Reimagining water governance in India - Godrej Group · Environmental vulnerabilities: Weather...
Transcript of Reimagining water governance in India - Godrej Group · Environmental vulnerabilities: Weather...
Reimagining water governance
in India
The case for participation, innovation,
partnerships, education, & integration
Dr Arunabha Ghosh
CEO
Council on Energy, Environment and Water
Godrej Good and Green Conclave
New Delhi, 9 March 2013
© Council on Energy, Environment and Water, 2012
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CEEW: addressing global challenges through an integrated approach
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CEEW connects the dots…
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India-U.S. Joint Clean Energy R&D
CentreGovernance of Geoengineering
Maharashtra-Guangdong
Partnership on Sustainability
India-U.S. Track II Dialogue on Climate
Change & Energy
Cutting Both Ways? Climate, Trade and
the Consistency of India’s Domestic
Policies
Climate Change &
Business Leadership in
India
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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Accidents of birth and access to energy, water and sanitation
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3017 kgoe 566
616
kgoe
kWh
SOURCE: Ghosh (2012); World Bank; UNDP (2010)
5736 kWh
PHOTO CREDIT: http://chotimuskan.org/
PHOTO CREDIT: World Law Direct PHOTO CREDIT: http://shardsofchina.wordpress.com
7069
13394
kgoe
kWh
1807
2944
kgoe
kWh
1 % 11 %
0 % 12 %
0 % 69 %
0 % 45 %
PHOTO CREDIT: Telegraph/Getty
| 5PAINTING BY: Darsita Jatakia, 5th Std., March 2013
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Human development closely associated with energy access
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UN Human Development Index
- High
- Medium
- Low
SOURCE: MacKay (2009); Beddington (2012)
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Economic growth is not enough for human development
7SOURCE: UNDP (2006)
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The poorer you are, the more you pay
8SOURCE: UNDP (2006)
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Collecting water is not child’s play…
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…but
collecting
water is
children’s
work
around
the world
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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Usable supply of water could fall short of demand
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India’s Usable Supply of
Water
India’s Usable Supply of
Water
Vs
Projected Demand
(2030)
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Sectoral pressures for water use will increase
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Sectoral shift in water demand (in BCM)
SOURCE: Amarasinghe et al., IWMI (2007); CEEW (2011)
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Little irrigation potential remains
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Ultimate Irrigation Potential vs. Potential Created vs. Potential Utilised
SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Trends of public expenditure in major and medium irrigation
and net irrigated area under different sources in India
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Exp
en
ditu
re
(billio
n U
S$
, in
20
00
pri
ce
s)
0
6
12
18
24
30
36
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Ne
t ir
rig
ate
d a
rea
(mill
ion
ha
)
Expenditure Tanks Canals Groundwater
Investment in irrigation yielded few gains in net irrigated area
15SOURCE: CEEW (2011); Shah (2009)
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Significant growth in ground water pumping
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1951 – 2009
Agricultural electric pump sets increased from 26,000 to 16.2 million
Agricultural diesel pump sets from 83,000 to 9.2 million
26 1601,618
3,568
9,696 8,446
16,184
83 230
1,546
3,101
4,659 7,237
9,200
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
1951 1961 1972 1982 1991 2003 2009
No
. o
f p
um
ps (
in T
ho
usa
nd
s)
Diesel Pumps
Electric Pumps
SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Vicious cycle of energy-ground water management
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Power Utilities
• Financial losses due to low
agricultural flat tariff
• Poor voltage and frequency
power supply
• Huge T&D losses due to
power theft & unauthorised
pump sets
On farm
• Water overuse to hedge
against poor voltage and
infrequent power supply
SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Groundwater stress and overdraft in many states
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All figures in BCM (2004)
SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Resource pressures and price volatility
19SOURCE: Steven and Ghosh (Forthcoming); EIA; FAO
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$3501
97
0
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
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80
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82
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84
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86
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88
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90
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92
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94
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96
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98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
20
10
2000=$100
Imported Crude Oil Price ($/barrel)
Co
nst
ant
$U
S 2
00
0
Food price index
A New Commodity Boom
Sources: EIA, FAO
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The state of urban sanitation is very poor
