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8/2/2019 Regional review on status and trends - Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa
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International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers L td. All rights reserved. No par t of this publication may be reproduced in any form
or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
March | April 2012
Feature title: Regional review on status and trends- Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa
The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/http://www.aquafeed.co.uk/ -
8/2/2019 Regional review on status and trends - Aquaculture development in Sub-Saharan Africa
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FAOregularly conductsglobal and
regional reviews of aquaculture
status and trends, most recently
during2008and2009.
Thepresentregionalreviewandsynthesis
for sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) provides an
overviewof majorissuesandtrendsinthe
aquaculturesectoroverthepastfewyears.
Theregionalreviewreflectsdevelopment
in42ofthe55 countriesinSSAforwhich
production wasreportedto FAOin 2008.Theproductionvolumeandvaluedatahave
beenderivedfromthelatestFAO-FISHSTAT
plusdatabasefor2009.Between1998 and
2008,therehasbeenafive-foldincreasein
productionfrom42,587to238,877tonnes.
Thegreatestcatalystforincreasedproduc-
tionhasbeentheemergenceandintensifica-
tionofprivatesectorledsmallandmedium-
sizeenterprisesandthe expansion oflarge
commercialventuresstimulatedinsomecases
bygrowingpublicsupportand theinflowof
foreigncapitalandexpertise.
In addition, the implementation of the
FAO Special Program for Aquacul ture
Development in Africa (SPADA),
as well as theintroduction of new
production systems, for example
cages and tanks previously untried
or unproven in SSA, accompanied
bytherefinementofexistingproduc-
tionsystemshavecontributedtothis
development.
Trends in socialdevelopment
Progresstowardsmeetingthetar-
getsof theMillenniumDevelopment
Goals(MDGs)hasbeenmixed.
Sub-Saharan Africa continued
to make progress ina number of
socialdevelopmentareas,with con-
crete gainsin suchareasas primary
school enrolment, measles vaccination, the
useof insecticidetreatedbed nets, reduc-
tionsinhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)
prevalenceratesinsomecountriesandsome
aspectsofgenderequality.
However,verylimitedgainsweremade
onpoverty, eradicationof hunger,maternal
mortality andaddressingdisparitiesdue to
genderincomeanddisability.
Recent estimatesindicate thatthe per-
centageofthe populationlivinginextreme
poverty in SSA has almost doubled from200millionin1981to 380millionin2005
(RavallionandChen, 2008).SSA unemploy-
ment declined slightly from 8.5 percentin
1997 to eight percent in 2007 and was
expectedtorisesharplyin2009asaresultof
theglobalrecession(ILO,2008).
Intheareaofeducation,althoughprimary
enrolmentratehas beenimproving,thepri-
marycompletionrateis anareaof concern.
Between 1999 and 2006, the completion
rate improved from 49percentto 60but
thecompletionforgirlswasmuchlower.The
grossenrolmentratioinsecondaryeducation
rosefrom25percentin1999to32percentin
2006andintertiaryeducationitstoodatonly
fivepercentin2006comparedto17percent
fordevelopingcountriesand 25percent for
theworld(UNECA,2008).
Improvements were reported in one
of thekey human developmentindex,life
expectancyandthemeanofwhichwere54
years andthe range 4477yearsin 2009,
ascomparedtoanaverageof 43.9yearsa
decadeago.
However,childmortalityhasnotdeclined
in27SSAcountriesduemainlytoprevent-ablediseasesandmalnutrition.Theunder-five
mortalityratedecreasedslightlyfrom185per
1000livebirthsin1990to165livebirthsin
2005(UNICEF,2008;UNECA,2008).
Progress in responding to HIV/AIDS,
tuberculosis,malaria andother diseaseshas
generallybeenlimited.
Despitethe positiveoutcomes recorded
insome countriesin termsof growinginte-
grationof HIV/AIDSconcernsintonational
developmentplansandtheincreasingnumber
of peoplereceiving antiretroviral treatment
(ART),UNAIDS(2008),reportedthatHIV
prevalence is apparently on thedecline in
theregion, butrates arestillfar
higherthaninotherworldregions.
TheKingdomofSwazilandhasthe
worldshighestrateofHIV:26per-
centofthepopulationages1549
isHIVpositive.
In SSA, HIV disproportionately
affectsyoung women.1.6 Sources
of livelihood and importance of
aquaculture. Agriculture in the
broadsenseplaysadominantrole
inmostAfricaneconomiesas an
importantsourceoflivelihood,but
theroleofaquacultureasamajor
contributortolivelihoodin allbut
a few countries(Nigeria, Uganda,
Madagascar, Mozambique) is still
verysmall.
