Regenerative Braking NCRAME 2014

8/11/2019 Regenerative Braking NCRAME 2014

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2nd National Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering, GBPECPauri, 26-27 une 2!"#

A Review Article on Regenerative Braking System1Shubham Aggarwal and 2Daksh Rawat

1,2Student Department of Mechanical Engineering, G.B.P.E.C, Pauri-Garhwal !ttara"hand#-2$%1&$, '(D'),[email protected]

2da"*h*wan+outloo".com,

ABSTRACT

Con*eration of energ ha* ecome of prime importance after the energ cri*i* of the1&/0*. he mo*t common wa*tage of energ *een in the current world i* the "inetic energ lo*t inra"ing of the automoile*. hi* energ i* totall wa*ted a* heat eer da in all part* of the worldand ha* great potential of eing reu*ed again tapping and *toring it. he method for recoeringthe energ i* called a* 3egeneratie Bra"ing S*tem. 4inetic Energ 3ecoer S*tem 4E3S# i*a tpe of regeneratie ra"ing **tem which ha* different approache* to *tore and reu*e the lo*tenerg. hi* paper focu*e* on the different energ *torage medium* u*ed for the recoer**tem* and the critical need ari*ing in the world a*"ing for regeneratie ra"ing **tem.

Key ords!3egeneratie Bra"ing, 4E3S, Efficient Bra"ing, 5lwheel Storage.

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3e*earch and deelopment in the energ con*eration *ector i* eing largel *upported goernmental agencie*, indu*tr leader* and pulic around the world due to the ri*ing fuel cri*i*

and the alarming rate of gloal warming. he focu* of engineer* around the world ha* now *hiftedtoward* deelopment of more efficient technologie* with the lea*t enironmental impact andminimum caron footprint.

'n ra"ing **tem* of conentional ehicle*, friction i* u*ed to counteract the forward motion of amoing ehicle. )* the ra"e pad* ru again*t the wheel* or a di*c that i* connected to thewheel*, the "inetic energ i* conerted to heat energ due to friction. hi* heat energ di**ipate*into the air, wa*ting a* much a* one-third of the ehicle6* generated power. 7er time, thi* ccle offriction and wa*ted heat energ reduce* the ehicle6* fuel efficienc. More energ from the enginei* re8uired to replace the energ that wa* lo*t ra"ing thu* decrea*ing the mileage of theehicle. ) 3egeneratie Bra"e i* a Mechani*m that reduce* ehicle *peed conerting *ome ofit* "inetic energ into *ome other "ind of u*eful form of energ 9 rotational energ of flwheel,electric current and compre**ed air :1;. 7ther form* of energ *torage which ma e u*ed include

compre**ed air and flwheel* :2;.3egeneratie ra"ing doe* more than *impl *top the car, howeer. Electric motor* and electric

generator* < *uch a* a car6* alternator < are e**entiall two *ide* of the *ame technolog= othu*e magnetic field* and coiled wire*, ut in different configuration*. 3egeneratie ra"ing **tem*ta"e adantage of thi* dualit. >heneer the electric motor of a hrid car egin* to reer*edirection, it ecome* an electric generator. hi* generated electricit i* then *tored in a power*torage **tem or ac" to the **tem li"e in ca*e of an electric regeneratie in an electric railwa.

he technolog emploed during regeneratie ra"ing ta"e* the energ that i* normall wa*tedduring ra"ing and turn* it into u*ale energ. ) hrid ehicle i* not, howeer, a tpe of perpetualmotion machine. Energ i* *till lo*t through friction with the road *urface and other drain* on the**tem. he energ collected during ra"ing doe* not re*tore all of the energ that i* lo*t duringdriing. 't doe* improe energ efficienc, howeer, and it a**i*t* the main alternator.

) 3egeneratie ra"ing **tem i* mo*t *uitale in *ituation* *uch a* ) ehicle i* operated in cit traffic with fre8uent *top* and re8uirement of ariale *peed*

li"e in the ca*e of the delier an*, garage pic"up truc"*, etc.

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he )nnual running co*t of the ehicle i* *ufficient enough to pa off the initial in*talling co*tof the *etup.

