Chapter 12 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Final (07282008)
Regional Strategy against Earthquake Motion Based on Geotechnical Database
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Regional Strategyagainst Earthquake Motion
Based on Geotechnical Database
27 October 2011Esri European User Conference @ Madrid, SpainEsri European User Conference @ Madrid, Spain
Chang-Guk SUNJeong-Soo JEON
Sung-Ja CHOI
Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Earthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Zonations as Regional Seismic Strategy
Conclusions
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CONTENTS
IntroductionIntroduction
Earthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Zonations as Regional Seismic Strategy
Conclusions
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Earthquake Hazards
Earthquake Ground Motion
Minor Minor hazardshazards
Seismic Seismic zonationszonationsiin ann an urban areaurban area
Dynamic Rupture(Source effects)
Wave Propagation(Path effects)
Site effects
Earthquake Earthquake ByByFault MovementFault Movement
Serious hazardsSerious hazards
in anin an urban areaurban area
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Use GIS in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Data
Software
Hardware
MethodUser MethodUser
� GIS provides a very effective way to capture, edit, manipulate,
analyze, synthesize and visualize the geotechnical data,
particularly in spatial domain with time.
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Objectives of This Research Work
� For two inland urban areas, Gwangju and Daegu,
� Building the geotechnical DB composed of the existing borehole
drilling data and surface geo-knowledge data
� Implementing the GIS-based geotechnical information system for
spatial geotechnical (geo-) layers using the geotechnical DB
DaeguGwangju
spatial geotechnical (geo-) layers using the geotechnical DB
� Creating a variety of spatial zoning maps for quantifying the site
effects in terms of the site period within GIS-based tools
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Earthquake Ground MotionEarthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Zonations as Regional Seismic Strategy
Conclusions
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Earthquake Motion Related to Site Effects
� Site effects
• The phenomenon of seismic waves travelling into soil layers
• Strongly related to
• The impedance contrast; the differences in shear wavevelocity (VS) between the soil layers and the bedrock
• The thickness of soil layers; the depth to bedrock• The thickness of soil layers; the depth to bedrock
• Earthquake ground motions can be amplifiedat the predominant site period, TG
� Site period
• Single-layered soil over bedrock
• Multi-layered soil over bedrock
SG V
HT 4=
∑=
=n
i Si
iG V
DT
1
4
Depth to bedrockDepth to bedrock
Average Vs of soilAverage Vs of soil
Thickness of soil layersThickness of soil layers
Vs of soil layers Vs of soil layers
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Current Site Classification Scheme in Most Codes
Soil Profile Type Generic Description
Average Soil Properties for top 30.48 m (30 m; 100 ft)of Soil Profile
(Vs30) (m/s) (blows/30cm) (kPa)
SA (Site Class A) Hard Rock > 1,500 - -
Vs N Su
Short-Period Mid-Period
Z = 0.11 Z = 0.07 Z =0.11 Z = 0.07
Ca Fa Ca Fa Cv Fv Cv Fv
0.09 0.82 0.05 0.71 0.09 0.82 0.05 0.71
∑=
=n
i Si
iS
V
dV
1
/3030Thickness of Thickness of soil and/or rock layer soil and/or rock layer to a depth of 30 mto a depth of 30 m
Vs of Vs of soil and/or rock layer soil and/or rock layer
SB (Site Class B) Rock 760 - 1,500 - -
SC (Site Class C)Very Dense and
Soft Rock360 - 760 > 50 > 100
SD (Site Class D) Stiff Soil 180 - 360 15 - 50 50 - 100
SE (Site Class E) Soft Soil < 180 < 15 < 50
SF (Site Class F) Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation
0.11 1.00 0.07 1.00 0.11 1.00 0.07 1.00
0.13 1.18 0.08 1.14 0.18 1.64 0.11 1.57
0.16 1.45 0.11 1.57 0.23 2.09 0.16 2.29
0.22 2.00 0.17 2.43 0.37 3.36 0.23 3.29
∫=5.0
1.0rock
soil
)(RS
)(RS
4.0
1(RRS) dT
T
T
R
RF
rock
soila ∫=
0.2
4.0rock
soil
)(RS
)(RS
6.1
1(RRS) dT
T
T
R
RF
rock
soilv
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Modification of Site Classification Scheme
� Suggested by Sun (2010) and adopted in this study
Generic Description Site ClassCriteria Site Coefficients
VS30 (m/s) TG (s) Fa Fv
Rock B > 760 < 0.06 1.00 1.00
Weathered Rock and Very Stiff SoilC1 > 620 < 0.10 1.28 1.04
Weathered Rock and Very Stiff Soil
CC2 > 520 < 0.14 1.45 1.09
Intermediate Stiff SoilC3 > 440 < 0.20 1.65 1.13
C4 > 360 < 0.29 1.90 1.19
Deep Stiff Soil D
D1 > 320 < 0.38 2.08 1.23
D2 > 280 < 0.46 2.26 1.29
D3 > 240 < 0.54 2.48 1.36
