Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010

8/2/2019 Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010

1/207

^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afggck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q


2/207

^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~

Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4

n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q


3/207

^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac

Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lgàci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb

{~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q

yyy#akegbf-gf{|g~von~llbj|{|~o#o~i

Foxq~aie{ >878

\ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml \CKX

7 \C Xbgtg" C|lzg Qo~`" CQ 78879" \#V#G#

Lka{o~agb klvaic4 Igbl~g

Klvaic oj j~oc{ fozl~ gck ojj-x~ac{v4 Kgcalbbl Blzòza{v / TGIOV{qbl lka{aci4 Do~il Cgzg~ado" Kgzak Taig

[el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml yo|bk

ba`l {o {egc` {el Vgc{abbgcg I~o|x jo~ {el yo~` {elq egzl

kocl ac x~omo{aci gck kav{~an|{aci {eav lxo~{#

[el oxacaocv lux~lvvlk ac {eav ^lxo~{ g~l {el lufb|vazl ~lvxocvanaba{q

oj {el fo-o~kacg{aoc {lgm gck oj {el cg{aocgb focv|b{gc{v gck {elq ko

co{ clflvvg~abq ~llf{ {el zalyv oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{

X~oi~gmml %\CKX! o~ gcq oj {el o{el~ acv{a{|{aocv {eg{ egzl vxocvo~lk a{#

Gbb ~aie{v g~l ~lvl~zlk# [eav x|nbafg{aoc" o~ gcq xg~{ {el~loj" mgq co{ nl

~lx~ok|flk" v{o~lk |vaci gcq vqv{lm o~ {~gcvma{{lk ac gcq jo~m o~ nq gcq

mlgcv" nl {eav lblf{~ocaf" mlfegcafgb" xeo{ofoxq" ~lfo~kaci o~ gcq o{el~ ack"

ya{eo|{ {el x~ao~ xl~mavvaoc oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml#

X~ac{lk ac Fov{g afg

nq Lka{o~gmg" V#G#

Cozlmnl~ >878

X~oi~gmg kl bgv Cgfaoclv \cakgv xg~g lb Klvg~~obbo^liaocgb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ~lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml-

~afg gck Fg~annlgc >878 4 gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l n~lgàci{el ac{l~ilcl-~gfaocgb {~gcvmavac oj aclw|gba{q # 7g#lk# Vgc Dov" F#^# 4 X~oi~gmg kl bgv Cgfaoclv \cakgvxg~g lb Klvgbbo~~o %XC\K!" >878#

>85 x#0 >5 u >7 fm#

AVNC195-11:5-91;-


4/207

^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg

gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci

{el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb{~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q


5/207

\ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml

%\CKX!

Elblc Fbg~`

Gkmacav{~g{o~ oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{

X~oi~gmml %\CKX!

^lnlfg I~qcvxgcGvvofag{l Gkmacav{~g{o~ oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv

Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX!

\CKX liaocgb N|~lg| jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg

gck {el Fg~annlgc %^NBGF!

El~gbko M|ot

Gvvav{gc{ Vlf~l{g~q Ilcl~gb oj {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv"

\CKX Gvvav{gc{ Gkmacav{~g{o~ gck ^liaocgb Ka~lf{o~

jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc

B|av Jlbaxl Bxlt-Fgbzg

Fealj Lfocomav{ gck Fo-o~kacg{o~ jo~ {el g~lg oj

Xozl~{q" MKI gck E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

Xlk~o Mgc|lb Mo~lco

X~oi~gmml Vxlfagbav{" g~lg oj Xozl~{q" MKI gck

E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

[lgm ~lvxocvanbl jo~ lka{aci {el ^liaocgb E|mgc

Klzlboxmlc{ lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck

{el Fg~annlgc >878

Ilcl~gb Fo-o~kacg{aoc gck X~acfaxgb G|{eo~v

B|av Jlbaxl Bxlt-Fgbzg

Fealj Lfocomav{ gck Fo-o~kacg{o~ oj {el g~lg oj Xozl~{q"

MKI gck E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{\ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX!

^liaocgb N|~lg| jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el

Fg~annlgc %^NBGF!

Avak~o Vobogig

X~ojlvvo~ oj Lfocomafv" Lb Fobliao kl Muafo

Lka{o~agb [lgm

Gcalb Gb{gma~gco" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Ign~albg Fo~ko|~al~" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Mg~agcg Lcielb" \CKX Focv|b{gc{Gbj~lko Ioctblt" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

ônl~{o Xgnbo Mo~gblv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Elblcg ôzcl~" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

V{~g{liaf Xbgccaci gck Fomm|cafg{aoc [lgm

Xgnbo Ngvt

Fomm|cafg{aocv Gkzavo~" ^NBGF

G~mgcko Fg~ngbbako Imlt

\CKX Focv|b{gc{ gck Fomm|cafg{aoc V{~g{liq Fo-o~kacg{o~

Xlk~o Mgc|lb Mo~lco

X~oi~gmml Vxlfagbav{" g~lg oj Xozl~{q" MKI gck

E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{" ^NBGF

Focv|b{gc{v

Ign~albg Giov{o" Vofagb Onvl~zg{o~q G~ilc{acg

Vgnacl Gbà~l" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ Aca{ag{azl

%OXEA!

Gcalb Gb{gma~gco" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Mg~g Bg|~g Gbtg" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g"

Flc{~l jo~ Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!

Lk|g~ko Gmgklo" Vofagb Onvl~zg{o~q G~ilc{acg

Zl~cafg Gmg~gc{l" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq

Mgnlb Gckgbc" Fo~clbb \cazl~va{q

Lzg G~flo-Imlt" Lb Fobliao kl Muafo

ôk~aio G~am" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq

A~mg G~~agigkg" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Vabzag Fgvgcozgv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Fg{l~acg Fobomno" \CKX Focv|b{gc{


6/207

Gcg Foc{~l~gv" X~acfl{oc \cazl~va{q

Kgc{l Foc{~l~gv" \CKX gck \cazl~vakgk kl Feabl

\cazl~va{q oj Feabl

Ign~albg Fo~ko|~al~" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

I|abbl~mo F~|flv" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g" Flc{~l jo~

Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!

Mg~flbo Klbgdg~g" Ngc` oj Mluafo

Dovlxe Kl|{vfe" Ng~-Abgc \cazl~va{q^gjglb Ka [lbbg" Eg~zg~k \cazl~va{q

D|gc K|n~g" \cazl~vakgk kl Moc{lzaklo

Fg~bov Lbatocko Mgql~-Vl~~g" Flc{~l jo~ Lfocomaf

^lvlg~fe gck Lk|fg{aoc " Mluafo

Ig~q V# Jalbkv" Fo~clbb \cazl~va{q

Dgmlv L# Jov{l~" [el Ilo~il Ygveaci{oc \cazl~va{q

Cv{o~ Igcklbmgc" O^[ \cazl~va{q \~|i|gq

Blocg~ko Igvxg~aca" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g"

Flc{~l jo~ Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!

Ig~gcfl Ilcafo{" Ilo~il{oyc \cazl~va{q

D~mal Iaico|u" Xg~av Vfeoob oj LfocomafvGbj~lko Ioctblt lqlv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

D|bao I|tmc" [el \cazl~va{q oj Feafgio

Fg~obacg Atgi|a~~l" Macav{~q oj Vofagb Klzlboxmlc{ %Vlklvob!"

Mluafo" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

^gza @gcn|~" Fo~clbb \cazl~va{q

@lzac Mgfkocgbk" [el Yo~bk Ngc`

Mg~agcg Mg~feaocca" \cazl~vakgk Cgfaocgb kl bg Xbg{g" Flc{~l

jo~ Kav{~an|{azl" Bgno|~ gck Vofagb V{|kalv %FLKBGV!

Kgzak Mgql~-Jo|b lv" Flc{~l jo~ Lfocomaf ^lvlg~fe

gck Lk|fg{aoc " Mluafo

Doegcclv M# Ml{tbl~" B|kyai-Mguamabagcv-\cazl~va{{ Mcfelcônl~{o Xgnbo Mo~gblv" \CKX Focv|b{gc{

Lk|g~ko O~{at-D|~lt" ^NBGF

[eomgv O{{l~" Acklxlcklc{ Focv|b{gc{

Mcafg Xgfec" \cazl~vakgk kl bov Gcklv

Kln~gd ^gq" Cly Qo~` \cazl~va{q

Ioctgbo Vgbgv" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq

Lmmg Vgmmgc" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!

Mg~ag Lmmg Vgc{ov" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!

Dgcafl Cg{gbal Vlacjlbk Blmbai" \cazl~vakgk klb Xgffo" Xl~|

V|mgc Vl{e" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!

Dgfw|lv Vabnl~" Ng~-Abgc \cazl~va{q

Nlca{g [eomxvoc" [el \cazl~va{q oj {el Ylv{ Ackalv

Jbo~lcfag [o~fel" Cly Qo~` \cazl~va{q

Mai|lb \~w|aobg" Fob|mnag \cazl~va{q

Vl~iao \~tg" Co~{eylv{l~c \cazl~va{q

Gck~lg Zaio~a{o" \cazl~vakgk kl bg ^lxnbafg" \~|i|gq

Jbo~agc Ylcklbvxalvv Fezlt D|~lt" \CKX ^lvlg~fe Gvvav{gc{

Igv{oc Qgbocl{t`q" Oujo~k Xozl~{q * E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

Aca{ag{azl %OXEA!

Dov T|natg~~l{g" Cly Qo~` \cazl~va{q

Vxlfagb fobbgno~g{aoc

\CKXDlvvafg N~gzl~" ^NBGF

Lbag Fg~~gvfo" ^NBGF

Mg~g Zaf{o~ag K|w|l Bxlt" ^NBGF

Dgfw|lbacl Lv{lzlt" ^NBGF

Gbm|klcg Jl~ccklt" ^NBGF

Fg~obacg Mo~lco" ^NBGF

Lk|g~ko O~{at-D|~lt" ^NBGF

V{ljgco Xl{{acg{o" ^NBGF

Flfabag \igt" Klx|{q lvaklc{ lx~lvlc{g{azl" \CKX G~ilc{acg

Mcafg Zabbgc|lzg" \CKX ^lvlg~fe Gvvav{gc{

Jbo~agc Ylcklbvxalvv" \CKX ^lvlg~fe Gvvav{gc{

\COXVMg~agbafag Gqgbg

Azoccl Fgv{glkg

Fbg|kag Cofelt-Xgbgfaov

[~gcvbg{o~

Anga G~gmn|~|tgngbg G~~al{g

X~ooj~lgkl~

Fqc{eag Flbkl

Gkzavo~q Fo|cfab

Gbafag N~flcg" LFBGF

Dl~l ^# Nle~mgc" \cazl~va{q oj Xlccvqbzgcag

Cgcfq Na~kvgbb" Flc{l~ jo~ Ibongb Klzlboxmlc{

J~gcfavfo E# I# Jl~~la~g" [el Yo~bk Ngc`

Vgàò J|`|kg-Xg~~" [el Cly Vfeoob

Fg~ob I~gegm" [el N~ooàciv Acv{a{|{aoc

^lnlfg I~qcvxgc" \CKX

Vlbam Dgegc" \CKX

Nl~cg~ko @ba`vnl~i" \CKX

Dlca @b|imgc" \CKX

[eal~~q Blmg~lvw|al~" Focv|b{gc{

Co~g B|v{ai" [|bgcl \cazl~va{q

Dov B|av Mgfeaclg" \cazl~vakgk [o~f|g{o Ka [lbbg

Gbldgck~o [oblko" VGAV-Doecv Eoxàcv \cazl~va{q

Mafeglb Ygb{oc" Eg~zg~k \cazl~va{q

L~clv{o Tlkabbo" Qgbl \cazl~va{q


7/207

: ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Jo~lyo~k

Aclw|gba{q av ocl oj {el mgac {~ga{v {eg{ klcl {el eav{o~q ojBg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# G vaicafgc{ gck xl~vav-

{lc{ aclw|gba{q" gffomxgcalk nq boy vofagb monaba{q" egv blk

{el ~liaoc {o jgbb ac{o gc aclw|gba{q {~gx0 g zafao|v fa~fbl {eg{

av kajf|b{ {o n~lg`# Eoy fgc yl x|{ gc lck {o {eav va{|g{aoc?

Yeg{ x|nbaf xobafalv fgc nl klvaiclk {o x~lzlc{ aclw|gba{q nl-

aci {~gcvma{{lk j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{? Yeq egzl {el

xoba{afgb vqv{lm gck {el ~lkav{~an|{aoc mlfegcavmv co{ nllc

ljjlf{azl ac ~lzl~vaci {eav xg{{l~c? [eav ~v{ ^liaocgb E|mgc

Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc oj-

jl~v gcvyl~v {o {elvl gck o{el~ w|lv{aocv# [el flc{~gb mlvvgil

av {eg{ qlv" a{ av xovvanbl {o ~lk|fl aclw|gba{q ac Bg{ac Gml~afggck {el Fg~annlgc#

A{ av g jgf{ {eg{ |x |c{ab {el ibongb lfocomaf f~avav" g bg~il

c|mnl~ oj fo|c{~alv egk gfealzlk ~lk|f{aocv ac aclw|gba{q nq

luxgckaci fozl~gil oj ngvaf vofagb vl~zaflv gck lcv|~aci g mo~l

x~oi~lvvazl amxgf{ oj vofagb vxlckaci# [eav off|~~lk {egc`v {o g

focvlcv|v {eg{ ygv jo~ilk ~lig~kaci {el cllk {o nl mo~l ljfalc{

ac ie{aci xozl~{q# [eav ~lxo~{ ~lgj~mv {el flc{~gb amxo~{gcfl

oj {el ie{ gigacv{ xozl~{q" n|{ a{ v|iilv{v {eg{ {el~l av g cllk

{o io j|~{el~# Aclw|gba{qxl~ vl av gc onv{gfbl oc {el ~ogk {o e|-

mgc klzlboxmlc{ gck {el ~lk|f{aoc oj aclw|gba{q veo|bk jo~m

gc luxbafa{ xg~{ oj {el x|nbaf gilckg#Jo~ {el \CKX" lw|gba{q mg{{l~v ac {el g~lg oj ljjlf{azl j~ll-

komv0 {eg{ av" ac {l~mv oj n~ogklcaci {el ox{aocv {eg{ g~l {~|bq

gzgabgnbl {o lzl~qocl" gck gmoci yeafe xloxbl g~l j~ll {o feoovl#

Oxxo~{|ca{alv gck gfflvv {o iookv gck vl~zaflv g~l amxo~{gc{"

n|{ vo av {el x~oflvv {eg{ lcgnblv ackazak|gbv {o xbgq gc gf{azl ~obl

ac {ela~ oyc klzlboxmlc{" gck ac {eav ygq amx~ozl {ela~ oyc

bazlv gv ylbb gv {ela~ ammlkag{l lcza~ocmlc{# Ac {eav foc{lu{" {el

cly" vxlfaf gck fomx~lelcvazl xobafq x~oxovlk jo~ ~lk|faci


8/207

9Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q

aclw|gba{q ac {el ~liaoc m|v{ egzl gc amxgf{ oc eo|vleobkvondlf{azl focka{aocv" oc {el focv{~gac{v {elq jgfl" oc v|ndlf-