Figure 1: Aquaculture production and value in sub-
Saharan Africa excluding aquatic plants (19902008).
Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries and AquacultureDepartment, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics
Unit. FishStat Plus Version 2.32. Universal software
for fishery statistics time series. Rome (www.fao.org/
fishery/statistics/software/fishstat/en)
26 | IntentIon AquAFeed | March-pril 2012
FEATURE
Regional review on status and trends
Aquaculture developmentin Sub-Saharan Africa
by Benedict P. Satia, University of Washington, School of Marine andEnvironmental Affairs, Seattle, USA
However, in view ofthe potential role
aquaculturecouldplayin foodandnutrition
security, employment,wealth generationto
bothsmall-andlarge-scaleproducersinboth
ruralandperi-urbanlocalities,asexemplified
in a fewcountries, theAU/NEPAD Food
SecuritySummitinDecember2006,inAbuja,
agreedtopromoteandprotectfisheriesand
aquacultureasstrategiccommodityalongside
rice,maizeandotherstrategicfoodproducts.
Farming environmentsTheproductionoffishandshellfishthrough
aquaculturein SSAas described is limited
compared withthehistoricalproductionin
Asia,EuropeandevenLatinAmerica.
Aquacultureisnotatraditioninmostsub-
SaharanAfricancountries.
However,inafewcountries,suchasBenin,
GhanaandtheMauritius,thepeoplesattach-
ment tocapturefisheriesprobablyenabled
them toevolvetraditional11formsof aqua-
cultureandmanagement inacadjas,whedos
andbarochois,etc,(Satia,1989;Welcomme,
1972;GTZ,2002).
Aquaculture is presently practiced in
all three environments,namely freshwater,
brackishwaterandmarinewaters, butmost
oftheactivitiesareconcentratedinfreshwater
whichaccountsformorethan95percentby
tonnageoftheregionsproductionin2008.
Thisispredominantlyfishandinparticular
the indigenous and ubiquitous species of
tilapias and the African catfishes including
Clariasgariepinus.Brackishwateraquaculture
andmarinefishculture,aswellastheculture
ofcrustaceans,datebacktolessthan2030
yearsagoand productionisconcentratedin
afew countrieswhilethe cultureof marine
algaeisrecentinnovation.
Producersin the regionSocio-economic
surveys and National Aquaculture Sector
Overviews(NASOs)revealthataquaculture
producers in SSA include crop and l ive-
stockfarmers, butalso civilservants, retired
civilservants,localbusinessmenandwomen,
storekeepersandindividualswithotherjobs.
Furthermore,womenareinvolveddirectly
asowners offishpondsin several countries
includingBenin,Cameroon,CtedIvoire,the
DemocraticRepublicof theCongo, Ghana,
Kenya,Malawi,NigeriaandUganda(Abbanet
al.,2009;Ranaetal.,2005;Satia,1989).Some
studies(Abbanetal,2009;Ranaetal.,2005)
havereportedthatmostsuccessfulfishfarmers
particularlytheperi-urbanproducershavehad
primaryoratleastpost-primaryeducation.
Therearetwomaintypesofproducersin
SSA,namelytheowner/operatorandowner/
non-operator.Differentgroupsofindividuals
appearalsotobeattractedbydifferentaqua-
culturesystems.
Inmostcases,thesmall-scaleruralfarmers
areowner/operatorsand practiceextensive
farming.The more aggressivefarmers, par-
ticularlythoselivingnearlargetownsandwho
inmostcaseshaveotherprofessionaljobs,
practice semi-intensivefarming. Well-placed
individuals,corporatecompaniesandestates,
allof whooperate large production units,
dominatesemi-intensivefarming.
Themoreintensivesystems,forthemost
part,are ownedby themoredynamicand
enterprisingfarmers,aswellaslargecorporate
ventures,withaninfluxofforeigncapitaland
expertisethatproduceforoverseasmarkets.
(FAO,2009b;RidlerandHishamunda,2001).
Main production systemsProduction systems andtechnologiesin
SSAshowgreatdiversityrangingfromexten-
siveaquacultureinponds,lagoonsandcoastal
areas; semi-intensive farmingin ponds and
lagoons and intensive culture using tanks,
cagesandrecirculatingaquaculturesystems.
Inaddition, thereis agrowinginterest in
integrated aquaculture and aquaculture in
rice-based systems,for example, inBurkina
Faso,Malawi, Madagascar,Mali, Nigeria,etc.
