manila. It is recognized to be the political, economic,

social, cultural, and educational center of the Philippines. As proclaimed by Presidential

Decree No. 940, Metro Manila as a whole is the Philippines' seat of government. Quezon

City has the biggest population, constituting 24% of the regional population. Quezon City

is one of the largest sources of human resources in the Philippines, with assets of 1.672

million. More than 20,000 college graduates contribute to its productive pool every year.

One of the slum barangay areas is Barangay Baesa (Figure 2) located in District 6. It

has 250 hectares. Historically, it was an abandoned forest, and now it was occupied by

informal settlers. It can be found in north of Manila City, west of San Juan and east of

Caloocan (Wikimapia, 2018).

Another slum barangay area which is Barangay Unang Sigaw (Figure 3) was mainly

occupied by informal settlers (Wikimapia, 2018). Barangay Sauyo (Figure 4), during the

development of urbanization it has developed as mostly with image of slum and now

populated by 76,039 (Wikimapia, 2018).

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Figure 2

Map of Barangay Baesa

Figure 3

Map of Barangay Unang Sigaw

Figure 4

Map of Barangay Sauyo

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Sampling Technique

The sampling technique used by the researchers was the snowball sampling, which is

applicable to the large population of interest, District VI of Quezon City. The researchers

choose respondents from Barangay Sauyo, Barangay Baesa and Barangay UnangSigaw

to participate in the study through a draw lot of 11 barangays in District VI of Quezon

City.

Research Instruments Used

The researchers decided to use standardized questionnaires in measuring the variables

present in the study for a professional accuracy and adequate results.

In measuring the Adversity Quotient®, the researchers decided to use the Adversity

Quotient® Profile or Adversity Response Profile® developed by Dr. Paul G. Stoltz is a

self-rating questionnaire that measures the individual’s adversity level in responding with

different adverse situations. The online questionnaire provided by the Peak Learning, Inc.

All four subscales of the AQP® were found to have very good reliabilities: Core (0.85),

Ownership (0.93) Reach (0.88) and Endurance (0.86) the overall reliability of Overall

AQ is also very good (.92) calculated through a pilot test with 40 respondents.

In measuring for emotional intelligence, Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-

On EQ-i) was developed by Dr. Reuven Bar-On. This was developed and was used to

assess the presence and degree of emotional intelligence. The test is a self-report

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consisting of 51 items. The test has a good reliability of test through pilot testing of 40

respondents and was able to attained (0.948).

In mental health, the researcher decided to use the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) is a

38 items, this help measure the respondents’ well-being and functioning. The test has a

good reliability through pilot testing of 40 respondents and was able to attained (0.741).

Procedure of Data Gathering

In data gathering, the researchers, together with the help of barangay social worker

went to the respective barangay. First barangay is Barangay Sauyo, they first gathered the

first batch of 10 respondents in the multi-purpose hall of barangay. This is also to lessen

the noise and distractions from the environment for convenience and comfort of the

respondents that will participate in the study. The researchers have distributed the

informed consent followed by signing of the respondents who have agreed to participate

in the study.

After the collection of signed informed consents, they have discussed and distributed

the 2 standardized tests which are Mental Health Inventory and Bar-On EQi. Researchers

are comprised to secure the identity of the respondents and results were anonymous to

protect the confidentiality of the research, after 20-30 minutes the researchers have

collected the papers and proceed to the administration Adversity Quotient Test.

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For the Adversity Quotient Test, which administered online in partnered with Peak

Learning, California under the copyright conditions that no hard copy of the test should

be released, the researchers prepared to 10 laptops and 3 pocket wifis. The researchers

have guided and instructed them to have access in private website to take the 14-item test.

Upon finishing the test, the researchers have requested for them to call someone they

knew that is qualified to be a participant in their study to go to the multi-purpose hall to

take the test. Before dismissing them the researchers have prepared small act of

gratification by giving them juice and bread.

Each barangay has 4 batches; the following procedures are followed respectively done

with Second barangay which is Barangay Baesa and Barangay Sauyo respectively. All

together, the researchers have gathered 90 respondents.

In scoring of the data, for Bar-On EQi, the researchers have sought guidance with

professional psychometrician, for proper and honest scoring. For scoring of Mental

Health Inventory, the researchers have a copy of manual and also guided by professional

for proper and honest scoring. For Adversity Quotient, Peak Learning has sent a

compilation of the responses in an email. In all the tests, the same guidance is present in

providing statistical treatment and interpretation.

Statistical Treatment

To effectively interpret and analyze the data to be gathered, the researchers used

the following statistical treatments:

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1. Mean. It was used to express the average scores for the Mental Health Inventory,

Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, and Adversity Quotient Profile of the

respondents.