Survey of 423 cities
Category Implication Number Percentage
Green Healthy & clean 0 0
Blue Recovering 4 0.95%
Black
Needing considerable
improvement 230 54.37%
Red
Needing immediate
attention
189 44.68%
20SOURCE: MoUD (2010); CEEW (2013)
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Environmental vulnerabilities: Weather extremes with warming climate
• Extremely hot temperatures covered about 0.1% to 0.2% of the globe from 1951 to 1980
• Since 1980, while average temperature has slowly risen, extremes have rapidly
increased: cover about 10% of the globe
• As the climate warms, natural variability shifts as well
21SOURCE: Hansen, Sato and Ruedy (2012)
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316 manufacturing clusters for 14 industries in 181 districts…
22SOURCE: CEEW analysis based on CPCB, EESL, UNIDO
| 23SOURCE: CEEW analysis based on CPCB, EESL, UNIDO
…but many are critically polluted
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Water demand for the energy sector will rise in India
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2010
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2010
Coal
Nuclear
Other
Energy
BiofuelsFossil fuels
Power
Global water use Water for energy
SOURCE: IEA (2012)
In India, the power sector will account for 98% of additional
withdrawals and 95% of additional consumption of water between
2010 and 2035
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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A holistic approach to water governance
26SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Need to focus on service delivery
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Top-down approach by ID
Lack of service delivery
agreements
between ID and WUAs
• Create service delivery culture in the
ID
• Have service delivery agreements
between ID and WUAs
• Link service fees paid to service
delivered on individual schemes
• Partnership of WUAs and ID for
enhanced agricultural production and
productivity of water on individual
schemes
Current payment and service delivery
arrangements
Ideal service delivery
relationships
SolutionsIssues
SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Experiences from other countries
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• Contractors (China, Philippines)
▫ O&M
▫ Rehabilitation and construction
▫ Incentives to save water
▫ Fee collection, total water use, crop production per unit of water use
• Hydrological units
▫ Secondary and tertiary level institutions (China; Mexico)
▫ WUAs involved in arbitration and conflict management
• Building WUA capacity (Mexico)
▫ Financial
- full cost recovery of O&M (Mexico)
- irrigation fees (proportional to land size), membership dues, rental revenue,
fines (Turkey)
▫ Infrastructure maintenance
▫ Management
• Information sharing with WUAs critical
SOURCE: Shah; CEEW (2012)
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Water User Associations in India
29SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
No. of Water User
Associations (WUAs)
per 1000 Ha covered
(March 2010)
• Implementing O&M
• Crop planning, crop water
budgeting & raising
irrigation water demand
• Implementing water
distribution
• Support in estimating and
collecting water charges
Functions
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Supporting farmer training in Andhra Pradesh
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Increase in productivity- 15 to 20 %
Cost reduction -Rs.1500/- to 2500/- oninputs - KC Canal /Krishna Delta
Crop diversification tomaize in Rabi - HigherC/B ratio & duty
Zero tillage in maize -Cost reductionRs.2000/- per acre -Krishna Delta System /SRSP
Rotational irrigation inpaddy - Higherproductivity & duty
SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Rethinking cropping patterns?
31SOURCE: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011
Uttar Pradesh34%
Punjab19%
Haryana13%
Madhya Pradesh10%
Rajasthan9%
Bihar6%
Gujarat3%
Maharashtra2%
West Bengal1%
Uttarakhand1%
Others2%
Major Wheat Producing States, 2009-10
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Rethinking cropping patterns?
32SOURCE: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2011
West Bengal16%
Punjab13%
Uttar Pradesh12%
Andhra Pradesh12%
Orissa8%
Tamil Nadu6%
Assam5%
Chattisgarh5%
Karnataka4%
Haryana4%
Bihar4%
Maharashtra2%
Jharkhand 2%
Gujarat1%
Madhya Pradesh
1%
Kerala1%
Others4%
Major Rice Producing States, 2009-10
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Managing groundwater via agricultural demand side management
33SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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Water conservation in industry
35SOURCE: CEEW (2011); Envirowise (2005)
Potential water saving (%) in industry sector
• Partnerships with industry
• Information and target
setting by industry type
• Best Practice Guidance –
knowhow for businesses
and industries
• Grant programmes and
incentives linked to
abstraction regulation and
pricing policy
Potential water saving (in percentage) from measures applied in the
industry sector
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HyderabadBiotechnology, Cement, Electronics & IT, Gems &
Jewellery, Leather
DelhiAutomobiles,Biotechnology,
Chemicals,Food Processing,Gems & Jewellery,Leather,Pulp & Paper,Steel
LudhianaAutomobiles,
Foundry, Textiles
MumbaiAutomobiles,Biotech, Chemicals, Electronics & IT, Fertilizers, G&J,
Leather, Textiles
ThaneChemicals, FPO, Steel, Textiles
NashikAutomobiles,Steel,
Textiles
SuratFertilizers, G&J,
P&P, Textiles
VadodraAutomobiles,
Biotech, Fertilizers
RajkotFPO, Foundry, G&J, Textiles
AhmedabadBiotech, Chemicals,
Electronics & IT, FPO, G&J, P&P, Steel, Textiles Gautam Buddha Nagar
Chemicals, Electronics & IT, Fertilizers