5ig. 1? Simple 3epre*entation of 3egeneratie Bra"ing S*tem

) tpe of 3egeneratie ra"ing i* called 4E3S. 4E3S i* an automotie **tem for recoering amoing ehicle6* "inetic energ under ra"ing. he recoered energ i* *tored in a re*eroir fore@ample a flwheel or a atter or *uper capacitor# for later u*e under acceleration. Electrical**tem* u*e a motor-generator incorporated in the car* tran*mi**ion which conert* mechanicalenerg into electrical energ and ice er*a. 7nce the energ ha* een harne**ed, it i* *tored in aatter and relea*ed when re8uired :A;.

here are different tpe of deice* and form* in which the 4inetic Energ lo*t while ra"ingcan e *tored. he are?

Mechanical 4E3S

Electric 4E3S

draulic 4E3S

dro-electric 4E3S ESS#

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2"1" *echanical storage system

he mechanical hrid utilie* a rotating ma** or flwheel# a* the energ *torage deiceand a ariale drie tran*mi**ion to control and tran*fer the energ to and from the drieline. hetran*fer of ehicle "inetic energ to flwheel "inetic energ can e *een a* a momentume@change :$;. Energ i* drawn from the ehicle and *upplied to the flwheel. 'n doing thi*, the*peed of the ehicle reduce*, effectiel thi* i* ra"ing#, whil*t the *peed of the flwheelincrea*e* :;. )t the *tart of ra"ing the ehicle ha* a high *peed and the flwheel a low *peed,giing a certain gear ratio etween them :%;. )t the end of ra"ing the ehicle ha* a low *peed,and the flwheel a high *peed, *o the ratio of *peed* ha* changed :%;. he ratio etween ehicle*peed and flwheel *peed nece**aril change* continuou*l during the energ tran*fer eent :;:%;. 't ha* een put into u*e for 5ormula 1 car* *ince the ear 200&.

5ig. 2 ) >illiam* rid 5lwheel S*tem :/;

2"2" 'lectrical storage system

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he electrical hrid **tem* utilie chemical atterie* a* the *torage medium and electricmotor generator **tem* a* the energ tran*fer and control media. 4E3S component* foratter *torage **tem* are? Electric Propul*ion Motor Generator, Power Electronic* 9 'nerter,and the Fuad 5lwheel Storage. Electric Propul*ion Motor and Generator in one are al*o "nowna* a MG! 9 Motor Generator !nit :; :&;. Capacitor* are fundamental electrical circuit element*that *tore electrical energ in the order of microfarad* and a**i*t in filtering. he main function of

a capacitor i* to charge or di*charge electricit. Super-capacitor* hae *pecial feature* *uch a*long life, rapid charging, low internal re*i*tance, high power den*it, and *imple charging methoda* compared to capacitor* and atterie*.

2"+" ,ydraulic storage system

3egeneratie ra"ing in ehicle* u*ing a ariale di*placement hdraulic pumpmotortogether with a hdro pneumatic accumulator ha* attracted con*iderale intere*t during the la*t2092 ear*. Such a **tem i* particularl *uitale for application in cit u*e*. De*pite the*ignificant gain* in the efficient u*e of energ that can e rought aout hdro-pneumatic

regeneratie ra"ing, it* u*e ha* not attained great popularit. he added co*t, which marepre*ent 1091H of the total for the ehicle, i* undoutedl a deterrent.

2"-" ,ydro.electric storage system

draulic accumulator ha* the characteri*tic* of higher power den*it and i* well *uited forfre8uent acceleration and deceleration under cit traffic condition*. 't can proide high power foracceleration* and can recoer more efficientl power during regeneratie ra"ing in compari*onwith electric counterpart*. oweer, the relatiel lower energ den*it ring* the pac"aging limitfor the increa*ing accumulator *ie. ) hdraulic accumulatoratter hrid energ **tem, calledhdraulicelectric *nerg **tem ESS#, i* de*igned to oercome the drawac"* of e@i*ting*ingle energ *torage *ource* u*ed in hea hrid ehicle*, which adopt* hrid energ

*tructure to comine high power hdraulic accumulator and high *pecific energ atter together:10;.