Mean:

!" = $%

Where:

Σx = sum of all data values

n = number of data items in a sample

2. Frequency Distribution. It was used to determine the number of times the value

occur and the percentage of values

Percentage:

P = fn × 100

Where:

f = frequency

n = total number of respondents

3. Standard Deviation. It was used to determine the dispersion of the set of data

gathered from its mean

Standard Deviation:

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./ = 0$(343̅)7%

Where:

SD = the standard deviation of a sample

X = each value in the data set

x̄ = mean of all the values in the data set

N = number of value in the data set

4. Spearman Rho Correlation. It was used to show the linear relationship between

two sets of data and measure the strength of relationship between two variables.

However, the computations are done after the numbers are converted to ranks.

Spearman Rho:

Where:

rs=Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient

D=Degrees of Freedom

N=Sample Size

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CHAPTER 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presented the results gathered from the respondents by the researchers in

textual and tabular form. This contained the analysis and interpretation of each results

needed in the study.

The characteristic of the respondents in terms of the following:

Table 1

Age

Age F %

Young Adulthood 52 57.78

Midlife 28 31.11

Mature Adulthood 10 11.11

Total 90 100.00

Table 1 showed the age of the respondents. There were 52 respondents or 57.78% of

the total respondents were in Young Adulthood which belong to the age bracket of 20-

34 years old, while there were 28 of the respondents or 31.11% of the total respondents

were in Midlife between 35-49 years old, Next, 10 respondents or 11.11% of the total

respondents were between in Mature Adulthood 50-60 years old.

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Table 2

Educational Attainments of the Respondents

Educational Attainment F %

High School Level 52 57.78

High School Graduate 15 16.67

College Level 8 8.88

College Graduate 15 16.67

Total 90 100.00

Table 2 presented the Educational Attainment of the Female Respondents.52

respondents or 57.78% of the total respondents were able to attain a High School Level.

Meanwhile, 15 respondents or 16.67% of the total respondents were High School

Graduate and 8 respondents or 8.88% of the total Respondents were able to have some

college level education and 15 respondents or 16.67% were college graduate.

The characteristics of the respondents in terms of the following:

Table 3 showed that the Adversity Quotient®, most respondents scored low (56.7 %),

followed by high (25.6 %), and average (17.8 %). This implies that female respondents in

selected slum areas’ have low capacity to handle or control situations, challenges,

difficulties, and changes. They perceive less control over adversities, which make them

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experience apathy and frustration. They are likely to adopt pessimistic attitude because it

may happen often (Daloos, 2015).

Table 3

Level of Adversity Quotient

Level AQ

f %

High 23 25.60

Average 16 17.80

Low 51 56.70

Total 90 100.00

Table 4

Level of emotional intelligence of the respondents

Level F %

High 23 25.60

Average 17 18.90

Low 50 55.60

Total 90 100.00

Table 4 showed the Emotional Intelligence, most respondents rated low (55.6 %),

followed by high (25.6 %), and average (18.9 %). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory

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measures are a self-report measure of emotionally and socially intelligent behaviour that

provides an estimate of emotional-social intelligence. According to study women in slum

environment have significantly lower scores on emotional intelligence (Tsirigotis and

Łuczak, 2016).

Table 5

Level of mental health status of the respondents

Level F %

High 24 26.70

Average 18 20.00

Low 48 53.30

Total 90 100.00

Table 5 showed the Mental Health status, most respondents rated low (53.3 %),

followed by high (26.7 %), and average (20.0 %). Mental Health Inventory is a test

instrument that provides an assessment of several domains of mental health including

anxiety, depression, behavioral control, positive effect, and general distress. According to

Nahar (2016) High rate of divorce, psycho-trauma in forms of domestic violence and

dowry demands slum respondents should overcome and showed prevalence of psychiatric

disorder.

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The relationship of Age and Educational Attainment to the following?

Table 6

Relationship of Age and Educational Attainment to Adversity Quotient

Age Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

f p Interpretation

59.26 2 29.63 0.283 0.754 Not

Significant

Residual 9098.8 87 104.58

Table 6 demonstrated the Relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with

Adversity Quotient. It shows that Age do not have a significant relationship with

Adversity Quotient with p value of 0.754 while Educational Attainment have a

significant relationship with Adversity Quotient with p value of < 0.001.

Educational

Attainment

Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

f p Interpretation

5561.527 3 1853.842 44.329 <.001 Significant

3596.528 86 41.820

9158.056 89

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Table 7

Relationship of Age and Educational Attainment to Emotional Intelligence

Note. Type III Sum of Squares

Table 7 illustrated the relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with

Emotional Intelligence. It shows that Age has no significant relationship with p value of

0.439. However, Educational Attainment shows a significant relationship with Emotional

Intelligence with p value of < 0.001.

