REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS of - Gitam University · Admission into M.Sc. Biochemistry will be based...

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GITAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT(GITAM)

(Deemed to be University, Estd. u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)VISAKHAPATNAM HYDERABAD BENGALURU

Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade

REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS

of

Master of Science in

Biochemistry

(w.e.f 2015-16 admitted batch)

Website: www.gitam.edu

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M.Sc. (Biochemistry)REGULATIONS

(w.e.f. 2015-16 admitted batch)1. ADMISSION

1.1 Admission into M.Sc. in Biochemistry program of GITAM University is governed by GITAM University admission regulations.

2. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

2.1. A pass in B.Sc. with Agriculture, Aqua Culture, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Botany, B.Pharm, BPT, Chemistry, Computer Sciences, Environmental Science, Food and Nutrition, Genetics, Home science, Mathematics, Medical Lab Technology, Microbiology, Physics, Veterinary Sciences, Zoology or B.Tech in CSE/IT/Biotechnology/Bio-medical as one of the Subject(s) and with a minimum aggregate of 50% marks in degree or any other equivalent examination approved by GITAM University.

2.2. Admission into M.Sc. Biochemistry will be based on an All India GITAM Science Admission Test (GSAT) conducted by GITAM University and the rule of reservation, wherever applicable.

3. CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) is introduced with effect from the admitted Batch of 2015-16 based on UGC guidelines in order to promote:

Student Centered Learning

Cafeteria approach

Inter-disciplinary learning

Learning goals/ objectives and outcomes are specified leading to what a student should be able to do at the end of the program.

4. STRUCTURE OF THE PROGRAM: 4.1 The Program Consists of

i) Foundation Courses (compulsory) which give general exposure to a Student in communication and subject related area.

ii) Core Courses (compulsory).

iii) Discipline centric electives which

a). are supportive to the disciplineb). give expanded scope of the subjectc). give interdisciplinary exposured). nurture the student skills

iv) Open electives are of general nature either related or unrelated to the discipline.

v) Practical Proficiency Courses

Laboratory and Project work

4.2 Each course is assigned a certain number of credits depending upon the number of contact hours (lectures/tutorials/practical) per week.

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4.3 In general, credits are assigned to the courses based on the following contact hours per week per semester.

One credit for each Lecture / Tutorial hour per week.

One credit for two hours of Practicals per week.

Two credits for three (or more) hours of Practicals per week

Three credits for nine hours of practicals

Eight credits for project

4.4 The curriculum of the four semesters M.Sc. program is designed to have a total of 95 credits for the award of M.Sc degree.

5. MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION

The medium of instruction (including examinations and project reports) shall be English.

6. REGISTRATION

Every student has to register himself/herself for each semester individually at the time specified by the Institute / University.

7. ATTENDANCE REQUIREMENTS

7.1 A student whose attendance is less than 75% in all the courses put together in any semester will not be permitted to attend the end - semester examination and he/she will not be allowed to register for subsequent semester of study. He/she has to repeat the semester along with his / her juniors.

7.2 However, the Vice Chancellor on the recommendation of the Principal / Director of the Institute/School may condone the shortage of attendance to the students whose attendance is between 66% and 74% on genuine grounds and on payment of prescribed fee.

8. EVALUATION

8.1 The assessment of the student’s performance in a Theory course shall be based on two components: Continuous Evaluation (40 marks) and Semester-end examination (60 marks).

8.2 A student has to secure an aggregate of 40% in the course in the two components put together to be declared to have passed the course, subject to the condition that the candidate must have secured a minimum of 24 marks (i.e. 40%) in the theory component at the semester-end examination.

8.3 Practical/ Viva voce/ Seminar etc. course are completely assessed under Continuous Evaluation for a maximum of 100 marks, and a student has to obtain a minimum of 40% to secure Pass Grade. Details of Assessment Procedure are furnished below in Table 1.

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Table 1: Assessment Procedure

S. No.

Component of assessment

Marks allotted

Type of Assessment

Scheme of Examination

1Theory

40 Continuous evaluation

(i) Two mid semester examinations shall be conducted for 15 marks each. (ii) 5 marks are allocated for quiz.(iii) 5 marks are allocated for assignments.

60 Semester-end examination

The semester-end examination Shall be for a maximum of 60 marks.

Total 100

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Practicals

40 Continuous evaluation

Forty (40) marks for continuous evaluation is distributed among the components: regularity, preparation for the practical, performance, submission of records and oral presentations in the laboratory. Weightage for each component shall be announced at the beginning of the Semester.

60Continuous evaluation

Sixty (60) marks for two tests of 30 marks each (one at the mid-term and the other towards the end of the Semester) conducted by the concerned lab Teacher and another faculty member of the department who is not connected to the lab, as appointed by the HoD.

Total 100

3 Project work(IV semester)

200 Project evaluation

(i) 150 marks for evaluation of the project work dissertation submitted by the candidate. (ii) 50 marks are allocated for the project Viva-Voce.(iii) The project work evaluation and the Viva-Voce shall be conducted by one external examiner outside the University and the internal project work supervisor.

9. REAPPEARANCE

9.1 A student who has secured ‘F’ grade in a Theory course shall have to reappear at the subsequent semester end examinations held for that course.

9.1.1 A student who has secured ‘F’ grade in a Practical course shall have to attend Special Instruction Classes held during summer.

9.1.2 A student who has secured ‘F’ Grade in Project work / Industrial Training etc shall have toimprove his/her report and reappear for Viva – voce at the time of Special Examination to be conducted in the summer vacation.

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10. SPECIAL EXAMINATION

A student who has completed his/her period of study and still has “F” grade in a maximum of three Theory courses is eligible to appear for Special Examination normally held during summer vacation.

11. BETTERMENT OF GRADES

A student who has secured only a Pass or Second class and desires to improve his/her Class can appear for Betterment Examinations only in Theory courses of any Semester of his/her choice, conducted in Summer Vacation along with the Special Examinations. Betterment of Grades is permitted ‘only once’ immediately after completion of the program of study.

12. GRADING SYSTEM12.1 Based on the student performance during a given semester/trimester, a final letter grade will be

awarded at the end of the trimester/semester in each course. The letter grades and the corresponding grade points are as given in Table 2.

Table 2: Grades & Grade Points

Sl.No. Grade Grade Points Absolute Marks1 O (outstanding) 10 90 and above2 A+ (Excellent) 9 80 to 893 A (Very Good) 8 70 to 794 B+ (Good) 7 60 to 695 B (Above Average) 6 50 to 596 C (Average) 5 45 to 497 P (Pass) 4 40 to 448 F (Fail) 0 Less than 409 Ab. (Absent) 0 -

12.2 A student who earns a minimum of 4 grade points (P grade) in a course is declared to have successfully completed the course, and is deemed to have earned the credits assigned to that course, subject to securing a GPA of 5 for a Pass in the semester/trimester.