{azl gvxlf{v {eg{ kl{l~macl ackazak|gbv gvxa~g{aocv jo~ i~lg{l~

g|{ocomq gck monaba{q" gck cgbbq" oc {el w|gba{q gck {el lj-

jlf{azlclvv oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc gck {el v{g{lv ~lkav{~an|-

{azl fgxgfa{q#

O{el~ amxo~{gc{ mlvvgilv g~l4

7# [el aclw|gba{q onvl~zlk ac acfoml" lk|fg{aoc" bajl luxlf-

{gfq gck o{el~ ackafg{o~v xl~vav{v j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o

{el clu{ gck" mo~lozl~" a{ av gbvo gvvofag{lk ya{e g foc{lu{

oj boy vofagb monaba{q0># Igacaci g fblg~l~ |ckl~v{gckaci oj {elvl mlfegcavmv jo~

{~gcvma{{aci eo|vleobkv gfealzlmlc{v yabb jgfaba{g{l {el

klvaic oj mo~l ljjlf{azl xobafalv jo~ n~lg`aci {el zafao|v

fa~fblv {e~o|ie ya{e xozl~{q gck aclw|gba{q g~l {~gcvma{-

{lk j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{0

6# [el~l g~l v|ndlf{azl jgf{o~v {eg{ g~l kl{l~maclk nq nack-

aci focv{~gac{v" gck {elvl g~l j|ckgmlc{gb jo~ luxbgac-

aci {el kajjl~lcflv ac vofao-lfocomaf gfealzlmlc{0

;# [el fg|vlv |ckl~xaccaci {el xl~vav{lcfl oj aclw|gba{q

g~l co{ focclk voblq {o ya{eac {el eo|vleobk## [el xo-

ba{afgb x~oflvv gbvo ~lvxockv kajjl~lc{bq {o {el cllkv ojkajjl~lc{ i~o|xv# G v|v{gaclk ~lk|f{aoc ac aclw|gba{q

mlgcv amxgf{aci {el xoo~ w|gba{q oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc-

{g{aoc" {el j~gab{q oj x|nbaf acv{a{|{aocv" |clw|gb gfflvv

{o ac|lcfl vxlfaf xobafalv" gck acv{a{|{aocgb veo~{fom-

aciv {eg{ blgk {o fo~~|x{aoc gck {el v{g{l lckaci |x ac {el

egckv oj maco~a{q i~o|xv#


9/207

5 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Gf`coyblkimlc{v

[el ^lxo~{ {lgm v{g~{lk {o yo~` ac Jln~|g~q >885" |ckl~ {el g|v-xaflv oj {el \CKX ^liaocgb N|~lg| jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el

Fg~annlgc" ka~lf{lk nq ^lnlfg I~qcvxgc" f|~~lc{bq {el \ca{lk

Cg{aocv \ckl~- Vlf~l{g~q Ilcl~gb gck Gvvofag{l Gkmacav{~g{o~ oj

{el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gm %\CKX!# [el Fo-o~ka-

cg{aoc [lgm gck {el g|{eo~v oj {el ^lxo~{ yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` Mv

I~qcvxgc jo~ el~ ac{lbblf{|gb foc{~an|{aocv" k~azl gck v|xxo~{ jo~

{eav lxo~{#

Vxlfagb {egc`v jo~ {ela~ ilcl~o|v v|xxo~{ io {o {el Vxgcave

Gilcfq jo~ Ac{l~cg{aocgb Klzlboxmlc{ Fo-oxl~g{aoc %GLFAK!"

{e~o|ie a{v Vxgac-\CKX J|ck" [oyg~kv Ac{li~g{lk gck Acfb|vazl

Klzlboxmlc{ ac Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc" ya{eo|{ yeafe" a{yo|bk co{ egzl nllc xovvanbl {o fg~~q o|{ {eav yo~`#

[el foc{~an|{aocv mgkl nq {el mlmnl~v oj {el ^lxo~{v Gk-

zavo~q Fo|cfab k|~aci {el mll{aci elbk ac Cly Qo~` ac Vlx{lm-

nl~ >885 gck ac {el nabg{l~gb fomm|cafg{aocv ya{e {el {lgm" egzl

nllc j|ckgmlc{gb jo~ v{~lci{elcaci {el x~odlf{#

Yl yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` Flfabag \igt" Klx|{q ^lvaklc{ ^lx~l-

vlc{g{azl oj {el \CKX ac G~ilc{acg" jo~ el~ fobbgno~g{aoc ac x~l-

xg~aci {el Lulf|{azl V|mmg~q gck \CKX G~ilc{acg jo~ ojjl~aci

{el ^lxo~{ {lgm {ela~ v|xxo~{#

Yl yo|bk gbvo ba`l {o lux~lvv o|~ i~g{a{|kl {o {el mgcq fobblgi|lv

yeo ojjl~lk fommlc{v {e~o|ieo|{ {el x~oflvv oj y~a{aci {el ^lxo~{"lvxlfagbbq {o {eovl yeo {oo` xg~{ ac {el jobboyaci mll{aciv4

Gcc|gb mll{aciv oj {el \CKX Bg{ac Gml~afgc E|mgc Klzlbox-

mlc{ Cl{yo~`" ac Vgc{o Komacio %>889!" Moc{lzaklo %>885!

gck Bamg %>881!#

Mll{aciv oj {el BGFLGNM-NAK-\CKX Aclw|gba{q gck Xozl~{q

Cl{yo~`" ac Noio{g %>889!" Vgc{o Komacio %>885! gck Bamg

%>881!#


10/207


Gcc|gb mll{aciv oj {el E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ gck Fgxgnaba{alvGvvofag{aoc %EKFG!" ac Moc{lzaklo %>885! gck Bamg %>881!#

Gcc|gb mll{aciv oj {el Bg{ac Gml~afgc gck {el Fg~annlgc

Lfocomaf Gvvofag{aoc %BGFLG!" ac ô kl Dgcla~o %>885!

gck N|lcov Ga~lv %>881!#

Focjl~lcfl oc {el Ac{~g- gck Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb [~gcvmavvaoc oj

Aclw|gba{q" elbk g{ Lb Fobliao kl Muafo" Mluafo Fa{q %>885!#

\CKX ^NBGF vlgvoc oj vlmacg~v ac Cly Qo~`#

Lb Fobliao kl Muafov Flc{~l jo~ Lfocomaf V{|kalv vlgvoc oj

vlmacg~v ac Mluafo Fa{q#

Yo~`veox oc Aclw|gba{q gck E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ Mlgv|~l-

mlc{# Zgckl~nab{ \cazl~va{q" >6 gck >; Dgc|g~q >881# Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aci ya{e {el ^lxo~{ [lgm oc {el E|mgc

Klzlboxmlc{ oj Cafg~gi|g" Mgcgi|g" 67 Mg~fe >881#

6~k OLFK Yo~bk Jo~|m oc V{g{av{afv" @coyblkil gck Xoba-

fq OLFK4 [el J|{|~l oj E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ Mlgv|~lv"

N|vgc" Vo|{e @o~lg" >9 Of{onl~ >881#

Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aciv ya{e {el Lulf|{azl Fomma{{ll" [lfe-

cafgb Fomma{{ll gck {el Fomm|cafg{aocv [lgm oj {el

\CKX ojflv ac4

Mluafo gck Flc{~gb Gml~afg" elbk ac Mluafo Fa{q" Mluafo"

75 gck 71 Dgc|g~q >878#

Vo|{el~c Focl" elbk ac N|lcov Ga~lv" G~ilc{acg" >< gck>: Dgc|g~q >878#

Gcklgc G~lg" elbk ac W|a{o" Lf|gko~" 7 gck> Jln~|g~q>878#

Fg~annlgc G~lg" elbk ac @aciv{oc" Dgmgafg" ; gck < Jln~|-

g~q >878#

Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aci ya{e {el ^NBGF ^liaocgb Vl~zafl Flc-

{~l" Xgcgmg Fa{q" Xgcgmg" 6 Jln~|g~q >878#

>ck Bg{ac Gml~afgc Vofagb Vfalcflv Mll{aci" JBGFVO" Mlu-

afo Fa{q" D|cl >878#

Focv|b{g{aoc mll{aci ya{e {el E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{Ojfl [lgm" Cly Qo~`" D|cl >878#

[gug{aoc gck Vofagb Foelvaoc ac Bg{ac Gml~afg Jo~|m" o~-

igcavlk nq L\ÔVofaGB Javfgbakgk ac {el Acv{a{|{l jo~ Jav-

fgb V{|kalv" Mgk~ak" Vxgac" 9 {o 1 D|cl >878#

JAAGXX-GLFAK mll{aci ac Fg~{gilcg kl Ackagv" Fobomnag"

D|cl >878#

Yl yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` {el jobboyaci ackazak|gbv jo~ {ela~

zl~q |vlj|b foc{~an|{aocv4 Vgnacg Gbà~l" A~mg G~~agigkg"

@g|vea` Ngv|" Dl~l ^# Nle~mgc" J~gcfoav No|~i|aicoc" ^lnlfg

Flc{lco" Mg~flbo Klbgdg~g" Vlzl~acl Klcl|bac" J~gcfavfo Jl~-~la~g" Dgmlv L# Jov{l~" Ig~q Jalbkv" Ig~gcfl Ilcafo{" ^gza @gc-

n|~" Kln~gd ^gq" Mg~g kl bg Xgt Bxlt" Kgzak Mgql~-Jo|b`lv"

Mcafg O~otfo" Eg~~q Xg{~acov" Dlgc Xeabaxxl Xbg{{lg|" Ibo~ag

^|nao" Dgaml Vggzlk~g" Lmmg Vgmmgc" Mg~g Lmmg Vgc{ov"

Xg{~afao Vobv" Mai|lb \~w|aobg gck Jbo~lcfag [o~fel#

Gck vxlfagb {egc`v {o {el g|{eo~a{alv gck fobblgi|lv g{ Lb

Fobliao kl Muafo jo~ {ela~ foc{ac|o|v v|xxo~{#

Jacgbbq" {el ^lxo~{ {lgm yo|bk ba`l {o {egc` lzl~qocl yeo

{oo` xg~{" ka~lf{bq o~ acka~lf{bq" ac k~gj{aci {eav ^lxo~{" gck gf-

flx{v j|bb gck {o{gb ~lvxocvanaba{q jo~ gcq l~~o~v o~ omavvaocv#


11/207


[gnbl oj Foc{lc{v

FEGX[L^ 7

Focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~` oj {el ^lxo~{ ###########################################################################################################################79

Aclw|gba{q ac o{el~ kamlcvaocv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ #################################################################################69

Co{ gbb aclw|gba{alv g~l {el vgml4 {el makkbl fbgvvlv ac BGF ###########################################################################;;

[el EKA gck aclw|gba{q ###################################################################################################################################################;:

\clw|gb {okgq" |clw|gb {omo~~oy# Yeq kolv aclw|gba{q xl~vav{? ############################################################################


12/207


FEGX[L^ 1

Gxxlckaflv ####################################################################################################################################################################76#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# Xl~jo~mgcfl oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!#

7118" >888" >889 gck i~oy{e %,! ozl~ {el xl~aokv 7118->888 gck >888->889 ################################################>:

[gnbl >#> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %71 fo|c{~alv! ac g yo~bkyakl foc{lu{ %>: fo|c{~alv!#

E|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! >888->889 gck i~oy{e %,! k|~aci >888->889 ################################################>5

[gnbl >#6 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>> fo|c{~alv!# Klf~lgvl ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ g{{~an|{gnbl

{o aclw|gba{alv nl{yllc mlc gck yomlc" {el ilckl~-~lbg{lk klzlboxmlc{ acklu %IKA!

gck {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!# >889# #################################################################################################>1

[gnbl >#; Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7< fo|c{~alv!# Xox|bg{aoc yo~`aci ac {el acjo~mgb

lfocomq ac |~ngc g~lgv nq ilckl~# 7111 gck >885 %,! #####################################################################################66

[gnbl >#< Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7> fo|c{~alv!# N~lg`-koyc oj {el kajjl~lcfl

ac {el acfaklcfl oj xozl~{q gmoci l{ecaf i~o|xv# Zg~ao|v qlg~v# # ################ ############### ################ ############### #########6:

[gnbl >#: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %77 fo|c{~alv!# Yo~`aci xox|bg{aoc nq vlf{o~ %,! ######################### ############### ####69

[gnbl >#9 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Aclw|gba{q-gkd|v{lk

e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %AGEKA!# Gnvob|{l gck xl~flc{gil ~lk|f{aocv# Fa~fg >88: ######### ############### ################ #;5

[gnbl 6#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %< fo|c{~alv!# Fe~ocaf mgbc|{~a{aoc#

Noqv gck ia~bv x~lvlc{aci klfalc{ elaie{ jo~ {ela~ gil %,! ################################################################################:>


13/207

7> ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

[gnbl 88< %,! ############## ############# 1;

[gnbl :#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %: fo|c{~alv!#

Ljjlf{ oj focka{aocgb fgve {~gcvjl~v oc xozl~{q gck focv|mx{aoc ######################################################################777

[GNBL OJ FOC[LC[V4 NOULV

Nou 7#7 ^aie{v gck aclw|gba{alv ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### 75

Nou >#7 [el klfbacl ac aclw|gba{q4 fg|vlv gck fegbblcilv #### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ###>5

Nou >#> Gxx~ogfe {o aclw|gba{q ac {el cg{aocgb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ~lxo~{v jo~

Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# ############### ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############# 68Nou >#6 \vl oj {aml4 {el ko|nbl n|~klc jo~ yomlc# #########################################################################################################66

Nou >#; Xozl~{q4 g m|b{akamlcvaocgb xelcomlcoc ############# ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ###;7

Nou >#< [el xobg~avg{aoc oj acfoml ac Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc ############################################################################;#: Eoy {el aclw|gba{q-gkd|v{lk e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %AGEKA! yo~`v #################################################################;:

Nou >#9 Ackafg{o~v oj ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb monaba{q #################################################################################################################