Age Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

f p Interpretation

40.6 2 20.3 0.83 0.439 Not

Significant

Residual 2127.36 87 24.45

Educational

Attainment

Sum of

Squares

df

Mean

Square

f

p

Interpretation

1139.655 3 379.885 31.771 <.001 Significant

1028.301 86 11.957

2167.956 89

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Table 8

Relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with Mental Health

Educational

Attainment

Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

F p Interpretation

15211.810 3 5070.603 43.825 .000 Significant

9950.290 86 115.701

25162.100 89

Table 8 illustrated the relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with Mental

Health. It shows that Age has no significant relationship with p value of 0.254. However,

Educational Attainment shows a significant relationship with Emotional Intelligence with

p value of < 0.001.

Age Sum of

Squares

df Mean

Square

F p Interpretation

779.9 2 389.9 1.391 0.254 Not

Significant

Residual 24382.2 87 280.3

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The significant relationship of Mental Health with the following:

Table 9

Relationship of Adversity Quotient to Mental Health Status of the Respondents

Table 4.1 shown adversity quotient of the respondents were found to be associated

with their mental health status r(88) = .696, p< .001. In the study, both adversity quotient

and mental health status of the respondents were low. The study results stated dimensions

Ownership and Endurance contributes to poor Mental Health. This implies the ability of

the female slum area residents to improve the situations, and their ability to fix the

difficult situations for long time is mostly inadequate that affects their Mental Health.

Table 10

Relationship of Emotional Intelligence to Mental Health Status of the respondents

Variables Interpretation

Adversity quotient -0.142 0.816 0.097 0.47 — Significant Relationship

With Mental Health

Mental health status

0.696

Variables Interpretation

Emotional

intelligence

-0.26 0.735 0.024 0.319 0.722 — Significant Relationship with

Mental Health

Mental health

status

0.877

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Table 10 illustrates Emotional Intelligence was also found to be associated with the

mental health status of the participants r(88) = .877, p< .001. This suggests that

respondents’ emotional intelligence contributes to their mental health status. In their

cases, lower level of emotional intelligence is associated with poor mental health

condition.

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The relationship of Adversity Quotient and Emotional Intelligence

Table 11

Relationship of Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence of the respondents

Emotional Intelligence Interpretation

Adversity

Quotient

Pearson's r

p-value

Upper 95% CI

Lower 95%

CI

; Pearson's r

0.629

p-value

< .001 Significant

Upper 95% CI

0.74

Lower 95%

CI

0.485

Table 11 presents the significant relationship of Adversity Quotient® with Emotional

Intelligence with p value of 0.001.

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CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter presented the summary of finding based on the statistical treatment,

analysis and interpretation done in the previous chapter. It also included the conclusions

and recommendations from the findings of this study.

Summary of Findings

Based on the foregoing analysed data, the researchers were able to summarize the

following results of the study:

1. Characteristic of the Respondents in terms of:

1.1 Ages of the Female Respondents

There were 52 respondents or 57.78% of the total respondents were in Young

Adulthood which has age between 20-34 years old, while there were 28 of the

respondents or 31.11% of the total respondents were in Midlife between 35-49 years old,

Next, 10 respondents or 11.11% of the total respondents were between in Mature

Adulthood 50-60 years old.

1.2 Educational Attainment of Female Respondents

52 respondents or 57.78% of the total respondents were able to attain a High School

Level. Meanwhile, 15 respondents or 16.67% of the total respondents were High School

Graduate and 8 respondent or 8.88% of the total Respondents were able to have some

college level education and 15 respondents or 16.67% were college graduate.

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2 Characteristic of the respondents according to the following:

2.1 Adversity Quotient

In Adversity Quotient, most respondents scored low (56.7 %), followed by high (25.6

%), and average (17.8 %). This implies that female respondents in selected slum areas’

have low capacity to handle or control situations, challenges, difficulties, and changes.

They perceive less control over adversities, which make them experience apathy and

frustration. They are likely to adopt pessimistic attitude because it may happen often

(Daloos, 2015).

2.2 Emotional Intelligence

In Emotional Intelligence, most respondents rated low (55.6 %), followed by high (25.6

%), and average (18.9 %). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory measures are a self-

report measure of emotionally and socially intelligent behaviour that provides an estimate

of emotional-social intelligence. According to study women in slum environment have

significantly lower scores on emotional intelligence (Tsirigotis and Łuczak, 2016).

