Relations for Reusing (R4R) in A Shared Context:

an exploration on

Research Publications & Cultural Objects

4th International Workshop on Semantic Digital Archives (SDA 2014) in conjunction with International Digital Libraries Conference (DL 2014)

London, 8th-12th September 2014

Andrea Wei-Ching Huang and Tyng-Ruey Chuang Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

1. Why ?2. How ?3. Meaning:

Interpretation/Citation4. Use Case:

The Story of a Leaf5. Conclusion

1. Why ?

Background information &Research Motivation.

open data

cultural heritage data

open science movement

data publication & citation principles

research publication

linked data approach

Reason 1: Several challenges emerged from the external environment.

?

?

?

Article

Data

Code

ProvenanLicense

The need to represent & explore relations between the

five major objects.

Reason 2: Several requirements from the internal research needs.

Science Data / Research Data Publication

http://digitalarchives.tw/http://codata2012.tw/

Potential values of Cultural Heritage Data

Motivated by recent involvements with projects relating to research data publication & knowledge engineering for cultural heritage data.

Research Data Cultural Objects

mostly preserved with rich

metadata information.

professionally established

domain knowledge.

Q1: Is there a shared context between these two domains that can serve for a common understanding?

Research Publications

(Research Papers) Article

Data

Code

LAM Collections

Data(Cultural Objects)

Article

Code

(Associated Publications)

(Supplement Materials)

Interpretations by

Preservations by

Representations byRepresentations by

Interpretations by

(Associated Publications)

(Supplement Materials)

Preservations byInternal relation

external relation

potential relation

Most of us are familiar with this process.

Article C- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference (citation)----------------------------

Article B- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference (citation)----------------------------

Article A- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference (citation)----------------------------

Research Publications

(Research Papers) Article

Data

Code

LAM Collections

Data(Cultural Objects)

Article

Code

(Associated Publications)

(Supplement Materials)

Interpretations by

Preservations by

Representations byRepresentations by

Interpretations by

(Associated Publications)

(Supplement Materials)

Preservations by

But, this is stillan adventure for

research community to explore.

Research Publications

(Research Papers) Article

Data

Code

LAM Collections

Data(Cultural Objects)

Article

Code

(Associated Publications)

(Supplement Materials)

Interpretations

Interpretations by

Preservations by

Representations byRepresentations by

Interpretations by

(Associated Publications)

(Supplement Materials)

Preservations byInternal relation

external relation

potential relation

Representations by

So, if they are interlinked ….

Article B- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference (citation)----------------------------

Article A- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference (citation)----------------------------

A digital object Y curated in a digital museum, is a cultural object Y with rich metadata descriptions.

This cultural object Y that is reused by an academic article is not a cultural object but a science object Z that can be viewed under different context perspectives.

By a definition of Zimmermann et al.(2007), “when the contexts of two entities overlap and parts of the context information become similar andshared,” a shared context emerges

The scenario:

object

Q2. Will the rich domain knowledgefrom research publications and theimplicit cross-domain metadata ofcultural objects be compliant witheach other?

So, if they are interlinked ….

“Yes” to (Q1 /Q2),

but it depends on …

ContextMeaningRelation

understanding

exploringsystemization

ContextMeaningRelation

a contextual framework

a R4R ontology

2. How ?

Theoretical groundings for the contextual framework.

Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context

Step 1: determining the design space of context models

An entity’s activity determines to a great extend its current needs.

relationsA relation expresses a semantic dependency between

two entities that emerges from certain circumstances these two entities are involved in.

Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context

Step 1: determining the design space of context models

Courtright’s (2007) ‘s

Actors-in-Context

a relational view on

• activities of users

• information existence

• information systems

Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context

Step 1: determining the design space of context models

Courtright’s (2007) theoretical concept

of Actors-in-Context

a relational view on

• activities of users,

• information existence

• information systems

relate actors’ levels with

associated activities as

• Reusing

• Publication

• Curation

3 Activity Contexts

inspire us to define

Three activity contexts: Reusing , Publication, Curation

are situated in a multiple, overlapping & dynamic context.

Reusing

Publication

Curation

Zimmermann et.al (2007)

defines activity context as a context which decides to its

current needs and covers current and future activities.

current

futurecurrent

futurefuture

publication-now

and reusing-in-

the-future

Curation Context from the

view of technology activity,

it has a dual role in context,

technology variations

depend on other contextual

elements while at the same

time technologies influence

information practices.

Courtright (2007)

“when the contexts of two entities

overlap and part of the context

information become similar and

shared,” a shared context emerges.

shared context

In other words, ….

Reusing

Publication

Curation

shared context is

emerged when

things are reused.shared context

is emerged

when things

are published.