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'n the ear* following the energ cri*i* of the earl /0* numerou* re*earcher* hae *tudied thefea*iilit and practicalit of implementing hrid power train* incorporating regeneratie ra"ingwhich hae the potential to improe the fuel econom of ehicle* operating under uran driingcondition*. he price increa*e of petroleum a*ed fuel in the pa*t few ear* ha* al*o gien ri*e toariou* re*earch and deelopment effort* for energ con*eration. oweer, reduced fuelcon*umption and therefore operating co*t and reduced ga*eou* emi**ion* including primaril

caron dio@ide hence gloal warming# are the maIor driing force* ehind commercialcon*ideration* of *uch **tem*.

3egeneratie ra"ing onl promi*e* *ignificant gain* in town driing *ince %2.H of energ i*di**ipated in the Metropolitan ccle due to fre8uent ra"ing. 'f all ra"e energ could eregenerated with no lo** in the regeneratie **tem, fuel con*umption would e improed AAH:11;. 3e*earch Jol"*wagen ha* *hown that a hrid drie with oth electric drie and 'CE offer*potential fuel *aing* of oer 20H compared with Iu*t -%H from purel electric :12;.

Mo*t )merican motor ehicle manufacturer* eliee that hrid **tem* are the wa to achieemore fle@iilit and range out of electric ehicle* until etter atterie* are aailale. hi* wouldallow them to meet the *tringent Californian e@hau*t emi**ion *tandard* eing pha*ed in forpa**enger car* oer the ne@t few ear*. !ltra Kow Emi**ion Jehicle* !KEJ# *tandard* aree@pected to proide a niche for hrid drie ehicle* which i* wh manufacturer* intere*t i*

heightened at pre*ent. 't i* widel elieed that mo*t of the electrichrid ehicle* *old i* li"el toe *econd or third ehicle* u*ed *pecificall for local commuting and not needing to proide the*ame all round performance a* conentional car* :1A;.

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European manufacturer* eliee hrid ehicle* are a wa to achiee high fuel efficienc ander low emi**ion* from li8uid fuelled ehicle*. he differing iew i* due to fact that in the K) a*inthe air pollution prolem e@tend* oer a a*t area re8uiring a ehicle with goog range and eroemi**ion capailit. 'n Europe pollution tend* to e a locali*ed eent concentrated in uran area*,thi* comined with the fact that fewer European familie* hae two or more car* mean*manufacturer* need to proide a car that ca deal with local air 8ualit ut al*o trael at higher*peed for interuran and long di*tance driing:1A;.

he main adantage* of regeneratie ra"ing **tem* can e *ummari*ed :1$; a*? 'mproed fuel econom 9 dependent on dut ccle, powertrain de*ign, control *trateg and

the efficienc of the indiidual component*.

Emi**ion* reduction 9 engine emi**ion* reduced engine decoupling, reducing totalengine reolution* and total time of engine operationengine onoff *trateg#

'mproed performance

3eduction in engine wear 9 engine onoff *trateg.

3eduction in ra"e wear 9 reducing co*t of replacement ra"e lining*, co*t of laour to

in*tall them and ehicle down time. Smaller acce**orie* 9 hrid powertrain offer* potential for eliminating electric *tarter# or

down*iing fuel tan"# *ome acce**orie*, thu* partiall off*etting the increa*ed ehicleweight and co*t due to hrid hardware addition*.

7perating range i* comparale with conentional ehicle* 9 a prolem not et oercome electric ehicle*.

5ig.A >or"ing of 3egeneratie Bra"ing S*tem

he po**ile di*adantage* of regeneratie ra"ing **tem* can e *ummari*ed a*? )dded weightul" 9 e@tra component* can increa*e weight increa*ing fuel con*umption,

off*et *maller engine operating at it* e*t efficienc.

Comple@it 9 depend* on control nece**ar for operation of regeneratie ra"ing **tem.

Co*t 9 of component*, engineering, manufacturing and in*tallation. Ma** production would

ring co*t* down to a more rea*onale leel. (oi*e 9 dependent on **tem.