13. GRADE POINT AVERAGE 13.1 A Grade Point Average (GPA) for the semester/trimester will be calculated according to the

formula:

Σ [ CxG ]GPA = ----------------

Σ CWhere

C = number of credits for the course, G = grade points obtained by the student in the course.

13.2 To arrive at Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA), a similar formula is used considering the student’s performance in all the courses taken, in all the semesters up to the particular point of time.

13.3 CGPA required for classification of class after the successful completion of the program is shown in Table 3.

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Table 3: CGPA required for award of Class

Class CGPA RequiredFirst Class with

Distinction≥ 8.0*

First Class ≥ 6.5Second Class ≥ 5.5

Pass Class ≥ 5.0

* In addition to the required CGPA of 8.0or more the student must have necessarily passed all the courses of every semester in first attempt.

14. ELIGIBILITY FOR AWARD OF THE M.Sc. DEGREE

14.1 Duration of the program: A student is ordinarily expected to complete M.Sc. program in four semesters of two years. However a student may complete the program in not more than four years including study period.

14.2 However the above regulation may be relaxed by the Vice Chancellor in individual cases for cogent and sufficient reasons.

14.3 A student shall be eligible for award of the M.Sc Degree if he / she fulfills all the following conditions.

a) Registered and successfully completed all the courses and projects.

b) Successfully acquired the minimum required credits as specified in the curriculum corresponding to the branch of his/her study within the stipulated time.

c) Has no dues to the Institute, hostels, Libraries, NCC / NSS etc, and

d) No disciplinary action is pending against him / her.

14.4 The degree shall be awarded after approval by the Academic Council

15. Discretionary Power:Notwithstanding anything contained in the above sections, the Vice Chancellor may review all exceptional cases, and give his decision, which will be final and binding.

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Scheme of Instruction

M.Sc. Biochemistry – I SEMESTER

M.Sc. Biochemistry - II SEMESTER

* choose from University pool subjects

Sl. No. Course Code

Name of the Course

Cou

rse

type

Cre

dits



Hours per week Sem. End

Exam.

Con.Eval.

L/T --- D/P1 SBC 701 Chemistry of

Biomolecules C 4 4 60 40

2 SBC 703 Analytical techniques and Biostatistics

C 4 4 -- 3 60 40

3 SBC 705 Microbiology C 4 4 -- 3 60 404 SBC 707 Cell Biology and

Genetics F 4 4 -- 3 60 40

PRACTICAL5 SBC 721 Analytical techniques

LabC 3 --- 12 6 60 40

6 SBC 723 Microbiology andCell biology Lab

C 3 --- 12 6 60 40

7 SBC 791 Viva voce --- 1 --- --- --- 50Total 23 650

Sl. No. Course Code

Name of the Course

Cou

rse

type

Cre

dits



Hours per week Sem. End

Exam.

Con.Eval.

L/T --- D/P1 SBC 702 Enzymology and

Enzyme technologyC 4 4 --- 3 60 40

2 SBC 704 Metabolism and Bioenergetics

C 4 4 --- 3 60 40

3 SBC 706 Systems Physiology C 4 4 --- 3 60 40 4 SBC 708 Molecular Biology C 4 4 --- 3 60 40 5 *Open Elective OE 3 3 --- 3 60 40PRACTICALS

SBC 722 Enzymology Lab C 3 --- 12 6 60 40 SBC 724 Molecular Biology

LabC 3 --- 12 6 60 40

SBC 792 Viva voce --- 1 --- --- --- 50Total 26 750

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M.Sc. Biochemistry - III SEMESTER

* choose from University pool subjects

M.Sc. Biochemistry – IV SEMESTER

C – Core, F – Foundation, OE – Open Elective, GE – Generic Elective

Sl. No. Course Code

Name of the Course

Cou

rse

type

Cre

dits



Hours per week

Sem. End

Exam.

Con.Eval.

L/T --- D/P1 SBC 801 Immunology and

ImmunotechnologyC 4 4 --- 3 60 40

2 SBC 803 Clinical Biochemistry and Cancer Biology

C 4 4 --- 3 60 40

3 SBC 805 Genetic Engineering and Basic Bioinformatics

C 4 4 --- 3 60 40

4 SBC 807 Stem Cell Biology and Nanobiotechnology

C 4 4 --- 3 60 40

5 *Open Elective OE 3 3 --- 3 60 40PRACTICALS

SBC 821 Immunology and Genetic Engineering Lab

C 3 --- 12 6 60 40

SBC 823 Clinical Biochemistry and Cancer Biology Lab

C 3 --- 12 6 60 40

SBC 891 Viva voce --- 1 --- --- -- 50Total 26 750

Sl. No. Course Code

Name of the Course

Cou

rse

type

Cre

dits



Hours per week

Sem. End Exam.

Con. Eval.

L/T --- D/P1 SBC 802 Bioprocess Technology and

BioethicsC 4 4 --- 3 60 40

2 SBC 842SBC 844

SBC 846SBC 848

Molecular Biology of CancerAdvanced Clinical BiochemistryStress Biology of Plants Drug Designing

GE 4 4 --- 3 60 40

PRACTICALSSBC 822 Bioprocess Technology Lab C 3 --- 12 3 60 40SBC 892 Viva voce --- 1 --- --- -- --- 50 SBC 894 Project Work and Seminar --- 8 --- --- --- 200 ---

Total 20 550

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M.Sc. (BIOCHEMISTRY) - I SEMESTER

SBC 701: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES

Hours per week: 4 End Examination: 60MarksCredits: 4 Sessionals: 40Marks

UNIT-I

Classification and chemical properties of carbohydrates. Chemistry and biological roles of mono, di and poly (homo and hetero) saccharides, peptdiogycans, glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. Structural elucidation of polysaccharides (starch).

UNIT-II

Amino acids - Common feature, classification, structure and physicochemical properties. Naturally occurring peptides. Solid phase peptide synthesis. Proteins – classification, structural organization, sequence determination. Conformation of proteins – Ramachandran plots. Denaturation of proteins.

UNIT-III

Classification of lipids, physicochemical properties of fatty acids, fats and oils. Properties and biological roles of phospholipids and sphingolipids. Properties and Biological functions of prostaglandins. Chemistry and properties of cholesterol.

UNIT-IV

Nucleic acids – bases, nucleosides, nucleotides. Physicochemical properties of nucleicacids. Chemical composition of DNA and RNA. Structure of DNA, Different forms of DNA.Circular DNA and DNA supercoiling. Sequencing of DNA. Role of different types of RNA. Nucleotides as regulatory molecules, enzyme cofactors and mediators of chemical energy in cells.

UNIT-V

Porphyrins – structure and properties of porphyrins – heme, cytochromes and chlorophyll. Chemistry and physiological role of fat soluble (A, D, E and K) and water soluble (C and B complex) vitamins.