2.3 Mental Health

In mental health status, most respondents rated low (53.3 %), followed by high (26.7

%), and average (20.0 %). Mental Health Inventory, is a test instrument that provides an

assessment of several domains of mental health including anxiety, depression, behavioral

control, positive affect, and general distress. According to Nahar (2016) High rate of

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divorce, psycho-trauma in forms of domestic violence and dowry demands slum

respondents should overcome and showed prevalence of psychiatric disorder.

3 What is the relationship of Age and Educational Attainment to the following:

3.1 Age and Educational Attainment with Adversity Quotient

The relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with Adversity Quotient shows that

Age do not have a significant relationship with Adversity Quotient with p value of 0.754

while Educational Attainment have a significant relationship with Adversity Quotient

with p value of < 0.001.

3.2 Age and Educational Attainment with Emotional Intelligence

The relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with Emotional Intelligence

shows that Age has no significant relationship with p value of 0.439. However,

Educational Attainment shows a significant relationship with Emotional Intelligence with

p value of < 0.001.

3.3 Age and Educational Attainment with Mental Health

The relationship of Age and Educational Attainment with Mental Health shows that

Age has no significant relationship with p value of 0.254. However, Educational

Attainment shows a significant relationship with Emotional Intelligence with p value of <

0.001.

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4 Relationship of Mental Health with the following:

4.1 Adversity Quotient and Mental Health

Adversity quotient of the respondents were found to be associated with their mental

health status r(88) = .696, p< .001. In the study, both adversity quotient and mental health

status of the respondents were low. The study results stated dimensions Ownership and

Endurance contributes to poor Mental Health. This implies the ability of the female slum

area residents to improve the situations, and their ability to fix the difficult situations for

long time is mostly inadequate that affects their Mental Health.

4.2 Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health

Emotional intelligence was also found to be associated with the mental health status of

the participants r(88) = .877, p< .001. This suggests that respondents’ emotional

intelligence contributes to their mental health status. In their cases, lower level of

emotional intelligence is associated with poor mental health condition.

5. Relationship of Adversity Quotient and Emotional Intelligence

There is significant relationship of Adversity Quotient with Emotional Intelligence with p

value of 0.001.

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Conclusions

Based on findings of the research, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Low Educational Attainment contributes to Adversity Quotient®, Emotional

Intelligence and Mental Health.

2. Low Adversity Quotient® and Emotional Intelligence leads to low Mental Health.

3. There is a significant relationship between Adversity Quotient® and Emotional

Intelligence.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions, the researchers pursue the following recommendations:

1. A training program should be made available to social workers since it is not only

a need but also a necessity for work in the mental health field. Social work

training should equip the social workers with skills and knowledge on assessing

the mental health disorders in order to make the appropriate and helpful programs

and interventions.

2. The future researchers should tackle about higher socio-economic class of

respondents to compare if there will be an impact in the economic class to their

Adversity Quotient, Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health

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3. To the next researchers, may they also include Male participants or the Spouses of

the female participants in able to know and make new connections between their

adversity quotient and emotional intelligence to their mental health.

4. To the barangay council to addressed these issues with professional help as the

results of the study have led to low Mental Health status of the respondents, the

researchers recommend to take note of the residents’ adversity and emotional

areas to have an effective program to improve their Mental Health

5. To the volunteer professionals, psychologist and psychometrician to assess the

area and have a wide assessment and diagnosis to the residents, to help them

addressed their present Mental Health, and immediate counselling, guidance and

medications can be provided.

6. The researchers recommend the NGOs and local government to try to engage

these women to have work at home income by recruiting them in retail selling as

they could help in the increasing their productivity and help them in poverty that

could lessen their stress and produce good psychological well-being.

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ABSTRACT

Slum residents were believed to relevantly increase, especially in developing

countries. They commonly found out that common mental health involves stress, some

psychiatric symptoms exist in housewives and unemployed residents. There is an

alarming risk of mental well-being of mothers and female adults in slum residents.

This study is a quantitative descriptive research. It involves 90 female adults

residing in slum areas for not less than 5 years and can write and understand Basic

English were gathered through snowball sampling. The instruments used are Adversity

Quotient Profile®, Bar-On EQi, and Mental Health Inventory. The Spearman Rho is

utilized to treat the gathered data that leads to the results of the study. Results showed

that Educational Attainment contributes to their Adversity Quotient, Emotional

Intelligence and Mental Health. It was found out that there is a significant relationship

between Adversity Quotient and Emotional Intelligence on Mental Health. The study

identified a significant relationship between Adversity Quotient and Emotional

Intelligence.