Non-commercial producers undertake the
extensivesystem,whilefarmerswiththeprin-
cipalobjectiveof generatingwealthpractice
thesemi-intensive andintensivesystems. In
March-pril 2012 | IntentIonAquAFeed | 27
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primarilywealth generatingenterprises, the
production unitscouldbe furtherclassified
assmall andmediumenterprises(SME) and
large-scaleaquaculture.
Whereas, the typical non-commercial
extensive system is characterized by low-
input,low-outputandvery littleorno value
added andgenerallylocated inruralareas;
in the semi-intensive approach the inputs
amountsare increasedandquality ofinputs
areinprinciplebetter;whilesmallandmedi-
um enterprisesand large-scale commercial
aquaculturesystemsaretoanextentvertically
integrated,locatedin urbanand peri-urban
areasandarealsocharacterisedbyhigherlev-
elsofmanagement,capitalinvestment,higher
levelsofqualitycontrolandamorecomplex
andstructuredmarket (Abbanet al.,2009;
RidlerandHishamunda,2001).
Depending on the system, a variety of
speciesareculturedincontainmentorholding
facilitiessuchas:earthenponds,concretetanks,
raceways,pens, cagesand racks.Production
unitsorsystemsthatarebeingpromotedin
the regioninclude: enhancement/restocking,
integratedagriculture-aquaculture(IAA) and
aquacultureinrice-basedsystems.
Regional aquacultureproduction, species and values
From a production of42,587tonnesin
1998,production in2008 wasreportedto
haverisento 238,877tonswitha valueof
US$665million(seeFigure1). Thisconverts
intoanaverageannualgrowthrateof18.8
percentfortheyears1998to2008.However,
severalcountries registerednegativegrowth
duringthe period.Thefive-foldincrease in
productionsince1998 hasbeenlimitedto
onlya fewcountriesindicating theimmense
possibilityforincreasedproductionifthe full
potentialisrealisedbysmall-,medium-and
large-scale investors and many govern-
mentswerecommittedto thedevelop-
mentof thesubsectorandhelpedthe
growth of the industry by removing
constraints.
Top producersNigeriaisconsistentlythe largestpro-
ducer.
In2008,itaccountedfor60percentof
production by quantityand 56 percent of
thetotalvalue.Othermajorproducersare
UgandaandMadagascar(seeFigure2).
These three countriestogether contrib-
uted86percentofthetotalproductionin
SSAin2008(thefirstsevenmajorproducers
accountfor93.7percentoftotalproduction
in2008byquantity).
Thesuccess ofthesethreecountriesis
attributedtothepromotionofaprivatesec-
torledstrategy accompaniedwithincreases
inexpansionand productivitydrivenbysig-
nificantimprovementsinfeedandimproved
technologies (tanks in Nigeria), aqua-feed
productionandutilisationinUgandaandfarm
management,aswellasgovernmentpolicies
infavour ofthe sector,for exampledivest-
ingredundant andundeliverableservices in
UgandaandMadagascar.Stronggrowthwas
alsoexhibited byGhanaandKenya(FAO,2009a).
Potential for an increase indemand for aquaculture products
It is estimatedthatby 2015,thetotal
annual fishconsumptionin SSAcould be
1.52.0million tonneshigherthanin2005
iffishsuppliesexpandatanequalpacewith
demand.
Thiswouldresult froma yearlyincrease
involumeof fishconsumedby aboutthree
percent in volume terms (FAO, 2009b).
Some70 percentofthe growthindemand
comesfromanincreaseinpopulation,which
means thatdemandgrowthis steady and
large.Dependingon theeconomic situation
thiscouldevenincreasemore.
Thisis dueto highnutritionalsignificance
offishproductsgiventhatintakeofredmeat
isrelativelylow.
By 2015, neither domestic production
from capture fisheries (marine and fresh-
water) nor local aquaculture will be able
toprovide theincreased quantities of fish
neededforhumanconsumption.Apart of
thisneedmaycontinuetobesatisfiedthrough
increasedimportsoflow-valuespecies.
Sub-SaharanAfricahasbeenanetimport-
er of fish for some time. Growing local
demandwilltend toincrease thistrade gap
bypullingin moreimportsand retainingfor
local consumptionsome ofthe fishmainly
fromcapturefisheriesnow
exported.Anumberoffac-
torsaffect fishconsumption
ordemand.
Theseinclude income,prices
of fish, prices of fish comple-
ments suchas rice, tastes and
nonpricefactorsthat affectthe
transaction costsof purchasing
andpreparingfish,theavailability
ofcoldchainsetc.