Recommended Books:

1. Text book of Biochemistry by West and Todd, Oxford and IBH, 4th Ed.2. Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson cox, Freeman, 4th Ed.3. Biochemistry by Voet and Voet, John Wiley and Sons, 3rd Ed.4. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf, John Wiley and Sons, 5th Ed

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SBC 703: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND BIOSTATISTICS


UNIT-I

Methods of disrupting cells and tissues. Centrifugation - Principle and applications of analytical and preparative ultracentrifugation. Principle and applications of chromatographic techniques - paper, thin layer, ion - exchange, gel permeation and affinity chromatography, GC, HPLC and chromatofocussing.

UNIT-II

Principle and applications of electrophoretic techniques - native PAGE, SDS – PAGE, agarose gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, two dimensional, pulse field, diagonal electrophoresis and DIGE.

UNIT-III

Principles and applications of UV, Visible, Raman, Infrared, CD, NMR, ESR, Atomic absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, GC-MS and MALDI-TOF. X - ray diffraction.

UNIT-IV

Radioactive and non-radioactive tracer techniques and their applications in biological sciences. Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Principles of electrochemical techniques – operation and applications of pH, oxygen, ion-selective and gas sensing electrodes. Biosensors – principle, design and applications.

UNIT-V

Scientific data description, tabulation and graphical representation. Measures of central tendency and dispersion - mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation, variance. Types of errors and level of significance. Tests of significance - F and t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA. Simple linear regression and correlation.

Recommended Books:

1. A Biologists guide to Principles and techniques of practical Biochemistry by B. D.Williams, Edward Arnold.

2. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Keith Wilson, John Walker, Cambridge University Press, 7th Ed.

3. Biophysical chemistry principles and techniques by Upadhyay, Upadhyay and Nath, Himalaya publishing.

4. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis by Chatwal and Anand, Himalaya Publishers, 5th Ed.

5. Modern Experimental Biochemistry by Rodney F. Boyer.6. Fundamentals of Biostatistics by Khan and Khanum.7. Biostatistics by Daniel, Wiley.8. Biostatistics by S. C. Gupta.

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SBC 705: MICROBIOLOGY


UNIT - I

Development and Scope of Microbiology: Contributions of Antony Van Leeuwenhock, Joseph Lister, Pasteur, Koch, Jenner, AM Chakraborty. Bacterial classification - Importance of Bergey’s manual classification. Numerical taxonomy, molecular classification systems, phylogenetic trees. Microscopy – Phase contrast, fluorescent, confocal and Electron Microscopy.

UNIT - II

Sterilization - physical, chemical and radiation methods, Concept of containment facility, Preservation methods and maintenance of microbial cultures. Microbial cultures- concept of pure culture and development, enrichment culture techniques, single cell isolation.

UNIT – III

Bacterial nutrition types, Types of media, Identification methods – nutritional, cultural, biochemical, antigenic, ecological and ribotyping. Staining methods - simple, differential, structural and special staining. Bacterial reproduction and growth. Synchronous, batch and continuous cultures. Quantitative measurement of growth, factors affecting growth. Cultivation of aerobes and anaerobes. Toxic effects of oxygen.

UNIT – IV

Clinical Microbiology: general characteristics, morphology and pathogenesis of Bacteria -Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Mycobacteria, Salmonella, Vibrio, Fungi – Candida. Viruses -Structure, Baltimore classification and multiplication. Determination of viral load. Clinically important viruses - HIV, Hepatitis, Influenza. Inactivation of viruses and antiviral agents. Life cycle and biology of Plasmodium and Entamoeba histolytica.

UNIT –V

Microbial interactions - mutualism, protocoperation, commensalism, predation, parasitism, competition and symbiosis. General account and economic importance of Algae, Fungi and Mushrooms. SCP - Spirulina and Chlorella. Microbiology of water.

Recommended Books:

1. Brock’s biology of Microorganisms by Michael T Madigan, Prentice, 9th Ed.2. Microbiology by Prescott, Tata McGraw –Hill, 7th Ed.3. Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthnarayan, ORIE, 7th Ed.4. Microbiology by Pelczar, Tata McGraw-Hill, 5th Ed.5. Lange book of microbiology, Tata McGraw-Hill

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SBC 707: CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS


UNIT-I

Structure of bacteria, plant and animal cells. Ultrastructure and composition of plasma membrane, membrane channels and pumps, membrane transport, exocytosis and endocytosis.Mechanism of cell division – mitosis and meiosis. Cell cycle and its regulation.

UNIT-II

Structure and functions of mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes, ribosomes, cytoskeletal elements. Extracellular matrix, cell-cell interactions. Cell - matrix interactions. Host - parasite interactions.

UNIT-III

Mechanism of action of steroid, protein and amino acid derived hormones. Signal transduction. G - proteins, Secondary messengers - cAMP, cGMP, calcium, DAG, IP3, nitric oxide. Receptor tyrosine kinase and growth factor signaling cascade. Convergence, divergence and crosstalk among signaling pathways.

UNIT-IV

Mendel’s laws and their limitations. Dominance relationships. Interaction of genes, multiple alleles, linkage and crossing over. Linkage groups and mapping, tetrad analysis. Sex-linkage and recombination in diploids. Mendelian genetics in humans. Mutations – types, molecular mechanisms and significance.

UNIT-V

Extra chromosomal inheritance - episomes, mitochondria and chloroplast. Gene pool, gene frequency, genetic equilibrium and Hardy - Weinberg law. Basics of developmental genetics. Recombination, transposons. Fine structure of rII locus - Benzers experiments, Complementation testing.

Recommended Books:

1. Molecular Biology of the Cell by B. Alberts et al. Garland publications incorporation, 4th Ed.

2. Principles of Development by Lewis Wolpert, Oxford University press, 4th Ed.3. Molecular Cell Biology by Harvey Lodish et. al. W. H. Freeman, 4th Ed.4. Cell and Molecular Biology by E. D. P. De Roberties, International edition. 5. The Cell: A molecular approach by Geoffery M Cooper, 2nd Ed.6. Principles of Genetics by Sinnet, McGraw Hill, 5th Ed. 7. Harper's Biochemistry by Robert K. Murray, Langeman.8. Principles of Heredity by Robert Tymarin.A, Tata McGraw Hill, 7th Ed.9. Genetics by M. W. Strickberger, Mac Millan, 3rd Ed. 10. Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation by Gerhard Krauss, WILEY-

VCH, 5th Ed.

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SBC 721: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES LAB


Analytical Techniques

1. Paper chromatography – separation of amino acids and sugars.2. Thin layer chromatography – separation of amino acids and plant pigments.3. Column chromatography – separation of plant pigments and their absorption spectra.4. Purification of proteins by Ammonium sulphate precipitation.5. Separation of compounds/ proteins based on specificity - Affinity Chromatography.6. Separation of compounds based on charge - Ion-Exchange chromatography.7. Separation of compounds based on size - Gel permeation chromatography.8. Analysis of a compound using HPLC.9. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum proteins.10. Determination of molecular weight of a protein by SDS-PAGE.

