Regional study on small scale agriculture in the NENA region Jacques Marzin CIRAD, Omar Bessaoud...
Transcript of Regional study on small scale agriculture in the NENA region Jacques Marzin CIRAD, Omar Bessaoud...
Regional study on
small scale
agriculture in the
NENA region
Jacques Marzin CIRAD, Omar Bessaoud
CIHEAM-IAMM, Pascal Bonnet CIRAD,
International Coordination Team
FAO Cairo 03-03-2015
Small and Family Farms
study in NENA regions
Part 1. Concepts and approach
Jacques Marzin and Pascal Bonnet (CIRAD),
Omar Bessaoud CIHEAM-IAMM
Département
Environement et SociétéCairo, March 3rd, 2015
Origin of the study
Recent (or not) work on family agriculture from
CIRAD and CIHEAM-IAMM teams
For the IYFF
Maximization of synergies with RI SSA
Introduction (1)
www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe
Some publications
Some publications
RAFAC network
Regional Workshop on FF. FAO-Tunis. Nov. 2013
International Symposium of Montpellier. June 2014
Technical issues are essential, but focusing on SSA and FF imply not to do just business as usual
What are the consequences of the technical recommendations / activities on SSA / FF?
Why consequences of the same technical innovation may be different in different contexts?
So, need to understand if and why the technical issue is a success. Need for concepts and contextualization
Definition issues are important. But, the most important is to know them, rather than getting an unique and universal definition
Introduction (2)
Regional diversity of holding size patterns
in the 81-country subset of FAO-WCA
Size by volumes of sales (USA)
2007 2002
1997
Less than 50 000 US $ / year 78% 79%
76%
Source: USDA, 2009. 2007 Census of Agriculture. United States, 739 p.
With 30% increase in the less than 2500 US$ class and over 65% 500 000 US$
“Family farming can be defined as a form of agricultural operation where the domestic sphere and production activities share organic links, and which mobilizes only
family workers, excluding permanent hired labor”
Source : autors
A global definition and typology
consistent with census and with national strategies
1. Small scale agriculture and family farming
2. Structural change
3. Policy issues
Content
Not one but multiple pathways to increase
income generation:
labor intensification with increasing level of inputs
Diversification of incomes (in and off-farms)
Scale economy : mechanization
Integration of value added at level farm (certification, local transformation and consumption…)
Small family farms (1)
Small and family farms are not just
productive enterprises:
Production, indeed, but not just production.
Consumption, self-consumption, gender and generational issues
Different sources of inputs and destination of outputs
Social community interactions (access to resources)
Small family farms (2)
SSA –FF in the context of the LiveliHood:
Policy instruments that sustain the strategies of households
1. Small scale agriculture and family farming
2. Structural change
3. Policy issues
Content
Common long term dynamic : changes in
the economic specialization
But pathways differ, and challenges have
changed :
Existence of exit options from agriculture
Youth employment issues
Industrialization process change
Services, and RH preparation
Structural change (1)
-1-.
50
.51
4 6 8 10 12LNGDPpc (Constant US$-2000)
Agri. GDP Share (LCU) Agri. Employment Share
Agri. GDP Share (LCU)minusAgri. Employment Share
Timmer 2009
A trend …
… but multiple pathways
Agriculture versus rural approach or farms
versus landscape / territorial approach
Employment is not just and agriculture issue.
Off farms, migrations, mobility
Public investments matter: roads, local
markets, capacity building, provision of public
services …
Structural change (2)
Source: processing of UN data, World Population Prospects, 2010 Revision
South-Est Asia South and central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
05
Billions of young workers arriving on the labor market
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Employment for youth is a huge challenge
ES and agriculture practices:
trade-off and synergies
(Foley et al. 2005 Science)
1. Small scale agriculture and family farming
2. Structural change
3. Policy issues
Content
One doesn’t fit all
Prospective and strategic vision :
what agriculture / population repartition / rural
landscape / natural resources availability do
we want in 20 years?