Nou 6#7 [el {~gcvmavvaoc oj gvvl{v ################ ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ########:8

Nou 6#> Nlqock e|mgc fgxa{gb4 gfflvv {o f~lka{ gck xozl~{q {~gxv #####################################################################################:6

Nou 6#6 Aczlv{mlc{ ac e|mgc fgxa{gb gck {el boy e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ {~gx ## ################ ############### ############### ################ #####:;

Nou 6#; [el nackaci focv{~gac{v gxx~ogfe #########################################################################################################################: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!#

Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb vfeoobaci x~oi~lvv# Fa~fg >88< %,! ############## ################ ############### ################ ############### ############# >>

Feg~{ 7#6 Klzlboxlk fo|c{~alv %: fo|c{~alv! gck Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %6 fo|c{~alv!#

Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb monaba{q# Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb acfoml lbgv{afa{q ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### >6

Feg~{ >#7 ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu oj xl~ fgxa{g eo|vleobk acfoml# ############# ################ ############### ################ ########## >:

Feg~{ >#> ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu ~llf{aci acfoml kav{~an|{aoc#

[lc-qlg~ gzl~gilv jo~ 7198" 7158 gck 7118 gck gzl~gil jo~ {el xl~aok 7198->888# ####################### ############### ### >:

Feg~{ >#6 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7> fo|c{~alv!# Mguam|m" gzl~gil gck macam|m zgb|lv

oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!" oj a{v fomxoclc{v gck oj {el ilckl~-~lbg{lk

klzlboxmlc{ acklu %IKA! nq iloi~gxeaf |ca{v ac lgfe fo|c{~q# Fa~fg >88: ############## ################ ############### ############# 68

Feg~{ >#; Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>> fo|c{~alv!# ^lbg{aocveax nl{yllc {el

e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! gck {el ilckl~ lmxoyl~mlc{ mlgv|~l %ILM!# >889 ############### ############### ######## 6>


14/207


Feg~{ >#< Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7< fo|c{~alv!# Xozl~{q %blvv {egc ocl kobbg~/kgq!

gmoci {el xox|bg{aoc oj L|~oxlgc klvflc{ %XLK! gck ackailco|v xloxblv gck

Gj~o-klvflckgc{v %AXGK!# Fa~fg >888 %,!# ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############## 6:

Feg~{ >#: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %79 fo|c{~alv!# Lzob|{aoc ac acfoml aclw|gba{q#

V{g~{ oj {el 7118v {o mak >888v %fa~fg >88:!# ####################################################################################################65

Feg~{ >#9 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>6 fo|c{~alv!# Iaca acklu# Fa~fg >88: ############################################################65

Feg~{ >#5 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Ackafg{o~v jo~ eo|vaci w|gba{q gck gfflvv

{o ngvaf vl~zaflv# Kajjl~lcfl nl{yllc {el eaielv{ gck boylv{ acfoml w|ac{ablv# Fa~fg >88:# ######## ################ ######61

Feg~{ >#1 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %76 {o 7: fo|c{~alv!# Eo|vaci w|gba{q gck gfflvv {o ngvaf vl~zaflv ackafg{o~v#Fegcilv ac {el kajjl~lcfl nl{yllc {el eaielv{ gck boylv{ acfoml w|ac{ablv" lg~bq o~ mak 7118v {o mak >888v %,! ### ;8

Feg~{ >#78 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# Foc{~an|{aoc {o {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!

nq fomxoclc{# >889 %,!# ###############################################################################################################################;7

Feg~{ >#77 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %7: fo|c{~alv!# [~lckv ac {el mguam|m" gzl~gil

gck macam|m zgb|lv oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! gck a{v fomxoclc{v#

7118" >888 gck >88: #####################################################################################################################################;>

Feg~{ >#7> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %: fo|c{~alv!# Vofaolfocomaf fbgvvlv# >88: %,! ############################################;;

Feg~{ >#76 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# [el n|~klc oj aclw|lgba{q oc {el E|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu

%EKA!# EKA bovvlv g{{~an|{gnbl {o aclw|gba{q nq fo|c{~q# Fa~fg >88: %=>!# #########################################################;1Feg~{ >#7; Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Amxgf{ oj aclw|gba{q oc lgfe fomxoclc{ oj

{el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! nq fo|c{~q gck gzl~gil amxgf{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck

{el Fg~annlgc# Fa~fg >88: %=>! %gv ,!# ############## ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############## #7< Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# ^lbg{aocveax nl{yllc {el bovv ac {ele|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA! g{{~an|{gnbl {o aclw|gba{q gck {el Iaca foljfalc{#

Fa~fg >88: %=>!#%xl~flc{gil fegcil! ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ # #7: Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Vfeoobaci fo~~lbg{aoc foljfalc{ nl{yllc

fo|xblv# Fa~fg >88:# ############## ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############## #79 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# ^lbg{aocveax nl{yllc {el fo~~lbg{aoc

oj fo|xblv blzlbv oj vfeoobaci gck aclw|gba{q# Fa~fg >88:# ############## ############### ############### ################ ############### #### Mluafo# Ljjlf{ oj {el foica{azl v`abbv oj jg{el~ gck mo{el~ oc {el

foica{azl v abbv oj {ela~ ojjvx~aci nq gil i~o|x# >88> %,! ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### #### :9

Feg~{ 6#6 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>; fo|c{~alv!# I~ovv lc~obbmlc{ ~g{ao# Mov{ ~lflc{ gzgabgnbl kg{g %,! ########### 9>

Feg~{ ;#7 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Vfeoobaci oj xg~lc{v)jgmabq cl{yo~`v" j~alckv gck fobblgi|lv"

nq vofaolfocomaf v{g{|v %VLV!# >881 %,! ############## ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############## 5:

Feg~{ ;#> N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Acklu kl{gabaci

gilcfq fgxgnaba{q nq vofaolfocomaf blzlb %VLB!# >881 ############################ ############### ################ ############### ############## 59

Feg~{ ;#6 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Mo{el~v/jg{el~v yeo gvxa~l jo~

{ela~ feabk~lc {o io {o |cazl~va{q" nq vofaolfocomaf blzlb %VLB!# >881 %,! ############# ################ ############### ############## 59

Feg~{ ;#; N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Eoy jg~ ko xg~lc{v ygc{ {ela~ feabk~lc {o v{|kq?

Ko xg~lc{v gvxa~l jo~ {ela~ feabk~lc {o x~oi~lvv nlqock o~ jgbb veo~{ oj |cazl~va{q {~gacaci? ############### ################ # 55

Feg~{ ;#< N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Mgac ac|lcflv oc

{el jo~mg{aoc oj lk|fg{aocgb gvxa~g{aocv# >881 %,! ################# ############### ################ ############### ################ ########### 55

Feg~{ ;#: Amxgf{ oj xg~lc{v lk|fg{aoc gck oj cl{yo~`v oc {el jo~mg{aoc oj lk|fg{aocgb gvxa~g{aocv

jo~ {ela~ feabk~lc ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### #### 51

Feg~{ ;#9 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g4 Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb ac|lcfl oc gvxa~g{aocv" >881 %,! ############### ######### 18

Feg~{ ;#5 N|lcov Ga~lv" Mluafo Fa{q gck Mgcgi|g# Fo~~lbg{aocv nl{yllc {el xg~lc{v gilcfq fgxgfa{q

ackafg{o~v gck {el vg{avjgf{aoc ya{e bajl ackafg{o~ jo~ feabk~lc# >881 %,! ############## ################ ############### ############## 18

Feg~{ :#7 Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %>7 fo|c{~alv!# [~lckv ac x|nbaf vofagb vxlckaci %XVV!

gck ac {o{gb x|nbaf vxlckaci %[XV! gv g xl~flc{gil oj i~ovv komlv{af x~ok|f{ %IKX!#

7118->885 ############## ############### ################ ############### ############### ################ ############### ################ ############### ############ 781

Feg~{ :#> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Iaca foljfalc{ jo~ eo|vleobk xl~ fgxa{g acfoml

nljo~l gck gj{l~ ~lflazaci fgve {~gcvjl~v %Fa~fg >885! ############## ############### ################ ############### ################ ######### 778


15/207


16/207


[el focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~òj {el ^lxo~{

LW\GBA[Q OJ YEG[?Gba gck Tge~g g~l {el mgac feg~gf{l~v oj {el x~ojo|ck gck moz-

aci A~gcagc bm lc{a{blk Feabk~lc oj Elgzlc" ~lblgvlk ac 7119 gck

ka~lf{lk nq Mgdak Mgdaka# Ac {el v{o~q" Gba {g`lv eav vav{l~ Tge~gv

veolv {o nl ~lxga~lk" n|{ lckv |x bovaci {elm# Gv no{e `coy

j|bb ylbb {eg{ {el~l av co moclq g{ eoml {o n|q cly veolv" {elq

klfakl {o eakl {el bovv j~om {ela~ xg~lc{v# [el bm n~aciv |v ac{o

{el yo~bk oj Gba gck Tge~g j~om {eg{ momlc{ oc# Ac o~kl~ jo~

{elm no{e {o |vl {el ocbq ~lmgacaci xga~ oj veolv" {el feabk~lc

klfakl {o io {o vfeoob ac gb{l~cg{aci veaj{v# Tge~g ylg~v {el veolv

{o vfeoob ac {el mo~caci" gck Gba g{{lckv ac {el gj{l~coocv# No{e

egzl gc gyj|b {aml eakaci {el xbgc j~om {ela~ {lgfel~v" vacfl{elq koc{ ygc{ {elm {o ck o|{ {eg{ {elq g~l veg~aci ocl xga~

oj veolv" gck j~om {ela~ xg~lc{v" yeo yo|bk v|~lbq x|cave {elm

jo~ egzaci bov{ {el veolv# Egzaci {o veg~l {el vgml xga~ oj veolv

vaicafgc{bq bama{v Gba gck Tge~gv ox{aocv ac bajl0 vo m|fe vo

{eg{ {ela~ bazlv g~l ljjlf{azlbq iozl~clk nq {eav e|il focv{~gac{#

G{ ocl xoac{" Tge~g co{aflv {eg{ g fbgvvmg{l av ylg~aci el~ bov{

veolv# Cg{|~gbbq v|~x~avlk" Tge~g klfaklv {o jobboy {el fbgvvmg{l

eoml" yel~l|xoc vel ~lgbavlv {eg{ {el o{el~ ia~bv jg{el~ av nback

gck |cgnbl {o yo~` {o x~ozakl eav kg|ie{l~ ya{e veolv# Ya{eo|{

{eovl veolv" {el ia~bv ox{aocv ac bajl yo|bk nl vlzl~lbq bama{lk#

Tge~g klfaklv co{ {o mlc{aoc {el veolv {o el~ fbgvvmg{l" gck acjgf{ {el qo|ci ia~bv lck |x nlfomaci iook j~alckv#

[el bm ~lgfelv a{v fbamgu yelc Gba klfaklv {o {g`l xg~{ ac g

~gfl" ac yeafe {el ~|ccl~ yeo cavelv {ea~k yabb ~lflazl g xga~ oj

cly veolv gv g x~atl# K|l {o gc |cluxlf{lk {|~c oj lzlc{v" acv{lgk

oj caveaci {ea~k" Gba lckv |x yaccaci {el lzlc{# Lzl~qocl av

v|~x~avlk g{ eoy |xvl{ {el yaccl~ av" jo~ gb{eo|ie Gba ~lflazlv

{el nlv{ x~atl oj {el fomxl{a{aoc" el kolv co{ yac {el xga~ oj

veolv" yeafe yo|bk egzl gbboylk eam gck eav vav{l~ {o ~lv|ml

{ela~ co~mgb bajl# [eav mlmo~gnbl bm lckv ya{e g veo{ oj Gbav

nbav{l~lk jll{ vogàci ac g yg{l~ jo|c{gac#

Gba gck Tge~gv v{o~q ygv zl~q ylbb ~lflazlk nq f~a{afv" yeo

|ckl~vfo~lk {el bmv nlg|{q" {el klx{e oj a{v v{o~q" gck a{v am-

mlcvl g~{av{af w|gba{q# Feabk~lc oj Elgzlc ygv jgzo|~gnbq fomxg~lk

ya{e {el 71;5 fbgvvaf Nafqfbl [ealzlv" ka~lf{lk nq A{gbagc bmmg`l~

Za{{o~ao kl Vafg#Ac Nafqfbl [ealzlv" {el mgac feg~gf{l~" Gc{ocaoâffa" av g xoo~ mgc yeo klvxl~g{lbq vfo|~v {el v{~ll{v oj ôml

