Regulating Systems Week 3 Dr. Walid Daoud As. Professor.

Regulating SystemsRegulating SystemsWeek 3Week 3

Dr. Walid Daoud Dr. Walid Daoud

As. ProfessorAs. Professor

Divisions of Autonomic Nervous SystemDivisions of Autonomic Nervous System

SympatheticSympatheticParasympatheticParasympathetic

OriginOrigin

DistributionDistribution

Thoraco-lumbarThoraco-lumbar

All T + upper 3 LAll T + upper 3 L

WidespreadWidespread

Cranio-sacralCranio-sacral

III, VII, IX, X + S 2,3,4III, VII, IX, X + S 2,3,4

LocalizedLocalized..

FunctionFunctionCatabolicCatabolicAnabolicAnabolic

Chemical Chemical transmittertransmitter

Adrenergic: Adrenergic: adrenaline and adrenaline and noradrenalinenoradrenaline

CholinergicCholinergic::

Acetyl cholineAcetyl choline

Functions of Sympathetic N.SFunctions of Sympathetic N.S..______________________________________________________

11--Head and neckHead and neck::

. .EyeEye::

- -Motor to dilator pupillae muscleMotor to dilator pupillae muscle..

- - Relaxation of ciliary muscleRelaxation of ciliary muscle..

- - Vasoconstriction of conjunctival vesselsVasoconstriction of conjunctival vessels..

- - Decrease tears secretionDecrease tears secretion..

Functions of Sympathetic N.SFunctions of Sympathetic N.S..____________________________________________________

. .SkinSkin:: - -Secretory to sweat glandsSecretory to sweat glands..

- - Vasoconstriction of cutaneous vesselsVasoconstriction of cutaneous vessels.. - - Contraction of piloerector muscleContraction of piloerector muscle

. .Salivary glandsSalivary glands:: Trophic secretion of salivaTrophic secretion of saliva..

. .Cerebral circulationCerebral circulation;; Increase cerebral blood flow due to anIncrease cerebral blood flow due to an

increase in arterial blood pressureincrease in arterial blood pressure . .

Functions of Sympathetic N.SFunctions of Sympathetic N.S..______________________________________________________

22 - -Thoracic visceraThoracic viscera::

. .HeartHeart::

- -Increase all properties of the heartIncrease all properties of the heart..

- - Vasodiltation of coronary blood vesselsVasodiltation of coronary blood vessels..

. .LungsLungs::

- -Dilatation of all bronchial treeDilatation of all bronchial tree..

- - Vasoconstriction of pulmonary vesselsVasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels..

Functions of Sympathetic N.SFunctions of Sympathetic N.S..________________________________________________________

33 - -Abdominal visceraAbdominal viscera::

. .GIT:GIT: Inhibition of smooth muscles ofInhibition of smooth muscles of

stomach to proximal part of large intestine. stomach to proximal part of large intestine. Vasoconstriction to their arterioles Vasoconstriction to their arterioles..

Motor to sphinctersMotor to sphincters..

. .Liver:Liver: Stimulation of glycogenolysisStimulation of glycogenolysis..

. .Spleen:Spleen: Contraction of splenic capsuleContraction of splenic capsule..

. .Adrenal medulla:Adrenal medulla: Secretes adrenaline and Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline noradrenaline..

Functions of Sympathetic N.SFunctions of Sympathetic N.S..________________________________________________________

44 - -Pelvic visceraPelvic viscera::

. .GIT:GIT: Inhibition of plain muscles of distalInhibition of plain muscles of distal

part of large intestine and rectum andpart of large intestine and rectum and

contraction of internal anal sphinctercontraction of internal anal sphincter..

. .Urinary bladder:Urinary bladder: Inhibition of the wall and Inhibition of the wall and contraction of internal urethral sphincter contraction of internal urethral sphincter..

. .Male genital organs:Male genital organs: Contraction of vasContraction of vas

deference, seminal vesicle and prostatedeference, seminal vesicle and prostate

and vasoconstriction of blood vesselsand vasoconstriction of blood vessels..

Functions of Parasympathetic N.SFunctions of Parasympathetic N.S..__________________________________________________________

11 - -Head and neckHead and neck:: . .Oculomotor nerve IIIOculomotor nerve III::

- -Motor to constrictor pupillae muscleMotor to constrictor pupillae muscle.. - - Contraction of ciliary muscleContraction of ciliary muscle..

. .Facial nerve VIFacial nerve VI:: - -Secretomotor and vasodilator to theSecretomotor and vasodilator to the

submandibular and sublingual salivarysubmandibular and sublingual salivary glands and lacrimal glandsglands and lacrimal glands..

. . Glossopharyngeal nerve IXGlossopharyngeal nerve IX:: Secretomotor and vasodilator to parotidSecretomotor and vasodilator to parotid . .


22--Thoracic & abdominal viscera: Vagus XThoracic & abdominal viscera: Vagus X . Heart. Heart::

- -Inhibit all properties of atrial muscles onlyInhibit all properties of atrial muscles only.. - - Decrease coronary blood flow and O2 usedDecrease coronary blood flow and O2 used

. .LungsLungs:: - -Constriction of airway & dilatation of vesselsConstriction of airway & dilatation of vessels

- -Stimulation of bronchial glandsStimulation of bronchial glands.. . .GIT and gall bladderGIT and gall bladder::

- - Motor to wall & inhibitory to sphincters, down Motor to wall & inhibitory to sphincters, down to proximal part of large intestineto proximal part of large intestine..


33 - -Pelvic visceraPelvic viscera::

. .DefecationDefecation..

. . MicturationMicturation..

. . Erection in malesErection in males..

. . Vasodilatation of female genital organsVasodilatation of female genital organs..