What are the real dynamics of :
SSA / family farms
Structural change
Policy coherence / diversity of the tools
Policy issues (1)
Family farming and natural resources managementNo evidence of FF good practices, but specific knowledge
Policies options exist:
Specific tools for SSA / FF or not
Different technical pathways (chemical
intensification, GMO, agroecology, organic
agriculture …)
Different organizations of value chain
Policy issues (2)
Many possible policy tools to support small
scale and family producers :
Land and tenure policies
Price policy and regulation
Credit and insurance policies
Extension and regulation / support
Public support to private investments
Public support to producers organizations
Public investments in infrastructure
Policy issues (2)
Thank you so much
Regional study on small scale
agriculture in the NENA region:
Objectives, Results, Approach and
methodology
part 2: methodology, study planning, perspectives
Study In a Nutshell
• National studies Objectives – Gather Knowledge on
characterizing “Small Scale Family Farming SSA, FF”, structural change, public policies (refer to part 1 concepts)
– Identify and Analyze Experiences (projects /stories / case studies) + Policytools/instruments used
– Provide Recommandationsfor further support by PublicPolicy, and MethodologicalGuidelines to replicatingstudies in other contexts
• National studies Steps– Assembling skills
– Launching National workshop on methodology
– Data collection based on stats and documents,
– Interviews and focus groups: identification and analysis of relevant case studies
– Debriefing / Restitution to FAO / National Ministries
– Study Synthesis(comparative)
Steps
• Conceptual framework– Development 2014-2015
– Sharing in meeting held in Cairo, 2015 March 2nd and 3rd
• Selection of countries for National studies– five selected countries
(Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania)
• 4 focus countries (active in RI)
• 1 RI candidate country
• Countries with Long standing history of partnership with CIRAD and CIHEAM IAMM , with variety of experience and contrasted policies (including NARS, Ministries, civil society, private sector..) .. to avoid slow implementation of study
Steps
• National team formation
• National coordinator
– Role: Leads the implementation of country studies, with as
much interaction as necessary between country teams and the
coordination team (CIRAD and CIHEAM-IAMM)
• 5 country teams
– Analysts in their domain
– Strong interactions with FAO representatives and concerned
Ministries
– Role: Identify a circle of key informants to be interviewed /
consulted, Carry out Interview , Analyse document and Data
Deliverables5 national reports :
• A documented analysis based on available secondary data, describing characteristics and dynamics of SSA-FF and their integration into the national economy.– the identification of existing typologies, and how they have contributed -or
not- to the design and implementation of targeted public policy;
– the identification of necessary information to measure or estimate the contribution of SSA - FF to food, feed and non food production, food security, employment -especially women and young- and the provision of ecosystem services;
– the analysis of business models of the different kind of farms and of the modalities of public support (economic or social) that impacts farm incomes
• (Issues of access to market, to credit and the social policies for most vulnerable farmers / examples of success and failures;
– the situation of SSA-FF’s access to resources: land, water, capital as conditions for their sustainability in a global changing environment
– the elements of a prospective reflexion on how the SSA-FF could play a role at improving food security, tackling poverty, aligning agricultural income with the one of other sectors
Deliverables
5 national reports (2)
• The identification of the websites of organizations that focuses on the support to SSA-FF in the country in terms of :
• research, promotion of innovation and policy tools;
• supply of credit services, market information, technical and economic support;
• contribution of producers’ organizations, activities targeted to SSA-FF, their governance, and their capacity buildings programs.
• identifying the contribution of public institutions involved in SSA-FF’s support.
Deliverables5 national reports (3)
• A documented and historical analysis of the support that SSA-FF are receiving through public policy, including: – the identification of strategies, policies, programs or projects
specifically focused on SSA-FF, especially those with positive results (case studies);
– a business models analysis of success stories aiming at linking SSA-FF to markets and value chains. The analysis of the reasons for this success, when documented, will be included.
• An executive summary to be presented at the final national workshop– WS with key partners aiming at identifying common actions
that promote the development of SSA-FF, in the framework of a future national strategy for SSA-FF
DeliverablesRegional Synthesis Summary Report
• A regional synthesis summary report based on the 5 validated national reports, summarizing the reports of national dialogues & meetings and including:– An analysis of the dynamics of family / smallholder agriculture, conditions
to improve their productivity and to better access and benefit from markets/value chains
• (issues of rural youth jobs, and to the sustainability of production systems);
– Proposals for concrete actions to overcome the deficiencies and gapsidentified in terms of knowledge and coordination; in terms of lack of professionalization of farmers associations
– Policy recommendations that would lead to a medium-term development plan MTDP for the development of SSA-FF
• in order for FAO and its partners to establish plans of action with options for scientific collaboration with Research Organisations, Cirad and CIHEAM
• Final regional workshop planned at the end of the study with participation of national and international coordinators for presenting results organized by FAO (including activities for the preparation of the program).