{o ~lfozl~ eav v{oblc nafqfbl" yeafe el cllkv jo~ yo~`#7

V{o~alv v|fe gv {elvl abb|v{~g{l" w|a{l ka~lf{bq" {el jof|v oc

aclw|gba{q yeafe jo~mv {el ngvav oj {eav lxo~{# Gba gck Tge~gv

veolv" gv ylbb gv Gc{ocao âffav nafqfbl" ~llf{ {el e|ilbq am-

xo~{gc{ ~lbg{aocveax {eg{ luav{v jo~ ackazak|gbv nl{yllc ~lvo|~flv"

oxxo~{|ca{alv gck bajl ox{aocv# [elvl cg~~g{azlv gbboy ocl {o mo~l

fblg~bq |ckl~v{gck {el focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~` yeafe av lmxboqlk

ac {eav lxo~{ {o mlgv|~l aclw|gba{q gck lzgb|g{l kajjl~lc{ blzlbv

oj ylbb-nlaci# Ac o{el~ yo~kv" {el v{o~alv abb|v{~g{l {el focflx{ oj

~lgb j~llkom" klclk gv gbb ox{aocv oxlc {o ackazak|gbv ac {l~mvoj {ela~ xovvanaba{alv oj nlaci o~ koaci# [eav av {el kamlcvaoc

oj aclw|gba{q focvakl~lk ~lblzgc{ ac {eav gxx~ogfe# Ac {el lbkv

oj klzlboxmlc{" lfocomafv gck xoba{afgb xeabovoxeq a{ av klclk

gv {el fgxgnaba{qgxx~ogfe %Vlc" 715

7 [eav bm av ~gc`lk gmoci {el N~a{ave Jabm Acv{a{|{lv {ox {lc Jabmv qo| veo|bk vll nq {el

gil oj 7;#

> [el |vl oj a{gbafv ackafg{lv {eg{" {el yo~k av ac{lcklk gv g {elo~l{afgb {l~m#

7


17/207

7: ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

OXXO^[\CA[ALV" FGXGNABA[ALV

GCK ACLW\GBA[Q

Bg{ac Gml~afg ~gc`v ~v{ ac {el yo~bk ac {l~mv oj aclw|gba{q#

Yaklvx~lgk co~mg{azl gck x~gf{afgb ~lgvocv mg`l eaie blzlbv oj

aclw|gba{q onv{gfblv {o vofagb x~oi~lvv# Aclw|gba{q gck a{v zavanbl

mgcajlv{g{aocv g~l gc |cklcagnbl ~lgba{q gjjlf{aci gbb fa{atlcv#

[el co{aoc {eg{ aclw|gba{q av |cgfflx{gnbl j~om g co~mg{azl

gck acv{~|mlc{gb v{gckxoac{ egv nllc klng{lk jo~ mgcq qlg~vnq vofagb vfalc{av{v gck xoba{afgb xeabovoxel~v gba`l# Clzl~{el-

blvv" {el~l g~l v{abb vlzl~gb kajjl~lc{ {elo~alv gno|{ yeg{ àck oj

aclw|gba{q av ~lblzgc{ gck veo|bk nl x~lzlc{lk {e~o|ie x|nbaf

gf{aoc# \ckl~bqaci {eav kavf|vvaoc g~l zg~ao|v aklgv oj d|v{afl6"

yeafe ~llf{ g c|mnl~ oj kazl~ilc{ zalyv oj aclw|gba{q gck a{v

~lbg{aocveax ya{e x|nbaf xobafq#

Ocl oj {el mgac {oxafv oj {eav klng{l egv nllc eoy aclw|gba{q

veo|bk nl mlgv|~lk# Mgcq kajjl~lc{ kamlcvaocv oj aclw|gba{q

egzl nllc klclk" acfb|kaci aclw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv" ac-

lw|gba{q ac {l~mv oj gc ackazak|gbv gnaba{q oj gfflvv {o xovvanbl

nlaciv gck koaciv %~ljl~~lk {o gv j|cf{aocaciv ya{eac {elfoc{lu{ oj {eav lxo~{!" aclw|gba{q oj acfoml" lk|fg{aoc o~ o{el~

ackafg{o~v oj vofagb gfealzlmlc{" gv ylbb gv aclw|gba{q ac {l~mv oj

xoba{afgb aczobzlmlc{ gck ac|lcfl" gmoci o{el~v# Ac gbb fgvlv"

aclw|gba{q av {el x~ok|f{ oj g fomnacg{aoc oj jgf{o~v gck fgcco{

nl luxbgaclk nq ocl fg|vl gbocl#

Oj {el mgcq jgf{o~v {eg{ elbx {o luxbgac el{l~oilclo|v lfo-

comaf gck vofagb gfealzlmlc{" {el aca{agb focka{aocv oj lzl~q

eo|vleobk %{el vofaolfocomaf feg~gf{l~av{afv oj {el komlv{af

|ca{ ac{o yeafe gc ackazak|gb av no~c! xbgq g flc{~gb ~obl" gv ko {el

ljjo~{v mgkl nq {el ackazak|gb" vofagb gck acv{a{|{aocgb foc{lu{v"

eav{o~afgb jgf{o~v gck x|nbaf gf{aoc# [eg{ vgak" g c|mnl~ oj o{el~lw|gbbq amxo~{gc{ lblmlc{v egzl g ~obl {o xbgq" acfb|kaci vo-fgbblk

~gckom gvxlf{v" mlgcaci {eovl lzlc{v {eg{ g~l nlqock xloxblv

foc{~ob %cg{|~gb kavgv{l~v o~ |cluxlf{lk xova{azl lzlc{v!#;

Ya{e {eav ac mack" gck ac o~kl~ {o gcgbqvl aclw|gba{q x~ox-

l~bq" a{ av amxo~{gc{ {o k~gy g f~|fagb kav{acf{aoc nl{yllc lu

gc{l gck lu xov{gxx~ogfelv# Gc lu gc{l gxx~ogfe xbgflv i~lg{l~

amxo~{gcfl oc {el aca{agb focka{aocv gck |ckl~vfo~lv {el cllk

{o lcv|~l g blzlb xbgqaci lbk jo~ lzl~qocl" ya{eo|{ {gàci

o{el~ jgf{o~v ac{o gffo|c{# Ac {el ylbb-`coyc ml{gxeo~" lu gc{l

lw|gba{q v{g{lv {eg{ {el ~|ccl~v ac g ~gfl m|v{ v{g~{ j~om {el

vgml xoac{ lzl~q {aml" acv{lgk oj v{g~{aci j~om {el xova{aocv~lgfelk ac {el x~lzao|v ~gfl#

Ac foc{~gv{" gc lu xov{gxx~ogfe xbgflv x~ao~a{q oc {el ~lv|b{"

mlgcaci {eg{ yeafe egxxlcv gv gc ljjlf{ oj {el ac{l~gf{aoc

6 Jo~ g kavf|vvaoc oc oj {el aklg oj d|v{afl gck a{v amxbafg{aocv gck amxo~{gcfl ya{eac {el

zg~ao|v {elo~alv oj d|v{afl" vll {el yo~` oj Vlc %>881!#

; Xeabovoxel~v k~gy g kav{acf{aoc nl{yllc {el focflx{v oj n~|{l b|f` gck ox{aoc b|f`#

Gb{eo|ie g xl~voc fgcco{ vegxl lzlc{v {eg{ off|~ k|~aci {ela~ bajl{aml {eg{ g~l co{

klxlcklc{ oc {ela~ oyc klfavaocv" ac fl~{gac fgvlv el o~ vel mgq gjjlf{ {el ba`lbaeook oj

v|fe lzlc{v off|~~aci {e~o|ie focvfao|v klfavaocv" yeafe" ac {|~c" mgq nl klbama{lk nq

{el ackazak|gbv foc{lu{ %vll" jo~ lugmxbl" Kyo~àc" >888!#

nl{yllc ackazak|gb gck foc{lu{|gb gvxlf{v#< [el fbgvvaf |{aba{g~-

agc gxx~ogfe" {el zaly {eg{ {el ondlf{azl j|cf{aoc oj vofal{q av

{o g{{gac {el i~lg{lv{ iook jo~ {el i~lg{lv{ c|mnl~ oj xloxbl"

av lvvlc{agbbq gc lu xov{gxx~ogfe#: [el vgml fgc nl vgak jo~ {el

zavaoc oj v|ndlf{azl ylbb-nlaci o~ oj v{|kalv oc egxxaclvv#9

[el co{aoc oj lw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv" gv focflx{|gbavlknq ôlml~ %7115! gck ~lflc{bq oxl~g{aocgbavlk nq {el Yo~bk

Ngc` %Xglv kl Ng~~ov l{ gb#" >881!" gkox{v gc lu gc{l gxx~ogfe"

a#l#" ocl jof|vaci oc {el aca{agb focka{aocv# [eav zavaoc kaf{g{lv

{eg{ {el kav{~an|{aoc oj gcq gfealzlmlc{ g{{gaclk nq gc acka-

zak|gb" xl~egxv ac {l~mv oj acfoml o~ vfeoobaci" m|v{ co{ nl

focka{aocgb {o eav o~ el~ vxlfaf fa~f|mv{gcflv" n|{ ~g{el~ {elvl

gfealzlmlc{v oj ylbb-nlaci" o~ gkzgc{gilv" gv {elq g~l fgbblk

ac luav{aci ba{l~g{|~l oc lw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv" veo|bk ocbq

~llf{ ~gckom gvxlf{v gck {eovl kl{l~maclk nq ackazak|gb ljjo~{"

a~~lvxlf{azl oj {el aca{agb focka{aocv#

Jo~ {eav ~lgvoc" {el {gv` oj amxblmlc{aci {eav focflx{ lmxa~a-fgbbq x~amg~abq aczobzlv mlgv|~aci aclw|gba{q nl{yllc feabk~lc %o~

gkoblvflc{v! gck g{{lmx{aci {o xacxoac{ x~lfavlbq {eovl gvxlf{v

{eg{ xl~{gac {o {el aca{agb focka{aocv" yeabl lbamacg{aci {eovl

gvxlf{v ~lbg{lk {o ackazak|gb ljjo~{# Gv a{ yabb luxbgac nlboy" g za-

vaoc oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ngvlk oc {el co{aoc ojfgxgnaba{alv

%Vlc" 715

focka{aoc" n|{ ac jgf{ iolv jg~ nlqock {eav#

[o x~ozakl gc lugmxbl" a{ av elbxj|b {o ocfl gigac ~ljl~ {o Za{-

{o~ao kl Vafgv fbgvvaf bm Nafqfbl [ealzlv" yeafe egv nllc fa{lk

lu{lcvazlbq ac luav{aci ba{l~g{|~l oc fgxgnaba{alv# [el nafqfbl av

vamxbq g vxlfaf ~lvo|~fl ya{e vxlfaf feg~gf{l~av{afv" {el xov-vlvvaoc oj yeafe" eoylzl~" kolv co{ {~gcvma{ ylbb-nlaci nlfg|vl

oj {el na`l a{vlbj o~ a{v mocl{g~q zgb|l" gv g |{aba{g~agc zavaoc mgq

ylbb v|iilv{# Xovvlvvaoc oj {el nafqfbl" o~ ~g{el~ gfflvv {o {el

~lvo|~fl" fomnaclv ya{e {eovl feg~gf{l~av{afv oj {el nafqfbl {eg{

lc{gab vxlfaf xovvanaba{alv oj nlaci gck koaci %j|cf{aocaciv"

gv mlc{aoclk gnozl!#

[e|v" {el nafqfbl gbboyv jo~ {~gcvxo~{g{aoc gck lul~favl"

yeabl gbvo egzaci g xovvanbl nlg~aci oc gfflvv {o lk|fg{aoc"

iook elgb{e" xbgq gck vofagbavg{aoc" gck {el don mg~`l{# X|{ {eav

ygq" gfflvv {o g ~lvo|~fl fgc oxlc |x g yakl ~gcil oj ox{aocv

ya{eac {el vl{ oj xovvanaba{alv {eg{ gc ackazak|gb mgq lcfo|c{l~

< Ac{l~lv{acibq lco|ie" gc lu gc{l gxx~ogfe aczobzlv {el aklg oj lw|a{q" yel~lgv {el

focflx{ oj lw|gba{q av gvvofag{lk ya{e gc lu xov{ gxx~ogfe# Ac {eav lxo~{" {el co{aoc oj

lw|gba{q ac {el vlcvl oj fgxgnaba{alv yabb nl |vlk gc gxx~ogfe ngvlk oc lu gc{l {eacàci"

n|{ yeafe gbvo ~lw|a~lv g jga~ x~oflvv#

: Ac lfocomaf {l~mv" {eav ondlf{azl vofagb j|cf{aoc lc{gabv lw|gba{q co{ ac {l~mv oj {o{gb |{ab-

a{q" n|{ ~g{el~ mg~iacgb |{aba{alv" {el gam nlaci {o mguamavl {el {o{gb |{aba{q oj ackazak|gbv

ya{eac vofal{q# [el amxbafg{aocv oj {eav ~|bl egzl nllc klng{lk lu{lcvazlbq ac {el yo~`v

oj lfocomaf gfgklmafv# Jo~ g fbgvvaf gxx~ogfe" vll {el g~i|mlc{v luxo|cklk nq Vlc

%7158!#

9 Ac jgf{" jo~ Dl~lmq Nlc{egm" {el f~lg{o~ oj {el {elo~q oj |{aba{g~agcavm" |{aba{q av x~gf{a-

fgbbq vqcocqmo|v ya{e egxxaclvv#


18/207


ac bajl# Ac o{el~ yo~kv" a{ mgq yaklc eav o~ el~ ~lgb j~llkomv"

eav o~ el~ fgxgnaba{alv#

[eg{ vgak" i|g~gc{llaci gfflvv {o g fl~{gac ~lvo|~fl av

co{ lco|ie jo~ gc ackazak|gbv ox{aocv {o ljjlf{azlbq acf~lgvl"

jo~ o{el~ focka{aocv m|v{ gbvo nl ml{# A{ av lvvlc{agb {eg{ {el

ackazak|gb gf{|gbbq nl gnbl {o {~gcvjo~m eav o~ el~ gfflvv {og vxlfaf ~lvo|~fl ac{o j|cf{aocaciv {eg{ yabb acf~lgvl eav o~ el~

ljjlf{azl j~llkom {o nl gck {o ko#

G xeqvafgb kavgnaba{q" jo~ lugmxbl" yo|bk ~lk|fl {el c|mnl~

oj xovvanaba{alv gvvofag{lk ya{e {el xovvlvvaoc oj {el nafqfbl# Ac

o~kl~ jo~ g xova{azl {~gcvjo~mg{aoc {o {g`l xbgfl" a{ av clflvvg~q {o

mll{ g c|mnl~ oj ackazak|gb focka{aocv %xeqvafgb" xvqfeoboiafgb

gck e|mgc fgxa{gb" gmoci o{el~v! gck/o~ vofagb gck acv{a{|{aocgb

focka{aocv %xl~egxv |vl oj {el nafqfbl nq fl~{gac xloxbl av x~o-

eana{lk o~ j~oyclk |xoc" o~ a{v |vl av kllmlk |cvgjl0 mgqnl g

baflcvl av ~lw|a~lk {o ~akl {el nafqfbl o~ {el~l g~l {oxoi~gxeaf

focka{aocv eackl~aci a{v |vl" {o cgml n|{ g jly lugmxblv oj gyeobl eov{ oj xovvanbl bama{aci va{|g{aocv!#

[e|v" ml~l gfflvv {o g ~gcil oj iookv gck vl~zaflv" o~ {el

ml~l xovvanaba{q {eg{ lzl~qocl fgc gfflvv {elm" kolv co{ i|g~-

gc{ll lw|gba{q ac g~lgv oj ~lgb feoafl o~ j~llkom" nlfg|vl {el

gzgabgnblj|cf{aocaciv {el ox{aocv {eg{ nlfoml ~lgb gck ljjlf{azl

j~om v|fe gfflvv fgc v{abb nl zl~q kajjl~lc{# Ya{eac {eav foc-

{lu{" x|nbaf gf{aoc ya{eac fl~{gac vxel~lv mgq nl gnbl {o lcv|~l

lw|gba{q ojfgxgnaba{alv4 ac mgcq fgvlv" x|nbaf gf{aoc fgc i|g~gc{ll

{eg{ ackazak|gbv egzl gfflvv {o gc lw|a{gnbl vl{ oj ox{aocv ac bajl"