Quantitative analysis

1. Estimation of protein and DNA by Spectrophotometric method.2. Estimation of protein by Lowry method.3. Estimation of protein by Bradford method.4. Determination of molar absorption coefficient of aromatic amino acids, purines and

pyrimidines.5. Fractionation of egg proteins and its quantification.6. Isolation of casein from milk and its quantification.

Recommended Books:

1. Biochemical methods by Sadasivam and Manikam, Wiley Eastern Limited.2. An introduction to practical Biochemistry by D. T. Plummer, Mc Graw Hill.3. Laboratory manual in Biochemistry by J. Jayaraman, Wiley Eastern Limited.4. Introductory Practical Biochemistry by S. K. Sawhney and Randhir Singh, Narosa.

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SBC 723: MICROBIOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY LAB


Microbiology

1. Isolation of bacteria and fungi from soil/ foods/marine/sewage/ body sources by streak and pour plate methods.

2. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules 3. Cultural characterization of bacterial isolates. 4. Morphological characterization of bacterial isolates by simple staining, Gram’s

staining, acid – fast staining, capsule staining and spore staining. 5. Motility of bacterial isolates by hanging drop technique. 6. Biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates – Sugar fermentation, IMViC and

catalase test.7. Bacterial growth curve studies. 8. Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion and well

diffusion methods. 9. Determination of minimum inhibition concentration of plant extracts using dilution

technique. 10. Analysis of domestic and industrial effluents – MPN, BOD, COD and DO. 11. Determination of microbiological quality of milk - MBRT / Resazurin. 12. Isolation of ethyl methane sulphate (EMS) mutants by gradient plate method

Cell Biology

1. Identification of nuclei by DAPI staining2. Identification of different stages of mitosis in onion root tip3. Identification of different stages of meiosis in onion flower bud

Recommended Books:

1. Microbiology: A laboratory manual by Cappuccino and Sherman, Pearson Education, 6th Ed.

2. Laboratory experiments in Microbiology by M.Gopal Reddy, M.N. Reddy, D.V.R.Saigopal and K.V.Mallaiah. Himalaya publishing house

3. Miocrobiology: A laboratory manual by S.M.Reddy and S.Ram Reddy, Sri Padmavathi publications. 3rd Ed.

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M.Sc. (BIOCHEMISTRY) - II SEMESTER

SBC 702: ENZYMOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY


UNIT - I

Nature and remarkable properties of enzymes, classification and nomenclature of enzymes, Factors affecting enzyme activity. Active site - Common features and chemical modifications of active site groups. Nature of catalysis - acid-base, covalent and metal ion catalysis. Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin and lysozyme.

UNIT - II

Enzyme kinetics: Concept of ES complex, derivation of Michaelis – Menten equation for uni -substrate reaction. Determination of Km and Vmax and their significance. Importance of Kcat/Km. Classification of multi-substrate reactions with examples.

UNIT – III

Enzyme inhibition: Reversible – Competitive, non-competitive and un-competitive mode of enzyme inhibition. Irreversible – adduct formation, transition state and substrate analogs (suicide inhibition). Product and substrate inhibition. Feedback inhibition, Determination of Ki by Dixon plot.

UNIT – IV

Enzyme regulation: Covalent modification - glutamine synthetase, glycogen phosphorylase and digestive proteases. Allosteric enzymes, Cooperativity with special reference to ATCase and PFK. Model of allosteric enzymes. Hill and Scatchard plots. Multienzyme complex -Mechanism of action and regulation of PDH.

UNIT – V

Immobilized enzymes: Properties, physical and chemical methods of immobilization, Factors affecting kinetics of immobilized enzymes, Applications in industry and medicine. Synzymes, abzymes and their applications. Ribozyme.

Recommended Books:

1. Fundamentals of Enzymology by Nicoles C. Price and Lewis Stevens, Oxford Uni. Press.

2. Understanding Enzymes by Trevor Palmer, Harvard publishing 3. Biochemistry by Voet and Voet, John Wiley and Sons, 3rd Ed.4. Biochemistry by Stryer, WH Freeman and CO. 4th Ed.5. Biochemistry by Lehninger, Kalyani Publishers.

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SBC 704: METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS


UNIT -I

Glucose transporters. Glycolysis and its regulation. TCA cycle - function and regulation. Glyoxylate cycle, Gluconeogenesis and its regulation, HMP shunt and its significance. Uronic acid pathway, Glycogen metabolism and its regulation. Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism.

UNIT -II

General metabolic reactions of amino acids. Ketogenic and glycogenic amino acids. Formation of creatine, ammonia and urea. Regulation of urea cycle. Biosynthesis and regulation of branched chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, histidine and methionine. Inborn errors of protein metabolism.

UNIT -III

Oxidation of fatty acids. Formation and utilization of ketone bodies. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and regulation. Biosynthesis of triglycerides, metabolism of phospholipids and sphingolipids. Biosynthesis of cholesterol and its regulation. Metabolism of arachidonic acids - formation of prostaglandins, thrombaoxanes, leukotrienes. Inborn errors of lipid metabolism.

UNIT -IV

Biosynthesis and degradation of purines and pyrimidines and their regulation. Structure and regulation of ribonucleotide reductase. Biosynthesis of ribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleotides and inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis. Inborn errors of nucleic acid metabolism.Biosynthesis and degradation of heme.

UNIT -V

Principles of bioenergetics: Free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Redox potential. Oxidation and reduction reactions. Phosphate group transfer potential of ATP and high energy compounds. Mitochondrial electron transport system - organization of components and importance, inhibitors of ETC. Mechanism and theories of oxidative phosphorylation and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.

Recommended Books:

1. Text book of Biochemistry by West and Todd, Oxford and IBH, 4th Ed. 2. Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson cox, Freeman, 4th Ed. 3. Biochemistry by Voet and Voet, John Wiley and Sons, 3rd Ed.4. Outlines of Biochemistry by Conn and Stumpf, John Wiley and sons, 5th Ed. 5. Biochemistry by Matthews, PSN, 3rd Ed.6. Biochemistry by Lehninger, Kalyani Publishers, 2nd Ed.7. Biochemistry by Stryer, WH Freeman and CO, 4th Ed.

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SBC 706: SYSTEMS PHYSIOLOGY


UNIT-I

Haemopoiesis, Composition of blood, properties and functions of plasma proteins, Coagulation of blood and fibrinolysis. Mechanism of respiration – Haemoglobin, transport and exchange of gases. Regulation of respiration.

UNIT-II

Structure of nephron, physiology of kidney - urine formation, concentration and excretion. Homeostasis - regulation of electrolytes, water and acid-base balance in the body. Physiology of heart, cardiac cycle. Reproductive processes - gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation.

UNIT-III

Structure of neuron and synapse. Origin of membrane potential, propagation of nerve impulse in unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibres, Synaptic transmission of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings. Neurotransmitters. Biochemistry of vision. Types of muscles, structure and organization of muscle cell. Molecular organization of contractile systems. Molecular mechanisms and Biochemical changes associated with muscle contraction and relaxation.