A perspective setting: Representation-Preservation-Interpretation.

Peirce’s Sign Theory

InterpretantRepresentation

“apple”

Object

• an apple/fruit.• an apple/laptop.

hasInterpretation

referTo

SignrepresentedBy

Representation is a

representation of the activity

context setting itself (the sign),

and is the form that the setting

(the sign) takes.

activity

context

Representation Interpretation

Preservation (object)

The Interpretant of a contextual

setting is the Interpretation that is

made of the setting. In this study, the

interpretation is taken from the view

of Zimmermann et.al. (2007) on

Relations Context that context

information captures the relations an

entity has recognized to the others.

The Object is the entity to which the context setting points, refers or applies. In this

study, it is the specific preservation object that the authors, users, and curators refer

to. The original “Object” has been adjusted to the object preservation for “Preservation”

to describe associated activities.

The triadic sign theory has been empirically applied as an analytical framework for dynamic and complex composition.

http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/CG.html

Activity Contexts: ReusingPublication Curation

R

P

Ia triadic sign setting

9 major conceptual elements

Beaudoin (2012): Context and its role in the digital preservation of cultural objects.

1. Technical

2. Utilization

3. Physical

4. Intangible

5. Curatorial

6. Authentication

7. Authorization

8. Intellectual

1. Identification

2. Utilization

3. Physical

4. Intangible

5. Application

6. Authentication

7. Authorization

8. Classification

9. Ontological Relation

9 major conceptual elements

Representation PreservationClassification Authentication

Application Authorization

Utilization

Identification Physicalness

Three Dynamic Contexts: Reusing , Publication, Curation

Intangibleness

Interpretation

Ontological Relations

(R4R ontology)

Mapping 9 major conceptual elements to activity contexts and the R-P-I setting.

Ontological Relation: a fundamental relationships for dynamic contexts and a domain

independent ontology formation.

R4R Ontology

an Interpretation of Relations Context in the Curation level that

supports the shared context both for Publication and Reusing.

ContextMeaningRelation

a contextual framework

Relations for Reusing (R4R) ontology

http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r

3. Meaning Meanings can be interpreted through

Citation Relations & Domain Ontologies/ Vocabularies or

Packaging the Provenance/Metadata information.

What Citation can relate to Interpretation (meaning) in different contexts?

Article A- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference (citation)

----------------------------

Interpretation of the article itself in the publication context.

Article B- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------

Reference---------article A --------------

Interpretation of the article by others in the reusing context.

Authors’ interpretation:citing references as

evidences/interpretations for the authors’ arguments.

Users’ interpretation:The object (article/data/code) is cited by others for the use of others’ interpretation.

4. Use Case

In the fowling, we will use R4R and different contexts to represent an example of interlinked data between research publications and a cultural object curated in Digital Archive Taiwan.

How a shared context between different domains like research publications & LAM collections help us enrich contextual information and make our data better?

The Story of a Leaf

Once up a time, in thesouthern area of Taiwanthere was one leaf fallingfrom a tree.

It was picked up by a girlnamed S.T. Chiu in 1993, andmade it as a specimen.

The leaf is not a corpseanymore. It becomes ascience object in the lab.

Chap. 1 Reborn

Eight yeas later, this leaf wasdigitalized by the NaturalMuseum of Natural Science(NMS) with a formal scientificname: “Alpinia pricei Hayata”,with an ID [S010384].

In this Publication Activity,the NMS uses Darwin Core/DwC to classify and describethe Leaf S010384 into thescientific category.

Chap. 2Digital Publication

[1] The collection object and its basic information (Scientific Names & Vernacular Name)

[2] Link to the original database

[3] Metadata Descriptions

[4] Contact Information for Licensing

[5] Citation Information (bibliography & unique URL)

A Data-Paper like publication in digitalarchives.tw

Chap. 3Curation & Publication

S010384 becomes one of the cultural heritage collections.

catalog.digitalarchives.tw Chou, T. W., Feng, J. H., Huang, C. C., Cheng, Y. W., Chien, S. C., Wang, S. Y., & Shyur, L. F. (2013). A Plant Kavalactone Desmethoxyyangonin Prevents Inflammation and Fulminant Hepatitis in Mice. PLOS ONE, 8(10), e77626.

Citation Information: S. T. Chiu（1993-03-31）。[中文名:普萊氏月桃(S010384 )]。《數位典藏與數位學習聯合目錄》。http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/61/e8/e2.html

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077626#pone-0077626-g001

Chap. 4isCitedBy as Reusing

RemixingReusingApplication Cases

Chap. 5

S010384 is looking forward to being

R4R can supports dynamic situations.