~lig~kblvv oj ackazak|gb o~ foc{lu{|gb bama{g{aocv#

Lblmlc{v {eg{ mg`l |xLblmlc{v {eg{ mg`l |x

{el focflx{ oj{el focflx{ oj fgxgnaba{alvfgxgnaba{alv

Klzlboxmlc{ fgc nl zalylk gv gc acf~lgvl ac {el ~lgb gb{l~cg{azlv

ac bajl gmoci yeafe xloxbl g~l j~ll {o feoovl# Jobboyaci {eav bacl

oj {eo|ie{" klzlboxmlc{ av focflazlk gv gc luxgcvaoc oj j~ll-

kom %Vlc" 7111! gck {el zg~ao|v fomnacg{aocv oj j|cf{aocaciv

%nlaciv gck koaciv! {eg{ g xl~voc fgc gfealzl av g qg~kv{af` oj

eav o~ el~ ljjlf{azl j~llkom# Ya{eac {eav focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~`"

fgxgnaba{alv ~ljl~ x~lfavlbq {o {el vl{ oj xovvanaba{alv gmoci yeafe

xloxbl g~l j~ll {o feoovl# J|cf{aocaciv" oc {el o{el~ egck" g~l {el

vxlfaf lblmlc{v foc{gaclk ya{eac {el vl{ oj ox{aocv {eg{ mg`l{el fgxgnaba{alv gzgabgnbl nq {~gcvjo~maci gc ackazak|gbv gfflvv

{o iookv gck vl~zaflv ac{o gf{|gb nlaciv o~ koaciv ozl~ {el

zg~ao|v v{gilv oj eav o~ el~ bajl#5 Gmoci {el zg~ao|v klzlboxmlc{

5 A{ av amxo~{gc{ {o |ckl~v{gck {eg{ {el focflx{ oj fgxgnaba{alv ~ljl~v {o g vl{ oj gzgabgnbl

ox{aocv yeafe" ac o~kl~ {o luav{ gv v|fe" ~lw|a~lv fl~{gac focka{aocv oj gfflvv {o iookv

gck vl~zaflv" gv ylbb gv xovvanaba{alv {o { ~gcvjo~m o~ foczl~{ v|fe gfflvv# Fgxgnaba{alv g~l

co{ vxlfaf gnaba{alv o~ j|cf{aocaciv# Jo~ {eav ~lgvoc" gck gv luxbgaclk nlboy" {el {gv`

oj luxbo~aci {elvl co{aocv j~om gc lmxa~afgb v{gckxoac{ xovlv g c|mnl~ oj vaicafgc{

fegbblcilv#

{elo~alv" {eav gxx~ogfe av `coyc gv {el fgxgnaba{q gxx~ogfe gck

focv{a{|{lv ocl oj {el `lq focflx{|gb |ckl~xaccaciv oj {el co-

{aoc oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{#

J|cf{aocaciv co{ ocbq lcfomxgvv ngvaf avv|lv" v|fe gv {el

xovvanaba{q oj bazaci g boci gck elgb{eq bajl o~ oj g{{gacaci acka-

zak|gbbq gck vofagbbq zgb|gnbl `coyblkil" n|{ gbvo o{el~ mo~lfomxblu ox{aocv" v|fe gv gc ackazak|gb gfealzaci vlbj-~lvxlf{"

vofagb ac{li~g{aoc gck xg~{afaxg{aoc ac xoba{afgb x~oflvvlv#1 A{

veo|bk nl co{lk {eg{ o~aiacgbbq" {el co{aoc oj fgxgnaba{alv g~ovl

j~om g kavf|vvaoc gno|{ {el kamlcvaoc {e~o|ie yeafe lw|gba{q

veo|bk nl mlgv|~lk %Vlc" 7158!# Ac {eav ^lxo~{" {el gxx~ogfe av

{o mlgv|~l lw|gba{q ac {l~mv ojfgxgnaba{alv" a#l#" xloxblv ljjlf{azl

j~llkom {o feoovl nl{yllc ox{aocv {elq focvakl~ zgb|gnbl gck

egzl ~lgvoc {o zgb|l#

Gffo~kaci {o {eav gxx~ogfe" zg~ao|v fomxoclc{v xbgq g xg~{

ac {el x~oflvv oj ilcl~g{aci gck lzgb|g{aci ylbb-nlaci" gck

{elvl fomxoclc{v acfb|kl no{e ackazak|gb gvxlf{v gck {eovlfocfl~caci {el foc{lu{v ac yeafe xloxbl g~l amml~vlk %vll

Feg~{ 7#7!4 a! gfflvv {o iookv gck vl~zaflv %fommoka{alv!0 aa! {el

feg~gf{l~av{afv oj {elvl iookv gck vl~zaflv" mlgcaci {el bav{ oj

g{{~an|{lv xl~{gacaci {o lgfe oj {elm0 aaa! g {~gcvjo~mg{aoc j|cf-

{aoc jo~ {~gcvjo~maci {el fommoka{alv ac{o nlaciv gck koaciv"

gbvo fgbblk j|cf{aocaciv %{eav j|cf{aoc av vegxlk nq ackazak|gb

1 Voml oj {elvl gvxlf{v gbvo jlg{|~l ac {el co{aoc oj x~amg~q iookv klzlboxlk nq ^gybv

%719>! ac eav yo~` G [elo~q oj D|v{afl#

Jai|~l 7#7# Ilcl~g{aoc oj ylbb-nlaci gck ~lx~ok|f{aocoj aclw|gba{q

Gfflvv" gzgabgnaba{q oj

iookv gck vl~zaflv

[~gcvjo~mg{aoc

j|cf{aoc

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vl{ oj gfealzlmlc{v

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l{f#

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j~llkomv" yeafe" ac {el

gnvlcfl oj ac{l~zlc{aocv"

~lx~ok|fl {el aca{agb

aclw|a{q#


19/207


feg~gf{l~av{afv" vofagb gvxlf{v gck foc{lu{|gb o~ lcza~ocmlc{gb

gvxlf{v!0 az! {el vl{ ojj|cf{aocacivljjlf{azlbq gzgabgnbl {o ackazak|-

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v|fe v{g{lv" fomxg~gnbl ya{e {el clofbgvvaf co{aoc oj |{aba{q"

yeafe av gbvo oxlc {o o{el~ ac{l~x~l{g{aocv#

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ocbq voml gvxlf{v oj {el lblmlc{v mlc{aoclk gnozl# Ac {eav~lig~k" g{ blgv{ {yo `lq x~onblmv veo|bk nl gkk~lvvlk#

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yabb ~lw|a~l gbb {eovl ox{aocv {eg{ yl~l gzgabgnbl {o nl focvakl~lk"

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{aoc# Gv g ilcl~gb ~|bl" kg{g ocbq kavxbgqv {el vlblf{lk ox{aocv#

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{aocaciv g~l v{g{lv oj nlaci o~ koaci %a#l#" {eg{ yeafe g xl~-

voc ljjlf{azlbq mgcgilv {o nl o~ ko g{ g fl~{gac xoac{ ac bajl!#

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{el fgxgfa{alv oj ~aie{-eobkl~v {o fbgam {ela~ ~aie{v# Vamabg~bq" {el

v{gckg~kv oj ~aie{v acfb|klk ac ac{l~cg{aocgb e|mgc ~aie{v acv{~|-

mlc{v m|v{ i|akl gbb klzlboxmlc{ fooxl~g{aoc gck xobafalv ac gbb

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bama{lk {o" g eov{ oj ondlf{azlv {o nl x~omo{lk nq klzlboxmlc{

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ac {el fgxgfa{alv oj k|{q-nlg~l~v {o fomxbq ya{e {ela~ onbaig{aocv"

gck gbvo igxv ac {el fgxgfa{alv oj ~aie{v-eobkl~v {o vll` ~lk~lvv"

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{afaxg{aoc" yeafe av ac{lcklk gv gc lck {o klzlboxmlc{ ac a{vlbj

gck g mlgcv oj lcv|~aci gffo|c{gnaba{q0 gck lmxoyl~mlc{" ac

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nblmv gck ~lk~lvv kavf~amacg{o~q x~gf{aflv gck |cd|v{ kav{~an|{aocv

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g{{lmx{ nq fo|c{~alv j~om g~o|ck {el yo~bk {o klcl {elvl

macam|m iogbv4 lzl~qocl m|v{ egzl gfflvv {o {el vl~zaflv {eg{

lcv|~l g elgb{eq bajl0 gbb feabk~lc m|v{ cave g j|bb fo|~vl oj eaie

w|gba{q x~amg~q lk|fg{aoc0 mlc gck yomlc m|v{ nl gjjo~klk

lw|gb focka{aocv gck oxxo~{|ca{alv0 gbb jgmabalv veo|bk lcdoq g

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{o Nobazag n|{ yeafe fgc nl zl~alk jo~ {el ~liaoc gv g yeobl {eg{

focvakl~gnbl aclw|gba{alv ~lmgac ac {l~mv oj {el lcjo~flmlc{

oj ~aie{v gmoci mlc gck yomlc gck nl{yllc kajjl~lc{ vofagb

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{eg{ {el mgac fegbblcilv ac gxxbqaci {eav gxx~ogfe g~l gv jobboyv4

g{{gacaci vofagb gi~llmlc{ oc {el cllk {o i|g~gc{ll macam|m

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oc eoy {o g{{gac {elvl macam|m v{gckg~kv0 lcv|~aci v|jfalc{

g~{af|bg{aoc gck f~ovv-ozl~ nl{yllc vofagb xobafq gck lfocomaf

xobafq0 ilcl~g{aci g vobak vqv{lm oj moclq {~gcvjl~v {o eo|vleobkv

yeabl vam|b{gclo|vbq amx~ozaci {el fozl~gil gck w|gba{q oj ngvaf

vofagb vl~zaflv0 gck i|g~gc{llaci {eg{ gbb {el acv{a{|{aocgb ~ljo~mv

g~l ilg~lk {oyg~kv vgjli|g~kaci fl~{gac macam|m v{gckg~kv oj

gfflvv {o vofagb ~aie{v jo~ lzl~qocl#7

Vo|~flv4 EK^ [lgm ya{e ~ljl~lcfl {o {el OEFE^ %>88:! gck Qgv|`gyg"

O~{|o gck N~of`mgcc %>881!#

7 Jo~ g kavf|vvaoc oc {el e|mgc ~aie{v-ngvlk gxx~ogfe gck a{v ~lbg{aocveax ya{e

{el fgxgnaba{q gxx~ogfe" vll Vlc %>88


20/207


Lugmxblv acfb|kl {o nl elgb{eq" {o nl lk|fg{lk" {o {g`l xg~{ ac

fomm|ca{q bajl gck {o nl gfflx{lk vofagbbq# Ilcl~gbbq" lmxa~afgb

v{|kalv oj {elvlj|cf{aocaciv vll` {o ck gxx~ouamg{l zgb|lv nq

|vaci zg~agnblv {eg{ ~llf{ gfflvv {o iookv o~ vl~zaflv %elgb{e"

lk|fg{aoc" xg~{afaxg{aoc ac fomm|ca{q o~igcavg{aocv" coc-

kavf~amacg{aoc!# A{ av f~|fagb {o ~lmlmnl~ {eg{ {el zgb|l oj v|fe

lblmlc{v av co{ ac{~acvaf" n|{ acv{lgk" gfflvv {o fl~{gac iookv

gck vl~zaflv av ~lbg{lk {o o~ mg`lv vxlfafj|cf{aocaciv xovvanbl#Jo~ lugmxbl" gfflvv {o elgb{efg~l vl~zaflv av co{ gj|cf{aocaci"

yeabl nlaci elgb{eq av#

Jobboyaci {el gxx~ogfe klvf~anlk gnozl" lw|gba{q oj oxxo~-

{|ca{alv av g clflvvg~q n|{ co{ v|jfalc{ focka{aoc jo~ lw|gba{q

oj fgxgnaba{alv#78 ôlml~ %7115! foc{lckv {eg{ {el aclw|gba{q

onvl~zlk ac gfealzlmlc{v g{{gaclk ac {el kajjl~lc{ kamlcvaocv

%foaclk gkzgc{gilv!" v|fe gv g xl~vocv blzlb oj vfeoobaci"

v{g{l oj elgb{e gck fgxgfa{q {o ilcl~g{l acfoml" av k|l no{e {o

jgf{o~v nlqock gc ackazak|gbv foc{~ob %eav o~ el~ fa~f|mv{gcflv!"

gv ylbb gv {o ackazak|gb ljjo~{ gck ~gckom focka{aocv# Ac o{el~

yo~kv" olml~ k~gyv co kav{acf{aoc nl{yllcj|cf{aocaciv gv {el~lgbavg{aoc oj g x~oflvv gck fgxgnaba{alv gv {el {o{gb feoaflv {o nl

mgkl nl{yllc gzgabgnbl ox{aocv#

^l{|~caci gigac {o {el lugmxbl oj {el nafqfbl" {el ~lbg{aoc-

veax nl{yllc lw|gba{q ojoxxo~{|ca{alv gck lw|gba{q ojfgxgnaba{alv

yabb klxlck oc yeg{ ôlml~ %7115! ~ljl~v {o gv gkzgc{gilv#

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%j|cf{aocaciv! {eg{ nlfoml gzgabgnbl" yeafe f~|fagbbq aczobzlv {el

{~gcvjo~mg{aoc j|cf{aoc gck gbb oj {el lblmlc{v {eg{ klcl a{#

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o|{fomlv#Co{ya{ev{gckaci {el lmxa~afgb bama{g{aocv amxovlk nq {eav

gxx~ogfe" {el ^lxo~{ yabb clzl~{elblvv lmxboq a{ {o lugmacl

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focka{aocv clflvvg~q jo~ lcv|~aci {eg{ x|nbaf xobafalv n~lg` {el

fqfbl oj aclw|gba{q#

A[ AV XOVVANBL [O ^LK\FL ACLW\GBA[Q

AC BG[AC GMLÂFG GCK [EL FGÂNNLGC

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k|flv a{vlbj ya{eac g foc{lu{ oj boy vofao-lfocomaf monaba{q#

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~lxo~{lk g{ {el v{g~{ oj {el {ylc{q-~v{ flc{|~q ac 7> oj {el 79

fo|c{~alv gcgbqvlk ac ~lflc{ v{|kalv" {el {e~ll klcaci jlg{|~lv

mlc{aoclk gnozl egzl nllc eav{o~afgbbq x~lvlc{ ozl~ zg~ao|v

78 Jo~ gc ac{l~x~l{g{aoc oj {el ~lbg{aocveax nl{yllc lw|gba{q oj oxxo~{|ca{alv gck lw|gba{q

oj fgxgnaba{alv" vll Zgbblc{qcl %>88

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ac {el ~liaoc vacfl {el cacl{llc j{alv" acfb|kaci oj fo|~vl {el