Keywords: Adversity Quotient, Emotional Intelligence, Mental Health, Female Adults,

Slum Areas, District VI, Quezon City

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DEDICATION

The research would like to offer this study to the Almighty Father for being a source of

strength, wisdom, determination, good will, knowledge and faith in completion of this

study. This is also dedicated to the respective families of the researchers as they served as

the inspiration, motivation and support system in emotional and financial needs that leads

to the success of this research. This is also dedicated to their beloved friends for their

words of encouragement and support in the process. Lastly, this is for the woman of

slum areas for their cooperation and will to participate for the common good of the

discovery of this research.

J.P.P.

P.E.D.P.

M.M.B.C.

M.G.A.R.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to Dr. Jocelyn R. Viray, for being

the research adviser that through her guidance and encouragements, wisdom and

understanding and her objective critiques leads to success of this study. The researchers

would also like to appreciate the hard work and patient of Mr. Adrian M. Segovia, as the

research statistician for his time and effort to assist in the process of the study.

Gratefulness would be extended to Peak Learning, RAND and CEU Psychology

Department for their continuous guidance in providing assistance in test instruments for

educational use. The researchers would to give thanks to barangay officials and social

worker that sacrifices their time to serve and guide in the data gathering. Lastly, the

researchers would like to honor their parents, and families for their emotional and

financial support, as well as encouragements and motivation which help them in moving

forward in this study.

J.P.P.

P.E.D.P

M.M.B.C.

M.G.A.R.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..……ii

Dedication………………………………………………………………………………..iii

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………….…………………iv

Table of Contents…………………………………………………….………….……….v

List of Tables………………………………………………………….………….….....viii

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..…......ix

1 Problem and its Background ……................................................................................1

Introduction…………………………………………….……...…………………………..1

Background of the Study…………………………………………........………………….2

Theoretical Framework……………………..……..………………………………………4

Conceptual Framework…….……………………………………………………………...5

Assumptions of the Study……………..…………………………………………………..6

Statement of the Problem…………………….……………………………………………6

Hypotheses of the Study…………………………………………………………………..7

Significance of the Study……………………………...………………………………..…8

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Scope and Delimitation………………………………………..………………………..…9

Definition of Terms………………………………………………...…………………….10

2 Review of Related Literatures and Studies .......……………………...…………….13

Females’ Mental Health in Slum Areas.............................................................................12

Adversity Quotient on Mental Health................................................................................17

Emotional Intelligence to Mental Health....………………………………...……....……18

Similarities and Differences of Past and Present Studies………………..…......………..20

3 Methods and Procedures…..…………………………………………………………22

Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………..22

Subjects of the Study………………………………….....………………………………22

Setting of the Study………………………………………………………………………23

Sampling Technique…………………………………………………………..…………25

Instruments Used……………………………………….…………………………….….25

Procedures of Data Gathering……………………………………………………….…...26

Statistical Treatment………………………………………………………..……………27

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4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data……………………..………….30

5 Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation………………………...40

Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………………….40

Conclusions…………………………………………………………...…………...……..44

Recommendations………………………..……………………………………...……….44

References………………………………………………………………………………...x

Appendices…………………………………………………………………………….. xvi

Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………………………… xxxv

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LIST OF TABLES

1 Age of the Respondents…………………………………………………………......…30

2 Educational Attainment of the Respondents………………………………….………..31

3 Level of Adversity Quotient of the Respondents…………………………………..…..32

4 Level of Emotional Intelligence of the Respondents………………………….……….32

5 Level of Mental Health of the Respondents…………………………………….….….33

6 Relationship between Age and Educational Attainment to Adversity Quotient of the

Respondents………………………………………………………………………..…….34

7 Relationship between Age and Educational Attainment to Emotional Intelligence of the

Respondents…………………………………………………………………………..….35

8 Relationship between Age and Educational Attainment to Mental Health of the

Respondents…………………………………………………………………………...…36

9 Relationship of Adversity Quotient to Mental Health of the

Respondents………………………………………………………………………...……37

10 Relationship of Emotional Intelligence to Mental Health of the

Respondents……………………………………………………………………………...37

11 Relationship between Adversity Quotient and Emotional Intelligence of the

Respondents…………………………………………………………………………...…38

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LIST OF FIGURES

1 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………….………..5

2 Map of Barangay Baesa……………………………………………………….……….24

3 Map of Barangay Unang Sigaw…………………………………………….……….…24

4 Map of Barangay Sauyo………………………………………………………………..24

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APPENDIX

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APPEDIX A

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APPEDIX B

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APPENDIX C

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APPENDIX D

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APPENDIX E

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APPENDIX F

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APPENDIX G