JaipurCement, Food
Processing, Gems &
Jewellery, Textiles
ShimogaFPO, P&P, Steel
BelgaumAluminium,
Foundry, Textiles
Alwar
Chemicals, Food
Processing, Textiles
ChandrapurCement, FPO,P&P
NagpurFPO, Steel ,
Textiles
BaleshwarFPO, P&P, Textiles
KolkataAutomobiles,FPO, G&J,
Leather, Textiles
East GodavariAluminium, FPO,
P&P
West GodavariFertilikzers, FPO,
P&P, Textiles
MysoreFPO, P&P,
Textiles
BangaloreAluminium,Automobiles,
Biotech,Cement, Electronics &IT, Leather, Textiles
CoimbatoreCement, Foundry,G&J,
Textiles
KarurCement,P&P,
TextilesErnakulamFertilizers, FPO,
Textiles
PuneAutomobiles,
Electronics & IT, FPO, Foundry, P&P,
Textiles
CuttackChemicals, FPO, P&P
ChennaiAutomobiles, Biotech,
Electronics & IT, Foundry, Leather
GurgaonAutomobiles, Electronics & IT,
Textiles
Target existing clusters as zones of sustainability
SOURCE: CEEW analysis
based on CPCB, EESL, UNIDO
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Power plants and water availability stress: case for innovation
37SOURCE: CEEW and NRDC (2012)
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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Urban water: many tasks are already sub-contracted to private entities
Activity Who Sector
Planning Consultants Private
Design Consultants Private
Detail
EngineeringConsultants Private
Funding Government/Multilaterals Public/Private
Procurement Consultants Private
Construction Contractors Private
Supervision Consultants Private
Treatment Plant
OperationsContractors Private
Annual
MaintenanceContractors Private
Connections Licenced Plumbers Private
Leak repair Contractors Private
Meter reading Own Staff/Contractors Public/Private
Billing IT Company Private
Cash collection Banks Private
39SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Risks increase with duration of PPP contracts
40SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
Option Ownership O&M Capital Commercial
Risk
Duration Risk
Privatisation Private or
Public &
Private
Private Private Private Indefinite
BOT/BOO Private &
Public
Private Private Private 20-30 years
Concession Public Private Private Private 20-30 years
Lease Public Private Public Shared 8-20 years
Management
contract
Public Private Public Public 3-7 years
Service
contract
Public Private Public Public 1-2 years
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Think about how to partner with social enterprises as well
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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How much surface and ground water do we use????
• Very little attention paid to rainwater use
• 450 BCM currently used, but…▫ Maintenance of gauging stations and daily records left to the state agencies
▫ CWC monitors storage of major reservoirs but not actual deliveries
• Data sharing▫ States reluctant to share data with Centre
▫ CWC unable to compile validated estimates of gross utilisation from major and medium
projects
• Minor irrigation
▫ No information about volume of water supplied
• Total ground water use is 230.62 BCM▫ Irrigation use = 212.51 BMC (92.15%)
▫ Domestic and industrial use = 18.09 BMC (7.85%)
• Net area irrigated by groundwater is around 33.28 million ha: about 10% of the
national GDP is groundwater based
• But…▫ Estimations based on number of wells/tubewells & assumptions about unit draft
▫ No way to capture variations
▫ ‘Privately created’ wells not counted!
44SOURCE: Planning Commission (2011); CEEW (2011)
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Structure of Hydrological Information System: what it should be
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USERS
Central Water
Commission
Indian Meteorological
DepartmentState Agencies Central Ground Water
Board
National Data Storage
Centre/Regional DSCNDSC SDSC NDSC/RDSC
RDPC
FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD
DDPC DDPC rDPC DDPC
SDDPC SDDPC dDPC UDPC
SDPC SWDPCSGWDP
CRDPC
Data FlowInter-Agency Data
ValidationData Exchange
SOURCE: Chowdhary, Jain, Ogink (2002)
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Weak information sharing and institutional coordination in practice
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BONAFIDE
USERS
Central Water
Commission
Indian Meteorological
DepartmentState Agencies Central Ground Water
Board
National Data Storage
Centre/Regional DSCNDSC SDSC NDSC/RDSC
RDPC
FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD FIELD
DDPC DDPC rDPC DDPC
SDDPC SDDPC dDPC UDPC
SDPC SWDPCSGWDP
CRDPC
Data FlowInter-Agency Data
ValidationData Exchange
SOURCE: Adapted from Chowdhary, Jain, Ogink (2002)
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Agenda
• Water and human development
• India’s water challenges
• Irrigation management: participating?
• Industrial water use risks: innovating?
• Municipal water: partnering?
• Water data: educating?
• Institutional reform: integrating?
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Integrating water governance at all levels
48SOURCE: CEEW (2011)
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Integrating issues reveal many tradeoffs
49SOURCE: CEEW (2012); © Council on Energy, Environment and Water, 2012
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Integrated plans also offer many opportunities
50SOURCE: CEEW (2012); © Council on Energy, Environment and Water, 2012
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Don’t forget who we are working for
PHOTO CREDIT: Arunabha Ghosh 51
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Innovations for industrial
water savings
Participative strategies for
irrigation
Extended partnerships for
municipal water supply
Educating on water
through shared data
Institutional reforms for
integrated governance
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