Intheabsenceofdata,Delgado
etal, (2003)usedregressionanalysis
andproxies fordisposal income,cost
offisheryproducts,changesintastesand
nationaldifferencesinthetraditionoffish
consumptionandcameupwithanaggre-
gateincreaseof fishconsumption of2.7percentperyearor anadditional1.6million
tonnesoffishayearby2015justtomaintain
currentconsumptionof7.8kgperpersonper
year.Giventheprojectedpopulationincrease
(>than2percentayear),thegrowthratein
overallfishconsumptionandthestagnationin
boththemarineandinlandfisheries,theques-
tionisnotwhatwouldbethedemandbut
wherecouldsupplycomefromtofillthegap.
Theexpansionofcommercialaquaculture
is likely to berapidparticularlyunder the
aegisoftheSpecialProgramforAquaculture
DevelopmentinAfrica(SPADA)whichaims
totrainapproximately28000 in20 target
countriesto produceanadditional 259000
tons of aqua-productsper yearwithinsix
years and if the enabling environment is
providedbythepublic sectorandthe inter-
nationalclimateisfavourable,theproduction
couldevenbehigher.
Smallandmediumenterprises,as wellas
large-scaleundertakingswillgeneratewealth
inmostcasesthroughinternationaltradebut
alsocontributetofoodsecurityatsubregion-
al levels while small-scale aquaculture will
contributeto foodsecurity andfor national
marketsandpossiblyintraregionaltrade.
By2015andassumingtheSPADAinitia-
tiveisfullyembracedbythecountries,aqua-
cultureproductionfromSSAwouldbemore
than400000tonnesayear,buteventhiswill
belittleincomparisontothedemand.
Figure 2: Major aquaculture
producers by quantity and value in
sub-Saharan Africa (2008).
Source: FAO, 2009a. FAO Fisheries
and Aquaculture Department,
Fishery Information, Data andStatistics Unit. FishStat Plus Version
2.32. Universal software for fishery
statistics time series.Rome (www.
fao.org/fishery/statistics/software/
fishstat/en).
28 | IntentIon AquAFeed | March-pril 2012
FEATURE
Salient issuesExportsofaquacultureprod-
uctsinthecontinentareincreas-
ing andthi s i s l i ke ly to havea
posit i ve impact on growth of
the sector as organisations of
producersandwholesalerscon-
tinueto influencedevelopment
inseveralaspectsoftheindustry.
However, trade in aquaculture
productsbetweenregionsisvirtually
inexistentbecause of lowsupplies,
butalsobecauseofhighcostsdue
to poor infrastructure and insuf-
ficienttradefacilitation. Theroleof
producer organisations serving as
acatalystforaquaculturedevelop-
mentandmarketing
The way forwardOnthewhole, thedemandfor
aquacultureproductsinSSA ishigh
andthepotentialforfurthergrowth
oftheindustryintheregionisprom-
ising.Alongwithtechnical improve-
ments,increasedmarketopportuni-
ties arecentralto thesustainable
developmentofaquacultureinSSA.
The over a rch ing ob je cti ve
should beto promote aquacul-
tureas aviablewealthcreating,
undertaking,andlayingemphasisonpri-
vate sector-led initiatives with govern-
mentsprovidingtheenablingenvironment
forgrowth.Theincreasedgrowthcould
be rea li sed through improvements in
technologies andresourceuse,41 inte-
grationofaquaculturewithotherfarming
activities accompaniedwith appropriate
policiesand strategiesin marketingand
trade.
Afewofwhichare:
Enlarging markets for aqua-products
through improved market regulation
frameworkandsupportservices,byzon-
ingareasforaquacultureandorganizing
producer organisations, by enhancing
informationflow,byassistingwithestab-
lishingappropriate tradepractices and
trans boundarymovement of aquatic
products
Expanding the consumption of aqua-
productsthrough suchstrategies asby
improvingaccesswhileensuringmarket
competitiveness, or by demonstrating
highqualitycontrol
Developingstrategies forvalueaddi-
tion foraquatic productssuch asby
demonstrating high quality control,
improvebiosecurityandaquaticanimal
healthmanagementandbyundertaking
market/product-relatedresearch
March-pril 2012 | IntentIonAquAFeed | 29
FEATURE
"The overarching objective
should be to promote
aquaculture as a viable
wealth creating,
undertaking,
and laying
emphasis on
private sector-
led initiatives
with governments
providing the enabling
environment
for growth"
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March-pril 2012 | IntentIonAquAFeed | 29
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V olume 15 Is sue 2 2012
the internationalmagazine for the aquaculture feed industry
Filtrationinrecirculation
particle control
FishProtein Hydrolysates FPH enhanceresistance ofaquacultures pecies to
different types ofstress
The quest tokeep Salmon
inthe pink naturally
Aquaculture development inSub-SaharanAfrica
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