UNIT – IV

Endocrine glands. Functions and abnormalities of Pituitary hormones, Chemistry, biochemical functions and abnormalities of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and gonadal hormones. Biochemical functions of gastrointestinal, pancreatic and renal hormones. General mechanism of hormone action.

UNIT – V

Mechanism of photophosphorylation. Biochemistry of RuBISCO. Mechanism of CO2 fixation in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Photorespiration. Phytochromes - Structure and role in developmental response and seed germination. Structure and mechanism of action of auxins in cell extension, gibberellins, abscisic acid and cytokinin in seed germination and dormancy. Mechanism of nitrogen fixation, NIF genes and their regulation. Role of phenolics, alkaloids, terpenes, lectins and antioxidant enzyme systems in plant defense mechanisms. Mechanism of biotic and abiotic stress factors –pathogens, insects, heat shock, drought and salinity.

Recommended Books:

1. Textbook of human Physiology by Guyton, Elesvier,11th Ed.2. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam, Prema Sembulingam, Jaypee,

2nd Ed.3. Textbook of Biochemistry & Human Biology by G.P.Talwar PHI, 3rd Ed. 4. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry by M.N.Chatterjee, Jaypee 6th Ed. 5. Molecular Endocrinology by Bolander, Elsevier 3rd Ed.

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SBC 708: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY


UNIT I

Nature of genetic material. Organization of genetic material in prokaryotes & Eukaryotes. Fine structure of gene. Different kinds of genes. Gene amplification. Polytene chromosomes. C -value paradox. Mitochondrial and plastid genomes.

UNIT-II

DNA Replication: DNA polymerases of Prokaryotes. Enzymes involved in DNA replication. Mechanism of replication in prokaryotes. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Mechanism of replication in eukaryotes.

UNIT-III

Transcription: Prokaryotic RNA polymerase. Nature of prokaryotic promoters. Mechanism of prokaryotic transcription. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases. Nature of eukaryotic promoters, Mechanism of eukaryotic transcription. Inhibitors of transcription. Post transcriptional processing of rRNA, mRNA and tRNA. Processing of tRNA. RNA editing, transport.

UNIT –IV

Translation: General features of genetic code and elucidation of genetic code. Structural components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. Mechanism of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Translational control in eukaryotes. Protein synthesis inhibitors. Protein processing and targeting.

UNIT - V

Prokaryotic gene regulation: Structure and function of Lac and Trp operons. Lytic and lysogenic phases of Bacteriophage λ life cycle. Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.Eukaryotic gene regulation: Steroid hormone induced gene expression. Role of chromatin in eukaryotic gene regulation. Cis-trans elements, DNA methylation, chromatin remodelling. Environmental gene regulation. RNAi & gene regulation.

Recommended Books:

1. Molecular Biology of the gene by Watson, Pearson, 5th Ed.2. Molecular Biology of the cell by Alberts, Garland science, 4th Ed.3. Biochemistry by Matthews, Pearson, 3rd Ed.4. Biochemistry by Voet and Voet, John Wiley and sons, 3rd Ed.5. Molecular cell Biology by Lodish, Freeman, 6th Ed.6. Principles of Biochemistry by Nelson cox. PALG, 4th Ed.7. Biochemistry by L.Stryer, Freeman, 5th Ed.8. Molecular Biology by Robert F.Weaver, Mc Graw Hill

19

OPEN ELECTIVE

(To be chosen from University Pool of Open Electives)


20


SBC 722: ENZYMOLOGY LAB


1. Assay of acid phosphatase in crude potato extract2. Effect of time course on phosphatase activity3. Effect of pH on phosphatase activity4. Effect of temperature on phosphatase activity5. Effect of substrate concentration on phosphatase activity and determination of

Michaelis – Menton constant6. Determination of Ki of acid phosphatase7. Determination of trypsin activity8. Effect of irreversible inhibitor (PMSF) on trypsin activity.9. Effect of PCMB on papain activity.10. Assay of Succinate dehydrogenase11. Effect of competitive inhibitor (malonate) on Succinate dehydrogenase activity12. Assay of RNase/DNase13. Assay of catalase by titrimetric/spectrophotometric method14. Assay of urease from Jack bean/ horse gram15. Immobilization of amylase by sodium alginate

Recommended Books:

1. Experimental Biochemistry: A student companion by Beedu Sashidhar Rao and Vijay Deshpande, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Laboratory Manunal in Biochemistry by Jayaraman, New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Introductory practical biochemistry by SK Sawhney & Randhir singh. Narosa publications.

4. Biochemical methods by S Sadasivan & A Manickam. New Age international publishers

21


SBC 724: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB


1. Isolation of DNA from plant tissue/animal cells and determination of its purity2. Quantification of isolated DNA by spectrophotometeric method3. Isolation of plasmid DNA from bacteria and determination of its purity4. Quantification of isolated plasmid DNA by spectrophotometeric method5. Estimation of DNA using Diphenylamine reagent6. Determination of Tm of DNA & estimation of G+C content7. DNA electrophoresis in agarose gel8. Isolation of RNA from Yeast and determination of its purity 9. Quantification of isolated RNA by spectrophotometeric method10. Estimation of RNA using Orcinol reagent11. RNA electrophoresis in formaldehyde-agarose gel 12. Effect of UV radiation on the survival of E.coli13. Study of repair mechanism by photoreactivation in E.coli after UV irradiation

Recommended Books:

1. Lab manual in Biochemistry by J. Jayaraman, Wiley Eastern Limited2. Biochemistry – a lab course by J.M. Becker, Academic Press3. Experimental Biochemistry: A student companion by Beedu Sashidhar Rao and Vijay

Deshpande, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.4. Biochemical methods by S Sadasivan and A Manickam. New Age international

publishers

22

M.Sc. (BIOCHEMISTRY) - III SEMESTER

SBC 801: IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY


UNIT-I

Types of immunity - Innate and Adaptive immunity. Structure and functions of Cells and organs of immune system- Thymus, Bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes, T cells, B cells and their receptors. B and T cell ontogeny. Antigens - types of antigens, Haptens and specificity of immune response. Superantigens. Adjuvants.

UNIT-II

Antigen presenting cells, Processing and presentation of antigens, Clonal selection of lymphocytes. Humoral and cell - mediated responses. Cytokines, Interleukins and Interferons –their role in immune response. Major Histocompatibility Complex - H-2, HLA, MHC restriction and its role in immune response. MHC polymorphism

UNIT-III

Immunoglobulin classes and biological activities. Structure of immunoglobulins. Isotypes, Allotypes and Idiotypes. Immunoglobulin genes and antibody diversity. Complement components and biological consequences of Complement activation. Antigen -Antibody interactions - Precipitation reactions - Immunodiffusion, Radial Immunodiffusion, double immunodiffusion. Agglutination reactions - Hemagglutination and Complement fixation.