Study Planning in 3 phases
Phase 1
• Program within 6 month period
• Phase 1 / Month 1.5 (W1-6): Preliminary work & Focus on Methodology
• The Validation of the methodology between the international coordination team and national teams with the participation of FAO
– Methodology, team formation and precise definition and sharing of tasks
• Finalization of database structures to host– Scientific bibliography
– Economic secondary data (SD)
– Regulatory framework: SD
– Institutions and Networks: SD
– Emblematic examples / case studies: SD
– Interviews: Ministries, Producers Organizations, private sector, political parties, civil society
• National Methodological Workshops
Four types of information will be
collected• National (Ministries, POs, think tanks …) or International documents
– Institutional: Committee on World Food Security / HLPE, FAO (including the synthesis of the regional dialogue in October 2013 in Tunis), IFAD, the World Bank, IMF, CIHEAM, European Union ...)
– Academic and Non-academic literature focusing on the SFF, on the regulatoryframework and on agricultural public policies will be mobilized;
• Macroeconomic data to identify the dynamics of structural change (national statistics);
• Information and messages sourced from websites of institutions and networks working on the theme
– including national institutions and international organizations such as FAO, the World Bank, ICARDA, ACSAD, ILRI, CIHEAM, CIRAD, World Rural Forum, ADB (AFDB) and key NGOs;
• Interviews with national and local stakeholders in the agricultural and rural development:
– Key informants: government ministries and local governments - within agriculture, social security, employment, decentralization / local authorities ... - and politicians at national and local level, leaders of producers organizations, organizations of civil society, local development associations, researchers and representatives of private agricultural sector and value chains;
Study Planning in 3 phases
Phase 2
• Phase 2 / (W4-18-26): Country study
• CS Country study W4: Kick off meeting
• Informing W4-W11: Structural change analysis, Access to secondary data, Interviews, Synthesis macro economy, Synthesis SFF, Synthesis success stories, Synthesis regulatory framework / sectorial policies –credit, extension,
• First draft of country reports (Country Teams) W11
• Improvement of country reports, exchanges between country team members and national coordinator (Team members) W11-13
• Improvement & Finalisation of country reports W13 -18 (International Coord + National)
Study Planning in 3 phases
Ph3
• Regional synthesis
– Final global report (synthesis) including final
versions of country studies W18-26
• The presentation of the study summary and the
debate on results, with eventually the facilitation
of a political dialogue and the formalization of
final proposals and recommendations.
Perspective and vision…built on the
“lessons learnt”• FAO
– RI framework: improved coordination and integration with partners involved
– Proposals : • knowledge platform to share informations - strengthening appropriation of results of
actions supporting Family Farming
• Exchange mechanisms (exchange experience and skills..) on FF& SSA
• Countries
– Thematic Workshop (employment opportunities for youth, rural diversification of activities, gender approach, public policy tools…)
– To feed Prospectives (Agriculture for the futur ? Farms models ? Tenure legislation? Rural society..)
• Research
– Conjointly building of research questions (typologies of SSA, technicalmodel,…) and assisting capacity building (training sessions …)
– Promote research networks and research activities in line with your efforts
Thank you so much
Thank you for your attention
Adoption of the regional study on
small scale agriculture in the NENA
region proposal
Discussions Points of clarification,
Emphasis
Context /
trends
Structure Activities Performance /
sustainability
Environment /
determinants
Access permitted
by…
Livelihood platform Composed of and resulting in
Composed of
With effects on
National & internat. trends & contextPopulation & migration..
technological change, ..national policies,
ShocksDrough, Floods, Pests, Diseases, Civil war.
Institutions
•Rules and customs
•Land tenure
•Markets in practice
Organisations
•Local associations
•NGOs
•Local administration
•State agencies
Liveliho
od
Strategi
esSpecialization
Diversification
Intensification
(chemical
Ecological),
Extensification,
Concentration /
fragmentation
Migration,
Rental strategies
Combined
strategies,
including
collective
dynamics
Naturel ressources basedactivities•NR-based non farm and non farmactivities•Cultivation (food & market)•Cattering (food & market)•Livestock
Non naturel ressources basedactivities•Wages•Rural trade•Rural services•Rural manufacture•Remittances•Others transfers
Economical sust.Production & income
level and stability
Seasonality
Degrees of risk
Food security
Market integration
Environm. sust.ESS/ES
Soil & land qualitiy
Water
Rangeland
Forests
Biodiversity
Energetic balance
Carbon balance
capabilities / functioning
Social relations
•Gender /Class
•Age
•Ethnicity
•Urban/rural
•Social & political
participation
Social and
human
sustainabilityGain in education
Health situation
Social & political
part.
Collective dynamicsTangible &
intangible
(claims) assets
Natural capital
Physical capital
Human capital
Financial capital
Social capital
Local trends & contextlocal economic trends (incl. comoditychains), collective dynamics,
access to public goods, natural ressources
Sourisseau et al, 2012 (derived from Chambers 1991 and Scoones 2009 SRL)