D4 > 180 < 0.62 2.86 1.43
Deep Soft Soil E ≤ 180 ≥ 0.62 1.50 2.00
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Earthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical InformationGIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Zonations as Regional Seismic Strategy
Conclusions
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GIS-Based Geotechnical Information System (GTIS)
General GIS
Data extraction
Geostatistical kriging interpolation
Spatial analysis
DatabaseGeotechnical analysis
GIS GIS tools tools utilized utilized for geotechnical for geotechnical
informationinformation
GIS GIS tools tools utilized utilized for geotechnical for geotechnical
informationinformation
AutoCAD LDDT
EVS-PRO
Surface coverage data
Geo-knowledge data
Database
Surface contour visualization
3D volume & section visualization
Visualization
Site period computation
Geo-layer thickness computation
Geotechnical analysis
5 general geotechnical (geo-) layers from a number of geo-knowledgeFill (FL); Alluvial Soil (AL); Weathered Soil (WS); Weathered Rock (WR); Bedrock (BR)
EVS-PRO
ArcGIS tools
Code programfor kriging
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Procedure for Building GIS-Based GTIS
1st Selecting the extended area including the study area
2nd Compiling all available documentary information for geo-knowledge
3rd Determining local landform characteristics based on terrain analysis
4th Zoning the extended area with the geologic and geomorphic characteristics4th Zoning the extended area with the geologic and geomorphic characteristics
5th Collecting borehole drilling data in the extended area
6th Visiting the extended area to collect additional nearby surface data in field
7th Building a database of geotechnical information system based on geo-knowledge
8th Interpolating spatial geotechnical information for the extended area
9th Extracting spatial geotechnical information for the study area from the extended area
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Apply Sophisticated GeostatisticalKriging
Defining the the nugget(CO), range(a), and sill values
Selecting the model function
Input the known data and the unknown locations
Calculating the semivariogram depending on the distance ◄ AIC technique
Calculating the spatial autocovariance using the relationship
Calculating the kriging weights using the inversion of matrix
Estimating the value at unknown location from
kriging estimator∑
=
×=n
ijji ZwyxZ1
* ),(α
αα
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Earthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial InformationGeotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Zonations as Regional Seismic Strategy
Conclusions
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Study Areas
39 º N
38 º N
37 º N
39 º N
38 º N
37 º N
125 º N 129 º N128 º N127 º N126 º N
� Representative metropolitanareas located in the southernregion of the Korean peninsula
• Vulnerable to earthquake-induced hazards
• Collecting more than 1,900
36 º N
35 º N
34 º N
36 º N
35 º N
34 º N
125 º N 129 º N128 º N127 º N126 º N
N
S
W E
Gwangju
Daegu• Collecting more than 1,900existing borehole drilling datafor each target area
• Acquiring about 300 surfacegeo-knowledge datafor each target area
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Geotechnical DB Framework
FTP Server
SQL DB ServerDB Management Program
Client
DB Management Program
Client
Network (TCP/IP)
�� Structure of DB Structure of DB management management systemsystem
GwangjuDaegu
DB Management Program
�� Main Main interface interface of of client’s client’s DB DB management management program program developed developed with with ArcGISArcGIS EngineEngine
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Main Functions of DB Management Program
�� Zoom in/out and Zoom in/out and data data quiryquiry
�� Input and Input and modification of modification of various types of various types of geotechnical geotechnical datadata
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Distribution of Data in Geotechnical DB
� Extended area of Gwangju: 37.8 km (WE) x 26.6 km (SN)
Surface geo-knowledge data from site visit
Existing borehole drilling data
Administrative boundary (for study area)
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Distribution of Data in Geotechnical DB
� Extended area of Gwangju: 37.8 km (WE) x 26.6 km (SN)Surface geo-knowledge
data from site visit
Existing borehole drilling data
Administrative boundary (for study area)
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Spatial Geotechnical Layers Predicted Using DB
� Study area of Gwangju: Whole administrative area
FillAlluvial SoilWeathered SoilWeathered RockBed Rock