Provenance & license concerns are not fully respected and implemented in existing practices, or have been curated as metadata in local curation that are not accessible or downloadable.

Thus, we use hasProvenance and hasLicense for creating relationships for local curation or for sharing publications.

For Reusing, context transitions occur, and according to Zimmermann et.al. (2007) , context attributes will change when one context enters another, and thus Provenance or License, or both can be packaged with RRObject for reusing purposes.

For such uses of the relation, isPackagedWith, RRObject (article/data/code) andRRPolicy (provenance/license) are reachable and accessible for changing the original Publication and Curation contexts for a shift of the Reusing context.

Scenario 1: Digital Publication Only

Data like the S010384 is published at here, and has been interpreted by the domain knowledge such as the Biological Taxonomy Vocabulary. However, this object is not easy to be cited.

RRPolicy

rdfs:Resource

locateAt

time:TemoralEntity

hasTime

subClassOf subClassOf

hasProvenance

RRObject

metadataData

The contextual framework & R4R can help !

RRPolicy

rdfs:Resource

locateAt

time:TemoralEntity

hasTime

subClassOf subClassOf

hasProvenance

hasLicenseisPartOf

RRObject

ProvenanceLicense

Relations for Resource ReusingRelations for Resource Publication

Data

rdfs:Resource

Scenario 2:Publication for enriching Reusing.

A data-paper like publication that has

metadata, license, and citation information

can also be modelled by R4R.

Scenario 3: Publication for preparing Reusing.

Provenance information of the collection daT(S010384): two curation activities were involved by National Museum of Natural Science (NMS) and Digital Archive Taiwan (daT).

1. Preservation2. Mapping 3. Publication

National Museum of Natural Science (NMS) Digital Archive Taiwan (daT).

S010384

PROV-O for daT(S010384)

PROV-O for daT(S010384)

http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r/examples/the_story_of_dat_s010384

Articles/ Papers/ E-BooksBlogs/Twitters/Social Media

derivesFrom New DatasetsApplications

Collections in different libraries, archives, museums

Ready for Reusing

5. Conclusion !

exploration

Activity Context: Reusing , Publication, Curation

Representation Preservation

Perspective Setting

Interpretation

Decision Makings to A Contextual Framework for a Shared Context

open science movement data publication and

citation principlesIdentify article, data and code as major components; citation and packaging as key relations for modelling.

linked data approach

A possible approach to link article, data and code with semantics.

LOD for research data LOD for cultural heritage data

domain knowledge semanticsmetadata-rich semantics

a systematic contextual framework

a shared context need relation explorations need

① . ② .

① .

② .

R4R ontology for dynamic context modelling

③ .

Relations for Reusing (R4R) in a Shared Context:

an exploration on

Research Publications & Cultural Objects

The Result 1 - a contextual framework:

Three dynamic contexts are expressed through a 3x3 matrix

representing 9 conceptual components.

3 Activity Contexts

R

P

I

We apply the triadic sign setting for decomposing the three activity contexts with associated 9 elements.

9 major conceptual elements

This framework is inspired by context related theories and Charles Peirce’s sign theory (semiotics).

In other words, this contextual framework is dynamic & relationalin supporting 3 contexts which are identified by different activities of 3 actors (user/author/curator).

Activity Contexts: (Reusing/ Publication/ Curation)

• individually constructed through the triadic sign setting: Representation-Preservation-Interpretation (R-P-I).

• overlapped with 9 major conceptual elements (reflecting 3 dynamic contexts with relational associations to the R-P-I setting .

R

P

I

setting

The R4R ontology is an Interpretation in the Curation Context that represents Ontological Relations to interpret and model relations between 5 conceptual components (Article, Data, Code, Provence, and License).

The Result 2 - a R4R ontology

Two results that you might like to bring them home.

Advantages for using these two results:

System designers, developers & curators have a contextual framework & ontology to assist them to :

1. identify major components in different contexts.

2. using R4R ontology to build relations between data from different domains.

3. explore meanings through the common understanding of the shared context.

Advantages :

4. articles, datasets, software codes, provenance

and license information can be treated as first-

class contextual objects for data modelling

tasks.

5. the module-like design of RRObject &

RRPolicy in R4R ontology can be practiced in

isolation, and the unifying representation of

their relations is semantically enough but not

so structurally heavy weighted that curators or

researchers find it difficult to apply.

The future work:

http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r/examples/possible_scenarios_for_different_contexts

We would also like to invite you to participate

in validating this contextual framework and

the R4R ontology.

1. Provide your use cases from your own domain to help increase internal/external semantic relations within this systematic framework.

2. Or suggest related data repositories and vocabularies to enrich possible usages for the R4R term concepts.

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Sydney, Australia 29 June–3 July 2015

Thank You !