Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle Advanced Biochemistry for Biotechnology,
Regulation of Calvin cycle
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Transcript of Regulation of Calvin cycle
![Page 1: Regulation of Calvin cycle](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062321/5681334c550346895d9a51b1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regulation of Calvin cycle
Rubisco is a prime target for regulation
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Activation of rubisco by carbamate
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Rubisco is activated by carbamylation
CO2 concentration?
pH?
Mg2+ concentration?
Alkaline pH favors
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fig20-34
high light
Stroma pHAnd Mg2+
conditions regulate stromal FBP-1
Activation of Rubisco
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Redox regulation of Calvin cycle with Thioredox: Activation of enzymes by regulating redox states of a disulfide bond
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fig20-36
high light Th-SHenz
activity
redox regulation of Calvin cycle enzymes via thioredoxin
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Coordination of the light and dark reactions
Electron transfer
Reduced ferrodoxin
Thioredoxin
Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes
Light reactions
Dark reactions
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Coordination of the light and dark reactions
Electron transfer
Reduced ferrodoxin
Thioredoxin
Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes
Light reactions
Dark reactions
pHMg2+
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Fat Metabolism
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Americans are getting fatter, so do the people in other developed countries
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Triacylglycerol: Fatty acids and glycerol
Also called triglycerides or neutral fats
Fatty acids
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Various lipids
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Dietary fats form micelles with the help of Bile salts
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Lipases release fatty acids and monoacylglycerol
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Transport lipids in Chylomicrons
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from McDonalds to Metabolism…
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Summary of dietary lipids processing
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Molecular structure of Chylomicrons
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Mobilization of the stored Triacylglycerol in adipose tissue
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Transport fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle or other tissue
Serum albumin
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Fatty acids and glycerol are the products from lipase cleavage
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Fate of glycerol
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Physiological roles for fatty acids
Building blocks for phosphalipis and glycolipids
Covalent modification of proteins
Fuel
Precursor for hormones and signaling molecules
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Fatty acids are oxidized in matrix of mitochondria
Activation and transport fatty acids to mitochondria
Three enzymatic reactions:
Acyl CoA synthetase
Carnitine acyl transferase I
Carnitine acyl transferase II
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Activates fatty acid to form Acyl CoA
Driving by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
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Transport Fatty acids into mitochondria
Carnitine acyltransferase I
Carnitine acyltransferase II
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Formation of Acyl carnitine
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Normally, the transfer of an acyl group from an alcohol to sulfhyfryl group is thermodynamically unfavorable
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Four basic steps in -oxidation
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Recurring metabolic motifs
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Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: an enzyme similar to succinate dehydrogenase
The enzyme is located on the inner membrane
The product is always trans
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fig19-8
Complex II succinate dehydrogenase
Electron-transferring flavoprotein
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Enoyl-CoA hydratase: similar to fumarase
Always L configuration
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B-hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase: similar to malate dehydrogenase
Only use L type of substrate
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Thiolase
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-oxidation challenges
monounsaturated FA
polyunsaturated FA
odd-carbon FA
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An isomerase is needed for unsaturated
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-oxidation ofpolyunsaturatedfatty acids
fig17-10
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-oxidation ofpolyunsaturatedfatty acids
fig17-10
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A reductase and an isomerase
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Odd-chain fatty acids yield propionyl CoA
Propionyl CoA carboxylase: biotin Mutase
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the coenzyme B12 reaction
box17-2
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Ketosis and ketone bodies
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Synthesis of ketone bodies
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Ketone bodies can be regarded as a water-soluble, transportable form of acetyl units,
provide alternative fuels
Ketone bodies are produced in liver and are a major source of energy for some tissues
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From ketone bodies to acetyl CoA
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Unselfish liver
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Diabetes and starvation leads to ketosis