Reinventing the Resistance
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Transcript of Reinventing the Resistance
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REINVENTING THE RESISTANCE
Applying EOM to Militant Organizations in Lebanon
Sarah Elizabeth ParkinsonAssistant Professor of Global Policy and Political ScienceHumphrey School of Public Affairs, University of MinnesotaJune 1, 2014
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Puzzle
• Beirut v. South Lebanon
• Same orgs in 1982
• Why divergent emergence?
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Puzzle
Party Structure or Behavior
‘Ayn al-Hilwa(Saida)
Burj al-Barajna(Beirut)
Outward militarization
High Low
Territorial claim making
Yes No
Control of social services
High Low
Inter-party clashes
Frequent (>1x month)
Rare (≤1x year)
BEIRUT Burj al-BarajnaSAIDA‘Ayn al-Hilwa
LEBANON
ISRAEL SYRIA
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EOM and militant organizations• Autocatalysis/self-reproduction
• Production and reproduction of economic, social, political, and military actors
• Pre-1982: (Re)production of military actors called “guerrilla factions”
• Evolution• Multiple interpenetrating networks • Cross-domain shifts in relational protocols in response to wartime
conditions 1982-1989• Emergent forms of military (and social) organization
• Relational ontology• As seen and articulated by actors themselves• Methodological implications
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Studying these processes in the field• Examine the content of
relational ties over time within and between domains
• Analyze constitutive ties through biographies over time• Focus on egocentric
networks• Key actors
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Perturbation(Regionalized wartime violence)
Emergence of novel organizational forms (collective fronts v. personalized militias)
Transposition of relational ties across multiple network domains
Argument
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Socially Embedded Militant Organization
Kinship
Political Organization #1
Organization #2
Individual Families
Diagram adapted from Padgett and McLean (2006)
A
B
C
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Organization #1
Perturbation
Kinship
Political
Organization #2
Individual Families A
B
C
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Transposition/RepurposingInvention
Kinship
Political Organization #1
Organization #2
Individual Families
Broker between two families
A
B
C
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Research Design
• Pre-war control• Shared shock
• PLO withdrawal• Temporal and spatial variation in violence• 1982-1985: Israeli
occupation v. Lebanese government control
• 1985-1988 (War of the Camps): Siege v. guerrilla war
Pre-1982
June 19821982-19851985-1988
BEIRUT
SAIDA
SOUR
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Beirut: Indiscriminate Targeting
Violence Organizational Outcome
1982-1984: Sabra-Shatila massacre , arrests, arson
Immobile underground cells
1984: West Beirut revolt, reinfiltration
Coordinated underground front
1985-1988: Siege and blockade of refugee camps, shelling
Coordinated defensive front (shared command)
Militiamen and an emergency response team evacuate a wounded fighter from a refugee camp’s inter-organizational defensive front. PLO (mid-1980s).
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Saida: Incarceration & Guerrilla Warfare
Violence Organizational Outcome
1982-1985: Mass arrests, denunciation
Mobile guerrilla cells (based on pre-1982 affiliations)
1985-1988: Re-infiltration,guerrilla war with Amal
Factionalized guerrilla organizations (fragmented command)
Map drawn by Abu Riyad, a former inmate of mu‘askar 8 (Camp 8) in Ansar I prison. The three dark circles at the top illustrate the locations of IDF guard towers. Each rectangle is a 25-man tent. Sour, Summer 2012.
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Networks and Organizations
Phase 1Clandestine
Cell Systems
Phase 3Military Fronts
Phase 2City-Wide Networks
Postwar Militant Organization
Local Structure
BEIRUT
SAIDA
Pre-1982Militant
OrganizationLocal Structure Mobile
guerrilla cells
Immobile political
cells
Coordinated underground
front
Factionalizedguerrilla
organizations
Coordinated defensive
front
Factionalizedguerrilla
organizationsCentralized
personalmilitias
Decentralizedunderground
clusters
Men’s Military and Quotidian Networks
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Initial observations/possible trajectories• Importance of both “positive” v. “negative” network content
for emergence (or lack thereof)
• Actors/entrepreneurs/amphibians don’t have to be “great men”
• Re-evaluation of “gender roles”
• Language: Boundary creation, maintenance, violation
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Research Agendas• Opposition and rebel organizations
• Modeling mobilization (Facebook is but ONE network…)• Conflict dynamics: Multiple-network embeddedness shapes
adaptive trajectories • Relationship between structural vulnerability, adaptive potential, and
sustained resistance
• Regime building• Configuration of ties within regimes (e.g. the president’s brother-in-
law is also the chief of military intelligence and primary shareholder in a tech company)
• Rules of the game (protocols)• Resilience: Which regime configurations are particularly resilient
(e.g. Egyptian military and business)