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gck egzl gkox{lk gc gxx~ogfe ilg~lk {oyg~kv klvaicaci x|nbaf

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{el o|{boo` oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ aclw|gba{q gcgbqvav ac BGF

fo|c{~alv ac o~kl~ {o xacxoac{ {el |ckl~bqaci jgf{o~v {eg{ gbboyaclw|gba{q {o xgvv j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{#

Vl{ jo~{e nlboy g~l {el ilcl~gb baclv {eg{ {eav ^lxo~{ yabb

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fegx{l~v {o foml# [el ^lxo~{v flc{~gb mlvvgil av ngvlk oc

{el jobboyaci x~lmavlv4

7! [el {~gka{aocgb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!" gv |vlk

ac ibongb gck cg{aocgb ~lxo~{v ozl~ {el bgv{ {ylc{q qlg~v"

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gzl~gil gfealzlmlc{v oj v|n-i~o|xv luav{aci ya{eac {el

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yelc focvakl~aci {el {~gka{aocgb kamlcvaocv oj {el EKA#

[el ckaciv oj {eav gcgbq{afgb gxx~ogfe g~l x~lvlc{lk ac

Fegx{l~ >#

>! Aclw|gba{q ac {l~mv oj acfoml" lk|fg{aoc" elgb{e gck o{el~

ackafg{o~v xl~vav{v j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{ ya{eac

g foc{lu{ oj boy vofaolfocomaf monaba{q#

6! [eav amxbalv {eg{ {el~l g~l mlfegcavmv jo~ ~lx~ok|faciblzlbv oj gfealzlmlc{ j~om ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{#

Igacaci g fblg~l~ |ckl~v{gckaci oj {el yo~àciv oj v|fe

mlfegcavmv jo~ {~gcvma{{aci eo|vleobkv gfealzlmlc{v

yabb jgfaba{g{l {el klvaic oj mo~l ljjlf{azl xobafalv jo~

n~lgàci {el zafao|v fa~fblv {e~o|ie yeafe xozl~{q gck

aclw|gba{q g~l x~oxgig{lk# G ~lzaly oj {el x~acfaxgb ondlf-

{azl mlfegcavmv jo~ {~gcvma{{aci blzlbv oj gfealzlmlc{

nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv av x~lvlc{lk ac Fegx{l~ 6#


21/207

>8 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

;! Gv ya{e xozl~{q" aclw|gba{q av g xelcomlcoc fg|vlk nq

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ac xbgq" v|ndlf{azl lblmlc{v yeafe ac {|~c g~l ~lbg{lk

{o vofaolfocomaf jgf{o~v gbvo ac|lcfl {el klfavaocv

eo|vleobkv mg`l# Mo~l vxlfafgbbq" a{ egv nllc onvl~zlk

{eg{ {el gvxa~g{aocv gck xl~flx{aocv {eg{ mlmnl~v oj g

iazlc eo|vleobk egzl gno|{ {ela~ fegcflv oj gfealzaci

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v|ndlf{azl jgf{o~v gck {ela~ mov{ amxo~{gc{ ljjlf{v#

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w|gba{q oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc" {el ylg`clvv oj x|nbaf

acv{a{|{aocv" |clw|gb gfflvv {o ac|lcfl vxlfaf xobafalv"

{el fbgvvaf x~onblmv gvvofag{lk ya{e fobblf{azl gf{aoc" gck

acv{a{|{aocgb veo~{fomaciv {eg{ blgk {o v{g{l fo~~|x{aoc

gck fgx{|~l# [elvl vqv{lmafjgf{o~v mlgc {eg{ {el xoba{afgb

kqcgmaf av gf{|gbbq lugfl~ng{aci" acv{lgk oj fomxlcvg{aci"

{el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj aclw|gba{q# [eav gvxlf{ av kavf|vvlk acmo~l kl{gab ac Fegx{l~

[elvl gvxlf{v g~l gcgbqvlk g{ i~lg{l~ blci{e nlboy# Jo~ coy a{

av amxo~{gc{ {o xoac{ o|{ {eg{ {el m|b{a-kamlcvaocgb xl~vxlf{azl oj

{el gxx~ogfe egv nlfoml g ~mbq lv{gnbavelk {oxaf ac {el x|nbaf

klng{l" k|l mgacbq {o {el klzlboxmlc{ oj {el E|mgc Klzlbox-mlc{ Acklu gck a{v xoba{afgb amxgf{ k|~aci {el bgv{ {ylc{q qlg~v#

Ac foc{~gv{" {el co{aocv oj oxxo~{|ca{q j~llkom gck x~oflvv

j~llkom egzl nllc vboy {o vxg~` ac{l~lv{ nlqock {el gfgklmaf

~lgbm# [eav mgq nl k|l ac xg~{ {o {el kajf|b{q ac mlgv|~aci v|fe

j~llkomv" gb{eo|ie {eav jgf{ kolv co{ kamacave {ela~ ~lblzgcfl

gv `lq jgf{o~v oj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ gxx~ogfe#

[el gcgbqvav veoyc ac {eav ^lxo~{ gfflx{v {eg{ {el~l g~l

m|b{axbl fg|vlv |ckl~bqaci {el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj e|mgc klzlb-

oxmlc{ aclw|gba{q# Voml fg|vlv g~l lfocomaf ac cg{|~l gck

g~l abb|v{~g{lk nq {el eaie fo~~lbg{aoc nl{yllc ocl ilcl~g{aocv

gvvl{v" acfoml gck vfeoobaci gck {eovl oj {el clu{ ilcl~g{aoc#[eg{ vgak" {el~l g~l gbvo xoba{afgb gck vofagb fg|vlv# Gvvofag{lk

mo~l ya{e eav{o~afgb gck vqv{lmafjgf{o~v" v|fe gv {el aclw|gba{q

oj oxxo~{|ca{alv gck oj gfflvv {o xoyl~ ~lbg{aocv" {elvl xoba{afgb

gck vofagb fg|vlv ilcl~g{l va{|g{aocv oj lufb|vaoc" oxx~lvvaoc

gck komacg{aoc# [elvl aclw|gba{alv g~l v{~|f{|~gb gck ~lzlgb {el

lckoilco|v cg{|~l oj aclw|gba{q#

Aclw|gba{q vxgycv j|~{el~ aclw|gba{q# Lfocomaf ~lgvocv" {o-

il{el~ ya{e fg|vlv gvvofag{lk ya{e {el xoba{afgb lfocomq" luxbgac

{el ~lx~ok|f{aoc oj aclw|gba{q nq ilcl~g{aci |clw|gb gfflvv {o

acv{a{|{aocgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc gck |clw|gb oxxo~{|ca{alv jo~ fa{atlcv

{o egzl {ela~ zoaflv elg~k %Vgng{lv-Yellbl~" >885!#Gv mlc{aoclk gnozl" gxg~{ j~om a{v eaie blzlbv oj aclw|gb-

a{q" gco{el~ klcaci jlg{|~l oj {el ~liaoc av {el boy monaba{q

oj vofaolfocomaf ackafg{o~v nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv# Xgv{ v{|kalv

egzl abb|v{~g{lk" jo~ lugmxbl" {el lu{lc{ {o yeafe {el blzlbv oj

vfeoobaci o~ acfoml oj ocl ilcl~g{aoc g~l ac|lcflk nq {eovl

oj {el x~lflkaci ilcl~g{aoc# [el focfb|vaoc av {eg{ {el i~lg{l~

{el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb fo~~lbg{aoc nl{yllc {elvl zg~agnblv" {el

i~lg{l~ {el ac|lcfl {eg{ jgf{o~v g~avaci j~om {el eo|vleobk

%{el komlv{af |ca{ ac{o yeafe gc ackazak|gb av no~c! yabb egzl

oc ~lx~ok|faci aclw|gba{q# [el ~lv|b{v veoy {eg{ {el BGF ~liaoc

egv ~lbg{azlbq xoo~ monaba{q ac {l~mv oj vfeoobaci gck acfomlac fomxg~avoc ya{e o{el~ ~liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Jo~ lugmxbl" ac

BGF" {el amxgf{ oj ocl ilcl~g{aocv blzlb oj vfeoobaci oc {el

ammlkag{lbq jobboyaci ilcl~g{aoc av mo~l {egc {yafl gv eaie gv

77 Vll" jo~ lugmxbl" Vlcv focflx{v oj oxxo~{|ca{q j~llkom gck x~oflvv j~llkom %Vlc"

>88>!#

7> [eav focflx{ av kavf|vvlk ac kl{gab ac Fegx{l~ ;# Ac x~acfaxbl" a{ fgc nl abb|v{~g{lk ac{|a{azlbq

{e~o|ie {el ^omgc Bgy focflx{ oj v|a d|~av" yeafe ~ljl~v {o ocl ~|blk nq oclv oyc

bgyv" gv oxxovlk {o {el focflx{ oj gbalca d|~av" yeafe ~ljl~v {o vomlocl ~|blk nq {el

bgyv oj o{el~v#


22/207

>Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lg`aci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q

{eg{ ~lxo~{lk ac {el \ca{lk V{g{lv# [el fo~~lbg{aoc oj lk|fg{aocgb

g{{gacmlc{ nl{yllc {yo v|fflvvazl ilcl~g{aocv v{gckv g{ 8#>7 ac

{el \ca{lk V{g{lv" yel~lgv {eav vgml zgb|l ac BGF ~gcilv j~om

8#69 ac Xg~gi|gq {o 8#:7 ac Lb Vgbzgko~ %vll Feg~{ 7#7!#76 V{|kalv

fock|f{lk ac fo|c{~alv ya{e eaie acfoml blzlbv ackafg{l {eg{

lk|fg{aocgb monaba{q %{el fegcil ac blzlbv oj lk|fg{aoc j~om

ocl ilcl~g{aoc {o {el clu{! gck gfflvv {o eaiel~ lk|fg{aoc egzl

nllc {el mov{ amxo~{gc{ jgf{o~v ac kl{l~macaci vofaolfocomafmonaba{q nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv# Jo~ lugmxbl" {el klfbacl ac ac-

lw|gba{q ~lxo~{lk ac Feabl nl{yllc 7118 gck >88: fgc nl bg~ilbq

76 [el {gv` oj fgbf|bg{aci {elvl fo~~lbg{aocv av fg~~alk o|{ ac {yo v{gilv# [el ~v{ aczobzlv

focv{~|f{aci gc lk|fg{aocgb g{{gacmlc{ acklu" yeafe ~lzlgbv yel{el~ g iazlc qo|ci

xl~voc av gnozl o~ nlboy {el gzl~gil blzlb oj vfeoobaci jo~ xloxbl oj eav o~ el~ gil# [el

fo~~lbg{aoc oj {eav acklu jo~ qo|ci xloxbl yeo bazl ac {el vgml eo|vleobk av {elc fgbf|-

bg{lk# [el i~lg{l~ {el fo~~lbg{aoc" {el i~lg{l~ {el amxo~{gcfl oj eo|vleobk focka{aocv ac

kl{l~macaci {el lk|fg{aocgb g{{gacmlc{ oj qo|ci xloxbl yeo bazl ac {el vgml eo|vleobk

gck" {el~ljo~l" {el boyl~ {el ~g{l oj ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb monaba{q %Nle~mgc" Igza~ag gck

Vt`lbq" >887!#

luxbgaclk nq {el mgdo~ luxgcvaoc ac eaiel~ lk|fg{aoc ozl~ {el

vgml xl~aok %Lnl~eg~k gck Lcilb" >885!#

G mo~l gff|~g{l gcgbqvav oj ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb bac`gilv fgc

nl on{gaclk nq flc{l~aci g{{lc{aoc oc ocl vxlfaf i~o|x" cgmlbq

qo|ci xloxbl## Gv gc lugmxbl oj boy ~lbg{azl monaba{q" v{|kalv egzl

veoyc {eg{ {el f|~~lc{ blzlb oj vfeoobaci gmoci qo|ci xloxbl

j~om {el ~liaoc av fbovlbq xliilk %xg~{af|bg~bq j~om vlfockg~q

lk|fg{aoc ocyg~k! {o {el vfeoobaci g{{gacmlc{ oj {el x~lflkaciilcl~g{aoc %Feg~{ 7#>!#7; Ac {l~mv oj acfoml" ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb

monaba{q fgbf|bg{lk jo~ g mo~l ~lk|flk vgmxbl oj fo|c{~alv

gbvo ~lzlgbv ~lbg{azlbq boy monaba{q blzlbv" a#l# eaie fo~~lbg{aocv

nl{yllc {el blzlbv oj lfocomaf xl~jo~mgcfl nl{yllc {yo v|f-

flvvazl ilcl~g{aocv %Feg~{ 7#6!#7878! egv veoyc {eg{ xloxblv xl~flx{aocv oj luav{aci monaba{q

g~l g `lq jgf{o~ ac {ela~ klfavaocv {o aczlv{ ac {ela~ feabk~lcv

lk|fg{aoc## Gffo~kaci {o {ela~ ckaciv" eo|vleobkv {eg{ xl~flazl

mo~l monaba{q %ac o{el~ yo~kv" {eg{ nlbalzl {eg{ monaba{q av xov-

vanbl gck av {el~ljo~l yo~{e {el ljjo~{ ~lw|a~lk {o on{gac a{! {lck

{o aczlv{ mo~l ac vfeoobaci# [el kajjl~lcfl ac fomxg~avoc {oeo|vleobkv {eg{ ko co{ zaly monaba{q gv xovvanbl gmo|c{v {o g{

blgv{ ocl qlg~ oj v{|kalv#7:

[elvl {yo `lq feg~gf{l~av{afv oj aclw|gba{q ac BGF" cgmlbq

a{v ac{lcva{q gck xl~vav{lcfl" ya{eac g foc{lu{ oj boy vofagb gck

lfocomaf monaba{q" mg`l a{ clflvvg~q jo~ xobafqmg`l~v {o igac

g nl{{l~ |ckl~v{gckaci oj {el mlfegcavmv {eg{ gjjlf{ {el {~gcv-

mavvaoc oj v|fe el{l~oilclo|v blzlbv oj gfealzlmlc{ nl{ylc

eo|vleobkv nlbociaci {o kajjl~lc{ vofaolfocomaf i~o|xv# A{ av

za{gb {o aklc{ajq gck gcgbqvl {el m|b{axbl focv{~gac{v jgfaci eo|vl-

eobkv ya{eac {ela~ oyc vxlfaf foc{lu{v" gv ylbb gv {el xoba{afgb

x~oflvvlv {eg{ elbx ~lx~ok|fl {elvl focka{aocv" aj x|nbaf xobafalvg~l {o nl klzlboxlk {eg{ g~l {~|bq fgxgnbl oj n~lg`aci {el fa~fblv

