Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT...
Transcript of Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT...
![Page 1: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Swiss Resource Centre and
Consultancies for Development
Regional Assessment:
Potential for Retrofitting
Small Hydropower Capacity
at Existing Barrages / Dams
in SADC Countries
Hedi Feibel, Oliver Froend
Skat Consulting Ltd., April 28, 2016
![Page 2: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objective of the assignment
2
Part I: Analysis for a prioritization on country level: institutional
and regulatory framework (FiT / net metering / grid code),
political conditions, energy-system including electricity price,
electrification rate and generation deficit pre-selection of
countries
Part II: Desk-level technical assessment to identify potential sites
in selected countries based on data from irrigation database
List of potential sites in the selected countries
Ranked long list and recommendations
Based on specific relevant criteria, elaboration of a proposal for country selection;
final (pre-)selection still to be made
![Page 3: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
PRIORITIZATION ON COUNTRY
LEVEL
Part I
3
![Page 4: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Summary on results of country analysis
4
Country summary
Angola no legal framework and no incentives, so far no IPPs; although
AfDB program is targeting all relevant aspects, project impact
will certainly take a few more years
Botswana Plans for FiT and PPA, but so far legal framework not existing;
generally not yet very favourable environment despite high need
for RE. Low consumer prices & limited grid availability additional
hindrances.
DR Congo Some regulatory framework for electricity production in specific
ranges; but generally, environment not very favourable for IPPs:
lack of investment incentives, of an independent regulator and
of well-defined FiT. State owned utility SNEL operates quite
inefficient.
Countries with unfavourable conditions excluded
![Page 5: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Summary on results of country analysis
5
Country summary
Namibia Legal framework partly established (grid code and net metering
in force); standard PPAs exist (but not for hydropower?!), REFiT
not yet in force; currently negotiations with NamPower needed
to fix a FiT (individually).
Seychelles No appropriate legal framework and policy in place
Swaziland So far, no complete legal framework and policy in place; no
specific targets to develop hydropower and no clear regulatory
instruments that guarantee special tariff and compel utility to
give preference to RE in dispatch. So far only grid code
developed but FiT and IPP policy not yet in force. SEC as sole
buyer is also competitor to IPPs
Countries with unfavourable conditions excluded
![Page 6: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Summary on results of country analysis
6
Country summary
Mauritius Grid code and REFiT for RE systems up to 2 MW but currently
Medium Scale Distributed Generation MSDG projects cannot be
approved because CEB waiting for Grid Absorption Capacity
Study. For projects > 2 MW negotiation of PPA, production cost
should not exceed CEB’s marginal cost of 12.4 US Cent/kWh
S-Africa Good framework but possibilities depending on tendering round;
e.g. local content of > 40% might become a problem. Maximum
tariff in the range of 10 US Cent/kWh for small hydro.
Zimbabwe Tax incentives & guidelines for electricity licence but concrete
“good examples” lacking; signing PPA seems difficult (among
others hinging on local ownership/content, community investment
and job creation). RE-, FiT-policy and regulations not yet in force.
FiT (not yet approved) for 5-10 MW 11.8 US Cent/kWh
Countries with at least one critical aspect excluded
![Page 7: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Summary on results of country analysis
7
Country summary
Tanzania no barriers to private sector in generation; excellent regulatory
framework; especially < 10 MW plants (10-15 US Cent/kWh; 30 off-
grid!), problem: power outages & non-/late FiT payment by
TANESCO; Consider “2nd Generation SPP Framework” (2015)!
Madagascar ~20 private operators active, consumers pay high opportunity cost
(55 US Cent/kWh); for on-grid IPP, FiT negotiated with JIRAMA ~4
US Cent/kWh. No feed-in law (& very small grid) more interesting
option to directly sell electricity to consumers.
Lesotho Lack of clear assignment of responsibilities in sector and of enabling
legal framework (issuing of concession and licence are regulated but
no FiT etc.), but several projects have been and are under
development; Lesotho explicitly interested to exploit hydropower
also in irrigation and water supply schemes
Countries with favourable conditions pre-selected
![Page 8: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Summary on results of country analysis
8
Country summary
Malawi Regulatory agency, some incentives, PPA; a few IPPs developing
projects; high need for rural electrification (most electricity to mining
industries). RE targets in force. Frequent power outages make power
offtake risky. FiT of 10 US Cent/kWh for 5-10 MW not yet approved
Mozambique Generally, FiT ratified but pending enforcement, RE targets in force,
Rural Electrification Fund in force, import duty exemptions and tax
incentives in force; proposed FiT for 5-10 MW hydro 7 US Cent/kWh
Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed”
(REFiT program 1st quarter 2016?). Then good conditions! Good
investment conditions. Currently, energy generation (and T&D) partly
unbundled; some IPPs produce electricity. Problem: tariffs still not cost
reflective. ZESCO willing to negotiate with PV investors if price below
12 US Cent/kWh. Power outages not as long and frequent (lower risk)
Countries with favourable conditions pre-selected
![Page 9: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pre-selection of the following countries
• Tanzania
• Madagascar
• Lesotho
• Malawi
• Mozambique
• Zambia
9
![Page 10: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
DESK-LEVEL TECHNICAL
ASSESSMENT
Part II
10
![Page 11: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Analysis of FAO AQUASTAT database for pre-
selected countries
• Technology-related boundaries for project locations:
available head 2-10 m (ideally 4-8 m)
available flow > 20 m3/s
• List of existing “dams” according to ICOLD definition with height
of > 15 m or height of 5-15 m if reservoir volume > 3 million m3
and no flow information
very limited usefulness as small barrages not captured
• Focus on information from “irrigated areas” under assumption
that diversion structures / rivers can be identified which provide
the required flow
11
![Page 12: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Detailed procedure of analyse: Step 1
Step 1: Compilation and
conversion of
AQUASTAT data:
transfer of data from
GIS to EXCEL
application of assumed
maximum flow
constant of 2 l/(s*ha)
12
![Page 13: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Detailed procedure of analyse: Step 2
13
Step 2: Identification of
irrigated areas of
potentially
interesting size
with flow >20 m3/s.