UNIT-IV

Hypersensitivity: Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Immuodeficiencies -SCID and AIDS. Autoimmunity and breakdown of self - tolerance. organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. Immunological tolerance and immunosuppression. Tumour immunology - Tumour antigens, Immunological surveillance of cancer. Transplantation immunology.

UNIT-V

Immunoelectrophoresis, Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis, Immunoflourescence, FACS, RIA, ELISA, Immunoblotting. Hybridoma technology - Monoclonal antibodies and their applications. Vaccines - Vaccine production, Conventional and new generation vaccine technology, DNA vaccines, Recombinant vaccines, edible vaccines.

Recommended Books:

1. Immunology by Janis Kuby. Freeman and Co., 5th Ed.2. Essential Immunology by Ivan Roitt, Blackwell Science, 9th Ed.3. Introduction to Veterinary Immunology by Tizard,Harcourt Publishers Ltd, 2nd Ed.4. Immunology: Essential and Fundamental by Pathak, N.H. Science Publishers 2nd Ed.5. Introduction to Immunology by Fahim Khan, Pearson

23


SBC 803: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND CANCER BIOLOGY


UNIT – I

Disorders of gastric function, methods of evaluation. Pancreatic exocrine disorders - common pancreatic diseases, steatorrhea, malabsorption syndromes. Pancreatic endocrine disorders -Diabetis mellitus, hypoglycemia. Glucose Tolerance Test.

UNIT –II

Plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in health and disease, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, Abetalipoproteinemia. Clinical features of atherosclerosis. Enzyme patterns in acute pancreatitis, liver damage, bone disorders, myocardial infarction and muscle wasting. Disorders of erythrocyte metabolism –hemoglobinopathies, thalassemias and anemias. Blood clotting - hemorrhagic disorders.

UNIT – III

Liver function tests, liver diseases - Jaundice, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, Gallstones, Fatty liver.Detoxification mechanism. Kidney function tests, Renal disorders.

UNIT – 1V

Carcinogenesis - Mechanism of chemical, radiation and viral induced carcinogenesis. Influence of sex hormones on carcinogenesis. Oncogenes (c-Myc) and tumor suppressor genes (p53). Pattern of cyclin and CDK activity in cell cycle, Mechanism of CDK regulation. Role of check points in cell cycle.

UNIT – V

Tumor formation - initiation, promotion and progression. Epithelial and mesenchymal transition. Biochemical characteristics of tumor metastasis. Biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis and angiogenesis. Growth factor signaling. MAP kinase cascade. Role of siRNA and microRNA in control of cancer.

Recommended Books:

1. Biochemical aspects of human disease by RS Elkeles and AS.Tavil, Blackwell Scientific publications.

2. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry by M. N. Chatterjee, Jaypee, 6th Ed.3. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical corelationships by Devlin, JOHN publishers,

6th Ed.4. Textbook of Biochemistry by S. Nagini, Scitech publishers.5. Clinical biochemistry by S. Ramakrishna and Rajiswami.6. Biochemistry of cancer, by Jesse Philip Greenstein, Academic Press.7. The Biology of Cancer by Janice Gabriel, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2nd Ed. 8. Cancer Biology by Raymond W. Ruddon, Oxford University Press Inc., 4th Ed.

24


SBC 805: GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BASIC BIOINFORMATICS


UNIT – I

Outlines of recombinant DNA technology. Restriction endonucleases, RFLP, restriction maps. Mapping genes – chromosomal walking, chromosomal jumping. Isolation of gene fragments using restriction endonucleases, cDNA, PCR, RACE PCR. Chemical synthesis of genes. Ligation of fragments.

UNIT – II

Cloning vectors – plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, Ti - plasmid. Expression vectors, Construction of gene libraries – cDNA library, genomic library, YAC, BAC library. Cloning strategies – shot gun experiments, cDNA cloning in bacteria. Screening of libraries

UNIT – III

Gene transfer techniques: Biological delivery systems - Agrobacterium tumefaciens, SV40, Retroviral systems, Artificial delivery systems - Gene gun, Microinjection, Lipofection, Electroporation, Ca - DNA coprecipitation. Identification of recombinants. Expression of cloned genes in bacteria, plant and animal cells. Blot analysis - Southern, Northern and Western blot, dot and slot blot.

UNIT - VI

Introduction to Bioinformatics: Scope of computers in Biological research, Biological Data and types, Literature databases: PubMed, PubMed Central, Public Library of Sciences (PloS), Nucleic acid databases - NCBI, EBI and DDBJ.

UNIT – V

Protein databases – Uniprot, PDB, SCOP, CATH, Specialized databases: Metabolic pathway databases - KEGG, BioCyc, Protein - protein interaction databases - STRING, Database Searches: BLAST & FASTA.

Recommended Books:

1. Human Molecular Genetics by Tom Strachan and Andrew Read, Taylor & Francis Publisher, 3rd Ed.

2. Principles of gene manipulation & genomics by Primrose & Twyman, Oxford, 7th Ed. 3. Molecular cell biology by Lodish, Freeman, 6th Ed.4. Molecular Biotechnology - Principles and applications of Recombinant DNA by Glick,

2nd Ed.5. Introduction to Bioinformatics – Arthur M. Lesk, 3rd Ed.6. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics – Jonathan Pevsner, 2nd Ed.7. Essential Bioinformatics – Jin Xiong.8. Essentials of Database Management Systems – Alexis and Mathews.

25


SBC 807: STEM CELL BIOLOGY AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY


UNIT - I

Stem cell Biology: Characteristic features of stem cells. Types of stem cells. Identification and culture of embryonic and adult stem cells. Isolation of embryonic stem cells from cord blood and their preservation. Role of stem cells in diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, cancer.

UNIT - II

Gene therapy: Methods of gene therapy. Delivery systems for gene therapy. Design and applications of anti-sense RNA, siRNA and microRNA in gene silencing.

UNIT - III

Translational research - Overview and phases of translational research. Importance of translational research in diabetes and prostate cancer.

UNIT - VI

Nanobiotechnology: Nanoparticles – metal based, lipid based and polymer based. Role of nanosized carriers and nanoparticles in drug delivery. Nanotubes and nanowires.

UNIT – V

Nanoparticles in imaging. Nanobiotechnology in gene therapy, tissue engineering and transplantation. Future prospects of nanobiotechnology. Nanotoxicity

Recommended Books: 1. Stem cell biology and Gene therapy, Peter J Quesen Berryr , Willey – Less.2. Essentials of Stem Cell Biology by Robert Lanza and Anthony Atala, Elsevier3. Stem Cells: From Basic Research to Therapy, Volume 1: Basic Stem Cell Biology,

Tissue Formation during Development, and Model Organisms by Federico Calegari, Claudia Waskow, Taylor and Francis group.