{eg{ xl~xl{|g{l |clw|gb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ac BGF#

7; [el va{|g{aoc ~lv|b{aci j~om {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj xoo~ vfeoobaci gfealzl-

mlc{ yo~vlcv aj {el w|gba{q oj {el lk|fg{aoc ~lflazlk nq {eovl i~o|xv oj vofal{q ya{e

boyl~ blzlbv oj acfoml av gbvo focvakl~lk %LFBGF" >889!#

7< [eav {oxaf av ~lzava{lk ac Fegx{l~ >#

7: [el g|{eo~ ~lbalk oc {el kg{g oj {el Bg{acong~ml{~o x|nbaf oxacaoc v|~zlq jo~ {el x|~-

xovl oj el~ v{|kq" ac yeafe vel fock|f{v gc ac-klx{e gcgbqvav oj {el x~onblmv oj ko|nbl

fg|vgba{q gvvofag{lk ya{e gcgbqvaci vofagb monaba{q gck vfeoobaci g{{gacmlc{" gck x~oxovlv

~on|v{clvv {lv{v jo~ {el ~lv|b{v nq lmxboqaci kajjl~lc{ lv{amg{aoc x~oflk|~lv#

Feg~{ 7#7 \ca{lk V{g{lv gck Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg-~annlgc %71 fo|c{~alv!# Lk|fg{aocgb monaba{q# Fo~~lbg{aocfoljfalc{ nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv# Lck oj {el cacl{alv#

Vo|~fl4 Nle~mgc" Igza~ag gck Vt`lbq %>887!#

Fo~~lbg{aoc foljfalc{ nl{yllc ilcl~g{aocv

8#>7

8#69

8#;7

8#;7

8#;;

8#;> ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Acv{~|mlc{gb zgb|l oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q4Acv{~|mlc{gb zgb|l oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q4

gc lugmxblgc lugmxbl

Gv v{g{lk g{ {el nliaccaci oj {eav fegx{l~" {el~l g~l no{e co~mg{azlgck x~gf{afgb ~lgvocv {eg{ mg`l aclw|gba{q g fg|vl jo~ focfl~c#

[el focclf{aocv nl{yllc aclw|gba{q" xozl~{q gck lfocomaf i~oy{e

eaiebaie{ {el acv{~|mlc{gb amxo~{gcfl oj ~lk|faci aclw|gba{q#

[el ie{ gigacv{ xozl~{q av xliilk {o {el i~oy{e oj gzl~gil ac-

foml gck {o fegcilv ac {el ygq a{ av kav{~an|{lk %No|~i|aicoc"

>88;!# [eav ~lbg{aocveax mg`lv a{ xovvanbl" jo~ lugmxbl" {o gv-

vofag{l blzlbv oj aclw|gba{q ya{e {el jlgvanaba{q oj gfealzaci {el

Mabblcca|m Klzlboxmlc{ Iogbv %MKIv!#79 [e|v a{ av xovvanbl

{o fgbf|bg{l {el i~oy{e ~g{l cllklk ac lgfe fo|c{~q {o mll{ {el

MKI gamlk g{ ~lk|faci xozl~{q" iazlc kajjl~lc{ fegcil vflcg~aov

~lig~kaci {el kav{~an|{aoc oj acfoml#75

79 [el Mabblcca|m Klzlboxmlc{ Iogbv %MKIv! yl~l jo~m|bg{lk g{ {el \ca{lk Cg{aocv Mab-

blcca|m V|mma{ elbk ac Cly Qo~` Fa{q ac >888#" lx~lvlc{g{azlv j~om 751 v{g{lv g{{lcklk

{el V|mma{" gck gi~llk {o g vl~alv oj fomma{mlc{v {o l~gkafg{l xozl~{q" g{{gac |cazl~vgb

x~amg~q lk|fg{aoc" x~omo{l ilckl~ lw|gba{q" ~lk|fl feabk mo~{gba{q ~g{lv" amx~ozl mg-

{l~cgb elgb{e" fomng{ EAZ/GAKV gck o{el~ abbclvvlv" lcv|~l lcza~ocmlc{gb v|v{gacgnaba{q

gck klzlbox g ibongb xg~{cl~veax jo~ klzlboxmlc{#

75 Avo-xozl~{q f|~zlv g~l focv{~|f{lk" yeafe g~l lvvlc{agbbq fomnacg{aocv oj IKX i~oy{e

~g{lv gck fegcilv ac aclw|gba{q {eg{ yo|bk lcgnbl vofal{q {o ~lgfe {el xozl~{q blzlbv

~lw|a~lk nq {el MKIv jo~ >87886! x~odlf{" egbzaci {el acfaklcfl oj lu{~lml xozl~{q

nq >87< ac ~lbg{aoc {o {el blzlb ~lxo~{lk ac 7118" yo|bk ~lw|a~l

focvakl~gnbq eaiel~ i~oy{e ~g{lv ac {eovl fo|c{~alv {eg{ nq 7118

x~lvlc{lk zl~q eaie blzlbv oj aclw|gba{q" xg~{af|bg~bq gmoci {el

xoo~lv{ %ngvlk oc {el gvv|mx{aoc {eg{ aclw|gba{q kolv co{ fegcil

o~ kolv vo ocbq mg~iacgbbq!# [el ~lw|a~lk i~oy{e ~g{lv yo|bk nl

v|nv{gc{agbbq boyl~ jo~ {elvl vgml fo|c{~alv aj {elq yl~l gnbl {o

ilcl~g{l boyl~ x~lzgabaci aclw|gba{q# Gxxbqaci {el vgml gxx~ogfe"

Mgfeaclg gck Eoxlcegqc %>88

gvv|mx{aoc oj g 78, ~lk|f{aoc ac {el Iaca acfoml foljfalc{

yl~l mgkl" {el ~lw|a~lk i~oy{e ~g{lv yo|bk k~ox j~om 1#;,{o 9, xl~ gcc|m ac Nobazag0 j~om ;#1, {o 6#7, ac I|g{lmgbg0

j~om 5#7, {o:, ac Eock|~gv0 j~om :#7, {o;#>, ac Cafg~gi|g"

gck j~om 5#5, {o :#5, ac Xg~gi|gq#71

71 [el Iaca foljfalc{ av gc ackafg{o~ lmxboqlk {~gka{aocgbbq {o mlgv|~l acfoml aclw|gba{q

jo~ g i~o|x oj xloxbl## A{ ~gcilv j~om tl~o %~llf{aci xl~jlf{ lw|gba{q ac yeafe lzl~qocl

egv {el vgml acfoml! gck ocl %g zgb|l {eg{ klvf~anlv {el lu{~lml eqxo{el{afgb fgvl

ac yeafe d|v{ ocl xl~voc xovvlvvlv gbb {el acfoml!# Ac o{el~ yo~kv" {el eaiel~ {el Iaca

zgb|l" {el i~lg{l~ {el x~lzgabaci acfoml aclw|gba{q# Jo~ g mo~l kl{gablk kavf|vvaoc oj

{eav {oxaf" vll Jov{l~ gck Vlc %7119!# [el Iaca acklu av {el vgml Iaca foljfalc{ n|{

lux~lvvlk gv g xl~flc{gil#

Co{l4 [el amgil acfb|klv kg{g jo~ 75 Bg{ac Gml~afgc gck {el Fg~annlgc fo|c{~alv gck klxaf{v {el jobboyaci xl~flc{gilv4 qo|ci xloxbl gilk 7< {o 71 yeo fomxbl{lk x~amg~q lk|fg{aoc0

qo|ci xloxbl gilk >8 {o >; yeo fomxbl{lk vlfockg~q lk|fg{aoc0 gck qo|ci xloxbl gilk >< {o >1 yeo fomxbl{lk |cazl~va{q v{|kalv" ya{e ~ljl~lcfl {o {el blzlb oj vfeoobaci ac {el

eo|vleobk#

$ Gzl~gil qlg~v oj v{|kq oj {el elgk oj {el eo|vleobk gck eav/el~ vxo|vl {o ig|il {el lk|fg{aoc oj {el xg~lc{v#

Vo|~fl4 EK^ [lgm ngvlk oc LFBGF kg{g %>889!#

X~amg~q vfeoobaci

acfomxbl{l

\x {o vlfockg~q

acfomxbl{l

Zofg{aocgb gck|cazl~va{q {~gacaci

acfomxbl{l

\cazl~va{q {~gacaci

fomxbl{l

Vlfockg~q

fomxbl{l

Xg~lc{v blzlb oj vfeoobaci$

Feg~{ 7#> Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %75 fo|c{~alv!# Ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb vfeoobaci x~oi~lvv#Fa~fg>88< %,!

Xl~flc{gil

oj feabk~lc yeo

fomxbl{lk blzlb###

X~amg~q

vfeoobaci

Vlfockg~q

\cazl~va{q

5#9

6#7

19#7


24/207


Aclw|gba{q ~lv{~af{v {el klzlboxmlc{ oxxo~{|ca{alv oj n~ogk

vyg{elv oj {el xox|bg{aoc" eackl~v e|mgc fgxa{gb jo~mg{aoc" gck

bama{v x~ovxlf{v oj aczlv{mlc{ ac x~ok|f{azl gf{aza{alv" yeafe ac

{|~c |ckl~maclv lfocomaf i~oy{e fgxgfa{q# J|~{el~mo~l" nq

x~lvl~zaci acv{a{|{aocv {eg{ |xeobk {el ac{l~lv{v oj {el koma-

cgc{ vlf{o~v" aclw|gba{q lugfl~ng{lv {el ~lbg{azl focflc{~g{aoc

oj ylgb{e ac {el ~afel~ lfelbocv oj vofal{q %No|~i|aicoc" Jl~-

~la~g gck Ygb{oc" >889!# Vamabg~bq" gck gv kavf|vvlk ac Fegx{l~88

[OYG^KV G X\NBAF XOBAFQ GXXÔGFE

NGVLK OC [EL JACKACIV OJ [EAV ^LXO^[[eav lxo~{ x~oxovlv g focflx{|gb j~gmlyo~` jo~ xacxoac{aci {el

fg|vlv {eg{ xl~xl{|g{l ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb aclw|gba{q# A{ x~lvlc{v gc

gcgbq{afgb gxx~ogfe {eg{ mgq nl gxxbalk {o eo|vleobkv {o aklc{ajq

{el m|b{axbl focv{~gac{v {elq jgfl" gboci ya{e {el mlfegcavmv

{eg{ elbx ~lx~ok|fl aclw|gba{q# [el ~lv|b{v fgc vl~zl gv {el ngvav

jo~ klzlboxaci x|nbaf xobafalv fgxgnbl oj n~lgàci {e~o|ie {el

ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb fqfblv oj xoo~ xl~jo~mgcfl ac {l~mv oj e|mgc

klzlboxmlc{# [el jof|v oj {el nackaci focv{~gac{v gxx~ogfe x~o-

xovlk ac Fegx{l~ 6 av gffomxgcalk nq gc gcgbqvav oj {el jgf{o~v

{eg{ {~gcvflck x|~lbq ondlf{azl gvxlf{v ~lbg{aci {o gfflvv {o iookv

gck vl~zaflv# Fegx{l~ ; x~lvlc{v {el fgxgnaba{alv gxx~ogfe {o e|-mgc klzlboxmlc{ {elo~q ac i~lg{l~ kl{gab" luxbo~lv {el vofagb

gck foc{lu{|gb jgf{o~v {eg{ vegxl aclw|gba{q" gck lugmaclv eoy

{elvl focv{~gac{v ac|lcfl {el jo~mg{aoc oj xloxblv gvxa~g-

{aocv" gv ylbb gv {ela~ gnaba{q {o x|~v|l gck ~lgbatl iogbv {elq

zgb|l gck egzl ~lgvoc {o zgb|l# [el gxxbafg{aoc oj g n~ogk gck

fomx~lelcvazl gxx~ogfe {eg{ gkk~lvvlv {el ~lblzgcfl oj" gck

ac{l~gf{aoc nl{yllc" {el c|ml~o|v jgf{o~v {eg{ ~lx~ok|fl gck

xl~xl{|g{l xozl~{q gck aclw|gba{q" av f~|fagb jo~ {el jo~m|bg{aoc

oj ljjlf{azl boci-{l~m x|nbaf xobafalv#

[el~l av gb~lgkq lu{lcvazl `coyblkil gck gyg~lclvv oj {el

v{~lci{ev" ylg`clvvlv gck ~lbg{azl amxo~{gcfl oj {el x|nbafaca{ag{azlv klvaiclk {o fomng{ xozl~{q gck aclw|gba{q# G w|lv{aoc

{eg{ nliv gvàci av yeq mgcq oj {elvl xobafq aca{ag{azlv g~l clzl~

x~oxovlk o~" aj x~oxovlk gck amxblmlc{lk" jgab {o v|ffllk# [el

fbovaci g~i|mlc{ oj {eav lxo~{ foc{lckv {eg{ ac o~kl~ {o n~lg`

{eav fqfbl oj aclw|gba{q"co{ ocbq jgf{o~v ~lbg{lk {o eo|vleobkv m|v{

nl {g`lc ac{o gffo|c{" n|{ gbvo {eovl gvvofag{lk ya{e {el w|gba{q

oj xoba{afgb ~lx~lvlc{g{aoc gck {el zl~q j|cf{aocaci oj {el vqv{lm

jo~ xg~{afaxg{aci ac klfavaocv oj x|nbaf ac{l~lv{" gv ylbb gv {eovl

jgf{o~v {eg{ gjjlf{ {el v{~lci{e oj {el v{g{l gck {el ljjlf{azlclvv

oj {el acv{~|mlc{v gzgabgnbl {o a{# [elvl jgf{o~v lcfomxgvv gv-

xlf{v ~lbg{aci co{ ocbq {o ~lkav{~an|{aoc" n|{ gbvo {o {el ~li|bg{o~q

fgxgfa{q oj {el v{g{l gck a{v gnaba{q {o i|g~gc{ll lcza~ocmlc{voj ~lgb gck ljjlf{azl fomxl{a{aoc {eg{ nlcl{ focv|ml~v# [elvl

lblmlc{v g~l kavf|vvlk g{ i~lg{l~ blci{e ac Fegx{l~


25/207

^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878


26/207


E\MGC KLZLBOXMLC[ YA[EXL^VAV[ACI ACLW\GBA[Q

Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc %BGF! av {el yo~bk)v mov{ |c-

lw|gb ~liaoc# Aclw|gba{q av co{ ocbq eaie" n|{ gbvo zl~q xl~vav{lc{

%vll Feg~{v >#7 gck >#>#!" klvxa{l {el jgf{ {eg{ ~lflc{bq {el~l egzl

nllc vaicafgc{ gkzgcflv ac vofagb gfealzlmlc{v" yeafe g~l

~llf{lk ac {el {~lck ac {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!#7