Chemical Transmission at Chemical Transmission at Autonomic JunctionsAutonomic Junctions

________________________________________________________Transmission at the synaptic junctions is Transmission at the synaptic junctions is

chemically mediated betweenchemically mediated between::

- - Pre- and postganglionic neuronsPre- and postganglionic neurons . .

- - Postganglionic neurons and autonomicPostganglionic neurons and autonomic

effector organseffector organs..

Chemical transmittersChemical transmitters::

Acetylcholine and noradrenalineAcetylcholine and noradrenaline..

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine________________________________________________________Chemical transmitter released by cholinergic Chemical transmitter released by cholinergic fibers to stimulate cholinergic receptorsfibers to stimulate cholinergic receptors..

Sites of secretionsSites of secretions::

- -All preganglionic fibers: SympatheticAll preganglionic fibers: Sympathetic

ParasympatheticParasympathetic

Suprarenal medullaSuprarenal medulla

- -All postganglionic parasympathetic fibersAll postganglionic parasympathetic fibers..

- -Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sweat Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to sweat glands & blood vessels of skeletal muscles glands & blood vessels of skeletal muscles . .

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine____________________________________________________

SynthesisSynthesis::

CholineCholine

Acetyl – CoAAcetyl – CoA --------------------------------→ → AcetylcholineAcetylcholine

Acetyl transferaseAcetyl transferase

Acetylcholine is stored in clear vesicles in Acetylcholine is stored in clear vesicles in the termination of cholinergic fibersthe termination of cholinergic fibers

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine________________________________________________________

ReleaseRelease::

The action potential causes release of The action potential causes release of acetylcholine from the vesicles by exocytosisacetylcholine from the vesicles by exocytosis..

RemovalRemoval::

AcetylcholineAcetylcholine

Acetylcholine ----------------→ Choline + AcetateAcetylcholine ----------------→ Choline + Acetate

esteraseesterase

Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)________________________________________________________

Chemical transmitter released by adrenergic Chemical transmitter released by adrenergic fibers to stimulate adrenergic receptorsfibers to stimulate adrenergic receptors..

Sites of secretionSites of secretion::

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers exceptPostganglionic sympathetic fibers except::

- -Secretory fibers to sweat glandsSecretory fibers to sweat glands..

- -Vasodilator cholinergic fibers to bloodVasodilator cholinergic fibers to blood

vessels of skeletal musclesvessels of skeletal muscles..


SynthesisSynthesis::

In terminal ending of adrenergic nerve fiber In terminal ending of adrenergic nerve fiber and secreted from adrenal medulla with and secreted from adrenal medulla with adrenalineadrenaline..

ReleaseRelease::

Nerve impulse stimulate adrenergic fibers to Nerve impulse stimulate adrenergic fibers to release adrenaline by exocytosisrelease adrenaline by exocytosis..


RemovalRemoval::

11 - -Re-uptakeRe-uptake into the adrenergic nerve into the adrenergic nerve

endings (50-80%)endings (50-80%)..

22 - -Diffusion away Diffusion away from the nerve ending into from the nerve ending into body fluids body fluids..

33 - -Destructed by enzymesDestructed by enzymes::..Monoamine oxidase (MAO) on mitochondriaMonoamine oxidase (MAO) on mitochondria

..Catechol-0-methyl-transferase (COMT) in all tissuesCatechol-0-methyl-transferase (COMT) in all tissues

Receptors of Effector OrgansReceptors of Effector Organs______________________________________________________

11 - -Cholinergic receptorsCholinergic receptors::

. .Muscarinic receptorsMuscarinic receptors::

- -All postganglionic parasympathetic NSAll postganglionic parasympathetic NS

- - Postganglionic cholinergic sympathetic NSPostganglionic cholinergic sympathetic NS

. .Nicotinic receptors:Nicotinic receptors: Autonomic ganglia Autonomic ganglia..

22 - -Adrenergic (Alpha & Beta) receptorsAdrenergic (Alpha & Beta) receptors::

- -On surface of effector organ (postsynaptic)On surface of effector organ (postsynaptic)..

- - On postganglionic nerve ending (presynaptic)On postganglionic nerve ending (presynaptic)..

Actions of Post-synaptic Adrenergic ReceptorsActions of Post-synaptic Adrenergic Receptors________________________________________________________________________________

Alpha receptorsAlpha receptors::

11--VasoconstrictionVasoconstriction..

22--Contraction of plain muscles ofContraction of plain muscles of::

Dilator pupillae muscle, sphincters of GITDilator pupillae muscle, sphincters of GIT,,

spleen, internal urethral sphincter, seminal spleen, internal urethral sphincter, seminal vesicles and vas deferens vesicles and vas deferens..

33--Inhibition of plain muscles of intestineInhibition of plain muscles of intestine..

Actions of Post-synaptic Adrenergic ReceptorsActions of Post-synaptic Adrenergic Receptors________________________________________________________________________________

Beta receptorsBeta receptors::

11--Vasodilatation of skeletal blood vessels (Vasodilatation of skeletal blood vessels (ββ2)2)

22--Inhibition of plain muscles ofInhibition of plain muscles of::

Bronchi, GIT, urinary bladder and uterusBronchi, GIT, urinary bladder and uterus..

33--Cardiac acceleration and increased force ofCardiac acceleration and increased force of

contraction of the heart (contraction of the heart (ββ1)1) . .

44--Lipolysis (Lipolysis (ββ1)1) . .

Comparison Between Sympathetic Comparison Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Functionsand Parasympathetic Functions

________________________________________________________

See Page 16 and 17See Page 16 and 17

in the Chapter of Regulating Systemsin the Chapter of Regulating Systems

Regulating Systems Week 3 Dr. Walid Daoud As. Professor.

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