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Safet 9 Primar concern with an energ *torage unit of high energ den*it. here mu*te er little chance of dangerou* failure during normal ehicle operation. Pa**enger mu*te protected from ri*" that ma e cau*ed the failure of the hrid **tem.

Sie and pac"aging con*traint* 9 mo*t important for car*.

)dded maintenance re8uirement 9 dependent on comple@it of de*ign.

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raditional friction-a*ed ra"ing i* u*ed in conIunction with mechanical regeneratie ra"ingfor the following rea*on* :1;? he regeneratie ra"ing effect drop* off at lower *peed*= therefore the friction ra"e i* *till

re8uired in order to ring the ehicle to a complete halt. Ph*ical loc"ing of the rotor i* al*ore8uired to preent ehicle* from rolling down hill*.

he friction ra"e i* a nece**ar ac"-up in the eent of failure of the regeneratie ra"e.

Mo*t road ehicle* with regeneratie ra"ing onl hae power on *ome wheel* a* in a

two-wheel drie car# and regeneratie ra"ing power onl applie* to *uch wheel* ecau*e

the are the onl wheel* lin"ed to the drie motor, *o in order to proide controlled ra"ingunder difficult condition* *uch a* in wet road*# friction a*ed ra"ing i* nece**ar on theother wheel*.

he amount of electrical energ capale of di**ipation i* limited either the capacit ofthe *uppl **tem to a*or thi* energ or on the *tate of charge of the atter orcapacitor*. Effectie regeneratie ra"ing can onl occur if the atter or capacitor* are notfull charged. 5or thi* rea*on, it i* normal to al*o incorporate dnamic ra"ing to a*or thee@ce** energ.

!nder emergenc ra"ing it i* de*irale that the ra"ing force e@erted e the ma@imumallowed the friction etween the wheel* and the *urface without *lipping, oer the entire*peed range from the ehicle6* ma@imum *peed down to ero. he ma@imum force

aailale for acceleration i* tpicall much le** than thi* e@cept in the ca*e of e@tremehigh-performance ehicle*. herefore, the power re8uired to e di**ipated the ra"ing**tem under emergenc ra"ing condition* ma e man time* the ma@imum powerwhich i* deliered under acceleration. raction motor* *ied to handle the drie power manot e ale to cope with the e@tra load and the atter ma not e ale to accept charge ata *ufficientl high rate. 5riction ra"ing i* re8uired to di**ipate the *urplu* energ in orderto allow an acceptale emergenc ra"ing performance.

5or the*e rea*on* there i* tpicall the need to control the regeneratie ra"ing and match thefriction and regeneratie ra"ing to produce the de*ired total ra"ing effect :1;.

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he BOMBARDIER MOVIAmetro train* u*ed the Delhi Metro 3ail Corporation DM3C#incorporate the adanced BOMBARDIER MITRAC propul*ion **tem and regeneratie ra"ing,which can generate up to A0H in energ *aing*. hi* enironmental technolog ha* contriutedto Delhi Metro earning more than 20 million 'ndian 3upee* 9 the e8uialent of L$$%,000 !SA0,000 euro# 9 under a !nited (ation*-ac"ed initiatie to comat climate change.

>ithin the !nited (ation* Clean Deelopment Mechani*m CDM#, the Delhi Metro 3ailCorporation ha* claimed Certified Emi**ion 3eduction* CE3*# 9 normall referred to a* caroncredit*. he CDM enale* emi**ion-reduction proIect* to earn caron credit*, each e8uialent toone tonne of C72. he*e caron credit* can then e traded and *old, there *timulating*u*tainale deelopment and emi**ion reduction*. hrough the *ale of caron credit* oer two

ear* a* part of the *cheme, Delhi Metro ha* receied the cumulatie remuneration of 20 million'ndian rupee*. he initiatie ha* al*o led Delhi Metro to ecome the fir*t railwa proIect a*ed onregeneratie ra"ing to e regi*tered the !nited (ation* 5ramewor" Conention on Climate

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Change.:1%; DM3C *aed 112,00M> of power u*ing regeneratie ra"e* in the train*, andreduced caron emi**ion* %A0,000t earl:1/;.