Screening for
sufficiently large
coherent clusters
per country data.
![Page 14: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Detailed procedure of analyse: Step 3
Step 3: Review of identified clusters on Google EarthTM:
- identification of large irrigation systems and channels
- identification of traverse structures in rivers
14
Grouping (clustering) of
irrigated areas 1 Identification of potentially suitable diversion
structures and barrages 2
![Page 15: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Remarks on the applied screening methodology
It has to be noted that the assumed flow of 2 l/(s*ha) is the
highest value which can be considered reasonable. By
assuming this high value the risk to accidentally omit any
potential locations is minimized. However, very likely the
actual flow in the respective systems is smaller than
assumed now. This can only be verified based on more
accurate local data.
The current screening does not consider the availability of the
required head. Likely many of the pre-identified locations will
have to be waived if reconnaissance reveals the lack of head.
15
!
!
![Page 16: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Results: recommended for further assessment
Of the pre-selected countries the following countries are
recommended for further follow up based in initial positive
findings of the desk-study:
| Tanzania |
possible potential | Madagascar |
| Mozambique |
Recommended next steps:
Verification of information collected in this study
Assessment of actual available head and flow
The required information can possibly be collected via the SADC Secretariat or
through the respective institutions in the countries.
Based on more detailed information, or in case no information can be gathered
at ‘central’ level, reconnaissance site visits are recommended.
16
![Page 17: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Tanzania
17
Clusters TZ1 and TZ2, in the north of
Tanzania, are not recommended for
follow-up: many non-connected small
areas, intakes at large rivers without
permanent diversion structures.
TZ3: One existing large diversion
structures, possibly suitable
TZ4: Large rivers (Rumakali, Lumbira
and Kiwira) – interesting for further
screening
![Page 18: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Madagascar (1/3)
18
Of the pre-selected
countries
Madagascar seems
to possess the
greatest interesting
potential.
Interesting locations
were identified in
clusters MG1, MG4
and MG6.
MG1a: large, apparently
yet incomplete intake
MG1b: intake at Ambilivily Dam
![Page 19: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Madagascar (2/3)
19
MG4: large number of
possibly suitable intakes
and reservoirs
![Page 20: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Madagascar (3/3)
20
MG6: due to its size the cluster
was broken down into sub-
clusters. several of these appear
to feature interesting potential
![Page 21: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Mozambique
21
Clusters MZ1 and MZ2 in central Mozambique and
clusters MZ4 and MZ5 in the south are not
recommended for follow-up:
- pivot irrigation in areas with industrial scale farming
- traditional farming fed from small streams
- intakes at large rivers without permanent diversion
At MZ3 a large barrage and irrigation intake was
identified and should be investigated in more detail.
On the current level of the study no detailed
information on discharge and head are available;
however; the site may possibly provide the envisaged
potential.
![Page 22: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Results: countries recommended to be waived
Of the pre-selected countries the following countries are not
recommended for further follow up due to the absence of
suitable hydropower potential :
| Zambia |
no potential | Malawi |
| Lesotho |
No potential within the set technical boundaries. Generally,
potential for small hydropower might well exist
22
![Page 23: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Zambia
23
Most irrigation is based on pivot and pumped systems. Intakes, also from larger
rivers, are built witout diversion structures or barrages (frequently pumping stations.
![Page 24: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Malawi
24
Clusters MW 1 and MW2
were assessed further in
Google Earth. However,
irrigation is mainly fed from
small streams (<<20 m3/s) or
from larger streams whereby
no diversion structures are
used.
![Page 25: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lesotho
25
Very limited irrigated areas; identified
areas too small in regards to flow.
![Page 26: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS
Part I & II
26
![Page 27: Regional Assessment: Potential for Retrofitting Small Hydropower … · 2019-01-15 · Zambia REFiT & secondary mechanisms are “on the way forward developed” (REFiT program 1st](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022050311/5f72dfca9bda797fc53838a7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Conclusions and recommended next steps
Positive desk-level results on possible SHPP-potential within the technical
boundaries set for this study were identified in Tanzania, Madagascar and
Mozambique, with most potential locations identified in Madagascar.
It has to be considered that so far the primary search parameters were (a)
available flow and (b) existing traverse structures. Available head and other
factors (e.g. distance to grid, access) were not yet assessed.
It is recommended to try to access further information on the irrigation systems in
the above mentioned countries through the SADC Secretariat or on central
country level (e.g. respective departments in ministries) to verify and
complement the findings of this study. If this proves not to be successful further
information may have to be collected regionally; i.e. through site
reconnaissances.
27