26

OPEN ELECTIVE

(To be chosen from University Pool of Open Electives)


27


SBC 821: IMMUNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING LAB


Immunology

1. Determination of human ABO and Rh blood groups 2. Determination of nature of antigen using Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion assay 3. Quantification of Antigens by Radial Immunodiffusion 4. Partial purification of human Immunoglobulin by Ammonium sulphate precipitation 5. Detection of antibodies in serum against Salmonella antigen by Widal test 6. Detection of antibodies in serum against Treponema antigen by VDRL test 7. Detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine for Pregnancy 8. Techniques of Immunization and bleeding in inbred mice 9. Production of polyclonal response against BSA 10. Immunoprecipitation and Precipitin curve 11. Separation of antibody in serum by immunoelectrophoresis 12. Quantification of antigen by Rocket immunoelectrophoresis 13. Determination of antibody concentration by ELISA 14. Detection of protein by Western blotting

Genetic Engineering

1. Construction of restriction map using restriction enzymes 2. Ligation of restricted DNA fragments 3. DNA finger printing using RFLP and RAPD techniques 4. Amplification of DNA using specific and random primers by PCR 5. Preparation of competent E.coli cells, transformation and expression of cloned gene 6. Agrobacterium – mediated gene transfer into plants 7. Expression of transferred gene in bacteria (LacZ) and plants (GUS) 8. Dot / Southern Blot for identification of abiotic stress tolerant gene

Recommended Books:

1. Biotechnology: A laboratory course by Becker J.M. 2. Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual Vals. 1-3, Sambrook, J. 3. Lab manual in Biochemistry by J. Jayaraman, Wiley Eastern Limited 4. Biochemistry – A lab course by J. M. Becker, Academic Press.

28


SBC 823: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND CANCER BIOLOGY LAB


Clinical Biochemistry

1. Collection and preservation of clinical samples2. Estimation of blood glucose by enzymatic method3. Estimation of glycosylated hemoglobin 4. Estimation of Fibrinogen in plasma5. Prothrombin time.6. Total proteins, albumins and globulins 7. Lipid profile8. Determination of serum Creatine and Creatinine9. Determination of Uric acid in serum 10. Determination of serum Bilirubin11. Determination of SGOT 12. Determination of SGPT13. Determination of serum Acid Phosphatase14. Determination of serum Alkaline Phosphatase15. Determination of serum LDH16. Determination of serum Chlorides 17. Determination of serum Calcium16. Qualitative tests and microscopic examination of urine 17. Glucose Tolerance Test (Group experiment)

Cancer Biology

1. Study of cancer cell morphology 2. Determination of Cell proliferation by MTT assay3. Determination of Cell Viability by Tryphan blue exclusion test 4. Analysis of cell cycle by flow cytometry5. Demonstration of cell migration by wound healing assay

Recommended Books:

1. Practical Clinical Biochemistry by Harold Varley.2. Experimental Biochemistry by Beedu Sashidhar Rao and Vijay Deshpande, IKI

Pvt. Ltd.3. Cell Death techniques; A Laboratory Manual by Rickey John Stone and John

Silke, Coldspring Harbor Press.

29

M.Sc. (BIOCHEMISTRY) - IV SEMESTER

SBC 802: BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY AND BIOETHICS


UNIT – I

Fermentation technology - surface, submerged and continuous culture techniques. Design and operation of fermentors, Agitation and Aeration, selection and growth of microorganisms in controlled environments, medium development. Downstream processing, Strategies for improvement and maintenance of the industrial strains, Bioreactors.

UNIT – II

Production of fermented milks, cheese, alcoholic beverages and breads. Fermentativeproduction of penicillin, citric acid, amylase, glutamic acid, Vitamins B12 and vitamin C.

UNIT – III

Microbial transformation - types, techniques and commercial applications, Bioleaching and biosorption, Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Biomass and Bioenergy, Biopolymers and Biosurfactants.

UNIT – IV

Sewage water treatment - primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. Principle, types and applications of biosensors. Biofertilizers - Aneabena, Azolla, Biocontrol agents- Insecticidal toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis.

UNIT – V

Bioethicals and Biosafety, biosafety guideline and regulations, animals in research, Legal and socio-economic impacts of Biotechnology, Ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) of HGP. Bioethics in biodiversity. Ethics in clinical trials. Intellectual property rights and protections for biological inventions. Patent and process involved in patenting.

Recommended Books:

1. Industrial Microbiology by Prescott, CBS Publishers, 4th Ed.2. Biotechnology by Crueger, PANI Publishhers. 3. Principles of Fermentation Technology by Stanbury 4. Industrial Microbiology by A.H.Patel

30


SBC 822: BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY LAB


1. Fermentative production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger2. Quantification of citric acid produced by fermentation3. Fermentative production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis4. Quantification of amylase produced by fermentation5. Fermentative production of Glutamic acid by Brevibacterium6. Quantification of Glutamic acid produced by fermentation7. Fermentative production of fruit wine from black grapes8. Quantification of fruit wine and calculation of fermentation efficiency 9. Production of Biofertilizer using Azolla / Nostoc10. Production of Biofertilizer using Trichoderma

Recommended Books:

1. A manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology by Demain A.L. 2. Immobilization of enzymes and cells: Methods in Biotechnology by Bickerstaff G.F.

M.Sc. Biochemistry (IV Semester)

SBC 894: PROJECT WORK AND SEMINAR

31

GENERIC ELECTIVES


SBC 442: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CANCER


UNIT- I

Overview of cancer – Biochemical characteristics of human cancer, types of cancer, causes of cancer. Mechanism of cancer formation.

UNIT - II

Metastases - Sign and symptoms of metastasis, molecular mechanism of metastasis. Factors involved in tumor angiogenesis, mechanism of angiogenesis.

UNIT - III

Growth control - General Features of apoptosis, Molecular mechanism of apoptosis, regulation of apoptosis - caspases and Bcl2 family proteins. Significance of apoptosis.

UNIT - IV

Cancer Stem cells - General characteristics and Markers of cancer stem cells, Mechanism of Self renewal, deregulation of self renewal. Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog signaling.

UNIT -V

Cancer therapy – Principle and mode of action of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and Surgery.

Recommended Books:

1. An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Oxford Medical publications.

2. The Biology of Cancer, Janice Gabriel, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2nd Ed3. Cancer Biology, Raymond W. Ruddon, Oxford University Press, Inc., 4th Ed4. Introduction to Cancer Biology, Momna Hejmadi, Ventus Publishers 5. Molecular Biology of Human Cancers, Wolfgang Arthur Schulz, Springer Science,

Business Media, Inc.

32


SBC 844: ADVANCED CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY


UNIT-I

Processes of aging and biochemical alteration, DNA damage, protein oxidation and axonal transport in aging.Alzheimer’s disease: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, APP, ApoE, PS2, tau protein, risk factors and therapeutic approaches. Parkinson’s disease: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches.