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Spatial Geotechnical Layers Predicted Using DB
� Study area of Daegu: Whole administrative area
Fill Alluvial SoilWeathered SoilWeathered RockBedrock
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Variation of Geotechnical Layers with Topography
� A representative section case in Daegu
E FLASWSWR
W
WE
WRBR
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Spatial Distribution (Zonation) of Geotechnical Layers
� Alluvial soil layer in Gwangju
- Maximum thickness of approximately 40 m in the central plains
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Spatial Distribution (Zonation) of Geotechnical Layers
� Alluvial soil layer in Daegu
- Maximum thickness of approximately 20 m along the river
Thickness of Alluvial Soil (m)
0.01.02.04.08.010.012.012.015.018.021.023.0
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Spatial Distribution of the Depth to Bedrock
� Depth to bedrock in Gwangju
- Maximum depth of deeper than 40 m in the northern plains
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Depth to Bedrock, H (m)
0.01.02.04.08.010.012.015.018.0
Spatial Distribution of the Depth to Bedrock
� Depth to bedrock in Daegu
- Maximum depth of about 30 m in plains and near the rivers
18.021.024.027.030.033.0
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Earthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Spatial ZonationsZonations as Regional Seismic Strategyas Regional Seismic Strategy
Conclusions
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Conceptual Flow for Seismic Zonation on Site Period
350 m/s
330 m/s
450 m/s
Spatial geo-layers information Representative VS for each geo-layer
Weathered soil
Alluvial soil
Fill
∑=
=n
i Si
iG V
DT
1
4
550 m/s
(1,000 m/s)
Computation and visual zonation of site perido (TG) within spatial GIS tool
Thickness of soil layer (Di) VS of soil layer (VSi)
Bed rock
Weathered rockFillAlluvial Soil
Weathered Residual Soil
Weathered RockBed Rock
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Site Period for Earthquake Hazard Potential
� Site period in Gwangju
- 0.20 to 0.47 s (vulnerability for 2 to 5 storied buildings during
earthquake in the central and northern plains
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Site Period for Earthquake Hazard Potential
� Site period in Daegu
- 0.10 to 0.33 s
(vulnerability for
1 to 4 storied
buildings during
earthquake) inSite
Period, TG (s)
0.000.010.02
0.040.08
0.100.12
0.150.18
0.210.240.27
0.300.33
earthquake) in
plains and valleys
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� Site classes based on the site period in Gwangju
- Site classes C (C1 to C4) and D (D1 to D3) in plains
- Max. 1.90 for Fa and 1.19 for Fv ▷significant seismic amplification
Site Classes with Site Period for Seismic Design
B (1.00; 1.00)
C1 (1.28; 1.04)
C2 (1.45; 1.09)
C3 (1.65; 1.13)
C4 (1.90; 1.19)
Site Class (Fa; Fv)
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Site Classes with Site Period for Seismic Design
� Site classes based on
site period in Daegu
- Site classes C
(C1 to C4) in plains
- Max. 1.90 for Fa and
1.19 for F
B (1.00; 1.00)
C1 (1.28; 1.04)
C2 (1.45; 1.09)
C3 (1.65; 1.13)
C4 (1.90; 1.19)
Site Class (Fa; Fv)
1.19 for Fv
▷significant seismic
amplification
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Representative Site Classes for Rapid Response
� Site class averaged with administrative sub-unit in Gwangju
- Site classes C (C1 to C4) in most of sub-unit ▷ seismic amplification
B
C1
C2
C3
C4
SiteClass
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Representative Site Classes for Rapid Response
� Site class averaged with
administrative sub-unit
in Daegu
- Site classes C (C1 to
C4) in most of sub-unit
seismic amplification
B
C1C2
C3
C4
SiteClass
▷ seismic amplification
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Earthquake Ground Motion
GIS Framework for Geotechnical Information
Geotechnical DB and Spatial Information
Spatial Zonations as Regional Seismic Strategy
ConclusionsConclusions
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Conclusions
� For two inland metropolitan areas, Daegu and Gwangju, in Korea,
the GIS-based geotechnical information system was implemented
for reliably predicting the geotechnical layers, preferentially
building the geotechnical DB composed of existing boring data
and surface geo-knowledge data.
� Based on the GIS-based geotechnical information system,
spatial zoning maps of the depth to bedrock and the site period,
TG, were created and presented as fundamental resources
for regional seismic strategy.
� Moreover, spatial zonation on site class was conducted based
on the TG distribution for preliminary seismic design.
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