[eav fegx{l~ kavf|vvlv {el ~lflc{ lzob|{aoc oj e|mgc klzlbox-

mlc{ ac BGF gck {el aclw|gba{q {eg{ feg~gf{l~avlv {el ~liaoc# A{

gbvo x~oxovlv gc gb{l~cg{azl ml{eok jo~ fgbf|bg{aci {el EKA {o

~llf{ luav{aci aclw|gba{q ac lgfe oj {el fo|c{~alv oj {el ~liaoc#

Bgv{ oj gbb" a{ klvf~anlv eoy {eav aclw|gba{q av {~gcvma{{lk j~omocl ilcl~g{aoc {o gco{el~" gv g ~lv|b{ oj {el jgf{ {eg{ a{v ac{lcva{q

gck xl~vav{lcfl av fomnaclk ya{e boy vofagb monaba{q#

Ozl~ {el xl~aok vxgccaci 7118->889" BGF fo|c{~alv ~lxo~{lk

igacv ac {l~mv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{" gb{eo|ie {el gzl~gil gc-

c|gb i~oy{e ~g{l jo~ {eav xg~{af|bg~ ackafg{o~ egv jgbblc vbaie{bq

ozl~ ~lflc{ qlg~v" mozaci j~om 8#5, ac {el cacl{alv {o 8#:, jo~

>888->889 %vll [gnbl >#7!# Ac fomxg~g{azl {l~mv" {el xl~jo~mgcfl

oj fo|c{~alv zg~alk i~lg{bq" gb{eo|ie {eovl ya{e boyl~ ~lbg{azl

blzlbv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ gffo~kaci {o {eav acklu veoylk

co{gnbq eaiel~ i~oy{e ~g{lv {egc fo|c{~alv ya{e {el eaielv{ EKA

77 Vacfl 7118" {el \ca{lk Cg{aocgb Klzlboxmlc{ X~oi~gmml %\CKX! egv |vlk {el EKA gv

{el x~amg~q {oob jo~ mlgv|~aci e|mgc klzlboxmlc{# [eav acklu ygv klvaiclk {o ~lfo~k

x~oi~lvv ac {e~ll j|ckgmlc{gb kamlcvaocv4 bazaci g boci gck elgb{eq bajl %mlgv|~lk

nq bajl luxlf{gcfq g{ na~{e!" {el gfw|ava{aoc oj zgb|gnbl `coyblkil jo~ {el ackazak|gb

gck vofal{q %mlgv|~lk nq ba{l~gfq ~g{lv gck vfeoob lc~obmlc{! gck {el gzgabgnaba{q oj

acfoml cllklk {o mgac{gac g klflc{ v{gckg~k oj bazaci %mlgv|~lk nq xl~ fgxa{g i~ovv

komlv{af x~ok|f{ IKX gkd|v{lk jo~ x|~fegvaci xoyl~ xg~a{q!# Gc acklu av fgbf|bg{lk

jo~ lgfe oj {el {e~ll kamlcvaocv" gck {el vamxbl gzl~gil oj {el {e~ll ackaflv ~lv|b{v

ac {el ozl~gbb zgb|l oj {el EKA# Jo~ kl{gablk acjo~mg{aoc gno|{ eoy {el EKA gck o{el~

e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ackafg{o~v |vlk ac {eav ^lxo~{ yl~l klzlboxlk" vll {el {lfecafgb

co{lv vlf{aoc ac {el gxxlckaflv g{ {el lck#

blzlbv#> Mlgcyeabl" fo|c{~alv j~om o{el~ ~liaocv oj {el yo~bk

{eg{ ac >888 egk ~lxo~{lk EKA zgb|lv vamabg~ {o {eovl oj BGF

fo|c{~alv" nq >889 egk gfealzlk focvakl~gnbq mo~l x~oi~lvv

%vll [gnbl >#>!#

Mlgcyeabl" xozl~{q klf~lgvlk ac {el qlg~v x~ao~ {o {el >885-

>881 f~avav" gck aclw|gba{q gbvo klfbaclk vbaie{bq ac g vaicafgc{

c|mnl~ oj fo|c{~alv# [eav klf~lgvl ygv mgacbq k|l {o lfocomaf

i~oy{e gck gc amx~ozlmlc{ ac {el amxgf{ oj vofagb vxlckaci gv g

~lv|b{ oj {el amxblmlc{g{aoc oj vxlfaf x~oi~gmmlv# Cocl{elblvv"

gv av v|iilv{lk nq Nou >#7" a{ av |cfblg~ yel{el~ {el klf~lgvaci{~lck ac aclw|gba{q yabb nl v|v{gacgnbl ozl~ {aml#

[EL [Q^GCCQ OJ GZL^GILV

Yeabl gkzgcflv ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ gck {el klf~lgvl ac

xozl~{q g~l lzaklc{ ac zg~ao|v fo|c{~alv ac {el ~liaoc" gii~l-

ig{l i|~lv eakl vaicafgc{ aclw|gba{alv" acfb|kaci iloi~gxeaf

aclw|gba{q" aclw|gba{q nl{yllc i~o|xv gck nl{yllc {el kajjl~lc{

kamlcvaocv oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{# [e|v" {yo fo|c{~alv ya{e {el

vgml EKA fgc egzl zl~q kajjl~lc{ vofagb foci|~g{aocv4 yeabl

ocl maie{ nl mozaci {oyg~k {el j|bb ~lgbavg{aoc oj {el xo{lc-{agb gfealzlmlc{v oj gbb a{v fa{atlcv" ac {el o{el~" gfealzlmlc{v

mgq nl zl~q |clzlcbq kav{~an|{lk" g va{|g{aoc yeafe mgq lc{gab

focvakl~gnbl bama{g{aocv jo~ g{{gacaci j|bb e|mgc klzlboxmlc{

jo~ {el lc{a~l vofal{q#

>> [eav yo|bk veoy g foczl~iaci {~lck ac {el EKA gmoci {el fo|c{~alv ac {el ~liaoc"

g {~lck {eg{ ygv mo~l x~oco|cflk ac {el 7118->888 xl~aok#

Aclw|gba{q ac Bg{ac Gml~afggck {el Fg~annlgc

>


27/207

>: ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

:878!

Feg~{ >#7# ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu oj xl~ fgxa{g eo|vleobk acfoml#

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akl

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;; Feabl 8#91< 8#5;1 8#595 :#5 6#;

;9 Gc{ai|g * Ng~n|kg ## ## 8#5:5 c#g# c#g#

;1 G~ilc{acg 8#58; ## 8#5:: c#g# c#g#

8#569 8#5:< ;#; 6#6

8#589 5#8 ;##7# Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc# Xl~jo~mgcfloj {el e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ acklu %EKA!# 7118" >888" >889gck i~oy{e %,! ozl~ {el xl~aokv 7118->888 gck >888->889

Vo|~fl4 EK^ [lgm fgbf|bg{aocv ngvlk oc \CKX %>881g!

Gvag

OLFK

Lgv{l~c L|~oxl

Bg{ac Gml~afg gck Fg~annlgc

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Feg~{ >#># ^liaocv oj {el yo~bk# Iaca acklu ~llf{aciacfoml kav{~an|{aoc# [lc-qlg~ gzl~gilv jo~ 7198" 7158gck 7118 gck gzl~gil jo~ {el xl~aok 7198->888#

;Gf{aci oc {el j|{|~l4 n~lgàci {el ac{l~ilcl~g{aocgb {~gcvmavvaoc oj aclw|gba{q

Gj~afgLgv{l~c L|~oxlgck Flc{~gb Gvag

L{eaoxag

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\igckg

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\tnlàv{gc

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95 Xl~| 8#985 8#997 8#58: 5#1 ;##7 6#1

17Vgc Zaflc{l gckbgv I~gcgkacgv

## ## 8#99> c#g# c#g#

16 Nlbatl 8#98< 8#96< 8#99> ;#6 Eock|~gv 8#:85 8#:18 8#96> 76#< :#7

776Nobazag %Xb|~acg{aocgbV{g{l!

8#:>1 8#:11 8#9>1 77#7 ;#6

77; I|qgcg ## ## 8#9>1 c#g# c#g#

7>> I|g{lmgbg 8##7!" aclw|gba{q av gbvo lzaklc{ ya{eac

{elm# Kavgii~lig{lk lv{amg{lv ~lzlgb {el kavgkzgc{gilv jgfaci

fl~{gac i~o|xv oj {el xox|bg{aoc yeovl blzlbv oj acfoml gck oj gf-

flvv {o elgb{e gck lk|fg{aoc kajjl~ mg~`lkbq j~om ocl iloi~gxeaf

g~lg {o gco{el~ ya{eac {el vgml fo|c{~q %vll Jai|~l >#6!#6

Aclw|gba{q nl{yllc i~o|xv4Aclw|gba{q nl{yllc i~o|xv4

ilckl~" l{ecaf gck ~gfl kajjl~lcflvilckl~" l{ecaf gck ~gfl kajjl~lcflv

Aclw|gba{alv nl{yllc i~o|xv" v|fe gv nl{yllc xloxbl oj kajjl~lc{

vlu" o~ oj kajjl~lc{ ~gfagb o~ l{ecaf o~aiac" gbvo ka~lf{bq amxgf{

e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ ac {el ~liaoc# Ac {el ~v{ fgvl" gffo~kaci {o

{el ilckl~-~lbg{lk klzlboxmlc{ acklu %IKA!" yeafe ba`l {el EKA

acklu focvakl~v {el kamlcvaocv oj bajl luxlf{gcfq" lk|fg{aoc gck

acfoml" ac >889" F|ng" Zlclt|lbg gck Cafg~gi|g luxl~alcflk g

klfbacl oj clg~bq >, ac e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ g{{~an|{gnbl {o ilckl~

aclw|gba{q#;

Mlgcyeabl" ac Eock|~gv" I|g{lmgbg gck I|qgcg" {eavklf~lgvl ygv fbovl {o 7,# Bgv{bq" yeabl {el ~lv{ oj {el fo|c{~alv

ac {el ~liaoc egk klfbaclv oj blvv {egc 7," Nobazag gck Fobomnag

v{ook o|{ ya{e klf~lgvlv oj clg~bq tl~o %vll [gnbl >#6!#889 egk g ILM oj8#587" {elo{el~ fo|c{~alv oj {el ~liaoc egk blzlbv nlboy 8#988#

66 Fegx{l~ ; oj LFBGF %>878! gcgbqvlv ~liaocgb kavxg~a{alv gck foczl~ilcflv ac {el

~liaoc#

;; [elvl i|~lv g~l on{gaclk nq fgbf|bg{aci {el x~oxo~{aoc {eg{ {el IKA ~lx~lvlc{v

ya{e ~lvxlf{ {o {el EKA# [el IKA av gco{el~ ocl oj {el x~amg~q ackafg{o~v |vlk nq

{el \CKX" gck a{ acfb|klv {el vgml kamlcvaocv gv {el EKA" gkd|v{lk jo~ kajjl~lcflv

ac gfflvv nq no{e vlulv {o ngvaf j|cf{aocaciv# Ngvlk oc {eav gkd|v{mlc{" aj {el blzlb

oj e|mgc klzlboxmlc{ oj yomlc gck mlc av lw|gb" {el IKA gck {el EKA g~l gbvo

lw|gb# Ba`lyavl" {el bg~il~ {el kav{gcfl av nl{yllc ocl ackafg{o~ gck {el o{el~" {el

i~lg{l~ {el aclw|gba{q g{{~an|{gnbl {o ilckl~# [o blg~c gno|{ ml{eokoboiafgb gvxlf{v

jo~ klzlboxaci {eav ackafg{o~ gck {el kavf|vvaoc ~lig~kaci a{v vfoxl" vll {el {lfecafgb

co{lv vlf{aoc ac {el gxxlckaflv g{ {el lck oj {eav lxo~{ gck {el E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{

^lxo~{ 711< %\CKX" 711

:

>:

686> 6> 66

6< 65 ^liaocgb E|mgc Klzlboxmlc{ ^lxo~{ jo~ Bg{ac Gml~afg gck {el Fg~annlgc >878

Aclw|gba{q ya{eac g eav{o~afgb xl~vxlf{azl4Aclw|gba{q ya{eac g eav{o~afgb xl~vxlf{azl4

G~ilc{acg" N~gtab" Mluafo gck Xl~|G~ilc{acg" N~gtab" Mluafo gck Xl~|

[el vo-fgbblk bov{ klfgkl oj {el cacl{llc laie{alv ya{clvvlk g

~avl ac aclw|gba{q {e~o|ieo|{ Bg{ac Gml~afgc gck {el Fg~annlgc

%BGF! fo|c{~alv# Gzgabgnbl acjo~mg{aoc ackafg{lv {eg{ {el kln{

f~avav egk g `cof`-oc ljjlf{ oc aclw|gba{q" bg~ilbq nlfg|vl {el

xoo~ yl~l gjjo~klk blvv oxxo~{|ca{alv {o f|veaoc {elmvlbzlv

j~om {el ljjlf{v oj acg{aoc# Vamabg~bq" {el vgjl{q cl{v ac{lcklk

{o gak {el xox|bg{aoc yl~l la{el~ coc-luav{lc{ o~ x~lvlc{lk

klvaic gyv#

Ozl~ {el fo|~vl oj {el cacl{alv" g klfgkl feg~gf{l~atlk nq

v{~|f{|~gb ~ljo~mv" aclw|gba{q ~ovl" xg~{bq gv g x~ok|f{ oj {el ac-

f~lgvlk ~lbg{azl ~l{|~cv {o lk|fg{aoc# Gv g ~lv|b{" {el ~lbg{azl vb|mx

ac klmgck jo~ |cvàbblk bgno|~ gck {el acf~lgvl ac {el c|mnl~ oj

w|gbalk yo~`l~v igzl ~avl {o g vgbg~q acf~lgvl jo~ {el bg{{l~ i~o|x

%xg~{af|bg~bq |cazl~va{q i~gk|g{lv!#

[el ~avl ac aclw|gba{q fgml {o g egb{ ac mov{ BGF fo|c{~alv {oyg~kv

{el vlfock egbj oj {el cacl{alv o~ {oyg~kv {el v{g~{ oj {el {ylc{q-

~v{ flc{|~q" klxlckaci oc {el fo|c{~q ac w|lv{aoc# Aclw|gba{q" gv

mlgv|~lk nq {el Iaca foljfalc{" jlbb nq

8/2/2019 Regional Human Development

Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010

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Transcript of Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010