UNIT-II

Adipose tissue anomalies. Genetic basis of familial obesity, effects of neuropeptides and leptin in nutrient partitioning. Obesity related derangements in metabolic regulation. Therapeutic approaches

UNIT-III

Diseases of cardiovascular system - myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, rheumatic and congenital heart disease, Risk factors.Renal diseases: Nephrotic syndrome, Acute and Chronic renal failure - diagnostic procedures and dietary management. Dialysis, medical and nutritional therapy.

UNIT-IV

Reproductive disorders (male and female), influence of various factors in reproduction with special reference to role of prostaglandins and gonadotrophins. Methods of birth control and possible biochemical consequences thereof. Biochemical markers in infertility disorders.

UNIT-V

Diagnosis of genetic diseases by molecular biology techniques (cystic fibrosis,Hemachromatosis, thalassemias, sickle cell diseases) DNA probes; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); polymerase chain reaction (PCR); amplification of mRNA. Oncogenic enzymology - acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase. Body fluid constituents of use in oncology

Recommended Books:

1. Clinical Biochemistry – Metabolic and Clinical aspects by William J. Marshall andStephen K. Angert.

2. Harper’s Biochemistry, Lange Publishers, 27th Ed. 3. Text book of Medical Physiology by Guyton, Elesvier, 11th Ed.4. Text book of Physiology by Burn and levy. 5. Biochemistry with clinical correlation by Thomas Devlin. 6. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease by John Stanbury, 5th Ed.7. Teitz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry by C.A.Burtis and Ashwood.8. Principles of Internal Medicines by Harrison.T. R.

33


SBC 846: STRESS BIOLOGY OF PLANTS


UNIT – I

Biotic stress – pathogen and herbivore attack. Structural Defenses - Plant cell, Plant Tissues and Specialized Appendages; Chemical Defenses – Phenolics, Tannins, Lignin, Furanocoumarins. Nitrogen Compounds – Alkaloids, Cyanogenic glycosides. Proteins and Enzymes – Defensins, Digestive enzyme inhibitors, Protease inhibitors, Hydrolytic enzymes. Additional Plant Defenses

UNIT – II

Defense signalling pathways – signaling molecules - salicylic acid, jasmonic acid or ethylene. systemic acquired resistance, Wound response pathway, Cross - talk between defense signalling pathways.

UNIT – III

Abiotic stress – Heat stress, cold (freezing) stress, salt and drought conditions. Signal Sensing, Perception and Transduction - Receptor Molecules/Osmosensors, Phospholipid-Cleaving Enzymes, Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Ca2+ Sensors

UNIT – IV

Stress - Responsive Mechanisms – Detoxification, Chaperoning, Late Embryogenesis Abundant Protein Functions, Osmoprotection, Water and Ion Movement

UNIT – V

Engineering Tolerance in Plants using transgenic approaches. Disease and pest resistance. Salinity and drought tolerance – Osmoprotectants, Transporter Genes, Detoxifying Genes.

Recommended Books:

1. Plant physiology and Development by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Ziegler, Ian M. Moller and Angus Murphy, Sinauer Associates, 6th Ed.

2. Plant physiology by Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Ziegler, Sinauer Associates3. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of plants by Bob Buchanan, Wilhelm Gruissem

and Russell Jones, Wiley Group

34


SBC 848: DRUG DESIGNING


UNIT-I

Introduction to Drugs: Drug discovery and Design – A historical outline, Leads and Analogues. Sources of leads and drugs, Methods and Routes of Administration.

UNIT-II

Drugs: Classification, Action on receptors, enzymes and nucleic acids, Drugs affecting-Central Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, hormonal System, Immune System.Chemotherapeutic agents. ADMET properties.

UNIT-III

Computational Drug Design: Introduction, Virtual Screening, SBDD, LBDD, de novo, Molecular Docking – Docking problem, Docking process, Search algorithms, Scoring functions, Validation, Methods of docking.

UNIT-IV

Rational Drug Designing: Introduction, Target Identification, Lead Identification, Lead Optimization – Structure activity relationships (SAR).

UNIT-V

QSAR: Parameters, Descriptors, Analysis and Case study, 3D-QSAR, Toxicology studies, Preclinical and Clinical trails, FDA registration.

Recommended Books:

1. Medicinal Chemistry – Gareth Thomas, 2nd Ed. 2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry – Lemke and Williams, 6th Ed. 3. Computational Drug Design – David C. Young.

35

OPEN ELECTIVES OFFERED BY DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRYAND BIOINFORMATICS

III SEMESTER

SOE 843: PATHOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER


UNIT I

Etiology - Characteristics of human cancer, causes of cancer. Prevalence of cancer. Benign and malignant tumors. Cancer metastasis.

UNIT II

Types of cancer - Carcinoma, Sarcoma, Lymphoma and Blastoma. General characteristics of breast, cervical, prostate, oral and brain cancers.

UNIT III

Staging: staging types - Clinical and pathological staging, staging systems - TNM system. Grading – general and specific systems.

UNIT IV

Diagnosis - Blood Tests, Biopsy, Diagnostic Imaging - X-rays, CAT scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mammography.

UNIT V

Treatment - Principles of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy and stem cell therapy. Surgical treatment.

Recommended Books:

1. Molecular Pathology and Diagnostics of Cancer (Cancer Growth and Progression), Domenico Coppola, Springer.

2. An Introduction to Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Oxford Medical publications.

3. The Biology of Cancer, Janice Gabriel, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2nd Ed.4. Cancer Biology, Raymond W. Ruddon, Oxford University Press, Inc., 4th Ed.5. Introduction to Cancer Biology, Momna Hejmadi, Ventus Publishers.6. Molecular Biology of Human Cancers, Wolfgang Arthur Schulz, Springer Science,

Business Media, Inc.

36

SOE 845: FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOINFORMATICS


UNIT-I

Introduction to bioinformatics: Scope of computers in Biological research, Biological Data, Retrieving and analyzing the data, Nature and Types of Biological Data, Explosion of biological data.

UNIT-II

Literature databases: PubMed, BioMed Central, Public Library of Sciences (PloS), CiteXplore.

UNIT-III

Nucleic acid databases - NCBI, EBI and DDBJ, EST, STS, GSS, Gene expression databases, RNA databases, Genome databases. Protein databases – Uniprot, PDB, SCOP, CATH.

UNIT-IV

Specialized databases: Metabolic pathway databases, Signalling pathway databases, Immunological databases, Cell organelle databases, Human genetics databases, Polymorphism databases, Cancer gene databases, Gene-, system- or disease-specific databases.

UNIT-V

Database Searches: Keyword-based Entrez and SRS; Sequence based: BLAST & FASTA; Use of these methods for sequence analysis including the on-line use of the tools and interpretation of results from various sequence and structural as well as bibliographic databases.

Recommended Books:

1. Introduction to Bioinformatics – Arthur M. Lesk, 3rd Ed.2. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics – Jonathan Pevsner, 2nd Ed.3. Essential Bioinformatics – Jin Xiong.4. Essentials of Database Management Systems – Alexis and Mathews.

REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS of - Gitam University · Admission into M.Sc. Biochemistry will be based...

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