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4E3S i* an effectie tpe of regeneratie ra"ing which can fulfil the main purpo*e of hrid

ehicle* i.e., *toring and re-u*ing energ lo*t while ra"ing. he ariou* tpe* of 4E3S *howdifferent wa* of *toring and conerting energ from one form to another. )* per the anal*i*,flwheel* hae proen to e the e*t tpe of 4E3S *o far in term* of oltage *tailit, temperaturerange and efficienc. 'f not for the large *ie and high co*t, *uper capacitor* hae a high chance ofreplacing the mechanical *torage deice. hi* paper i* a rief oeriew of the alternate tpe of4E3S. More in depth anal*i* can e done on their function*. Studie* are eing carried out *ome of the referred author* regarding the *ame. 5urther *tudie* can al*o e done to improe the8ualit of pre*ent in-u*e 4E3S and further re*earch and deelopment could help in getting eenmore "ind* of energ recoerale **tem*.

R'/'R'$C'S!

:1;.Chiul"a ., N4inetic Energ 3ecoer **tem mean* of 5lwheel Energ *torage deice,OAdvancd Enginring! ol. A, i**ue 1, pp 2/-A, 200&.

:2;. M. aala"*hmi, 4 Bala*uramanium, NSimple Capacitor* to Super Capacitor*- )n 7eriew,OInt. ". Elctrochm. #ci.! ol. A, pp. 11&%- 121/, 200.

:A;.Broc"an" C., Chri* Greenwood, N5uel Econom Ba*ed Mechanical rid for Cit Bu* andcommercial Jehicle )pplication*,O #AE Intrnational "ournal o$ Commrcial Vhicls! ol. 2,i**ue 2, pp. 11-122, 2010.

:$;.3icardo Chicurel, N) Compromi*e Solution for Energ 3ecoer in Jehicle Bra"ing,O Enrg%,ol.2$, pp. 102&-10A$, 200&.

:;.Barr )., Je*hagh )., N5uel Econom and Performance Compari*on of )lternatie Mechanicalrid Powertrain Configuration,O #AE &''( )orld congrss! Detroit, !S), 200.:%;. Broc"an" C., Cro** D., Nmechanical rid S*tem Compri*ing a 5lwheel and CJ for

Motor*port Main*tream )utomotie )pplication*,O #AE &''* )orld Congrss, Detroit, M',!S), 200&.

:/;. http?www.william*hridpower.comtechnologtheQflwheel:;. Paman )., Pierfederici S, Meiod-aar 5., NEnerg control of *upercapacitorfuel cell hrid

power *ource,O Enrg% Convrs Manag! 200.:&;.!unoglu M., )lam MS., NDnamic modeling, de*ign and *imulation of a PEM fuel cellultra-

capacitor hrid **tem for ehicular application*,O Enrg% Convrs Manag! 200/.:10;. . Kin, F. >ang, B. u, >. Gong, N3e*earch on the energ regeneration **tem* for hrid

hdraulic e@caator*,OAutomation in Construction! ol. 1&, pp.101%9102%, 2010.

:11;. Energ? 5ord Energ 3eport 9 Jolume 1. 5ord Motor Compan, 1&1.:12;. !.Seiffert, P.>aler. 1&&1, S)E.'nc, >arren dale, P), !S).:1A;. S. . Clegg 1&&%# A Rviw o$ Rgnrativ Bra+ing #%stm. 'n*titute of ran*port

Studie*, !nier*it of Keed*, >or"ing Paper $/1.:1$;. ). Pourmoahed. 'nternational ournal of Jehicle De*ign, 1&&1, 12&$0, A/-$0A:1;. http?en.wi"ipedia.orgwi"i3egeneratieQra"e:1%;. http?c*r.omardier.comenmedia-centerc*r-new*2-omardier*-enironmental-

technologie*-help-delhi-metro-achiee-world-fir*t-under-united-nation*-ac"ed-climate-change-initiatie.

:1/;. http?www.railwa-technolog.comproIect*delhi-metro

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Regenerative Braking NCRAME 2014

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